INTRODUCTION:

There are different types of energy that we study about like heat, light, mechanical, chemical,
electrical energy etc. Out of these energies, electrical energy is the most usable form. Electrical energy
can be converted to other forms and transmitted to larger distances. Different appliances where
electric energy is used are electric bulbs, air conditioners, heaters, tube lights etc. The branch of
physics that deals with the study of electric charges and their effects is called electricity. The study of
electricity is divided into two parts: Static and Current electricity.

Static electricity: It deals with electric charges at rest and their effects.

Current electricity: It deals with charges in motion and their effects.

ELECTRIC CHARGE:

Electric charge is the characteristic of matter due to which it produces and experiences electric and
magnetic field. The SI unit of charge is Coulomb(C) and the CGS unit is statcoulomb.

1 Coulomb=3 statcoulomb

Properties of Electric charge:

1. There are two types of electric charge; positive and negative charge. Proton has positive
charge and electron has negative charge.
2. Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. So, a proton repels a
proton and attracts an electron.
3. Conservation of charge: Charge can neither be created nor destroyed. The charge from one
body can only be transferred to another body but the net charge of a system remains constant.
This is called the principle of conservation of charge. For an isolated system, charge is always
conserved.
4. Quantization of charge: Charge on a body is always an integral multiple of elementary charge.
This property is called ‘quantization’ of charge. The value of elementary charge is the
magnitude of charge on one proton or electron, i.e., e=1.6x10-19C.
So charge on a body can be given by: Q=±ne where n=1,2,3,4………(n cannot be a fraction)
5. Charge is a scalar quantity.
6. Invariance of charge: Charge of an object is independent of its speed. This property is called
invariance of charge.
7. Additivity of charge: For an isolated system, the net charge is the algebraic sum of all the
charges present in the system.

Note: 1 Coulomb of charge contains 6.25x1018 electrons.

CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS:

1. Those substances which allow the electric charges to flow through them or conduct electricity
easily are called conductors. Examples: Copper, silver etc.
2. Those substances which don’t allow the electric charges to flow through them or don’t
conduct electricity are called insulators.

METHODS OF CHARGING:

1. Charging by friction:
When certain insulators are rubbed with cloth or fur, they become electrically charged by a
transfer of charge (i.e., electrons). This method is called charging by friction. The object which
 loses electrons become positively charged while the one which gains electrons becomes
negatively charged. Example: glass rod rubbed with silk cloth. By convention, glass rod attains
positive and silk cloth gets negative charge.

2. Charging by conduction:
Charging by conduction refers to the technique of charging an uncharged material by bringing
it into touch with some other charged material.

3. Charging by induction:
Induction is a process by which a charged body can be used to create other charged bodies
without touching them or losing its own charge.

ELECTRIC CURRENT (FLOW OF CHARGES):

The rate of flow of charge through any cross section of a conductor is known as electric current (I). If
‘Q’ is the total charge flowing through any cross section of a conductor in time ‘t’, then
𝑄 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑛𝑒
𝐼= = =
𝑡 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
where, e = magnitude of charge of one electron and

n = number of electrons flowing in time ‘t’

 Current is a scalar quantity.

 S.I. unit of current is ampere (A). One ampere is the value of current flowing through a
conductor if 1C of charge moves across it in 1 sec.
 Sign convention for current direction: The direction of current is taken to be same as the
direction of flow of positive charge or opposite to the direction of flow of negative charges or
electrons.
 A conductor remains uncharged when current flows through it.
 For a given conductor, the current passing through it does not depend on its cross section.
 i1=i2=i3

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL:

How does the current or electric charges flow in a conductor? In our day to day life we have seen that
heat always gets transferred from a body at higher temperature to that at lower temperature or water
always flows from a place at higher level to that at lower level due to pressure difference in water
level.

Similarly, charges do not flow in a conducting wire by themselves. For charges to flow, there has to be
some difference in electric pressure/potential which is called as potential difference along the
conductor. This potential difference can be produced by the chemical action within a cell or a battery
(group of cells) which sets the free electrons in motion.

