Republic of the Philippines

BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY

C.P.G. North Avenue, Tagbilaran City, Bohol, Philippines 6300
Office of the Instruction
Balance | Integrity | Stewardship | Uprightness

LESSON 2: UNDERSTANDING THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF ICT

Let us explore various resources to have a clear understanding of this lesson. Let us unpack some
concepts and terms related to technology for teaching and learning. You can further find more
explanation in this book as you go along with your lessons or in other references in the library or in the
web.
Here are some terms and concepts that you need to know and understand.
1. Technology refers to a mix of process and product used in the application of knowledge. It includes
tools from pencil and paper to the latest electronic gadgets and tools for practical tasks
2. Information and Communication Technology Literacy or ICT Literacy is the use of digital
technology, communication tools and/or networks to access, manage, integrate, evaluate, create and
communicate information in order to function in a knowledge society (Guro 21, 2011).
3. Educational Technology refers to the use of technology in teaching and learning. Educational
technology includes both the non-digital (flip charts, pictures, models, realias, etc.) and digital
(electronic tools: hardware, software and connections, etc.).
4. Digital Literacy is the ability to find, evaluate, utilize, share and create contents using information
technologies and the Internet (Cornell University). According to American Library Association (2018),
digital literacy is the ability to use information and communication, requiring both cognitive and technical
skills (hptts.// edweek.org downloaded 06- 03-18).
5. Digital learning is any type of learning that is accompanied by technology or by instructional practice
that makes effective use of technology It encompasses the application of a wide spectrum of practices
which included blended or virtual learning. It can come as online or off-line which utilizes digital
technology
6. On-line digital tools and apps use an Internet connection to access the information needed. A
common example is Skype. It is a telecommunication application software product that specializes in
providing video chat and voice calls between computers, tablets, mobile devices via Internet and to
regular telephones.
7. Off-line digital tools and apps can still be used even if there is no internet access. Among these
are Canary Learning, Pocket, Evertone, ibooks, KA LITE (Gupta, Prinyaka, 2017) downloaded in edtech
review (July 03, 2017)
8. Instructional technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization,
management, and evaluation of the processes and resources for learning (Association for Educational
Communications and Technology, Seels, B.B. & Richey, P C. 1994).
9. Software refers to program control instructions and accompanying documentation, stored on disks
or tapes when not being used in the computer. By extension, the term refers to any audiovisual
materials (Smaldino, 2005).
10. Multimedia is a sequential or simultaneous use of a variety of media formats in a given presentation
or self-study program (Smaldino, 2005).
11. Internet is a massive network of networks, a networking infrastructure. It connects millions of
computers together globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with any other
computer as long as they are connected to the Internet. It is generally defined as a global network
connecting millions of computers (https://www.webopedia.com)
12. World Wide Web (www) is also called the Web which is a graphical environment on computer
networks that allows you to access, view and maintain documentations that can include text, data,
sound and videos (Smaldino, 2005). It is a way of accessing information over the medium of the
Internet. It is an information sharing model that is built on top of the Internet
13. Web access is the ability of the learner to access the Internet at any point during the lesson in order
to take advantage of the array of available education resources
14 Webquest is an inquiry-oriented lesson format in which most or all information that learners work
with comes from the web. These can be created using various programs, including simple word
processing documents that include links to websites.
15. Productivity tools refer to any type of software associated with computers and related
technologies that can be used as tools for personal, professional or classroom productivity. Examples:
Microsoft Office, Apple works word processing, grade and record keeping, web page production,
presentation) (KFIT-Unesco 2016)
16. Technology Tool is an instrument used for doing work. It can be anything that help you accomplish
your goal with the use of technology. These technology tools can be classified as:
(a) Data/Calculation tools. Examples: spreadsheets, Excels, Sketchpads, probability constructor
(b) Design tools These are used to make models and designs, creating and building Included
here are Family Tree Maker, GollyGee, and Crazy Machines among others.
(c) Discussion tools. There are 4 different approaches that utilize discussion and interaction in
the Internet. These are threaded discussion forum, Blogging, Live chat and Video
Teleconferencing, Netiquette and Safety on the Net.
(d) Email tools. Emails are great communication tools for sending messages, photographs,
videos and other files. It allows you to reach out to others around the world. Examples are google
mail, Ymail, Yahoo mail and many more
(e) Handheld devices Handheld devices have become popular among learners. These include
Personal Digital Assistants, global positioning system, (GPS) and geographic information
system (GIS) in the classroom, Portable electronic keyboards, Digital Cameras, Mobile phones,
Palm, Handheld computers,
17. Webquest is a teacher structured research experience for the students that is primarily based on
use of the World Wide Web and typically takes one or more instructional periods (Bender & Waller,
2011)
18. Blog is an online journal where posted information from both teachers and students are arranged.
There are three kinds of blogs blogs used for communication, blogs used for instruction, and blogs
used for both (Ferriter & Garry, 2010).
19. Wiki, an editable website usually with limited access, allows students to collaboratively create and
post written work or digital files, such as digital photos or videos. Wikipedia is one of the most widely
recognized of all the wikis (Watters, 2011).
20. Flipped classroom utilizes a reverse instructional delivery, where the teacher is required to use
the web resources as homework or out of class activity as initial instruction of the lesson which will be
discussed during classtime.
21. Podcast is a video or audio multi-media clip about a single topic typically in the format of the radio
talk show. The two basic functions of podcast are to retrieve information and to disseminate information
(Fash, 2006).
22. Google Apps is a cloud-based teaching tool which is stored in the Google server and is available
for students both at home and in school. It includes the gmail, a free-email for all; Google calendar - a
tool used for organizational purposes, Google sites that provide options for developing blogs and wikis,
and Google docs is used for sophisticated word processing and editing of the document.
23. Vlog is a video blog where each entry is posted as a video instead of the text
24. Facebook is a popular social networking site used by students and adults worldwide to present
information on themselves and to the world.
25. VOIP (voice over internet protocol) is a category of hardware and software that enables people
to use the Internet as transmission medium for telephone calls by sending voice data in packets using
IP rather than traditional circuit transmission.
 LESSON 3: ROLES OF TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING
As teaching and learning go together, let us explore what would be the roles of technology for teachers
and teaching and for learners and learning. According to Stosic (2015), educational technology has
three domains:
1. Technology as a tutor. Together with the teacher, technology can support the teacher to teach
another person or technology when programmed by the teacher can be a tutor on its own. The teacher
will simply switch on or switch off radio programs, television programs or play DVDs, or CDs that contain
educational programs. There are on-line tutorial educational programs, too
2 Technology as a teaching tool. Like a tutor, technology is a teaching tool, but can never replace a
teacher. This is like the handyman, which is just there to be reached. Like any other tool, it is being
used to facilitate and lighten the work of the teacher. It will be good if the teacher can also create or
develop technology tools that are needed in the classroom
3. Technology as a learning tool. While the teacher utilizes technology as the tool for teaching,
likewise it is an effective tool for learning. As a learning tool, it makes learning easy and effective. It can
produce learning outcomes that call for technology-assisted teaching. Even the teachers who are
teaching can utilize similar tools for learning. As a learning tool, it is very interesting that even the elderly
use these tools for learning for life.

