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DOI: 10.4172/2332-0796.1000140

Electrical & Electronic Systems

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ISSN: 2332-0796

Research Article
Research Article OpenAccess
Open Access

Stability Studies of the Nigerian 330 KV Integrated Power System

Omorogiuwa Eseosa1* and Samuel Ike2
1
Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
2
Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin, Nigeria

Abstract
The Nigeria 330 KV integrated power network consisting of seventeen (17) generating stations, sixty four (64)
transmission lines and fifty two (52) buses is studied, to investigate the time limits of stability before, during and after
occurrence of a three phase (3-θ) fault on the largest generating station (Egbin) and to determine also the most affected
generating stations and buses in the network.Theswing and torque equations expressed in time domain was used for
the study and the network was modeled in ETAP transient analyzer environment. Transient stability time limit of the
system was set to operate at maximum value of ten (10) seconds. Before the fault (between 0.000secs-0.0006secs),
the system dynamics was not affected and the peak values of terminal current, rotor angle, frequency,mechanical and
electrical power obtained were observed to be within stability region. However, as the fault occurred between 0.0006
secs-0.042 secs, the system dynamics changes, thus affecting the quadrature axis. This change in quadrature axis
affected the individual generator’s exciter current, exciter voltage, electrical power, mechanical power, frequency, rotor
angle and terminal current, though still remain within stability boundary. However, when the fault is cleared within
this time, the system returns to its stability region. When the fault lasted beyond 0.042 secs, there is loss of system
synchronism. Generating stations that were majorly affected are Omotosho, Sapele, AES and Delta stations. It was
observed that the bus voltages connected to these stations deviated from the statutory limit of 313.45 KV-346.5 KV.
Their bus voltage values were: Omotosho (361.42KV), Sapele (358.42 KV), AES (350.43 KV) and Delta (364.32 KV).
The other buses connected to the other generating stations were however not affected.
The province’s population is expected to grow by about 28 percent – or about 3.7 million people – by 2030 and
become increasingly urbanized. The structure of the economy will also change as the high-tech and service sectors
grow and demand from large industries is expected to grow moderately.

Keywords: PHCN; NIPP; IPP; ETAP; EGBIN; FCT; 3-θ FAULT Kutta method using implicit integration, equal area criterion, point
by point method and Transient Energy Function (TEF) method [4].
Introduction Runge-Kutta method is used to determine the first swing stability
Transient stability is concerned with the effect of large disturbances limit of power system through checking the existence of peaks of
due to fault(s) that occur in power system. The most severe is the rotor angles of severely disturbed generators in the post-fault period
three phase fault. One way of improving transient stability in power [5]. This method is very fast and accurate in determining the critical
systems is by increasing bus voltage above its nominal value [1], thus clearing time. Transient energy function technique is a valuable tool
for use in power systems transient analysis needed for both planning
making the machine to decelerate fast. This maintains the transmission
and operating functions [6]. The equal-area criterion predicts power
voltage at the most optimal point or mid-point after a fault is cleared.
system stability and determines critical clearing angle, however it is
Transient stability studies involves the determination of whether or
only applicable to either a one or two machine system connected to
not synchronism is maintained after the machine has been subjected an infinite bus bar [7]. Lyapunov’s stability criteria, though applicable
to severe disturbance, and this depends on the location and kind of to stability studies, but as the network gets more complex and large, it
fault in the network. This may be sudden application of load, loss of becomes inaccurate [2]. The three-phase short circuit at the generator
generation, loss of large load or a fault on the system [2]. Transient bus is the most severe type [3]. Considering Nigeria power system
stability studies determines the machine power angles, speed deviations, consisting of seventeen generating stations, fifty two (52) buses and
electrical frequency, power flow of machines, lines, transformers and sixty four (64) transmission lines, is gradually becoming large and
the bus voltage levels [1]. The swing equation is used for transient more complex, effective analysis of such system could only be carried
stability studies (rotor angle stability) and it is seriously affected by out effectively, efficiently and accurately by the aid of digital computers
the type and location of fault. The nature of the fault means whether and the required software. Matlab/Simulink and Etap Transient
it is a three phase or a single phase short circuit fault and the location analyzerare some of such Soft wares/Programs used to study transient
means whether the fault is on the largest machine in the network or on
any other machine(s). Three-phase short circuit fault at the generator
bus is the most severe type, as it causes maximum acceleration of the *Corresponding author: Omorogiuwa Eseosa, Electrical/Electronic Engineering,
connected machine [3]. Faculty of Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, E-mail:
[email protected]
Literature Review Received November 11, 2014; Accepted March 03, 2015; Published March 20,
2015
The swing equation is the basic equation used to investigate power
system transient stability studies.Various numerical methods based on Citation: Eseosa O, Ike S (2015) Stability Studies of the Nigerian 330 KV Integrated
Power System. J Electr Electron Syst 4: 140. doi:10.4172/2332-0796.10001140
the relevant mathematical modeling of the network and differential
evaluation of the machines are applied to solve this equation. It Copyright: © 2015 Eseosa O, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
issolved using various numerical methods expressed mainly in time use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and
domain. These include: Euler method, Modified Euler method, Runge- source are credited.