Conventionally, a body having positive charge is taken to be at higher potential as compared to a body
having negative charge. The movement of positive charges means conventional/electric current and
the movement of electrons means electronic current.

Current in a conductor:

A conductor has of a large number of free electrons which are in random motion just like molecules
in air. When the conductor is not connected to a battery, although the electrons are moving, the net
flow in any particular direction is zero. Hence, no current flows through it in the absence of potential
difference.

A potential difference can be produced between the ends of a conductor in the form of a metallic
wire, if it is connected between the two terminals of a cell which results in the flow/drift of free
electrons (electronic current) in an organised way from lower potential to higher potential and flow
of current from higher to lower potential. The end of the wire connected to the positive terminal is at
a higher potential while the end connected to the negative terminal is at a lower potential. So, we can
say that potential difference causes the charges to flow or decides the direction of current flow.

Note: The electric potential alone is never defined at a point but it is always defined with respect to
some reference point, taken as infinity and electric potential at infinity as is taken as zero. Electric
potential is always defined.

As we have seen that if there are more number of charges concentrated at a point, then electric
potential w.r.t to infinity at that point will be more which means if we bring more number of charges
from infinity to that point in presence of some source charge, electric potential will increase. That
means to bring charges at a point, we have to do some work against the effect of source charge and
that work is stored as electric potential at that point.

Electric potential: Electric potential at a point is defined as the amount of work done against the effect
of source charge in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity (∞) to that point.
𝑊∞→𝑃
𝑉𝑃 − 𝑉∞ = , where 𝑊∞→𝑃 is the work done in moving the charge from infinity to point P and +q
𝑞
is the unit positive charge.

Electric potential difference: Electric potential difference between two points is defined as the
amount of work done against the effect of source charge to move a unit positive charge from one
point to another.

Example:

Let us take a sphere P having positive charge +Q Coulomb. Now let us take a unit positive charge q
Coulomb (q<<<<Q) from point B to A. The charge q will be repelled by sphere P, so to move charge q
from B to A, one has to apply force on it towards left or we can say one has to work against the effect
of repulsion from sphere P. Then electric potential difference between point A and B will be:
𝑊𝐴→𝐵
𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑞
, where 𝑊𝐴→𝐵 is the work done in moving the charge from point A to point B.
  Electric potential is scalar quantity.
 SI unit of electric potential is Volt (V).
 Electric potential difference between two points is equal to 1 Volt (V) when 1 Joule of work is
done in moving 1 coulomb of charge from one point to another.
1 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒
1 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 =
1 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏
 The potential difference is measured by a means of an instrument called the voltmeter and it
is always connected in parallel across the points between which the potential difference is to
be measured.

 The electric current is measured by a device called ammeter and it is connected in series with
the device through which current is to be measured.

ELECTRIC CIRCUITS AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

For current to flow through various electrical devices, the electrical devices need to be properly
connected with each other and the battery. The systematic arrangement of electrical devices with
battery is called an electric circuit and the schematic representation of an electric circuit is called a
circuit diagram.

Active elements:

The components of an electric circuit that provide electrical energy to the circuit are called active
elements. Ex: cell, battery etc.

Passive elements:

The components of an electric circuit that dissipate or store electrical energy from the circuit are called
passive elements. Ex: resistance, capacitor, inductor etc.
 Schematic diagram of an electric circuit

OHM’S LAW:

Current flows through a conductor when a potential difference is applied between its ends. In 1827,
a German physicist Georg Simon Ohm (1787–1854) did a numerous experiments to find out the exact
relationship between the current I, passing through a conductor (ex- metallic wire) and the potential
difference across its ends.

As per his experiments, he gave a new law called as ohm’s law which states that if the physical
conditions (such as temperature, length, material and area of cross-section) don’t change, the
potential difference applied across the two ends of a conductor is directly proportional to the electric
current flowing through it.
 𝑉𝛼𝐼
𝑉 = 𝑅𝐼
𝑉
=𝑅
𝐼
where the constant of proportionality R is called as the Resistance of the conductor.

