EX.

NO: 1
Data Definition of Base Table
DATE: / /23

Aim: To define the Data Definition of base table.

Procedure:
Step 1: Start the process.
Step 2: create the table using “Create table” command as given below.
Step 3: Display the structure of the tables using “desc / describe” command.
Step 4: Using “Alter table” command add or modify the structure of the table.
Step 5: Display the structure of the tables after alteration.
Step 6: Drop the tables using “drop table” command.
Step 7: Stop the process.

SOURCE CODE:
Create table command
SQL> create table student(id number, name varchar2(30), father_name varchar2(20),
mother_name varchar2(30), mobile_no number(15), email varchar2(40));
Table created.

SQL>create table marks(id number, tamil number, english number, maths number, science
number, social number);
Table created.

Describe command
SQL> desc student;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(30)
FATHER_NAME VARCHAR2(20)
MOTHER_NAME VARCHAR2(30)
MOBILE_NO NUMBER(15)
EMAIL VARCHAR2(40)

SQL> desc marks;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NUMBER
TAMIL NUMBER
ENGLISH NUMBER
MATHS NUMBER
SCIENCE NUMBER
1
SOCIAL NUMBER
Alter table command
SQL> alter table marks add total number;
Table altered.

SQL> describe marks;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NUMBER
TAMIL NUMBER
ENGLISH NUMBER
MATHS NUMBER
SCIENCE NUMBER
SOCIAL NUMBER
TOTAL NUMBER

SQL> alter table student modify id number primary key;

Table altered.

SQL> desc student;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NOT NULL NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(30)
FATHER_NAME VARCHAR2(20)
MOTHER_NAME VARCHAR2(30)
MOBILE_NO NUMBER(15)
EMAIL VARCHAR2(40)

Drop table command

SQL> drop table student;
Table dropped.

Result:
Thus the tables are created and given operations were successfully performed.

2
EX.NO: 2
DDL with Primary Key Constraints
DATE: / /23

Aim: To define the Data Definition Language with Primary key constraints.
Procedure:
Step 1: Start the process.
Step 2: create the table using “Create table” command as given below.
Step 3: Display the structure of the tables using “desc / describe” command.
Step 4: Using “Alter table” command add or modify the structure of the table.
Step 5: Display the structure of the tables after alteration.
Step 6: Stop the process.

SOURCE CODE:

Create table command with Primary key constraints

SQL>create table student(id number primary key, name varchar2(30) not null, DOB date);
Table created.

SQL> desc student;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NOT NULL NUMBER
NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
DOB DATE

SQL> alter table student add aadhar number;

Table altered.

SQL> desc student;

Name Null? Type
---------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NOT NULL NUMBER
NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
DOB DATE
AADHAR NUMBER

Drop Primary key constraints

SQL> alter table student drop primary key;
Table altered.

3
SQL> desc student;
Name Null? Type
---------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NUMBER
NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
DOB DATE
AADHAR NUMBER

Alter table to add Primary key constraint that include multiple column
SQL> alter table student add constraint pk primary key(id, aadhar);
Table altered.

SQL> desc student;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NOT NULL NUMBER
NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
DOB DATE
AADHAR NOT NULL NUMBER

Result:
Thus the above tables are creates and given operations are successfully performed.

4
EX.NO: 3 DDL with Constraints & verification by Insert
DATE: / /23 command

Aim: To define the Data Definition Language with Primary key constraints.
Procedure:
Step 1: Start the process.
Step 2: create the table using “Create table” command as given below.
Step 3: Display the structure of the tables using “desc / describe” command.
Step 4: Using Insert command insert some records in the table.
Step 5: Using “Alter table” add or modify the key constraints for the fields.
Step 6: Stop the process.

SOURCE CODE:

Create table command with Primary key constraints

SQL>create table student(id number primary key, name varchar2(30) not null, DOB date);
Table created.

SQL> desc student;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NOT NULL NUMBER
NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
DOB DATE

SQL>insert into student values(1001,'malar',DATE '2015-12-17',8654321);

1 row created.
SQL>insert into student values (1002,'smith',DATE '1990-12-17',4654321),
1 row created.
SQL>insert into student values (1003,'Roy',DATE '1990-1-1',34654321);
1 row created.
SQL>insert into student values (1004,'Roy',DATE '1990-2-12',67654321);
1 row created.

