Mathematics

RNS – PRE-CALCULUS 1

PRE-CALCULUS Angle of Inclination and Slope of the Line

2.01 Analytic Geometry (Lines)
2.02 Analytic Geometry (Conics) Angle of Inclination – is defined as the
2.03 Limits of a Function smallest positive angle that the line makes
with the positive x- axis.
2.04 Derivatives
2.05 Indefinite / Definite Integrals
2.06 Higher Order Integrals
2.07 Homework

FORMULAS & PRINCIPLE

2.01 – ANALYTIC GEOMETRY (LINES)

THE CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM

 Given inclination ( ):
The Cartesian Coordinate system is consists of
two perpendicular lines which intersect at the point  Given two points:
O called origin. The horizontal line is called the x-
axis and the vertical line is called the y-axis.
Together, they are called as the Cartesian
Coordinate Axes. Where:
= angle of inclination
m = slope

Note:
 Slope of Parallel lines:

 Slope of Perpendicular lines:

REVIEW QUESTIONS

The Distance Formula Q-1 How far is the intersection of the

lines 4x – 5y = 26 and 3x + 7y + 2 =
0 from the origin?
A. 4.47 C. 2.24
B. 6.71 D. 8.94

Q-2 Find the measure of angle A in

triangle ABC with vertices at A(7,4),
B(1,7) and C(-3,-4).
o o
A. 31.04 C. 24.78
o o
B. 12.09 D. 65.22
 MATHEMATICS
2 RNS – PRE-CALCULUS 2

Plane Areas by Coordinates Distance From a Point to a Line

√
Note:
In the denominator, use:
“+”, if the point is above or to the right of the
Note: line
Points must enclose a closed loop and; “–“, if the point is below or to the left of the
A = “+”, if points taken counter clockwise order. line
A = “–“, if points taken clockwise
Distance Between Two Parallel Lines
Equations of Straight Lines
Let:
 General Equation:

 Standard Equations:
o Point – Slope Form: | |
( ) √
Where:
Where: C1 = constant term in L1
m = slope C2 = constant term in L2
( ) = any point on the line

o Slope – Intercept Form: Q-3 In a Cartesian coordinate system,

the coordinates of a quadrilateral
are (1,1), (0,8), (4,5) and (-3,4).
Where: What is the area?
A. 25 C. 20
m = slope
B. 18 D. 14
b = y – intercept

o Two – Point Form: Q-4 What is the equation of the line that
passes through (-3,5) and is
parallel to the line 4x-2y+2=0?
A. 4x-2y+22=0 C. 2x+y+11=0
B. 4x+2y-11=0 D. 2x-y+11=0
Where:
( ) ( ) = two points on the line Q-5 What is the distance between line x
+ 2y + 8 = 0 and the point (5,-2)?
A. 4.20 C. 4.02
Angle Formed by the Intersection of Two Lines B. 4.44 D. 4.22

Where:
= angle in the counter clockwise direction
m1 and m2 – slope of line 1 and line 2 respectively
 Mathematics
RNS – PRE-CALCULUS 3

Q-6 What conic section is represented

2.02 – ANALYTIC GEOMETRY (CONICS) 2 2
by the equation x + 4y + 4xy + 2x
– 10 = 0?
CONIC SECTIONS A. Circle C. Parabola
B. Hyperbola D. Ellipse
Conic Section or Conics is the locus of a point
which moves in such a way that the ratio of its
distance from a fixed point (focus) and a fixed line
(directrix) is constant. The constant ratio is called
eccentricity.

 Circle – cutting plane parallel to the “base”.

 Ellipse – cutting plane not parallel to any
element of the circular cone.
 Parabola – cutting plane parallel to the slant
height
 Hyperbola – cutting plane parallel to the
“axis”.

General Equation of Conic Sections:

2
B – 4AC  Discriminant (D)
D < 0, the conic is an ellipse
D = 0, the conic is a parabola
D > 0, the conic is a hyperbola

If B = 0, then the axes of the conic are parallel to

the x and y coordinate axes.

For B = 0;

If A = C, the conic is a circle.

