GET 206 – FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYNAMICS

LE5TURE NOTE 7-9

Example 1:
A 0.1m3 rigid tank contains steam initially at 1.5MPa and 2700c. The steam is now allowed to
cool until the temperature drops to 400c. Determine the amount of heat transfer during the
process and final pressure in the tank.

V = 0.1m3; P1= 1.5MPa ; T1 = 2700C; T2= 400C

Qout = Δu = mΔu

Qout = - m(u2 – u1)

Qout = m(u1 – u2)

State 1

P1 = 1.5MPa (Superheated steam table, Pp. 63)

T1 = 2700C (Superheated Steam)

v1= 0.15923m3/kg

u1= 2731.7KJ/kg

State 2 at 400C(Saturated temperature table, Pp. 6)

V1 = V2= 0.15923 m3/kg

vf = 0.00100789 m3/kg

Vg = 19.515 m3/kg

vfg = Vf – Vg = 19.515 – 0.0010

vfg = 19.514m3/kg

uf = 167.52KJ/Kg

ug = 2429.4KJ/Kg

ufg = uf – ug = 2429.4-167.52

ufg = 2261.88KJ/kg

v2 = vf + X2vfg
v2 = vf + X2 (vg – vf)

0.1592 = 0.0010 + x2 (19.514)

0.1592 – 0.0010 = X2(19.514)

0.1582 = X2(19.514)

X2 = 0.1582/19.514

X2 = 0.00817

u2 = uf + X2ufg

u2 =167.52 + 0.00817(2261.88)

u2 =185.9996kJ/kg

Qout = m(u1 – u2)

V
M=
v

0.1
M= = 0.6281kg
0.1592

Qout = m(u1 – u2)

Qout = 0.6281(2731.7 – 185.9996)

Qout = 0.6281(2545.7004)

Qout= 1598.9544kJ/kg
Example 2
A piston/cylinder contains 100kg of water at 0.4MPa with a volume of 0.2m3. Stop in the cylinder
is placed to restrict the enclosed volume to 0.5m3. The water is now heated until the piston reaches
the stops. Find the necessary heat transfer.
SOLUTION

Qout = ΔH = MΔh

Qout = m[h2 – h1]

h1 = hf(1) + X(1)hfg(1)

h2= hf(2) + X(2) hfg(2)

M=100kg, P1 = 0.4MPa, V1 = 0.2m3, V 2 = 0.5m3

At P1 = 0.4MPa (Saturated pressure table, Pp. 17)

Vf = 0.00108355 = 0.0011m3/kg, Vg = 0.46238 = 0.4624m3/kg,

vfg = vg – vf = 0.4624-0.0011

Vfg = 0.4613 m3/kg

V
m=
v
V
v=
M
V 0.2
v1 = 1 = = 0..002m 3 / kg
M 100
V 0.5
v2 = 2 = = 0.005m 3 / kg
M 100

v1 = Vf(1) +X(1)Vfg(1)

0.002 = 0.0011 + X1)(0.4613)

0.002 – 0.0011 = X(1)( 0.4613)

0.0009 = x(1)(0.4613)

x(1) = 0.0009/0.4613 = 0.0019

hf = 604.65kJ/Kg,

hfg= 2133.4kJ/kg
h1 = hf(1) + X(1)hfg(1)

= 604.65 + 0.0019(2133.4)

= 608.7035kJ/kg

h2 = hf(2) + X(2)hfg(2)

V2 =Vf(2) + X(2)Vfg(2)

0.005= 0.0011 + X(2)(0.4613)

0.005– 0.0011 = X(2)(0.4613)

0.089 = X(2)(0.4613)

X(2) = 0.0039/0.4613

X(2) = 0.0085

h2 = hfg + X(2)hfg(2)

h2 = 604.65 + 0.0085(2133.4)

= 622.6865KJ/Kg

Q = m(h2 – h1)

Q = 100(622.6865– 608.7035)

Q = 1398.3kJ/Kg
Example 3:
A rigid insulated tank is separated into two rooms by a stiff plate. Room A of 1.5m3 contains air
at 300kPa 400k and room B of 2.5m3 has air at 250kPa 1200k. The plate is removed and air
comes to a uniform state without any heat transfer. Find the final pressure and temperature.

SOLUTION

PAvA=MARTA

PAV A
MA =
RT A

VA = 1.5m3 VB = 2.5m3

PA = 300Kpa PB = 250Kpa

TA = 400K TB = 1200K

ROOM A ROOM B

PAV A
MA =
RT A

300  1000  1.5

mA =
287  400

m A = 3.9199 kg

250  1000  2.5

= mB =
287  1200

m B = 1.8148kg

ΔVA + ΔVB = 0

State A and state B hare at thermal equilibrium to each other

ΔU=MΔT

mAΔTA + mBΔTB = 0

ΔUA = ΔUB

ΔUA – ΔUB = 0
mA[TF – TA] + MB(TF – TB) = 0

3.9199[TF - 400] – 1.8148[1200 – TF] = 0

3.9199TF-1567.96=2177.76-1.8148 TF

3.9199TF+1.8148 TF=2177.76+1567.96

5.7347 TF =3745.72

TF=3745.72/5.7347

TF=653.1676k

PV = mRT

mRT
p=
V
(m A + m B )  R  T f
pf =
(v A + v B )
P = pf =
(3.9199 + 1.8148)  287  653.167
(1.5 + 2.5)
p f = 268755.18 Pa
p f = 268.7552kPa
Example 1 (Nozzle)
Nitrogen gas flows into a convergent nozzle at 250 kPa, 600 K, and very low velocity. It flows out
of the nozzle at 150 kPa, 400 K. If the nozzle is insulated, find the exit velocity.
SOLUTION