SQL> select * from student;

ID NAME DOB AADHAR
---------- ------------------------------ --------- ----------
1001 malar 17-DEC-15 8654321
1002 smith 17-DEC-90 4654321

5
 1003 Roy 01-JAN-90 34654321
1004 Roy 12-FEB-90 67654321

Violation of Unique Constraints

SQL> insert into student values(1004,'Roy',DATE '1990-2-12',67654321);
SQL>insert into student values(1004,'Roy',DATE '1990-2-12',67654321)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (SYS.PK) violated

Violation of Primary key Constraints

SQL> insert into student(name,dob) values('ankit',DATE '1996-2-6');
insert into student(name,dob) values('ankit',DATE '1996-2-6')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("SYS"."STUDENT"."ID")

Violation of Check Constraints

SQL> alter table student add age number check(age>=18 and age<65);
Table altered.

SQL> desc student;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NOT NULL NUMBER
NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
DOB DATE
AADHAR NOT NULL NUMBER
AGE NUMBER

SQL> insert into student values(1005,'jack',DATE '1980-2-1',6543-2189-1234,43);

1 row created.
SQL> select * from student;
ID NAME DOB AADHAR AGE
---------------------------------------- --------- ---------- ----------
1001 malar 17-DEC-15 8654321
1002 smith 17-DEC-90 4654321
1003 Roy 01-JAN-90 34654321
1004 Roy 12-FEB-90 67654321
1005 jack 01-FEB-80 3120 43

6
SQL> insert into student values(1006,'hari Roy',DATE '1945-2-12',645674321,101);
insert into student values(1006,'hari Roy',DATE '1945-2-12',645674321,101)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02290: check constraint (SYS.SYS_C007099) violated

Violation of Not Null Constraints

SQL> insert into student(dob,age) values(DATE '1945-2-12',101);
insert into student(dob,age) values(DATE '1945-2-12',101)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("SYS"."STUDENT"."ID")

SQL> alter table student drop primary key;

Table altered.

SQL> alter table student modify id number primary key;

Table altered.

SQL> desc student;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NOT NULL NUMBER
NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
DOB DATE
AADHAR NUMBER
AGE NUMBER

SQL> create table bmi(id number references student(id), height number,weight number);
Table created.

SQL> insert into student values(1005,123,34);

insert into student values(1005,123,34)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00947: not enough values

Violation of Foreign key Constraints

SQL> insert into bmi values(1005,123,34);
1 row created.

7
SQL> insert into bmi values(1007,153,60);
insert into bmi values(1007,153,60)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02291: integrity constraint (SYS.SYS_C007101) violated - parent key not
Found

Result:
Thus the above tables are creates and given operations are successfully performed.

8
EX.NO: 4
Data Manipulation of Base tables &Views
DATE: / /23

Aim: To define the Data Definition Language with Primary key constraints.
Procedure:
Step 1: Start the process.
Step 2: create the table using “Create table” command as given below.
Step 3: Insert the records using “Insert” command.
Step 4: Using “Alter table” command add or modify the structure of the table.
Step 5: Update the table using “Update command.
Step 6: Stop the process.

SOURCE CODE:

Create table
CREATE TABLE employee(id varchar2(25) PRIMARY KEY,name varchar2(25),dept_id
number,mobile_no number,email_id varchar2(30),salary number);
Table created.

Insert command
insert into employee values('2023ucs101','malar',10,9087654321,'[email protected]',20000);
1 row created.

insert into employee values('2023ucs102','anitha',10,9087653321,'[email protected]',20500);

1 row created.

insert into employee values('2023ubca101','sai',20,9022254321,'[email protected]',20300);

1 row created.

select * from employee;

ID NAME DEPT_ID MOBILE_NO EMAIL_ID SALARY

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2023ucs101 Malar 10 9087654321 [email protected] 20000

2023ucs102 anitha 10 9087653321 [email protected] 20500

2023ubca101 sai 20 9022254321 [email protected] 20300

Update command
update employee set salary=45000 where id='2023ucs101';
1 row updated.

9
select * from employee where id='2023ucs101';

ID NAME DEPT_ID MOBILE_NO EMAIL_ID SALARY

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2023ucs101 malar 10 9087654321 [email protected] 45000

View creation

create view emp_view as select * from employee where dept_id=10;

View created.

