New Horizons Scholars School
Chem investigatory project
Purification of water:
Name: Roll No. :
Grade: Div:
Index
SN. No. Content Page NO.
1 Certificate 2
2 Acknowledgement 3
3 Introduction 5-6
4 Sources of water 7-8
5 Various methods of 9-22
purification of water
6 Benefits 23-24
7 Conclusion 25
8 Bibliography 26
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CERTIFICATE
NEW HORIZON SCHOLARS SCHOOL
Kavesar, Ghodbunder Road, Thane(W)-400615
CBSE Affiliation No:1130470
Examination No. Date:
Registration No. School Roll No.
This is to certify that ________________________ of Grade XI
Division ‘C’ has satisfactorily completed his / her project on
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________ in
CHEMISTRY (043) and recorded it in the file during the academic year
2024 -2025.
Internal Examiner Principal
External Examiner Seal of School
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the outset, I would like to express my sincere and special salutations with
immense respect to Dr. Jyoti Nair, Regional Director and Principal, NHSST for
instilling curiosity within me to widen my project from various perspectives.
Moreover, I am highly blessed to have received timely guidance and motivation
from Mrs. Poonam Arora, Vice Principal, NHSST. I would like to express my
profound admiration for my advisor and guide Mr. Vivek Ghadge, Chemistry
teacher (PGT); he has been an assiduous support, wisdom, and unremitting
encouragement during the preparation of my project work.
I am highly grateful to my friends and acquaintances for being a constant source
of inspiration and for strengthening my spirit in this endeavour. I am highly
obliged to my beloved parents for supporting me spiritually during the writing
of the project.
I have sincerely learnt many virtuous aspects during the tenure of writing the
project work directly and indirectly from everyone that enabled me to complete
my project successfully. I am highly indebted for the opportunity provided to
me to learn, explore and imbibe analytical and expressive language skills.
Name:
XI C
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Purification Of Water
VARIOUS METHODS
Name | Chemistry |
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Introduction:
Water purification removes undesirable chemicals, biological
contaminants, and suspended solids and gases from contaminated
water. The goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most
water is purified for human consumption, for example, drinking
water. But water purification may also be designed for various other
purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical,
pharmacological, chemical and industrial applications. In general, the
methods used include physical processes such as filtration,
sedimentation and distillation, biological processes such as filters or
biologically active carbon, chemical processes such as chlorination,
and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light. The
purification process of water may reduce the concentration of
particulate matter, including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria,
algae, viruses, fungi and a range of dissolved and particulate matter
derived from the surfaces that water may have contacted after falling
as rain the standards for drinking water quality are typically set by
governments or by international standards. These standards will
typically set minimum and maximum concentrations of contaminants
for the use that is to be made of the water. It is not possible to tell
whether water is of an appropriate quality by visual examination.
Simple procedures such as boiling or the use of a household-activated
filter are not sufficient for treating all the possible contaminants that
may be present in water from an unknown causeway. Even natural
springs are considered safe for all practical purposes - In the 19th
centuries must now be tested before determining what kind of
treatment, if any, is required.
Chemical and microbiological analysis, while expensive, is the only
way to obtain information necessary for deciding on the appropriate
method of purification. According to a 2007 World Health
Organization report, 1.1 billion people lack access to an improved
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drinking water supplier. 88% of the four billion annual cases of
diarrhoea diseases are attributed to unsafe water and inadequate
sanitation and hygiene and 1.8 million people die from diarrheal
diseases each year. The WHO estimates that 94% of these diarrheal
cases are preventable through simple modifications to the
environment, including access to safe water, simple techniques for
treating water at home, such as chlorination filters and solar
disinfection, and storing it in safe containers would save a huge
number of lives each year, reducing deaths from water-borne diseases
is a major public health goal in developing countries.
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Sources Of Water:
1. Groundwater:
The water emerging from some deep groundwater may have fallen as
rain many tens, hundreds, or thousands of years ago. Soil and rock
layers naturally filter the groundwater to a higher degree of clarity
and often it does not require additional treatment other than adding
chlorine or chloramines as secondary disinfectants. Such water may
emerge as springs, or artesian or may be extracted from boreholes or
wells. Deep groundwater is generally of very high bacteriological
quality (that is pathogenic bacteria, or the pathogenic protozoa that
are typically absent), but the water may be rich in dissolved solids,
especially carbonates and sulphates of calcium and magnesium,
depending on the strata through which the water has flowed. Other
ions may also be present, including chloride and bicarbonate. There
may be a requirement to reduce the iron or manganese content of this
water to make it acceptable for drinking, cooking and laundry use.
