DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE 2020-2021

GRADE 9-PHYSICS

CHAPTER 8-MOTION

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• To summarize the main points in the chapter Motion

Motion- Key Points

Motion:

Movement of any object from one position to another position with

respect to the observer is called as Motion.

Motion Along a Straight Line:

When an object moves along a straight line, the motion of the object is
called rectilinear motion. For example, motion of a car on highway.

Vectors and Scalar Quantities:

• Vector is a quantity which have both magnitude and direction.

For examples: Force, position etc.

• Scalar is quantity with which direction is not associated. For

examples: Mass, temperature, time etc.

Distance:

• Length of path covered by a moving an object in the given time

irrespective of direction
is called distance.

• It is a scalar quantity.

• Its SI unit is metre(m).

Displacement:

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 DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE 2020-2021

• The shortest distance measured from initial to the final position

of an object is known as the displacement.

• It is a vector quantity.

Uniform Motion:

• When an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of

time, it is said to be in uniform motion.

Non-Uniform Motion:

• When an object covers unequal distances in equal intervals of

time, it is said to be in non-uniform motion.

Speed :

• The distance travelled by an object in unit time is referred to as

speed.

• Its SI unit is metre/ second (m/s).

• It is a scalar quantity.
• Average speed: For non-uniform motion, the average speed of an object
is obtained by dividing the total distance travelled by an object by the
total time taken.

Velocity (v):

• Speed of an object in a particular direction is named as velocity,

i.e., it is the displacement of body in unit time.

• It is a vector quantity.
• Average velocity: It is given by the arithmetic mean of initial velocity and
final velocity for a given period of time.
Acceleration (a):

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 DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE 2020-2021

• The rate of change of velocity is termed as acceleration.

• It is represented as:

• Its SI unit is metre/seccond2 (m/s2).

• It is a vector quantity.

• The acceleration is taken to be positive if it is in the direction of

velocity and negative when it is opposite to the direction of
velocity.

• Negative acceleration is also named as retardation or

deacceleration.

• An object moving on a circular path though with uniform speed,

is always said to be accelerated as it changes its direction every
moment.

• Uniform acceleration: When velocity of body changes by equal

amounts in equal time intervals, acceleration is said to be
uniform. For example: Motion of a freely falling ball.

• Non - uniform acceleration: When velocity of body changes by

unequal amounts in equal intervals if time, acceleration is said
to be non - uniform. For example: Motion of car.

Graphical Representation of Motion

Distance -Time Graph

Slope of the graph will give speed of the object.

1. Distance -Time Graph for Uniform Speed:

Distance -Time graph for uniform speed, is a straight line as shown below:

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 DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE 2020-2021

2. Distance -Time Graph for Non-Uniform Speed:

Distance -Time graph for uniform speed, is obtained in the form of a curve as
shown below:

3. Distance -Time Graph for a Body at Rest:

Distance -Time graph for a body at rest is a straight line parallel to the time
axis (x-axis):

Velocity-Time Graph

• The area under the graph will give displacement.

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 DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE 2020-2021

• The slope of the graph will give acceleration.

Case 1: v-t graph for an object moving with constant velocity

12

10
Velocity m/s

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (s)

Case 2: v-t graph for an object moving with uniform increase in velocity
(uniform acceleration)

30

25
Velocity m/s

20

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (s)

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 DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE 2020-2021

Case 3: v-t graph for an object moving with uniform increase in velocity
(uniform acceleration) and not at rest initially

70

60

50
Velocity (m/s)

40

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (s)

Case 4: v-t graph for an object moving with uniform decrease in

velocity

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 DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE 2020-2021

60

50

40
Velocity (m/s)

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (s)

Case 5 : v-t graph of an object moving with non-uniform velocity

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 DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE 2020-2021

80

70

60
Velocity (m/s)

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (s)

Equations of Motion by Graphical Method

A uniformly accelerated motion of a body is characterized by three equations of
motion:
i) First equation of motion or equation for velocity - time relation
(v= u+at)
ii) Second equation of motion or equation for position- time relation (s=ut+
1/2 at2)
iii) Third equation of motion or equation for position - velocity relation (v2-
u2=2as)

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 DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE 2020-2021

Uniform Circular Motion

When an object moves in a circular path at a constant speed then motion

of the object is called uniform circular motion.

If the speed of motion is constant for a particle moving in a circular motion

still the particles accelerates because of constantly changing direction of
the velocity.

We know that the circumference of a circle of radius r is given by 2πr. If the

body takes t seconds to go once around the circular path of radius r, the
velocity v is given by

v=2πr/t

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