Display view records

select * from emp_view;

ID NAME DEPT_ID MOBILE_NO EMAIL_ID SALARY

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2023ucs101 Malar 10 9087654321 [email protected] 20000

2023ucs102 anitha 10 9087653321 [email protected] 20500

Delete command
delete from employee;
3 rows deleted.

select * from employee;

no rows selected

Result:
Thus the above tables are creates and given operations are successfully performed.
10
EX.NO: 5
Demonstration of Query Command
DATE: / /23

Aim: To demonstrate the query command.

Procedure:
Step 1: Start the process.
Step 2: create two table using “Create table” command as given below.
Step 3: Insert the records using “Insert” command.
Step 4: Using select command access the records of the table.
Step 5: Create View using “CREATE VIEW” command.
Step 6: Stop the process.

SOURCE CODE:

Create table
CREATE TABLE employee(id varchar2(25) PRIMARY KEY,name varchar2(25),dept_id
number,mobile_no number,email_id varchar2(30),salary number);
Table created.

create table department(dept_id int PRIMARY KEY,dept_name varchar2(30), dept_location

(varchar2(30));
Table created.

Insert command
insert into employee values('2023ucs101','malar',10,9087654321,'[email protected]',20000);
1 row created.

insert into employee values('2023ucs102','anitha',10,9087653321,'[email protected]',20500);

1 row created.

insert into employee values('2023ubca101','sai',20,9022254321,'[email protected]',20300);

1 row created.

insert into department values(10,'cs','B block');

1 row created.

insert into department values(20,'electrical','D block');

1 row created.

select id,name from employee WHERE name like '_a%';

ID NAME
------------------- -------------------------
2023ucs101 malar

11
2023ubca101 sai

select id, name from employee WHERE salary BETWEEN 15000 and 20000;
ID NAME
------------------------- -------------------------
2023ucs101 malar

select * from department;

DEPT_ID DEPT_NAME DEPT_LOCATION

---------------- --------------------------- ------------------------------
10 cs B block
20 electrical D block

select count(*)from employee;

COUNT(*)
----------
3
select sum(salary) from employee;
SUM(SALARY)
-----------
60800
select max(salary) from employee;
MAX(SALARY)
-----------
20500
select min(salary) from employee;
MIN(SALARY)
-----------
20000
select avg(salary) from employee;
AVG(SALARY)
-----------
20266.6667

Join Query (Inner Join)

SELECT id,name,dept_name from employee e join department d on (e.dept_id=d.dept_id);

ID NAME DEPT_NAME
------------------ ------------------- ------------------------------
2023ucs101 Malar cs
2023ucs102 anitha cs
2023ubca101 sai electrical

Result:
Thus the above tables are creates and given operations are successfully performed.

12
EX.NO: 6
Debit calculation
DATE: / /23

Aim: To write a PL/SQL code for debit calculation.

Procedure:
Step 1: Start the process.
Step 2: Create the acct_master table using “Create table” command.
Step 3: Insert the records.
Step 4: Get the account number and check if the balance is less than 500.
Step 5: If the balance is greater than 500, then debit 2000 from the account.
Step 6: Stop the process.

SOURCE CODE
create table acct_master(acct_no number(5) primary key, acct_name varchar2(10), balance
number(10));
insert into acct_master values(1,'annie',1000);

insert into acct_master values(2,'brinda',10000);

insert into acct_master values(3,'chandru',110000);

insert into acct_master values(4,'dhivya',7000);

insert into acct_master values(5,'vino',17000);

select * from acct_master;

ACCT_NO ACCT_NAME BALANCE

-------------- ----------------- -----------------
1 annie 1000
2 brinda 10000
3 chandru 110000
4 dhivya 7000
5 vino 17000
set serveroutput on;

declare

xacct_no number(5);

xmin_bal number(5):=500;

13
 xbalance number(5);

balances number(5);

begin

xacct_no:=&xacct_no;

select balance into xbalance from acct_master where acct_no=xacct_no;

dbms_output.put_line('The current balance in your account is :'||xbalance);

balances:=xbalance-2000;

if(balances<500) then

dbms_output.put_line('The current balance will be less than 500. You are unable to take the
amount');

else

update acct_master set balance=balances where acct_no=xacct_no;

dbms_output.put_line('Rs 2000 is deducted and current balance is'||balances);

end if;

end;

14
Sample output:

Enter value for xacct_no: 2

old 7: xacct_no:=&xacct_no;

new 7: xacct_no:=2;

The current balance in your account is :10000

Rs 2000 is deducted and current balance is8000

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Enter value for xacct_no: 1

old 7: xacct_no:=&xacct_no;

new 7: xacct_no:=1;

The current balance in your account is :1000

The current balance will be less than 500. You are unable to take the amount

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Result:
Thus the above tables are creates and given operations are successfully performed.