J Electr Electron Syst

ISSN: 2332-0796 JEES an open access journal Volume 4 • Issue 1 • 1000140
Citation: Eseosa O, Ike S (2015) Stability Studies of the Nigerian 330 KV Integrated Power System. J Electr Electron Syst 4: 140. doi:10.4172/2332-
0796.10001140

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stability. Matlab/Simulink isused to consider stable, critically stable stator voltage, rotor angle, excitation current and voltage of the
and unstable state of a multi-machine power system and obtained the generator.
individual generator angles [8]. Changes in any of these quantities in the two (2) equations causes
Various control methods and controllers have been developed the rotor speed and acceleration to fall into the three conditions as
over time to ensure that, after a very sudden and large disturbance, shown in the below Table 1.
the system still maintains stability by adjusting its protective schemes Equal area criteria
and control actions [9]. The transient stability control scheme is very
difficult to implement because a disturbance that causes instability can Thiscriteria means all energy gained from the turbine during
only be controlled if a significant amount of computation (analysis) acceleration period must be returned back to the system by the rotor.
It is also used to determine the critical clearing angle. This is given in
and communication is accomplished [10]. Time domain simulation
the equation below
method using the swing equation was used by [8] to assess the transient
stability by setting the fault clearing time (FCT) randomly to determine δ cr

whether the system is stable or unstable after a fault is cleared. E1 = ∫ ( Pm − Pe )d δ = A1 (3)

δ0
Equations relevant to the study δm

E2 =∫ ( Pe − Pm )d δ =A2 (4)
The swing equation, torque equation, equal area criteria, and the δ cr
determination of the time response equivalent to the rotor angle of the
2 δ
machines.  dδ  2 (5)
 dt  = M ∫ d δ
Swing equation (Rotor angle determination) δ0

This is the fundamental equation that determines rotor dynamics The critical clearing time is given as
in transient stability studies and it is a non linear differential equation
that is solved accurately using digital computer program. The equation 4H (6)
tcr
= (δ cr − δ 0 ).
is given below: ω0 Pm
d 2δ  dδ  Basic numerical equation used to determine time response
M + D   = Pm − Pe = Pa (1)
dt 2  dt  equivalent to rotor angle
Where: It gives the corresponding time of the rotor angular displacement.
It is obtained based on the mathematical concept and it makes use of
M = angular momentum (joules-sec/rad) numerical integration packages based on mathematical concepts. The
D = damping coefficient equation for the basis of the numerical method used is given below

Pm = mechanical power; pm=pmo- ∆pmo ∆Pn −1 + k4 (7)

∆δ n =∆δ n −1 + (∆t ) 2
Pmo = input mechanical power M

∆pmo = change in input mechanical power due to governor action Where δ n and ∆δ n −1 are rotor angle changes. ∆t is a very small time
interval (usually 0.05 sec). It gives a detailed numerical solution of the
Pe = output mechanical power as modified by voltage regulator swing equation and requires little iteration. Hence, it is simple, easy to
Pa = net accelerating power understand and gives minimal round off errors.

𝛅 = power angle Etap (Transient analyzer)

T = time ETAP is a dynamic stability program that incorporates
comprehensive dynamic models of prime movers and other dynamic
Pe= electrical power systems. It has an interactive environment for modeling, analyzing, and
Torque equation simulating a wide variety of dynamic systems. It provides the highest
performance for demanding applications, such as large network
π p2 (2) analysis which requires intensive computation, online monitoring and
T= φair f r sin δ
8 control applications. It is particularly useful for studying the effects of
nonlinearity on the behavior of the system, and as such, it is an ideal
Where: research tool [9].
T = mechanical torque Performing power system transient stability is a very
P = number of poles comprehensive task, that requires the knowledge of machine dynamic
models, machine control unit models (such as excitation system and
ϕair = air-gap flux
Condition Net Power (pa) Rotor Speed Rotor acceleration
fr = rotor field MMF
1 Pe=pm Zero Constant Zero
𝛅 = power (rotor) angle 2 Pm>pe Positive Increasing Positive
3 Pm<pe negative Decreasing Negative
This equation gives the relationship between mechanical torque,
Table 1: Description of rotor speed and acceleration under certain conditions.

