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L2 Learning and Memory

The document discusses the concepts of learning and memory, detailing behavioral learning methods such as classical and operant conditioning, as well as social learning. It explains how memory functions through encoding, storage, and retrieval, and addresses factors that contribute to forgetting. Additionally, it provides strategies for improving memory, including the use of retrieval cues and mnemonic devices.

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2 views

L2 Learning and Memory

The document discusses the concepts of learning and memory, detailing behavioral learning methods such as classical and operant conditioning, as well as social learning. It explains how memory functions through encoding, storage, and retrieval, and addresses factors that contribute to forgetting. Additionally, it provides strategies for improving memory, including the use of retrieval cues and mnemonic devices.

Uploaded by

huynhtrungthien.9a2.ah2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Learning and Memory

Contents

1. Learning

2. Memory
1 Learning
Learning

Learning is applying past knowledge and experience


to present circumstances and behavior.

Behavioral learning: focus on stimulus-response connections.


• Classical conditioning
• Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning

Unconditioned Stimulus
Dinner aromas
Unconditioned Response
Conditioned Stimulus Salivation
6 o’clock news

AFTER REPEATED PAIRINGS

Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response


6 o’clock news Salivation
Pavlov and Classical Conditioning (1 of 2)

• Classical conditioning (or Pavlovian conditioning): The process by


which an organism learns a new association between two stimuli—a
neutral stimulus and one that already evokes a reflexive response.
• Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): Automatically elicits an
unconditioned response.
• Unconditioned response (UCR): Action that the unconditioned
stimulus elicits.
• Conditioned stimulus (CS): A response to it depends on the
preceding conditions, the pairing of the CS with the UCS.
• Conditioned response (CR): Response the conditioned stimulus elicits
as a result of the conditioning (training) procedure.
Pavlov and Classical Conditioning (2 of 2)

• A conditioned stimulus
precedes an unconditioned
stimulus.
• After sufficient pairings, the
conditioned stimulus elicits
the conditioned response,
which can resemble the
unconditioned response.
Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning (instrumental learning): The process


of changing behavior by providing a reinforcer or a
punishment after a response.

Law of effect: Increased


Reinforcement: Process
Learning curve: A graph likelihood of repeating
of increasing the future
of the changes in behavior responses that lead to
probability of a response
that occur over the course favorable consequences,
that is followed by a
of learning. even if we don’t
positive consequence .
understand why.
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning, also known as instrumental learning, is indeed a method of
learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through
operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence
for that behavior.

When a desirable result follows an action, the behavior becomes more likely to occur
again in the future due to the positive outcome. This is called reinforcement.
Reinforcements can be positive (adding something pleasant) or negative (removing
something unpleasant). On the other hand, when an unpleasant outcome follows an
action, the behavior becomes less likely to occur again in the future, which is known
as punishment.
Operant conditioning

The process involves:


Reinforcer: Any event that strengthens or increases the frequency of a behavior.
Positive Reinforcement: Introducing a pleasant stimulus to encourage the behavior.
Negative Reinforcement: Removing an unpleasant stimulus to encourage the behavior.

Punisher: Any event that weakens or decreases the frequency of a behavior.


Positive Punishment: Introducing an unpleasant stimulus to discourage the behavior.
Negative Punishment: Removing a pleasant stimulus to discourage the behavior.

Operant conditioning was coined by B.F. Skinner and is a fundamental concept in


behavioral psychology. It's widely applied in various fields, such as education,
psychotherapy, animal training, and behavior modification
Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning

• Subject’s behavior produces an • The subject’s behavior has no effect


outcome that affects future behavior. on the outcome.
• Applies to skeletal responses, • Stimulus changes behavior but
including movement of leg muscles, behavior does not control events.
and arm muscles.
• Visceral response: Reponses of
internal organs such as salivation and
digestion.
Social Learning

Social Learning approach is learning many


behaviors by observing the behavior of others..

Social learning is a type of operant conditioning,


with similar underlying mechanisms:
• Modeling and imitation
• Vicarious reinforcement and punishment
• Self-efficacy
• Self-reinforcement and self-punishment
Social Learning
Vicarious Reinforcement
Modeling and Imitation and Punishment

• Learning by observing other people’s • Study of people’s tendency to make


actions and their consequences. hits, correct rejections, misses and
• Behavior often provides information. false alarms.
• Establishes a norm or rule. • Response depends on willingness to
• Imitation may occur automatically. risk misses or false alarms.
• When trying to detect an item, more
likely to overlook if it occurs rarely.
Social Learning

Self-efficacy in Social Learning

The belief of being Consider


able to perform the strength and
task successfully weaknesses

Compare self to If chances of success


others and estimate are small, people will
chance of success get discouraged
2 Memory
Memory

Memory is a process of acquiring information and


storing it over time so that it will be available when
we need it.

Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory

Temporary storage of Temporary storage of A relatively permanent


sensory information recent events storage of events.
How Memory works?

Encoding Storage Retrieval

• Concentration level • Sensory memory • Recall


• Attention • Short-term memory • Recognition
• Emotion • Long-term memory • Relearning
Forgetting

Why did you forget?


Forgetting

Proactive interference is when old


materials increase forgetting of new
materials.
Retroactive interference is when
new materials increase forgetting of
old materials.
Interference is a major cause of
forgetting.
How to improve memory?

What do you do to
improve your memory?
How to improve memory?

Retrieval cues
Serve as reminders to prompt your memory later.

Encoding specificity principle


The associations you form at the time of learning will
be the most effective retrieval cues later.

If you want to remember something at a particular


time and place, study under the same conditions
where you will try to remember.
How to improve memory?

Studying spread out

Varying the conditions of studying

Need effort to refresh ideas

Taking notes during class

Test yourself
How to improve memory?

Mnemonic device
is any memory aid based on
encoding items in a special way.

Mnemonic device
Memorize a series of places, then
use a vivid image to associate
each location with something you
want to remember
Thanks

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