If potential difference (or voltage drop) is measured in volts and current in amperes, the resistance is
measured in SI unit ‘ohm’ (Ω).
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 (𝑉)
= 𝑂ℎ𝑚 (Ω)
𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 (𝐴)
Resistance: It is a characteristic of a conductor to resist the movement of charges through it.

If the potential difference between the ends of the conductor is 1V and current flowing is 1A, then the
resistance R of the conductor is 1 Ω.

For a given voltage, the current through a resistor is inversely proportional to its resistance. If the
resistance is made twice its initial value, the current becomes half its initial value. An electrical
component which offers less resistance to the flow of current is called good conductor while an
electrical component which offers more resistance to the flow of current is called poor conductor of
electricity.

Variable resistance: A component/device used to increase or decrease current in a circuit without

changing the voltage source is called variable resistance/rheostat.

EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF OHM’S LAW:

To verify ohm’s law, let us set up an electric circuit consisting of a resistor wire (ex- nichrome wire
where nichrome is an alloy of nickel, chromium, manganese and iron metals) of certain length. Also
connect an ammeter in series and voltmeter in parallel to measure the current and voltage
respectively across a resistor and four cells each of 1.5V.

Starting with only one cell and gradually connecting each of the cells one by one in the circuit and
taking the reading of the current flowing through the circuit in each case, we will find that the ratio of
voltage and current gives approximately the same value every time which shows that the potential
difference is proportional to current, thus verifying ohm’s law.

This constant ratio of voltage and current is called the resistance and the V-I graph if drawn comes out
to be a straight line that passes through the origin of the graph.
Ohmic and Non-ohmic conductors:

1. The conductors which obeys Ohm’s law are called as ohmic or linear conductor.
Example: All metals
2. The conductors which do not obey Ohm’s law are called non-ohmic or non-linear conductors.
Example: Electrolytes, semiconductor devices such as diodes, transistors, etc.
Figure for graph of ohmic & non-ohmic conductors

ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE:

A large number of free electrons are there in the conductors that conduct electricity. When a potential
difference is applied across a conductor, these electrons begin to move from low potential to high
potential end and collide with other electrons along with fixed positive ions which offers some
obstruction to the flow of charges. As the collisions increase, the resistance offered by the conductor
also increases. This obstruction offered by the conductor is called as resistance.

Factors affecting resistance:

1. Resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to its length, i.e, R α L (Length of conductor).

2. Resistance of a conductor is inversely proportional to its area of cross section, i.e, R α A.
3. Resistance of a conductor depends on the nature of its material (𝜌).
So we can write:
R α L --------- (1)
1
𝑅𝛼 --------- (2)
𝐴
𝐿
𝑅𝛼
𝐴
𝐿
𝑅=𝜌
𝐴
where 𝜌(rho) is the constant of proportionality called as resistivity or specific resistance of
conductor.

RESISTIVITY:

1. Resistivity is the characteristic property of a conductor.

2. It depends on the nature of the material of the conductor but is independent of the
shape and size.
3. It measures the ability of a conductor to conduct electricity.
4. Resistivity can also be defined as the resistance of a conductor having unit cross section
area and unit length.
𝐿 1
𝑅=𝜌 =𝜌
𝐴 1
𝑆𝑜, 𝑅 = 𝜌
5. SI unit of resistivity is ohm-metre (Ω-m)
 𝐿
𝑅=𝜌
𝐴
𝐴
𝜌=𝑅
𝐿

Unit of R ×Unit of A 𝑜ℎ𝑚 (Ω) × 𝑚2

Unit of 𝜌 = Unit of L
= 𝑚
= ohm − metre (Ω − m)

6. Range of resistivity:
For conductors: 10-8 to 10-6 Ωcm (Low resistivity)
For insulators: 1012 to 1017 Ωcm (High resistivity)
For semiconductors: 10-5 to 106 Ωcm (Medium resistivity)

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON RESISTANCE/RESISTIVITY:

The resistance of a conductor increases with an increase in temperature. Let the resistance of a
conductor at 0°C be R0.

Let the resistance of the conductor at t°C be Rt.