J Electr Electron Syst

ISSN: 2332-0796 JEES an open access journal Volume 4 • Issue 1 • 1000140
Citation: Eseosa O, Ike S (2015) Stability Studies of the Nigerian 330 KV Integrated Power System. J Electr Electron Syst 4: 140. doi:10.4172/2332-
0796.10001140

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automatic voltage regulators, governor and turbine/engine systems Modeling the Nigeria 330 KV Integrated Power Network
and power system stabilizers) numerical computations and power Using Etap
system electromechanical equilibrium phenomenon.
The Integrated Nigerian 330 KV Integrated Power Project (NIPP)
Aim interconnects all the generating stations and load centers. The system
To investigate transient stability limits of the generators in the consists of synchronous generators, motors, transmission lines,
Nigeria 330 Kv integrated power project (NIPP) before, during and transformers, loads and protective devices. Figure 1 below shows
after system disturbances due to fault of the generating station(s) the model of the network used for this study. This is obtained by
in the network in time domain. Etap 4.0 (power station transient modeling the parameters (bus voltages, transmission line parameters
stability analyzer) is used to model and solve the network and machine transformers ratings and their loadings, generators ratings and their
differential equation interactively. power limits) as obtained from Power Holding Company of Nigeria
(PHCN), while Figure 2 shows the transient stability simulation results
Methodology obtained.
The stability limits of Nigeria 330 KV power network consist of The simulation time is set from 0 sec-10.0 secs while subjecting
Seventeen (17) Generating Stations, Fifty Two (52) buses and Sixty EGBIN to a three-phase short circuit fault, and the behavior of the
Four (64) Transmission lines is studied to investigate the limits of network is obtained graphically as shown in Figures 2-13 below.
stability before, during and after disturbance. A one line diagram as Results and Discussions
well as the transmission line parameters and generator installed and
available capacitiesof the network are shown in appendix A, B and The Nigeria 330KV integrated power network consisting of
C respectively. In this study, three phase (3-θ) short circuit fault on seventeen (17) generating stations, sixty four (64) transmission lines
the largest generator (EGBIN with available output capacity of 1320 and fifty two (52) buses is studied, to investigate the limits of stability
MW) is considered and analyzed graphically.The impact it will have before, during and after three phase (3-θ) fault on Egbin power station.
When 3-θ short circuit fault occurred at Egbin generator, the system
on other generators rotor angles, exciter currents, exciter voltages,
dynamics changes, thus affecting the quadrature axis. This change
electrical power, mechanical power, frequencies, terminal currents
in the quadrature axis affects the generator’s exciter current, exciter
and the entire stability of the network are also determined. Theswing
voltage, electrical power, mechanical power, frequency, rotor angle
equationexpressed in time domain is solved using the Runge-kutta and terminal current. Tables 2a, 2b and 2c shows the results obtained
(using the predictor-corrector routines) and equal area criteria and gives the stability limits of these electrical quantities before, during
approach in ETAP environmentis used for the analysis. In cases of and after a three phase (3-θ) fault. Figures 2-13 shows a plot of how
fault(s), it randomly set up a fault clearing time (FCT) for the machines this fault affects the behavior of the other generators in the network.
in the network and solves all the complex differential equations of all It was observed that before the 3-θ pre-fault, the peak values obtained
equipment in the network. between time range of 0.000 Secs-0.0600 Secs operates within the

Figure 1: Model of the network used.

J Electr Electron Syst

ISSN: 2332-0796 JEES an open access journal Volume 4 • Issue 1 • 1000140
Citation: Eseosa O, Ike S (2015) Stability Studies of the Nigerian 330 KV Integrated Power System. J Electr Electron Syst 4: 140. doi:10.4172/2332-
0796.10001140

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Figure 2: Model of the proposed 330kv network of Nigeria 330kv integrated power system after simulation.

Figure 3: Plots of Generators Exciter Current versus Time.

J Electr Electron Syst

ISSN: 2332-0796 JEES an open access journal Volume 4 • Issue 1 • 1000140
Citation: Eseosa O, Ike S (2015) Stability Studies of the Nigerian 330 KV Integrated Power System. J Electr Electron Syst 4: 140. doi:10.4172/2332-
0796.10001140

Page 5 of 11

Figure 4: Plots of Generators Exciter voltages versus Time.

