BSED-SS1

ARCHITECTURE
WHAT IS
ARCHITECTURE
Architecture, the art and technique of designing
and building, as distinguished from the skills
associated with construction. The practice of
architecture is employed to fulfill both practical
and expressive requirements, and thus it serves
both utilitarian and aesthetic ends. Architecture
is the art and science of designing buildings,
structures, and spaces to serve functional,
aesthetic, and social purposes.
 TYPES OF
ARCHITECTURAL
CONSTRUCTION
CLASSICAL
ARCHITECTURE
Among the different building styles,
Сlassical is one of the most recognizable
and “loud”. Classical architecture style
originated in ancient Greece between the
VII and IV centuries BC. It is known for its
large stone temples, made based on the
principles of order and symmetry.

PANTHENON IN ATHENS
THE
COLOSSEUM
IN ROME
The Colosseum, also
known as the Flavian
Amphitheatre, is an iconic
ancient Roman
architectural marvel and
one of Rome's most
recognizable landmarks.
ROMANESQUE
ARCHITECTURE
Among architectural design styles,
Romanesque is famous for its history and
geometric shapes. Structures were
created as the construction of simple
geometric forms: cylinders,
parallelepipeds, and cubes. This style of
architecture had many basic features of
Roman and Byzantine architecture.
MODENA CATHEDRAL
THE PISA
CATHEDRAL
Pisa Cathedral, officially
known as the Primatial
Metropolitan Cathedral of
the Assumption of Mary,
is a stunning medieval
Catholic cathedral
located in Piazza dei
Miracoli, Pisa, Italy.
GOTHIC
ARCHITECTURE
Gothic style refers to ancient architecture
styles. Gothic buildings are based on frame
construction with lancet vaults, high
windows, pointed arches, carvings with
religious themes, and spires pointing
upward. Evolving from Romanesque
architecture, this style emerged in the Ile-
de-France region of northern France in the
12th century.
WESTMINSTER ABBEY
DUOMO DI-
MILANO IN
ITALY
The Duomo di Milano,
also known as the Milan
Cathedral, is a majestic
Gothic cathedral located
in the heart of Milan, Italy.
BAROQUE
ARCHITECTURE
The Baroque architectural style was born in
Italy in the 16th century thanks to the work
of great masters, one of whom was
Michelangelo. It developed as a
counterbalance to Сlassicism and almost
simultaneously with it. Rome became the
center of Baroque architecture and from
there the Baroque style spread to other
countries.
SAINT PETER SQUARE
MINIMALISM
ARCHITECTURE
Minimalism is characteristic of 1960s
architecture and originated in the United
States. The main idea of Minimalism in
architecture is the desire to leave only
the most necessary, each element
should perform the maximum number of
functions.

CHICHU ART MUSEUM

NEOCLASSISM
ARCHITECTURE
Neoclassicism adhered to the principles
of light and straightforward execution.
The main advantage of the new
architectural era is the rejection of the
abundance of decorative elements, and
the pretentiousness of some previous
styles.