Primary disinfection may also be required where groundwater reach
has been practised. The groundwater may require additional
treatment depending on the applicable state and federal regulations.
2. Upland lakes & reservoirs:
Typically located in the headwaters of river systems. Upland
reservoirs are usually sited above any human habitation and may be
surrounded by a protective zone to restrict the opportunities for
contamination. Bacteria and pathogen levels are usually low, but
some protozoa or algae will be present, where plants are forested or
peaty, and humic acids can colour the water. Many applied sources
have no pH, which requires adjustment.
3. Rivers, canals & low land reservoirs:
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Lowland surface waters will have a significant bacterial load and may
also contain algae, suspended solids and a variety of dissolved
constituents.
4. Atmospheric water generation is a new technology that can provide
high-quality drinking water by extracting water from the air by
cooling the air and thus condensing water vapour.
5. Rainwater harvesting or fog collection which collects water from
the atmosphere can be used especially in areas with significant dry
seasons and in areas which experience fog even when there is little
rain.
6. Desalinization of seawater by desolation or reverse osmosis.
7. Surface water:
Freshwater bodies that are open to the atmosphere and are not
designated as groundwater are classified in India for regulatory and
water purification purposes as surface water.
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Various Methods of Purification of
Water
Boiling:
Boiling water is used as a method of making it potable
by killing microbes and viruses that may be present.
The sensitivity of different micro-organisms to heat
varies, but if water is held at 100* Celsius (212* F) for
one minute, most micro-organisms and viruses are
inactivated in places having proper water purification
systems. It is recommended only as an emergency
treatment method or for obtaining potable water in the
wilderness or cooler areas, as it cannot remove chemical
toxins or impurities. The traditional advice for boiling
water for 10 minutes is mainly for additional safety since
microbes start getting eliminated at temperatures
greater than 60* (140*F), and bringing it to its boiling
point is also a useful indication, that the water is
disinfected.
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Filtration:
In the water industry, clarified water is the goal of the
filtering. It is primarily used for stormwater, wastewater
and drinking water applications. But it also has uses in
industrial manufacturing, power plants, food and
beverage production facilities, mining and other heavy-
duty applications.
Water filtration can remove or reduce the
concentration of suspended particles, parasites,
bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi and more chemical and
biological contaminants.
For water to be filtered, it can only be passed through
the filter if some driving force is applied, which may be
caused by gravity centrifugation application of pressure
on the fluid above the filter or other processes that use
pumps, valves and pipes to produce enough pressure to
push the water through the filter.
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Reverse Osmosis:
Reverse osmosis is a water purification process that uses
a semi-permeable membrane to filter out unwanted
molecules and large particles such as contaminants and
sediments like chlorine, salt and dirt from drinking
water. In reverse osmosis, an applied pressure is used to
overcome the osmotic pressure and push the water
from a high concentration to a low concentration of
contaminants. This means it’s being forced into reverse
and contaminated water is trying to move into the pure
water but because it must pass through a filter first, the
contaminants get trapped, and only the pure water
passes through resulting in the cleanest possible
drinking water. Reverse osmosis differs from carbon
filtration in that it can rid the water of up to 99% of all
contaminants and sediments or particles as small as one
micron. It would be best to get a reverse osmosis
filtration system to ensure that your water is
contaminant-free.
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Water Chlorination:
Water chlorination is the process of adding chlorine or
chlorine compounds such as sodium hypochlorite to
water. This method is used to kill bacteria, viruses and
other microbes in water. In particular, chlorination is
used to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases such
as cholera, dysentery and typhoid. As a halogen,
chlorine is a highly efficient disinfectant, and is added
to public water supplies to kill disease - causing
pathogens such as bacteria, and viruses, protozoans
that commonly grow in water supply reservoirs on the
walls of the water mains and in storage tank. As a
strong oxidizing agent, chlorine kills via the oxidation
of organic molecules. Chlorine and the hydrolysis
product, hydrochlorus acid are not charged and
therefore easily penetrate the negatively charged
surface of pathogens. It also disintegrates the lipids that
composes the cell wall and reacts with intracellular
enzymes and proteins, making them non-functional.
Microorganisms then either die or are no longer able to
multiply.