Figure 5: Plots of Generators electric power versus Time.

J Electr Electron Syst

ISSN: 2332-0796 JEES an open access journal Volume 4 • Issue 1 • 1000140
Citation: Eseosa O, Ike S (2015) Stability Studies of the Nigerian 330 KV Integrated Power System. J Electr Electron Syst 4: 140. doi:10.4172/2332-
0796.10001140

Page 6 of 11

Figure 6: Plots of Generators frequency versus Time.

Figure 7: Plots of Generators rotor angle versus Time.

J Electr Electron Syst

ISSN: 2332-0796 JEES an open access journal Volume 4 • Issue 1 • 1000140
Citation: Eseosa O, Ike S (2015) Stability Studies of the Nigerian 330 KV Integrated Power System. J Electr Electron Syst 4: 140. doi:10.4172/2332-
0796.10001140

Page 7 of 11

Figure 8: Plots of Generators terminal current versus Time.

Figure 9: Plot of Generators mechanical powers versus Time.

J Electr Electron Syst

ISSN: 2332-0796 JEES an open access journal Volume 4 • Issue 1 • 1000140
Citation: Eseosa O, Ike S (2015) Stability Studies of the Nigerian 330 KV Integrated Power System. J Electr Electron Syst 4: 140. doi:10.4172/2332-
0796.10001140

Page 8 of 11

Figure 10: Plot of generators bus voltages per Hz Versus Time.

Figure 11: Plots of Generators Bus Voltages Angles Versus Time.

J Electr Electron Syst

ISSN: 2332-0796 JEES an open access journal Volume 4 • Issue 1 • 1000140
Citation: Eseosa O, Ike S (2015) Stability Studies of the Nigerian 330 KV Integrated Power System. J Electr Electron Syst 4: 140. doi:10.4172/2332-
0796.10001140

Page 9 of 11

Figure 12: Plots of Generators Bus Frequency versus Time..

Figure 13: Plots of Generators Bus Voltages Versus Time.

J Electr Electron Syst

ISSN: 2332-0796 JEES an open access journal Volume 4 • Issue 1 • 1000140
Citation: Eseosa O, Ike S (2015) Stability Studies of the Nigerian 330 KV Integrated Power System. J Electr Electron Syst 4: 140. doi:10.4172/2332-
0796.10001140

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Generators Mechanical Power Electrical Power Terminal Rotor angle Frequency Exciter Current Exciter Voltage
(MW) (MW) Current(A) (Degree) (Hz) (p.u) (p.u)
AES 203.27 203.34 10,200 21 49.55 1.55 3.83
Afam I-V 46.41 46.24 3,080.23 32 50.01 1.49 1.70
Afam VI 371.86 371.72 25,992.49 19 50.00 1.52 3.68
Egbin 788.42 788.50 53,732.21 23 49.90 1.92 5.12
Geregu 62.22 62.16 4,441.23 28 49.98 1.05 3.20
Jebba 585.72 585.92 37,873.82 32 49.96 0.70 5.02
Kainji 214.46 214.60 14,678.85 43 50.00 2.10 3.92
Okpai 150.53 150.03 9,031.28 38 50.00 1.48 3.68
Olorunshogo phase 1 50.28 50.32 3,285.72 32 49.99 1.50 2.57
Olorunshogo phase 2 106.99 107.01 6,505.20 16 49.87 1.41 3.63
Sapele 161.94 161.97 10,540.02 41 49.86 0.40 3.72
Shiroro 377.53 377.06 24,320.26 38 50.00 1.80 4.38
Trans-Amadi 77.78 78.00 4,763.4 26 49.76 1.57 3.62
Omotosho 45.27 45.37 2,986.23 29 49.65 1.60 0.98
Ibom 66.45 66.24 4,273.58 23 50.00 1.30 3.45
Omoku 68.46 68.48 4,449.87 20 50.00 1.80 3.57
Delta 381.01 381.03 24,900.48 24 49.54 2.05 4.70
Table 2a: 3-Phase Pre-Fault Peak Values at 0.000 to 0.060 Sec, During Fault Peak Values at 0.061 Secs -0.4220 Secs.