For Teachers and Teaching

There are numerous roles that technology plays in the job of teachers. As a tool, technology has opened
wider avenues in management of resources and management of learning Likewise, it has modernized
the teaching-learning environment in schools. Here are some examples of the myriad of roles that
technology can do for teachers and teaching
1. Technology provides enormous support to the teacher as the facilitator of learning. It
transforms a passive classroom to an active and interactive one, with audio-visual aids, charts and
models, smart classrooms, e-learning classrooms which motivate and increase attention level of
learners.
2. Technology has modernized the teaching-learning environment. The teachers are assisted and
supplemented with appropriately structured instructional materials for daily activities. There are varied
available technology-driven resources which can be utilized for remedial lesson or activities. Likewise,
there are also a lot of technology-driven resources that can be used for enrichment purposes.
3. Technology improves teaching-learning process and ways of teaching. This will make the act
of teaching more efficient and effective There are arrays of teaching methods and strategies that can
use technology which are found compatible with learning styles. The multiple intelligence theory of
Howard Gardner tells us that there is a genius in every child. This implies that there must be varied
ways of teaching as there are many varied ways of learning All the learning styles can find support from
technology, so that teaching will be more effective and efficient.
4. Technology opens new fields in educational researches. The areas of teaching testing and
evaluation are enhanced by technologies for teaching and learning Current educational researchers
will no longer find difficulty in interpreting tests, assessment and other evaluation results. There are
available programs that can analyze and interpret results with speed and accuracy Reference retrieval
is also hastened because many of the research materials are in digital form Technology has also
provided access to big data that can be processed for problem solving and inquiry
5. Technology adds to the competence of teachers and inculcates scientific outlook. Through
the utilization of theories of learning and intelligence. which are explained in references uploaded in the
net, the teachers are encouraged to imbibe skills to source this information with speed and accuracy
6. Technology supports teacher professional development. With the demand of continuing
professional development for teachers, the availability of technology provides alternative way of
attending professional development online. For those who are involved as providers of continuing
professional development like trainers, facilitators or organizers, they can level up or enhance their
delivery systems with the support of technology tools

