Programming Fundamentals

By
Anam Javaid

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

 Previous Lecture
Computer Programming
Algorithm

Pseudo code

Flow Chart

Program Development Cycle

Programming Style and Documentation
Programming Errors
 Today’s Lecture

A Simple C++ Program

Reading Input from the Keyboard

Identifiers

Variables

Assignment Statements and Assignment Expressions

What is an Identifier?
• An identifier is the name to denote labels, types, variables, constants or
functions, in a C++ program.
• C++ is a case-sensitive language.
• Work is not work

• Identifiers should be descriptive

• Using meaningful identifiers is a good programming practice
Identifier
• Identifiers must be unique
• Identifiers cannot be reserved words (keywords)
• double main return
• Identifier must start with a letter or underscore, and be followed by zero or
more letters (A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9), or underscores
• VALID
age_of_dog _taxRateY2K
PrintHeading ageOfHorse
• NOT VALID
age# 2000TaxRate Age-Of-Dog main
Variables

14
15
 Numerical Data Types
Name Range Storage Size

byte –27 (-128) to 27–1 (127) 8-bit signed

short –215 (-32768) to 215–1 (32767) 16-bit signed

int –231 (-2147483648) to 231–1 (2147483647) 32-bit signed

long –263 to 263–1 64-bit signed

(i.e., -9223372036854775808
to 9223372036854775807)
float Negative range: 32-bit IEEE 754
-3.4028235E+38 to -1.4E-45
Positive range:
1.4E-45 to 3.4028235E+38
double Negative range: 64-bit IEEE 754
-1.7976931348623157E+308 to
-4.9E-324
Positive range:
4.9E-324 to 1.7976931348623157E+308
Premitive Data Types in C++
• Integral Types
• represent whole numbers and their negatives
• declared as int, short, or long
• Character Types
• represent single characters
• declared as char
• Stored by ASCII values
• Boolean Type
• declared as bool
• has only 2 values true/false
• Floating Types
• represent real numbers with a decimal point
• declared as float, or double
• Scientific notation where e (or E) stand for “times 10 to the ” (.55-e6)
Samples of C++ Data Values
int sample values
4578 -4578 0

bool values
true false

float sample values

95.274 95.0 .265

char sample values

‘B’ ‘d’ ‘4’ ‘?’ ‘*’
ASCI Table

19
What is a Variable?
• A variable is a memory address where data can be stored and
changed.

• Declaring a variable means specifying both its name and its data type.
What Does a Variable Declaration Do?
• A declaration tells the compiler to allocate enough memory to hold a
value of this data type, and to associate the identifier with this
location.

• int ageOfDog;→

• char middleInitial; →
• float taxRate;→
Variable Declaration
• All variables must declared before use.
• At the top of the program
• Just before use.
• Commas are used to separate identifiers of the same
type.
int count, age;
• Variables can be initialized to a starting value when
they are declared
int count = 0;
int age, count = 0;
 Trace a Program Execution
#include <iostream> allocate memory
using namespace std; for radius

int main() { radius no value

double radius;
double area;

// Step 1: Read in radius

radius = 20;

// Step 2: Compute area

area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Step 3: Display the area

cout << "The area is ";
cout << area << endl;
}

5
Trace a Program Execution
#include <iostream> memory
using namespace std;
radius no value
int main() { area no value
double radius;
double area;
allocate memory
// Step 1: Read in radius for area
radius = 20;

// Step 2: Compute area

area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Step 3: Display the area

cout << "The area is ";
cout << area << std::endl;
}
6
Trace a Program Execution
assign 20 to radius
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
radius 20
int main() {
double radius; area no value
double area;

// Step 1: Read in radius

radius = 20;

// Step 2: Compute area

area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Step 3: Display the area

cout << "The area is ";
cout << area << std::endl;
}
7
Trace a Program Execution
#include <iostream> memory
using namespace std;
radius 20
int main() {
double radius;
area 1256.636
double area;

// Step 1: Read in radius compute area and assign it

radius = 20; to variable area

// Step 2: Compute area

area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Step 3: Display the area

cout << "The area is ";
cout << area << std::endl;
}
8
Trace a Program Execution
#include <iostream>
memory
using namespace std;
radius 20
int main() {
double radius; area 1256.636
double area;

// Step 1: Read in radius

radius = 20; print a message to the
console
// Step 2: Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Step 3: Display the area

cout << "The area is ";
cout << area << std::endl;
}
9
 Reading Input from the Keyboard
You can use the cin object to read input from the
keyboard. #include <iostream>
int main()
{
// Step 1: Read in radius
double radius;
std::cout << "Enter a radius: ";
std::cin >> radius;
ComputeArea1.cpp
// Step 2: Compute area
double area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Step 3: Display the area

std::cout << "The area is " << area << std::endl;

system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}

10
Reading Multiple Input in One Statement
Example : #include <iostream>
Compute average
int main()
of three numbers. {
double x1, x2, x3, average;

std::cin>> x1>> x2>> x3;

average=(x1 + x2 + x3) / 3 ;
std::cout << "The average is " << average << std::endl;

system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}

11
What is an Expression in C++?
• An expression is a valid arrangement of variables, constants, and
operators.
• In C++, each expression can be evaluated to compute a value of a
given type

• In C++, an expression can be:

• A variable or a constant (count, 100)
• An operation (a + b, a * 2)
• Function call (getRectangleArea(2, 4))
What Does a
Variable Declaration Do?
• A declaration tells the compiler to allocate enough memory to hold a
value of this data type, and to associate the identifier with this
location.

• int ageOfDog;→

• char middleInitial; →
• float taxRate;→
Variable Declaration
• All variables must declared before use.
• At the top of the program
• Just before use.
• Commas are used to separate identifiers of the same
type.
int count, age;
• Variables can be initialized to a starting value when
they are declared
int count = 0;
int age, count = 0;
What is an Expression in C++?
• An expression is a valid arrangement of variables, constants, and
operators.
• In C++, each expression can be evaluated to compute a value of a
given type

• In C++, an expression can be:

• A variable or a constant (count, 100)
• An operation (a + b, a * 2)
• Function call (getRectangleArea(2, 4))
Assignment Operator
• An operator to give (assign) a value to a variable.
• Denote as ‘=‘
• Only variable can be on the left side.
• An expression is on the right side.
• Variables keep their assigned values until changed by another
assignment statement or by reading in a new value.
Assignment Operator Syntax
• Variable = Expression
• First, expression on right is evaluated.
• Then the resulting value is stored in the memory location of Variable on left.

NOTE: An automatic type coercion occurs after evaluation but before

the value is stored if the types differ for Expression and Variable
Assignment Operator Mechanism
• Example:
0
int count = 0;
int starting; 12345 (garbage)
starting = count + 5;
5
• Expression evaluation:
• Get value of count: 0
• Add 5 to it.
• Assign to starting
 Next Lecture

Operators
Evaluating Mathematical Expression

Increment Decrement Operators