Generators Mechanical Power Electrical Power Terminal Rotor angle Frequency Exciter Current Exciter Voltage
(MW) (MW) Current(A) (Degree) (Hz) (p.u) (p.u)
AES 239.7 543.56 37,292.02 72 51.15 2.27 1.62
Afam I-V 54.65 92.60 10,675.59 75 50.48 0.99 0.73
Afam VI 440.21 741.27 89,414.17 64 50.60 2.56 1.84
Egbin 938.23 1796.65 186,838.01 88 51.40 2.98 2.16
Geregu 74.04 125.95 15,277.83 72 50.10 1.86 1.34
Jebba 697.01 1166.75 130,285.94 82 49.48 2.92 2.11
Kainji 255.21 426.25 50,495.24 81 50.63 2.32 1.62
Okpai 178.81 302.18 31,067.60 81 49.20 2.17 1.58
Olorunshogo phase 1 59.72 101.14 11,302.88 77 50.32 1.51 1.07
Olorunshogo phase 2 119.72 202.08 22,377.89 62 50.07 2.14 1.52
Sapele 193.05 454.19 38,257.67 84 52.26 2.20 1.59
Shiroro 452.53 765.67 83,904.89 83 50.45 2.57 1.87
Trans-Amadi 93.41 84.05 16,481 72 49.96 2.12 1.52
Omotosho 55.07 126.03 13,302.49 86 51.35 0.57 0.41
Ibom 79.71 93.72 14,743.85 73 50.21 2.01 1.45
Omoku 82.04 137.78 15,396.55 65 50.57 2.11 1.55
Delta 461.01 974.68 87,831.96 83 51.34 2.75 1.98
Table 2b: During Fault Peak Values at 0.061 Secs -0.4220 Secs.

Generators Mechanical Power Electrical Power Terminal Rotor angle Frequency Exciter Current Exciter Voltage
(MW) (MW) Current(A) (Degree) (Hz) (p.u) (p.u)
AES 202.13 201.02 10,200 25 48.51 1.23 3.23
Afam I-V 42.11 41.14 3,080.23 37 49.24 1.29 1.60
Afam VI 359.23 358.72 25,992.49 26 49.08 1.27 3.38
Egbin 772.62 770.51 53,732.21 34 48.45 1.42 5.04
Geregu 58.13 57.13 4,441.23 37 49.56 0.97 2.98
Jebba 576.14 573.22 37,873.82 38 48.66 0.57 4.94
Kainji 208.21 206.45 14,678.85 42 49.32 1.95 3.92
Okpai 146.21 150.41 9,031.28 43 49.21 1.24 3.68
Olorunshogo phase 1 46.16 45.35 3,285.72 37 48.23 1.42 2.97
Olorunshogo phase 2 103.21 101.45 6,505.20 22 48.67 1.32 3.61
Sapele 158.22 161.97 10,540.02 45 49.23 0.31 2.84
Shiroro 371.05 369.06 24,320.26 43 49.21 1.74 3.98
Trans-Amadi 74.28 72.15 4,763.4 34 49.23 1.53 3.08
Omotosho 43.19 42.21 2,986.23 32 49.15 1.48 1.08
Ibom 63.24 61.29 4,273.58 32 48.56 1.26 3.35
Omoku 64.24 63.21 4,449.87 28 50.00 1.72 2.97
Delta 376.21 372.25 24,900.48 30 49.54 1.98 3.82
Table 2c: After fault (Stability with Damped Oscillation).

J Electr Electron Syst

ISSN: 2332-0796 JEES an open access journal Volume 4 • Issue 1 • 1000140
Citation: Eseosa O, Ike S (2015) Stability Studies of the Nigerian 330 KV Integrated Power System. J Electr Electron Syst 4: 140. doi:10.4172/2332-
0796.10001140

Page 11 of 11

allowable tolerable frequency limit of 48.45 Hz-51.45 Hz at nominal stations (Omotosho, Sapele, AES and Delta) were almost getting out
frequency of 50 Hz. Moreso, the net power (difference between of synchronism. However, when the fault was cleared, the system
electrical and mechanical power) is small and the rotor angle is within returned to its stability. The obtained result showed that the fault when
90 degrees, thus satisfying stability criteria. During the fault (0.061 allowed to last beyond 0.042 seconds causes buses connected to four
secs-0.042 secs), it was observed that the net power was large and the (4) generating stations (AES, Sapele, Delta and Omotosho) to swing
frequency was gradually moving out of its allowable tolerable limit. away from the stability region hence operating outside the allowable
However, the various electrical quantities peak values indicates that if tolerable voltage limit of 314.45 KV-346.45 KV.
the fault is not cleared after 0.042 secs, the system become unstable and
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