vi = 0
1 2 1 2
hi + vi = he + ve
2 2

hi = c pTi
hi = 1.004  600
hi = 602.4kJ / kg

he = c p Te
hi = 1.004  400
hi = 401.6kJ / kg

1 2 1 2
hi + vi = he + ve
2 2
602.4 + (0) = 401.6 + ve 
1 2 1 2 1
2 2 1000
2
v
602.4 − 401.6 = e
2000
2
v
200.8 = e
2000
ve = 200.8  2000 = 401600
2

ve = 401600
ve = 633.7192 m / s
Example 2 (Diffuser)
Air at 10oC and 80 kPa enters the diffuser of a jet engine steadily with a velocity of 200 m/s. The
inlet area of the diffuser is 0.4 m2. The air leaves the diffuser with a velocity that is very small
compared with the inlet velocity. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of the air and (b) the temperature
of the air leaving the diffuser.

Solution:
Assumptions: This is a steady flow process. Air is an ideal gas. The potential energy change is
zero. Kinetic energy at diffuser exit is negligible. There are no work interactions. Heat transfer is
negligible.
To determine the mass flow rate, we need the specific volume of air.
v1 = RT1/ P1 = 0.287 * 283 / 80 = 1.015 m3/kg
m = 1/v1(V1A1) = (200 * 0.4)/ 1.015 = 78.8 kg/s
For steady flow, mass flow through the diffuser is constant.
(b)
(h1 + V12/2) = (h2 + V22/2)
(since Q = 0, W = 0, and ΔPE = 0)
h2 = h1 – (V22- V12)/2
The exit velocity of a diffuser is very small and therefore neglected.
h2 = h1 + V12/2
T2 = T1 + V12/2Cp
T2 = 283 + 2002/(2*1004)
= 302.92 K
3.16 Compressing air by a compressor
Air at 100 kPa and 280 K is compressed steadily to 600 kPa and 400 K. The mass flow rate of air
is 0.02 kg/s and a heat loss of 16 kJ/kg occurs during the process. Assuming the changes in KE
and PE are negligible, determine the necessary power input to the compressor.

Solution
We take the compressor as the system. This is a control volume since the mass crosses the system
boundary during the process. Heat is lost from the system and work is supplied to the system.
With similar assumptions as in the diffuser problem,
w = q + (h2 – h1)
The input power = m (q + (h2 – h1))
= 0.02 (16 + (1.004 x (400 – 280))) = 2.73 kW
3.17 Power generation by a steam turbine
The power output of an adiabatic steam turbine is 5 MW, and the inlet and exit conditions of the
steam are as indicated in the figure.
a) Compare the magnitude of Δh, ΔKE, and ΔPE
b) Determine the work done per unit mass of the stream flowing through the turbine
c) Calculate the mass flow rate of the steam.

Wout = 5mw, P1=2MPa, T1 = 400Oc, V1 = 50m/s, Z1 = 10m, P2 = 154Pa, X2 = 90oc, V2 = 180m/s,

Z2 = 6m,
We take the turbine as a system. The control volume is shown in the figure. The system, the inlet,
and exit velocities do work and elevations are given and thus the kinetic and potential energies are
to be considered.
At the inlet, the steam is in a superheated vapor state.
h1 = (Superheated Steam table, Pp. 66) at P1=2MPa, T1 = 400Oc = 3247.6kJ/kg
h2 =?
We are going to use interpolation
hf hfg

0.014 219.99 2375.8

0.015 hf hfg

0.016 231.57 2369.1

0.015 − 0.014 h f − 219.99

=
0.016 − 0.014 231.57 − 219.99
0.001 h f − 219.99
=
0.002 11.58
0.01158 = 0.002(hf – 219.99)
0.01158 = 0.002hf – 0.43998
0.01158 + 0.43998 = 0.002hf
hf = 225.78KJ/kg
0.015 − 0.014 h fg − 2375.8
=
0.016 − 0.014 2369.1 − 2375.8
hfg = 2372.45KJ/Kg
h2 = hf + X2hfg
h2 = 225.78+0.9(2372.45)
= 2360.985kJ/kg
a. Compare the magnitude of Δh, ΔKE, and ΔPE
h = h2 − h1
h = 2360.985 − 3248.3
h = −887.315kJ / kg
b.
V2
k.E =
2

V2 − V1
2 2
1
KE = 
2 1000
1802 − 502
KE =
2  1000
32400 − 2500
KE =
2000
29900
KE =
2000
= 14.95kJ/S or 14.95kW/s
PE = g (z 2 − z1 )

PE = 9.81 (6 − 10 ) 
1
1000
PE = −0.0392 kJ / s = 0.0392 kW
b. Determine the work done per unit mass of the stream flowing through the turbine
  v2 2 − v1 2  
wout = − (h2 − h1 ) +    1 + g (z 2 − z1 )  1 
 1000
  2  1000 
wout = −(h + KE + PE )
W = - [887.315 + 14.95 + (-0.0392)]

W = 872.404KJ/Kg

c. The mass flow rate of the steam.

Poweroutpu t W
m= =
Workdone w

5000 KJ / s
M=
872.39

m = 5.43kg/s