LINCOLN MEMORIAL
WASHINGTON
CAPITOL
BUILDING IN
WASHINGTO
N
The United States Capitol,
also known as the Capitol
Building, is the seat of the
US Congress and a iconic
symbol of American
democracy.
MODERN ART NOUVEAU
ARCHITECTURE
The main statement of Art Nouveau is
that art and life are inseparable. Nature
becomes the main source of inspiration
for the movement, which sought to
complete the unity of structure and
decor. Its main concept is the
combination of the best achievements of
the past and the latest ideas of the
present. CASA BATTLO
CORRIDORS
HECTOR
GUIMARD
ART
SUBWAY
Hector Guimard (1867-
1942) was a French artist
and designer, famous for
his Art Nouveau works,
particularly his iconic
Paris Metro entrances.
ART DECO
ARCHITECTURE
Art Deco as one of the building design
types gained international recognition in
the first half of the XX century, actively
developing in the United States and less
active in Europe. It is a dynamic and
daring continuation of Art Nouveau. It
does not reject Neoclassicism but
welcomes modern technology and
aerodynamic elements.
WORLD
TRADE
CENTER
The World Trade Center
(WTC) was a complex of
several buildings in Lower
Manhattan, New York
City, that played a
significant role in
international trade and
commerce.
HIGH-TECH
ARCHITECTURE
High-Tech refers to ultra-modern styles.
The main features of High-Tech are
maximum functional use of space and
restrained decor. This style is
characterized by swift, straight lines,
protruding structural elements, silvery
metallic color, and wide use of glass, metal,
plastic, and natural wood. The buildings are
deliberately simple in shape, often with
cubist elements, spacious and well-lit.
PACIFIC
DRSIGN
CENTER
The Pacific Design Center
(PDC) is a premier
destination for design,
architecture, and art in
West Hollywood,
California.
BIOTECH
This style of architecture is also
characterized by the use of glass, metal,
and concrete, mirror surfaces, and often a
play of reflections. The architecture of this
trend is experimenting with
environmentally friendly materials and
energy efficiency, trying to create the latest
space for human habitation: eco-houses
with autonomous life-support systems and
green terraces, using natural lighting, solar
panels, moisture storage, and other
achievements of civilization.
VALENCIA,
THE CITY OF
ARTS
Valencia, Spain, is a
vibrant city known for its
rich cultural heritage,
stunning architecture,
and innovative arts
scene.
DECONSTRUCTIVISM
Deconstructivism in architecture is a
disregard for rules and canons, the chaos of
form and appearance. It breaks the usual
stereotypes and rules of construction.
Broken lines, complex shapes, and
distorted spaces. The functionality of
buildings is the last priority, far more
important is to show people how limitless
the imagination of the author is and how far
it can go.
SEATTLE
PUBLIC
LIBRARY
The Seattle Central
Library is a flagship
library of the Seattle
Public Library system,
located in downtown
Seattle, Washington.
CRAFTSMAN
The main building material for the
construction of houses in the Craftsman
style is wood. It is present in most
architectural elements: the porch and
terrace, windows and doors, beams and
supports, cornices and platbands. One of
the outstanding features of Craftsman-
style buildings is the intricate, multi-pitch
roof. Surrounded by wildlife, such
structures look especially cozy and
romantic.
THE ALLEN
HOUSE
The Allen House is a historic
house museum located in
Wichita, Kansas, USA.

_History_

- Built: 1915
- Designed by: Frank Lloyd
Wright
- Commissioned by: Henry J.
Allen, former Kansas Governor
- National Historic Landmark
designation: 1976
MATERIALS USED IN
ARCHITECTURE
 CONCRETE
A versatile material
composed of cement,
sand, gravel, and
water. It's widely used
for foundations, walls,
and slabs.
STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
 STEEL
Strong and durable,
steel is often used for
structural frames,
beams, and columns,
especially in high-rise
buildings.
STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
 WOOD
A renewable resource,
wood is used for
framing, flooring, and
interior finishes.

STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
 MASONRY
Includes bricks,
stones, and concrete
blocks, often used for
walls and facades.

STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
 GLASS
Transparent and
durable, glass is used
for windows, doors,
and curtain walls.

FINISHING MATERIALS
 METAL
Aluminum, copper, and
stainless steel are used
for cladding, roofing,
and interior finishes.

FINISHING MATERIALS
 CERAMIC
Tiles, porcelain, and
terra cotta are used for
flooring, walls, and
roofing.

FINISHING MATERIALS
 PAINT
Used to protect and
color surfaces.

FINISHING MATERIALS
 PLASTER
A mixture of cement,
lime, and sand, used
for interior walls and
ceilings.

FINISHING MATERIALS
 NATURAL STONES
Marble, granite, and
limestone are used for
flooring, countertops,
and exterior cladding.

OTHER MATERIAL
 TEXTILES
Fabrics are used for
upholstery, curtains,
and wall coverings.

OTHER MATERIAL
 PLASTIC
A versatile material
used for various
applications, including
pipes, fixtures, and
insulation.

OTHER MATERIAL
 THE
PHILIPPINE
ARCHITECTURE
Pre-Colonial Era: Vernacular Architecture and Indigenous Wisdom
Bahay Kubo: This traditional Filipino
house found in the lowlands is a
quintessential example of vernacular
architecture. It is a small, single-room
dwelling raised on stilts for ventilation
and protection from floods and insects.
Its steep roof, often thatched with nipa
palm leaves, provides shade and shelter
from the tropical sun and rain.

Ifugao Rice Terraces: These awe-inspiring terraces

carved into the mountain slopes are a testament to
the Ifugao people's ingenuity and their deep
connection to the land. They demonstrate a
sophisticated understanding of sustainable
agriculture and environmental adaptation.
Spanish Colonial Era: Baroque Churches and the Bahay na Bato

Baroque Churches: These grand churches, often built

with massive stone walls and elaborate facades, are a
hallmark of the Spanish colonial period. They
showcase a blend of European architectural styles
with local materials and craftsmanship. Examples
include the San Agustin Church in Intramuros, Manila,
and the Miagao Church in Iloilo.