Then, 𝑅𝑡 = 𝑅0 (1 + 𝛼Δ𝑇) or 𝜌𝑡 = 𝜌0 (1 + 𝛼Δ𝑇)

where ΔT=Change in temperature and 𝛼 = Temperature coefficient of resistance

 For a conductor, both resistance and resistivity increases with increase in temperature, i.e.,
metals have positive temperature coefficient of resistance.
 Semiconductors have negative temperature coefficient of resistance i.e., the resistance of
these materials decreases with an increase in temperature.
 At a particular temperature, 𝜌𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 > 𝜌𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 > 𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑠 > 𝜌𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑠
 The resistivity of an alloy is generally higher than that of its constituent metals. Alloys do not
oxidise (burn) readily at high temperatures. For this reason, they are commonly used in
electrical heating devices, like electric iron, toasters etc. Tungsten is used almost exclusively
for filaments of electric bulbs, whereas copper and aluminium are generally used for
electrical transmission lines.

EFFECT OF IMPURITIES ON RESISTANCE:

 Resistance of conductors increases with addition of impurities.

 Resistance of semiconductors decreases with addition of selected impurities.

COMBINATION OF RESISTORS:

There are two ways of joining the resistors together in an electrical circuit. One is series and another
is parallel.

Series combination:

 Resistors are said to be in series connection, when they are connected end to end and there
exists only one path for the current to flow and the same current flows through each resistor.
 Let the resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected in series as shown above. Let us connect a
battery of voltage ‘V’ across the series combination. Let the potential drop across the
resistors R1, R2 and R3 be V1, V2 and V3 respectively. Let the current flowing through the
whole circuit and be I.
Let Reff be the equivalent/net/equivalent resistance of the circuit which can be used as a
single resistor in place of three resistors.
Then the voltage across resistance R1, V1=IR1,
The voltage across resistance R2, V2=IR2,
The voltage across resistance R3, V3=IR3
From the diagram,
Applied voltage = Sum of the potential differences across the each of the three resistors
V=V1+V2+V3
Applying ohm’s law, we get
IReff=IR1+IR2+IR3
Reff=R1+R2+R3

 If there are ‘n’ number of resistors joined in series, then the equivalent resistance of the
circuit will be:
Reff = R1+R2+R3+R4+……………+Rn
 When resistors are connected in series, then the equivalent resistance is greater than each
of the individual resistances.

Parallel combination:

 Resistors are said to be in parallel connection, when they are connected with two same
points or identical potential difference exists across all of them, i.e., the potential drop
across each resistor is the same.

Let the resistors R1, R2 and R3 be connected in parallel across the voltage source V. Let the
total current flowing through the circuit be I that will be divided into three parts I1, I2 and I3
among the resistors R1, R2 and R3, respectively.
Let the equivalent/net/total resistance of the parallel combination of resistors be Reff.
V
Current through resistor R1, I1 = R
1
V
Current through resistor R2, I2 = R2
 V
Current through resistor R3, I3 = R
3
So, Total current, I = I1+I2+I3
Applying ohm’s law, we get:
V V V V
= + +
R eff R1 R 2 R 3

1 1 1 1
= + +
R eff R1 R 2 R 3

 If there are ‘n’ number of resistors connected in parallel, then the equivalent resistance will
be:
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + + ⋯+
R eff R1 R 2 R 3 R 4 Rn

 If two resistors are connected in parallel, then the equivalent resistance will be:
1 1 1
= +
R eff R1 R 2

R1 × R 2
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
R1 + R 2

 The equivalent resistance in parallel combination is less than the least resistance in the
circuit.

Note: Q- Why parallel combination is preferred more than series combination?

Bulbs in series Bulbs in parallel

 When bulbs are connected in series, the voltage is distributed among them, and each bulb
receives the same amount of current. The number of connected bulbs determines each
bulb's brightness, and the circuit breaks when any of the bulbs fails.
 In a parallel connection, the voltage across all of the bulbs is same, the current is distributed
among them, and each bulb's brightness stays same. If one of the bulbs fails, it won't affect
the operation of the other lamps in the parallel.