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UV Water Purification:
UV water purification systems purify water by using ultraviolet rays to
kill microorganisms present in the water. UV rays completely kill
water-borne microorganisms and prevent their reproduction by
disrupting their DNA. Also, UV rays do not lead to chemical changes
in the water. As such, water purified from UV rays does not contain
any harmful micro-organisms and retains its original taste. Modern
water purifiers use low-pressure mercury vapour lamps, which
produce ultraviolet radiation at a specific level. The mercury vapour
lamps are installed in such a way that they do not contact water. One
of the biggest advantages of using a UV water purifier is the instant
purification of water. UV water purification systems do not use any
chemicals. UV water purifiers are cost effective. The mercury vapour
lamp of the appliance is similar to a standard light bulb in terms of
power consumption and price. UV water purifiers can last long,
especially if you regularly maintain the appliance.
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Ozone Disinfection:
Ozone is an unstable molecule which readily gives up
one atom of oxygen, providing a powerful oxidizing
agent which is toxic to most waterborne organisms. It is
a very strong, broad-spectrum disinfectant that is
widely used in Europe. It is an effective method to
inactive harmful protozoa that form cysts. It also works
well against almost all other pathogens. Ozone is made
by passing oxygen through ultraviolet light, or a cold
electrical discharge. To use ozone as a disinfectant, it
must be created on-site and added to the water by
bubble contact. Some of the advantages of ozone
include the production of fewer dangerous by products
and the absence of taste and odour problems. Another
advantage of ozone is that it leaves no residual
disinfectant in the water. Ozone has been used in
drinking water plants since 1906 when the first
industrial allocation plant was built in Nice, France.
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Solar water disinfection:
One low-cost method of disinfecting water that can
often be implemented with locally available materials is
solar disinfection (SODIS). Unlike methods that rely on
firewood, it has no impact on the environment. One
recent study has found that the wild Salmonella, which
would reproduce quickly during subsequent dark
storage of solar disinfected water could be controlled by
the addition of just 10 parts per million of hydrogen
peroxide.
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Dissolved air flotation:
When particles are to be removed do not settle out of
the solution easily, dissolved air flotation (DAF) is often
used. Water supplies that are particularly vulnerable to
unicellular algae blooms and supplies with low turbidity
and high colour of an employ DAF. After coagulation
and flocculation processes, water flows to DAF tanks
where air diffusers on the tank bottom creates fine
bubbles that attach to the floc resulting in a floating
mass of concentrated floc. The floating floc blanket is
removed from the surface and clarified water is
withdrawn from the bottom of the DAF tank.
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Benefits of water purification:
Purification of water offers several advantages, primarily focused on
ensuring that water is safe and suitable for various purposes,
including drinking, cooking and industrial processes. Some of the key
advantages of water purification include:
1. Removal of contaminants:
The water purification process effectively removes contaminants such
as bacteria, viruses, parasites, algae, fungi, minerals and other
impurities. This ensures that the water is safe for consumption and
does not pose health risks.
2. Disease prevention:
Purifying water helps prevent waterborne diseases caused by
pathogens like batteries and viruses. Access to clean water is crucial
for public health, reducing the spread of waterborne illnesses such as
cholera, typhoid or dysentery.
3. Improved taste and odour
Purification processes can enhance the taste and odour of water by
eliminating unpleasant substances. This makes the water more
palatable, encouraging increased consumption and promoting overall
hydration
4. Protection of the ecosystem
Purification helps protect natural ecosystems by preventing the
introduction of harmful pollutants and chemicals into water bodies.
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This is essential for maintaining the health of aquatic environments
and preserving biodiversity.
5. Prevention of waterborne chemical contamination
Water purification removes or reduces the concentration of chemical
pollutants, including heavy metals, pesticides and industrial
chemicals. This is vital for preventing the adverse health effects
associated with exposure to these contaminants.
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Conclusion
We can conclude from the project that there are various
methods of purification of water. Today, we know that
water is present everywhere on Earth in different forms
but due to human activities, water is being polluted day
by day. Not only that, about 97% of water is in
the ocean, which is not suitable for drinking, or any
other purpose. So there is a very small volume of water
left, to utilize that humans are using the best ways to
purify it. In present times, humans are capable of
purifying water. All of the methods to purify it are
mentioned in this project.
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Bibliography:
Youtube.com
https://www.wikipedia.org
https://www.sciencedirect.com
https://www.sciencebuddies.org
https://atlas-scientific.com
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