GD&T Symbols:-

Additional Modifying Symbols

❖ Dimensioning
If a part is dimensioned properly, then the intent of the
designer is clear to both the person making the part and
the inspector checking the part.
• A fully defined part has three elements: graphics,
dimensions, and words .

❖ Size and Location Dimensions:-

• A well dimensioned part will communicate the size and
location requirements for each feature. Communications
is the fundamental purpose of dimensions.
• Parts are dimensioned based on two criteria:
✓ Basic size and locations of the features.
✓ Details of a part's construction and for manufacturing.

❖ Unit of measure:-
1. On a drawing used in American industry, all dimensions
are in inches, unless otherwise stated.
2. Most countries outside of the United States
3. use the metric system of measure, or the international
system of units (SI), which is based on the meter.
4. The SI system is being used more in the United States
because of global trade and multinational company
affiliations.
5. Occasionally, a company will used dual dimensioning,
that is, both metric and English measurements on a
drawing.
 ❖ Unit of measure:-
6.Angular dimensions are shown either in decimal degrees or
in degrees,minutes, and seconds.
❖ Terminology
• Dimension is the numerical value that defines the size
or geometric characteristic of a feature.
• Basic dimension is the numerical value defining the
theoretically exact size of a feature.
• Reference dimension is the numerical value enclosed in
parentheses provided for information only and is not
used in the fabrication of the part.
❖ Terminology
• Dimension line is the thin solid line which shows the
extent and direction of a dimension.
• Arrows are placed at the ends of dimension lines to show
the limits of the dimension.
• Extension line is the thin solid line perpendicular to a
dimension line indicating which feature is associated
with the dimension.
❖ Terminology
• Leader line is the thin solid line used to indicate the
feature with which a dimension, note, or symbol is
associated.
• Tolerance is the amount a particular dimension is
allowed to vary.
• Plus and minus dimensioning is the allowable positive
and negative variance from the dimension specified.
❖ Terminology
• Limits of size is the largest acceptable size and the
minimum acceptable size of a feature.
• The largest acceptable size is expressed as the maximum
material condition (MMC)
• The smallest acceptable size is expressed as the least
material condition (LMC)
• Diameter symbol is the symbol which is placed
preceding a numerical value indicating that the
associated dimension shows the diameter of a circle. The
symbol used is the Greek letter phi.
• Radius symbol is the symbol which is placed preceding a
numerical value indicating that the associated dimension
shows the radius of a circle. The radius symbol used is
the capital letter R.
❖ Terminology:-
• Datum is the theoretically exact point used as a reference
for tabular dimensioning.
❖ Basic Concepts:-
• Dimensions are used to describe the size and location of
features on parts for manufacture. The basic criterion is,
"What information is necessary to make the object?"
Dimensions should not be excessive, either through
duplication or dimensioning a feature more than one
way.
• Size dimension might be the overall width of the part or
the diam eter of a drilled hole

• Location dimension might be length from the edge of the

object to t he center of the drilled hole.
• Size dimensions
Horizontal
Vertical
Diameter
Radius
• Location and Orientation
Horizontal
Vertical
Angle
• Rectangular coordinate dimensioning, a base line (or
datum line) is established for each coordinate direction,
and all dimensions specified with respect to these
baselines. This is also known as datum dimensioning, or
baseline dimensioning. All dimensions are calculated as
X and Y distances from an origin point, usually placed at
the lower left corner of the part.
❖ Standard Practices- Placement:-
• Dimension placement depends on the space available
between extension lines. When space permits, dimensions
and arrows are placed between the extension lines.
Standard Practices- Spacing
✓ The minimum distance from the object to the first
dimension is 10mm (3/8 inch).
✓ The minimum spacing between dimensions is 6mm (1/4
inch). There should be a visible gap between an
extension line and the feature to which it refers.
✓ Extension lines should extend about 1mm (1/32 inch)
beyond the last dimension line.
❖ Standard Practices-Grouping
• Dimensions should be grouped for uniform appearance
as shown.