B. For Learners and Learning

1. Support learners to learn how to learn on their own. All teachers fully understand that subject
matter or content is a means to achieve the learning outcomes. There are three categories of
knowledge according to Egbert (2009): declarative knowledge, structural knowledge, and procedural
knowledge.
a. Declarative knowledge consists of the discrete pieces of information that answers the
questions what, who, when, and where. It is often learned through memorization of facts, drills
and practice. It can be learned by simple mnenomics or conceptual maps. Declarative
knowledge is the fundamental knowledge necessary for students to achieve more complex
higher order thinking such as critical thinking and creativity, inquiry and production.
b. Structural knowledge consists of facts or pieces of declarative knowledge put together to
attain some form of meaning. An example of declarative knowledge is "pencil". The idea that
evolved from a pencil is an understanding that: "it is something used to write." This is referred to
as structural knowledge. It can be presented by concept maps, categorization or classification.
c. Procedural knowledge is knowledge in action or the knowledge of how to do something. It
is based on facts but learned through the process of procedural knowledge. Examples include
how to drive a car, how to use a cell phone, or how to speak English. Procedural knowledge is
indicated by a performance task or graphical representation of a concept.

2. Technology enhances learners' communication skills through social interactions. This is

commonly described as the transmittal of information from one person to another as single individual
or groups of individuals According to Shirly (2003) in Egbert (2009), there are three basic
communication patterns:
a. Point to point two way of one-to-one like Internet chat, phone conversation or even face
to face conversation
b. One to many outbound like a lecture, or television. There is no social interaction
c. Many-to-many like group discussion, buzz session, heads together This kind of interaction
provides opportunities for social interaction
3. Technology upgrades learners' higher-order-thinking skills: critical thinking, problem solving
and creativity

Critical thinking is part of the cluster of higher order thinking skills. It refers to the ability to interpret,
explain, analyze, evaluate, infer and self- regulate in order to make good decisions. With the use of
technology, one will be able to evaluate the credibility of the source, ask appropriate questions, become
open-minded, defend a position on an issue and draw conclusion with caution. All of these
competencies are covered by Bloom's Taxonomy of Analysis, Synthesis and Evaluation.
Creativity is characterized as involving the ability to think flexibly, fluently, originally, and elaborately
(Guildford, 1986 & Torrance, 1974 in Egbert, 2009). Flexibly means able to use many points of view
while fluently means able to generate many ideas Originally implies being able to generate new ideas
and elaborately means able to add details. Creativity is not merely a set of technical skills, but it also
involves feelings, beliefs, knowledge and motivation

Seven Creative Strategies (Osborn, 1963). These have been simplified into fewer categories. To
be creative, one can use any of these strategies

1. Substitute Find something else to replace to do what it does.

2. Combine Blend two things that do not usually go together
3. Adapt Look for other ways this can be used.
4. Modify/Magnify/ Minify Make a change, enlarge, decrease.
5. Put to another use Find other uses
6. Eliminate Reduce, remove
7. Reverse Turn upside-down, inside out, front-side back.