Bahay na Bato: This distinctive residential style,

often built for wealthy Filipino families, combined
indigenous elements with Spanish influences. It
featured a stone or brick foundation, a wooden
upper story with overhanging balconies, and a tiled
roof.
American Commonwealth Period: Modernism and the City Beautiful Movement

Manila Hotel: Built in 1908, this grand edifice

combined Spanish colonial elements with
modern features. It became a symbol of the
burgeoning city and a hub for international
travelers.

Quezon Hall, University of the Philippines

Diliman: Designed by Juan Nakpil, the first
National Artist for Architecture, this building
showcases an eclectic style, combining
different architectural influences. It reflects
the American influence on education and the
development of modern architecture in the
Philippines
Contemporary Architecture: A Fusion of Traditions and Innovation
Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex:
Designed by Leandro Locsin, one of the Philippines'
most prominent architects, this complex features a
striking blend of modernism and traditional
elements. The National Theater, with its "floating
volume" design, is a prime example of this
approach.

Mind Museum: This science museum in Bonifacio

Global City is a landmark work by the Calma
architectural firm. Its amorphic form, mimicking
the cellular membrane, highlights the innovative
and contemporary approach to museum design
in the Philippines.
 Zuellig Building: This premium-
grade office building in Makati
Business District showcases a
sustainable design with a stunning
all-glass façade. It reflects the
growing emphasis on
environmentally responsible
architecture in the Philippines.
 DIFFERENT
ARCHITECTURAL
STYLES
 What is Architectural Style?

The architectural style is a set of basic forms

and features that are characteristic of buildings
of a certain time and a certain nation, which
give us an idea of the building’s purpose, age,
regional context, historical significance, and
even the architect.
 Another way to think of Architectural
Style is as a reflection of the Social,
Historical, and Cultural context in which
it was developed.
Styles of Architecture
that can easily be
recognized
 Greek and Roman Architecture

In the 5th century BC in Greece and the 3rd century AD in Rome,

classical architecture was built. Romanesque architecture was being
restored by architects throughout the Italian Renaissance. Greek
architecture was revived by Pompeii excavations centuries later in
Europe.
The Romans invented concrete, and they relied on this key building
material in much of their architecture, emphasized circular forms, and
made extensive use of the arch, vault, and dome in their building
projects. It was invented by The Greeks or Hellenes.
Je Suis,
Paris
 Gothic Architecture

Well-known for its pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large, stained
glass windows, Gothic architecture is a European architectural type
that originated in the mid-12th century and remained popular until
the 16th century. Often employed for churches, cathedrals, and other
massive stone buildings, Gothic architecture became extremely
popular across its origin country of France, as well as the rest of
Europe and the world.
Invented by Abbot Suger 5th Century AD (1081-1151)
St. Patrick’s
Cathedral
 Baroque Architecture

An opulent architectural style born in Italy in the late 16th century.

Marked generally by the use of complex forms, bold ornamentation,
and the juxtaposition of contrasting elements often conveying a
sense of drama, movement, and tension — which also included
similarly elaborate and dramatic work in the visual arts and music.
often built of stone, all Baroque structures are grand in scale,
dimension, and detail.
Invented by Gian Lorenzo Bernini
 Murcia
Cathedral,
Spain
 Neoclassical Architecture

Sometimes referred to as classical revival, the neoclassical

style was part of a prominent movement that emerged in the
mid-18th century and sought to reimagine the refined
simplicity of the classical era. The exterior is built to represent
classical perfection and simplicity of form. Roofs are flat and
horizontal and often contain a centered dome.
Invented by Robert Adam and John Soane
Exterior of
Église du
Val-de-
Gracé
 Victorian Architecture

The Victorian period of architecture refers to the reign of

Queen Victoria, between 1837 and 1901. However, Victorian-
style homes were still being constructed in the US for a couple
of decades after the death of the monarch. It’s the iconic
architecture—the gable roofs, gingerbread trim, and bay
windows—that makes a Victorian house Victorian. In the US, at
least. - steep roofs, painted brick, bay windows, and
asymmetrical design.
Invented by Augustus Pugin
Victorian
House
 Modern Architecture

