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Lecture 5.1 The 1stlaw of Thermodynamics Exercise

The First Law of Thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy (DU) of a system is equal to the heat added to the system (Q) plus the work done on the system (W). The document discusses various thermodynamic processes such as isobaric, isovolumetric, isothermal, and adiabatic processes, providing equations and examples for each. Additionally, it includes exercises with solutions to illustrate the application of the First Law in different scenarios.

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Đinh Long
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24 views17 pages

Lecture 5.1 The 1stlaw of Thermodynamics Exercise

The First Law of Thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy (DU) of a system is equal to the heat added to the system (Q) plus the work done on the system (W). The document discusses various thermodynamic processes such as isobaric, isovolumetric, isothermal, and adiabatic processes, providing equations and examples for each. Additionally, it includes exercises with solutions to illustrate the application of the First Law in different scenarios.

Uploaded by

Đinh Long
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Lecture 2. THE FIRST LAW OF


THERMODYNAMICS
2

The First Law of Thermodynamics


• The first law of thermodynamics states that when a
system undergoes a change from one state to another,
the change in its internal energy is
DU = Q + W
• where Q is the energy transferred into the system by heat
and W is the work done on the system.
• Although Q and W both depend on the path taken from
the initial state to the final state, the quantity DU does not
depend on the path.
SUMMARY 3

const

const

const
4

Logical diagram

∆" = $ + &

.0
(
∆" = ' *∆+ & = − - 123
2 ./
Q=?

(+2 ( (+2
9= , ;. = *, ;< = *
( 2 2

(adiabatic) 13 = '*+
(isovolumetric, isobaric, isothermal)
13 4 = 56'78
6

Isobaric process P=const


V
P = const : = const
1st Law of TD T
DU = Q + W
Work done on the system
W = - ò PdV = - PDV = - nRDT
Heat transferred to the Q = DU - W
system
i i+2
Q = nRDT + nRDT = n R DT
2 #2"!
C pm
Q = nC p.m DT
i+2 The molar specific heat
C p.m = R
2 at constant pressure
7

Isovolumetric process V=const


P
V = const : = const
T
1st Law of TD DU = Q + W

Work done on the system W = - ò PdV = 0

i
Heat transferred to the Q = DU = nRDT = nC v.m DT
system 2

The molar specific i


heat at constant C v.m = R
volume 2
5

Appications of The 1rst Law of TD


Isothermal process of an Ideal Gas
T = const => PV = const
1st law of TD : DU = Q + W
i
DU = nRDT = 0; Q = - W
2
( 2) V2
nRT V2
W = - ò PdV = - ò dV = -nRT ln
(1) V1
V V1
V2
Q = - W = nRT ln
V1
8

Adiabatic process Q=0


1st Law of TD DU = Q + W

Heat transferred to the system


Q=0

i P2 V2 - P1V1
Work done on the system W = DU = nRDT =
2 g -1
C Pm i + 2
The ratio of specific heats g= =
C Vm i
i 1
=
2 g -1
i+2 g
C Pm = R= R
2 g -1
i 1
C Vm = R = R
2 g -1
9

ADIABATIC PROCESS
dU = dQ - PdV
Adiabatic process : dQ = 0
dU = - PdV
i
dU = nRdT
2
PV = nRT
PdV + VdP = nRdT
i i
dU = nRdT = (PdV + VdP)
2 2
i
(PdV + VdP) = - PdV
2
i+2 i
PdV + VdP = 0
2 2
i + 2 dV dP
+ =0 PV g = const üï TV g -1 = const
i V P
g ln V + ln P = ln C
PV ý Þ g 1- g
= const ï T P = const
PV g = Const T þ
10

Exercise
E1: Calculate the amount of heat Q generated during the
reversibly isobaric cooling process of an ideal gas with the
adiabatic index 9 = 1.41, if this compression process takes
the work AW= 10 J.

Answer: Q = - 34.4 J
11

E2: There is 1 mole of ideal gas at the initial temperature


of 290 K. Under the isobaric expansion, the volume
increases 2 times; followed by the isovolumetric cooling to
the initial temperature. Calculate:
a) The variation of internal energy ∆U.
b) The heat of the whole process.

Answer: a) ∆U = 0; b) Q = 2410 J
12

E3: 1 mole of ideal gas when heated at the constant


pressure from 0 oC to 100 oC absorbs Q = 3.35 kJ.
Calculate:
a) Adiabatic index of gas.
b) Internal energy variation.
c) Work of the gas.

Answer: a) 9 = 1.33, b) ∆U = 2.5 kJ, c) W = - 831 J


13

E4: Determine the internal energy of the oxygen gas


(considered as an ideal gas) contained in a 10-liter tank at
the pressure of 105 Pa.

Answer: 2500 J

E5: Determine the internal energy variation of the single


atomic gas block from the state (V1 = 10 liters, P1 = 1.5 x
105 Pa) to (V2 = 20 liters, P2 = 0.5 x 105 Pa).

Answer: - 750 J
14

E6: There is 8 g of hydrogen gas at the temperature of 27


oC. Under the isobaric expansion, the volume increases

double. Calculate the work of the process.

Answer: - 9.972 kJ

E7: Given 1 mole of a diatomic ideal gas at 300K under


isothermal compression, the volume reduces 2 times. The
work of the process.

Answer: 1728 J
15

diatomic
E8: There is 1 mole of ideal gas at 300K. Under the
adiabatic expansion, the volume increases 2 times.
Calculate the temperature at the final state and the work of
the process.

Answer: 227 K, - 1516 J

E9: A helium gas block at 300 K and 1 atm adiabatically


compresses to the pressure of 10 atm. What is the final
temperature?

Answer: 750 K.
16

E10: 2 moles of diatomic ideal gas isothermally expands


the volume from 2 m3 to 3 m3 at 27 oC. The work that the
gas block receives during this process is:

a) - 2022 J c) 2022 J
b) 182 J d) -182 J

E11: 8 moles of oxygen gas at the initial state (i) P = 60


kPa, V = 0.3 m3. The gas adiabatically expands to the final
state (f) V = 0.6 m3. Determine the ratio of the final to initial
temperatures, Tf / Ti.

Answer: 0.7578
17

E12: 1 mole of ideal gas in the initial state (P1, V1, T)


isothermally change to the pressure P2 = P1 / 2 then:
a) Work and heat are exchanged vice versa.
b) Q = RT ln2.
c) W = - RT ln2.
d) All 3 statements are correct.

E13: 1 mole of ideal gas in the initial state (P1, V1, T1)
change adiabatically to the pressure P2 = P1 / 2 then:
a) Work and heat are exchanged vice versa.
?AB
=>?
b) W = 4@/
2 B −1 .
?AB
=>?
c) ∆" = − 4@/ 2 B −1 .
d) All 3 statements are correct.

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