COLOUR CODING OF RESISTORS:

Three coloured bands are typically used to indicate the resistance value, with one band representing
tolerance. The first two digits are indicated by the first two coloured bands. The multiplier value is
displayed by the third band, while the tolerance value is displayed by the fourth band.
  Red, red, orange and no colour indicate the value of resistance = 22000 Ω ± 10%

ELECTRIC CELL:

A device that creates a constant potential difference between the ends of a conductor connected
across its two terminals is called an electric cell. Chemical energy is transformed into electrical
energy by it.

Electromotive Force (EMF) of a Cell:

A path that allows current to flow through is called an electric circuit. Current cannot flow through a
path that is broken because of an open switch or if it contains an insulator; this type of path is
known as an open circuit. A closed circuit is a conductor-based closed continuous path.

 The potential difference between a cell's terminals when no current is drawn from it, or
when it is an open circuit, is known as the cell's EMF.
 Each type of cell has a unique EMF, which is one of its characteristics.
 The work required to transfer a unit positive charge via the electrolyte inside the cell and the
external circuit that is connected to it is equal to the EMF.
 Terminal Voltage: The terminal voltage of a cell is the potential difference between its two
terminals when current is taken from it, which means it is a closed circuit. It is given by
symbol V.
 When an external circuit is linked across the cell's terminals, the terminal voltage is equal to
the work required to take one unit of positive charge around the external circuit only.
Because of this, the terminal voltage is always lower than the cell's EMF.

Internal Resistance of Cell:

A cell's electrolyte provides some resistance to the current flow. This is referred to as the cell's
internal resistance. The letter r stands for it. The voltage drop across the cell's internal resistance, or
"r," when current I is drawn from the cell is determined by:

The internal resistance is considered to be in series with the cell.

EMF = terminal voltage + internal voltage drop

 While EMF is independent of both external and internal resistance, the terminal voltage of
the cell is dependent on these factors including EMF of the cell.

The cell draws current (I) when it is connected to an external resistance (R). The cell's total voltage
(E) drops across its internal resistance (r) and external resistance (R).

Since both the resistances are connected in a series E= Ir +IR

Let the voltage across the terminals AB be V, then

COMBINATION OF CELLS:

Like resistors, cells can also be connected in two ways. One is series combination and another one is
parallel combination.

Series combination:

 Cells are considered to be in series when their negative terminals are linked to the positive
terminals of the subsequent cells, and so forth.

 The total EMF of a sequence of connected ‘n’ number of cells is the sum of the EMFs of the
individual cells.
 E = E1+E2+E3+………+E4
 The total internal resistance of a series of connected ‘n’ number of cells is the sum of the
internal resistances of the individual cells.
r = r1+r2+r3+……+r4

Parallel combination:

 In a parallel configuration, all of the cells' negative terminals are connected to each other
and positive terminals are connected to each other.

 The total EMF of multiple parallel connections of identical cells is equal to the EMF of each
individual cell.
 The expression "reciprocal of the total internal resistance is equal to the sum of the
reciprocals of individual internal resistances" describes the equivalent internal resistance
when the cells are connected in parallel.
 When cells having different values of EMFs and internal resistances are connected in
parallel:

 For ‘n’ different cells connected in parallel,

JOULE’S HEATING EFFECT OF CURRENT:

 Joule gave the law on heating effect of current known as Joule’s law.
 An electrical energy source is a cell or battery. The potential difference created by the
chemical reaction between the cell's two terminals causes the electrons to move, allowing
current to flow through a resistor or a network of resistors attached to the battery. They
continually collide with the conductor's positive ions during this process. To maintain the
current/flow of electrons, the source has to keep expending its energy. A portion of this
energy used to sustain the current may be used—for example, turning an electric fan's blades
and rest of it is used to increase the energy of ions causing them to vibrate more vigorously
around their mean positions resulting in the rise of the temperature of conductor. For
example, an electric fan becomes warm if used continuously for longer time etc.
 Consequently, the conductor is heated when current flows through it. This heat generated
depends on the following factors:
1. Resistance of conductor: Heat generated is directly proportional to the resistance
meaning more the resistance of conductor more is the number of collisions between free
electrons and ions. Hence, if a conductor offers more resistance to the flow of current,
the heat produced in it will be more.
𝐻𝛼𝑅
2. Current through the conductor: Heat generated is directly proportional to the square of
the current flowing through the conductor.
𝐻 𝛼 𝐼2
3. Time of current flow: Heat generated in directly proportional to the time for which the
current flows through the conductor.
𝐻𝛼𝑡
So we can say that 𝐻 = 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑡
𝑉2
Also from ohm’s law, 𝐻 = 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑡 = 𝑅
𝑡 = 𝑉𝐼𝑡
 Electrical work: Electric work is the amount of work required to move an electric charge
through a conductor when a potential difference is applied at both of its ends.
Let ‘W’ work is done in moving charge Q under potential difference V

 Electric Power: The rate at which electric work is done or the rate at which electrical energy
is dissipated or consumed in an electric circuit is called electric power.
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆(𝑾)
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 =
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏(𝒕)
  SI unit of power is Watt (W) or Joule/second (J/s).
 One watt is the power consumed by a device that carries 1 A of current when
operated at a potential difference of 1 V. Thus, 1 W = 1 volt × 1 ampere = 1 V A
 For commercial purpose, we use a bigger unit of electrical energy called as watt-
hour (Wh) or kilowatt-hour (kWh).
 If an electric appliance of power P watt is used for 1 hour, the energy consumed by it
is 1 watt hour.
1 watt hour = 1 watt × 1 hour = 1W × (60 × 60) s = 3600 W-s =3600 J
 One kilowatt hour is the energy consumed in 1 hour by an electric appliance whose
power is 1 kilowatt.
1 kilowatt - hour = 1 kilowatt × 1 hour = 1 kW × (60 × 60) s = 1000 W × 3600 s
1 kilowatt hour = 3.6 × 106 J = 3.6 MJ
 The energy used in our homes is measured in kilowatt hours by the electric metre
that is installed.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF HEATING EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT:

One inescapable effect of electric current in a conductor is the creation of heat. Since it transforms
usable electrical energy into heat, it is often undesired. The inevitable heating in electric circuits can
raise component temperatures and change their characteristics.

1. Electric bulb: Similar to an electric bulb, light is likewise produced by electric heating. In this
case, the filament needs to hold onto as much of the heat produced as it can in order to
become extremely hot and produce light. At this high temperature, it should not melt. For this
reason, bulb filaments are made of a strong metal with a high melting point, like tungsten
(3380°C).

2. Electrical fuse: The use of Joule's heating in electrical circuit fuses is another widespread use.
It prevents the flow of any too high electric current, safeguarding appliances and circuits. The
device and the fuse are connected in series. It is composed of a segment of wire made of a
metal or alloy with the proper melting point, such as copper, iron, lead, aluminium, etc. The
temperature of the fuse wire rises when a current across the circuit exceeds the set value. The
circuit is broken and the fuse wire melts as a result. Typically, a porcelain or similar cartridge
with metal ends contains the fuse wire. There are many rated fuses for home use, such as 1
A, 2 A, 3 A, 5 A, and 10 A.

3. Electric heater: It has a heating coil made of nichrome wire. Nichrome spiral wire is inserted
in a porcelain frame's groove in a zigzag pattern. The wire's high resistance causes it to become
 red hot when current flows through it. Heating and cooking are done with the heat produced.
Because porcelain is a heat insulator, it never becomes hot.

4. Electric iron: Mica sheets placed inside a heavy metal block encloses a coil of high resistance
nichrome wire. The metal block that is used to iron clothes receives heat from the coil, which
is connected to a power source. Because mica is a poor electrical conductor but a strong heat
conductor, the heating coil is inserted between sheets of mica. A current of (1000/220) A, or
4.54 A, will flow in the circuit for an electric iron that uses 1 kW of electricity when run at 220
V. A 5 Ampere(A) fuse needs to be used in this situation.