The architectural style that dominated the Western world

between the 1930s and the 1960s and was characterized by an
analytical and functional approach to building design. Buildings
in the style are often defined by flat roofs, open floor plans,
curtain windows, and minimal ornamentation. The style is also
often called the international style or international modernism.
Invented by Swish French Architect Le Corbusier and German
American Architect Walter Gropius
Modern
 Post-Modern Architecture

In the late 1990s, the movement was divided into a multitude of new
tendencies, including high-tech architecture, neo-classicism, and
deconstructivism. Today, it is used as a generic term for a series of new
architectural expressions aimed at criticizing. Post-Modern does not
mean to be part of a new age, or refer to a particular style; it is the ethos
of questioning the unsatisfactory circumstances of today, without
refusing either the presence of the past or the understanding of today’s
new cultural conditions and technologies; Playfulness, bright colors,
classical motifs, and a variety of materials and shapes.
Invented by Robert Venturi
Post-Modern
 Neofuturist Architecture

Originated in the 1950s and 60s and explores the possibilities

allowed by the technology of a computer-centered culture. The
design of these buildings seeks to reiterate the technological
abstraction and futurist possibilities that are allowed by this
imagination. Asymmetry and dynamic shapes. Integration of
advanced technology. Sustainable, environmentally-friendly
design. Use of cutting-edge materials (carbon fiber, glass,
composites)
Invented by Hal Foster
Neofuturism
SUMMARY OUTLINE OF MAJOR HISTORICAL
ARCHITECTURE
 Refers to structures built by
early humans before written
history. These were primarily
constructed using natural
materials such as stone and
wood, and often had religious,
cultural, or survival purposes. Prehistoric Architecture
 Characterized by large stone
structures, massive columns,
and intricate carvings and
hieroglyphs. It is known for
monumental structures like
pyramids and temples that
served as tombs for pharaohs
or places of worship. Ancient Egyptian Architecture
 Known for using mud-brick
as a primary building material
due to the scarcity of stone.
Features include ziggurats
(step-like temples) and
Ancient Mesopotamian
fortified city walls. Architecture
Focuses on harmony, symmetry,
and proportion, often
incorporating columns (Doric,
Ionic, Corinthian orders). It laid
the foundation for Western
architectural traditions, with
prominent examples like temples, Classical Architecture (Ancient
Greece and Rome)
theatres, and civic buildings
.
Developed in the Eastern Roman
Empire, it is marked by central
domed churches, intricate
mosaics, and the use of
pendentives to support domes. It
emphasized spirituality and light.
Byzantine Architecture
Evolved in medieval Europe, it
features thick walls, rounded
arches, barrel vaults, and small
windows, giving a fortress-like
appearance to churches and
monasteries Romanesque Architecture (9th-
12th centuries
Known for pointed arches, ribbed
vaults, flying buttresses, and
large stained-glass windows. It
aimed to create tall, light-filled
spaces in cathedrals and
churches, conveying a sense of
heavenly aspiration Gothic Architecture (12th-16th
centuries)
.
Revived classical forms
from Greece and Rome,
emphasizing symmetry,
proportion, and geometry.
This period saw a return to
domes and columns in Renaissance Architecture (14th-
17th centuries)
public and religious
buildings.
Exhibited dramatic use of
light and shadow, rich
decorations, and large-
scale ceiling frescoes. It
aimed to evoke emotion and
grandeur, often seen in Baroque Architecture (17th-18th
centuries)
churches and palaces.
Evolved from Baroque, it is
more playful and
ornamental, using lighter
colors, elaborate curves,
and asymmetrical designs.
It focused on creating a Rococo Architecture (18th
century)
sense of intimacy and
elegance.
Returned to the simplicity
and symmetry of classical
architecture. It emphasized
columns, pediments, and
balanced proportions,
representing ideals of order Neoclassical Architecture (18th-
19th centuries)
and democracy
.
Focused on minimalist
design, functionality, and
the use of new materials like
glass, steel, and reinforced
concrete. It rejected
ornamentation in favor of Modern Architecture (20th
century-present)
clean lines and open
spaces.
A reaction to the simplicity
of modernism, it features
eclectic styles, playful
forms, and references to
historical elements, often
mixing different Postmodern Architecture (Late
20th century-present)
architectural traditions.
Characterized by innovative
designs that incorporate
sustainability, new
materials, and organic
shapes. It emphasizes
environmental
consciousness and
technology-driven forms.

Contemporary Architecture (21st

century-present)
THANK YOU
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