15
EX.NO: 7
Area of a Circle
DATE: / /23

Aim: To write a PL/SQL code to find the area of circle for given radius.
Procedure:
Step 1: Start the process.
Step 2: create the table by the name of circle.
Step 3: include two fields (radius, area).
Step 4: calculate the area of the circle.
Step 5: Display the circle table.
Step 6: Stop the process.

SOURCE CODE:
create table circle(r number, a number);
Table created.

Set serveroutput on;

declare
pi number;
r number;
a number(10,3);
begin
pi:=22/7;
for r in 3..7 loop
a:=pi*r*r;
insert into circle values(r,a);
end loop;

end;
/
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

16
SQL> select * from circle;

R A
---------- ----------
3 28.286
4 50.286
5 78.571
6 113.143
7 154

Result:
Thus the above tables are creates and given operations are successfully performed.

17
EX.NO: 8
Reversing a Number
DATE: / /23

Aim: To write a PL/SQL code for reversing a number.

Procedure:
Step 1: Start the process.
Step 2: Enter a number.
Step 3: Reverse the number.
Step 4: Display the reversed number.
Step 5: Stop the process.

SOURCE CODE:
Set serveroutput on;
declare
n number;
rev number:=0;
rem number;

begin
n:=&n;
while n>0
loop
rem:=mod(n,10);
rev:=(rev*10)+rem;
n:=trunc(n/10);
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('the reverse of '||n||' is: '||rev);
end;
/

18
Sample output
Enter value for n: 7654
old 7: n:=&n;
new 7: n:=7654;
the reverse of 0 is: 4567

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Result:
Thus the above tables are creates and given operations are successfully performed.

19
EX.NO: 9
Audit System
DATE: / /23

Aim: To write a PL/SQL code for debit calculation.

Procedure:
Step 1: Start the process.
Step 2: Create two tables client master and audit client.
Step 3: Insert the records in client master table.
Step 4: Record the deletion or updation of client master table in audit client.
Step 5: Stop the process.

SOURCE CODE
create table client_master(client_no varchar2(6),name varchar2(30), address
varchar2(50),bal_due number(7,2));
Table created.

insert into client_master values('ib1001','annie','salem','1000');

1 row created.

insert into client_master values('ib1002','valar','salem','10000');

1 row created.

insert into client_master values('ib1003','victor','bangalore','46000');

1 row created.

insert into client_master values('ib1004','zara','kerala','50000');

1 row created.

insert into client_master values('ib1005','thiru','kerala','54600');

1 row created.
select * from client_master;

CLIENT NAME ADDRESS BAL_DUE

----- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------
ib1001 annie salem 1000
ib1002 valar salem 10000
ib1003 victor bangalore 46000

20
ib1004 zara kerala 50000
ib1005 thiru kerala 54600

Trigger code
create trigger audit_trail after update or delete on client_master for each row
declare
oper varchar2(8);
sys date;
us varchar2(10);
client_no varchar2(6));
client_name varchar2(20);
bal_due number(10,2);
begin
if updating then
oper:='Update';
end if;
if deleting then
oper:='Delete';
end if;
client_no:=:OLD.client_no;
client_name:=:OLD.name;
bal_due:=OLD.bal_due;
select current_date into sys from dual;
select user into us from dual;
insert into audit_client values(client_no,client_name,bal_due,oper,sys,us);
end;
/

21
Sample output

select * from audit_client;

no rows selected

update client_master set bal_due=2000 where client_no='ib1001';

1 row updated.

select * from client_master where client_no='ib1001';

CLIENT NAME ADDRESS BAL_DUE

------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
ib1001 annie salem 2000

select * from audit_client;

CLIENT NAME ADDRESS BAL_DUE OPER SYS US
------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ib1001 annie salem 200 Update 11-AUG-23 SYSTEM

Result:
Thus the above tables are creates and given operations are successfully performed.

22