❖ Standard Practices-Staggering
• Where there are several parallel dimensions, the values
should b e staggered
❖ Standard Practices-Extension lines
• Extension lines are used to refer a dimension to a
particular feature and are usually drawn perpendicular to
the associated dimension line. Where space is limited,
extension lines may be drawn at an angle.
❖ Standard Practices-Extension lines
• Extension lines should not cross dimension lines, and
should avoid crossing other extension lines whenever
possible.
• When extension lines cross object lines or other
extension lines, they are not broken.
• When extension lines cross or are close to arrowheads,
they are broken for the arrowhead
❖ Standard Practices-Extension lines
• When the location of the center of a feature is being
dimensioned, the center line of the feature is used as an
extension line.

• When a point is being located by extension lines only,

the extensions lines must pass through the point.
❖ Standard Practices- Limited length or
areas
• When it is necessary to define a limited length or area
that is to receive additional treatment (such as the
knurled portion of a shaft), the extent of the limits may
be shown by a chain line. The chain line is drawn
parallel to the surface being defined

❖ Detail Dimensions
• Holes
✓ Diameters must be dimensioned with the diameter
symbol preceding the numerical value
✓ When holes are dimensioned with a leader line, the line
must be radial. A radial line is one that passes through
the center of a circle or arc if extended
• Chamfers

• Slotted holes
• Key seat and Keyway
• Concentric circles

• Arcs
• Screw Threads

• Grooves
❖ Tolerancing
• Tolerance is the total amount a dimension may vary and
is the difference between the upper (maximum) and
lower (minimum) limits
• Tolerances are used to control the amount of variation
inherent in all manufactured parts. In particular,
tolerances are assigned to mating parts in an assembly
• One of the great advantages of using tolerances is that it
allows for interchangeable parts, thus permitting the
replacement of individual parts.
• Tolerances are used in production drawings to control the
manufacturing process more accurately and control the
variation between parts
• Tolerance representation
✓ Direct limits or as tolerance values applied directly to a
dimension
✓ Geometric tolerances
✓ Notes referring to specific condition
 ❖ Tolerancing
• Tolerance representation
✓ Plus/Minus

Important terms
✓ Nominal size a dimension used to describe the general
size usually expressed in common fractions.
✓ Basic size the theoretical size used as a starting point for
the application of tolerances.
✓ Actual size the measured size of the finished part after
machining
✓ Limits the maximum and minimum sizes shown by the
toleranced dimension
✓ Allowance is the minimum clearance or maximum
interference between parts
✓ Tolerance is the total variance in a dimension which is
the difference between the upper and lower limits. The
tolerance of the slot in Figure 14.50 is .004" and the
tolerance of the mating part is .002".
❖ Tolerancing
• Important terms
✓ Maximum material condition (MMC) is the condition
of a part when it contains the most amount of
material. The MMC of an external feature such as a
shaft is the upper limit. The MMC of an internal
feature such as a hole is the lower limit.
✓ Least material condition (LMC) is the condition of a
part when it contains the least amount of material
possible. The LMC of an external feature is the lower
limit of the part. The LMC of an internal feature is the
upper limit of the part.
• Tolerancing
Fit types
✓ Clearance fit occurs when two toleranced mating parts
will always leave a space or clearance when assembled.
✓ Interference fit occurs when two toleranced mating parts
will always interfere when assembled.
✓ Transition fit occurs when two toleranced mating parts
will sometimes be an interference fit and sometimes be a
clearance fit when assembled.
 • Metric Limits and Fits
Basic size
✓ Deviation
✓ Upper Deviation
✓ Lower Deviation
✓ Fundamental Deviation
✓ Tolerance
✓ Tolerance zone
✓ International tolerance grade
✓ Hole basis
✓ Shaft basis
• Symbols and Definitions
• Methods

❖ GDT
• Feature control frames
• MMC/LMC
• Datums
• Geometric Controls
✓ Form
✓ Orientation
✓ Position
✓ forms
✓ Straightness
o Line element
o Axis

✓ Forms
✓ Circularity
✓ Forms
✓ Flatness

✓ Forms
✓ Cylindricity
 ✓ Orientation
✓ Parallelism

✓ Orientation
✓ Perpendicularity
 ✓ Orientation
✓ Angularity

✓ Orientation
✓ Line profile
 ✓ Orientation
✓ Surface profile

✓ Location
✓ Concentricity
 ✓ Location
✓ Runout

✓ Location
✓ Position
• Location
✓ Position