Altogether, the strategies will be labelled as SCAMPER

 ICT ISSUES
Common ICT (Information and Communication Technology) issues often include a range
of challenges that affect the digital world. Some of these issues relate to ethical, legal,
and social dimensions, and here are a few key ones:
1. Cyberbullying
• Definition: Cyberbullying involves using digital technologies to harass, threaten, or
embarrass others, often through social media platforms, text messages, or email.
• Impact: It can cause emotional and psychological harm, leading to anxiety,
depression, and even suicide in severe cases.
2. Cybersex
• Definition: Cybersex refers to the use of the internet for sexually explicit activities,
including live streaming and sharing explicit content.
• Impact: This practice can lead to issues like exploitation, human trafficking,
addiction, and the exposure of minors to inappropriate content.
3. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
• Definition: Intellectual Property Rights refer to the legal protections granted to
creators for their inventions, designs, writings, and other forms of intellectual work.
• Common Issues: Unauthorized use, piracy, and illegal downloading of software,
music, movies, and books are major concerns in ICT, violating copyrights and
patents.
4. Hacking
• Definition: Hacking is the act of gaining unauthorized access to computer systems,
networks, or data with the intent of exploiting them.
• Types: This can range from "ethical hacking" (done to identify and fix security
vulnerabilities) to malicious hacking (such as stealing sensitive data, defacing
websites, or installing malware).
• Consequences: Financial loss, data breaches, and damage to personal and
organizational reputations can result from hacking incidents.
5. Online Scams and Fraud
• Definition: Scammers use the internet to deceive people for financial gain, often
through phishing emails, fake websites, or fraudulent online transactions.
• Impact: Victims may lose money, personal data, or have their identities stolen.
6. Data Privacy and Security
• Definition: Concerns related to how personal data is collected, stored, and shared
by companies or individuals.
• Issues: Data breaches, identity theft, and unauthorized use of personal information
can occur when data privacy measures are not properly followed.
7. Misinformation and Fake News
• Definition: The spread of false or misleading information through digital platforms,
often for political or financial gain.
• Impact: Misinformation can cause social unrest, influence elections, or promote
dangerous behavior (e.g., spreading false health information).
8. Online Addiction and Mental Health
• Definition: Overuse of the internet and digital platforms can lead to addiction,
particularly related to social media, gaming, or online gambling.
• Impact: It may affect mental health, leading to anxiety, depression, and disrupted
sleep patterns.
9. Child Exploitation and Abuse
• Definition: ICTs have unfortunately facilitated the exploitation and abuse of minors
through activities such as the production and distribution of child pornography or
grooming.
• Legal Concerns: There are international laws and treaties aimed at combating child
exploitation, with governments and tech companies working together to track and
eliminate such content.
10. Digital Divide
• Definition: The gap between individuals who have access to modern digital
technologies and those who do not.
• Impact: Lack of access to ICT resources can lead to educational, economic, and
social disadvantages, especially in developing countries.
 TIPS ON HOW TO BE SAFE ONLINE
1. Use Strong, Unique Passwords
• Create complex passwords with a mix of letters, numbers, and symbols.
• Avoid using easily guessable information (like your name or birthday).
• Use a different password for each account.
• Consider using a password manager to store and generate secure passwords.

2. Enable Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)

• Add an extra layer of security by enabling 2FA, which requires a second form of
identification (like a code sent to your phone) to log in.

3. Be Wary of Phishing Scams

• Avoid clicking on links or downloading attachments from unknown sources.
• Double-check the sender's email address for authenticity.
• Look for signs of phishing, such as urgent messages or unfamiliar links.

4. Update Software Regularly

• Keep your operating system, browsers, and applications updated to the latest
versions to patch security vulnerabilities.

5. Use Secure Wi-Fi Connections

• Avoid using public Wi-Fi for sensitive activities like online banking.
• If you must use public Wi-Fi, consider using a Virtual Private Network (VPN) to
encrypt your data.

6. Be Cautious with Personal Information

• Limit the amount of personal information you share online, especially on social
media.
• Avoid oversharing details like your address, phone number, or financial
information.

7. Review Privacy Settings

• Regularly review and adjust privacy settings on your social media and online
accounts to control who can see your information.

8. Install Antivirus and Anti-Malware Software

• Use trusted antivirus software and keep it up to date to protect against malware
and viruses.
• Perform regular scans to detect and remove threats.

9. Avoid Suspicious Downloads

• Only download files and apps from trusted websites or official app stores.
• Be cautious of freeware or pirated software, as they may contain malware.
10. Monitor Account Activity
• Regularly check your online accounts for suspicious activity.
• Set up account alerts to notify you of any unauthorized access.

11. Use Encrypted Websites

• When making online transactions or entering sensitive information, ensure the
website uses HTTPS (look for the padlock icon in the address bar).

12. Log Out After Using Public Devices

• Always log out of accounts when using shared or public devices and clear the
browser history if necessary.