If A ≠ C, but the same sign, the conic is an ellipse.
If either A or C is zero, the conic is a parabola.
If A & C are opposite in sign, the conic is a
hyperbola.
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4 RNS – PRE-CALCULUS 2

Circle Standard Equation:

The plane figure obtained as a locus of a point whose Axis Vertical: Vertex (h,k)
distance from a fixed point called the center is constant. ( ) ( )
Note: Eccentricity is 0.
Axis Horizontal: Vertex (h,k)
( ) ( )

Length of Latus Rectum

The latus rectum is a line that runs parallel to
the directrix and passes through the focus

General Equation:

Standard Equation:

Center at Any Point (h,k)

( ) ( )

Center at Origin Q-7 Find the equation of the circle

whose center is at (3, -5) and
whose radius is 4.
2 2
Parabola A. x + y -6x + 10y + 18 = 0
2 2
B. x + y -6x - 10y + 18 = 0
Is the locus of a point which moves so that it is always 2 2
C. x + y +6x + 10y + 18 = 0
equidistant from a fixed point called focus and a fixed 2 2
D. x + y +6x - 10y + 18 = 0
line called directrix.

Note: Eccentricity is equal to 1.

Q-8 Find the value of k for which the
2 2
equation x + y + 4x - 2y - k = 0
represents a point circle.
A. 5 C. -6
B. 6 D. -5

Q-9 Compute the focal length and the

length of latus rectum of parabola
2
y + 8x – 6y +25 = 0
A. 2, 8 C. 4, 16
B. 16, 64 D. 1, 4

General Equation: Q-10 An arch 18 m high has the form of

parabola with a vertical axis. The
Axis Parallel to the y – axis: length of a horizontal beam placed
across the arch 8 m from the top is
64 m. Find the width of the arch at
Axis Parallel to the x – axis: the bottom
A. 86m C. 96m
B. 106m D. 76m
 Mathematics
RNS – PRE-CALCULUS 5

Ellipse
Q-11 An ellipse has an eccentricity of
Is the locus of a point which moves so that the 1/3. Compute the distance between
sum of its distance from two fixed points (foci) is the directrices if the distance
constant and is equal to the length of the major between foci is 4.
axis. A. 18 C. 32
B. 36 D. 38
Note: Eccentricity is lesser than 1.
Q-12
1. The area of the ellipse 9
is equal to:
A. A. 1 sq. units
B. B. 20 sq. units
C. C. 25 sq. units
D. 30 sq. units

General Equation:

Standard Equation:

Major Axis Horizontal Major Axis Vertical

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

“a” is always greater than b and c.

Key Formulas:
2a = length of major axis
2b = length of minor axis

Length of latus rectum:

Distance from center to directrix:

Distance from center to focus:

Eccentricity:
Second Eccentricity:

Relationship among a, b and c:

 MATHEMATICS
6 RNS – PRE-CALCULUS 2
Relationship among a, b and c:

Hyperbola
Q-13 Find the length of the latus rectum
Is the locus of a point which moves so that the of
2 2
difference of its distance from two fixed points 9x – 4y -36x +16y -16= 0
(foci) is constant and is equal to the length of the A. 5 units C. 9 units
major axis. B. 6 units D. 8 units

Note: Eccentricity is greater than 1. Q-14

2. Find the equation of the asymptote
2 2
of the hyperbola 4x – 9y = 36.
A. x+3y=0
B. 3x+2y=0
C. 2x-3y=0
D. x-3y
3.
Q-15
4. The graph of the pair of parametric
equations x=sint-2 and is
part of ______.
a. A. A parabola
General Equation: b. B. A hyperbola
c. C. A circle
Transverse Axis Horizontal D. A line

Transverse Axis Vertical

Standard Equation:
Transverse Axis Transverse Axis
Horizontal Vertical

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

“a” is always the denominator of the positive term

Key Formulas:
2a = length of transvere axis
2b = length of conjugate axis

Length of latus rectum:

Distance from center to directrix:

Distance from center to focus:
Eccentricity:
 Mathematics
RNS – PRE-CALCULUS 7

Q-16 Evaluate:
2.03 – LIMITS OF A FUNCTION
( )
A. 50 C. 49
 The limit, L, of a function f(x) at a point a in B. 47 D. 48
its domain (if it exists) is the value that the
function approaches as its argument Q-17 Evaluate:
approaches a. The notation is as follows:
(( ) ( ))
( )
A. 3/4 C. 9/4
B. 5/4 D. 7/4
 If the function we are examining is
continuous, the limit of the function f(x) as x Q-18 Calculate:
approaches a can be obtained by simply
evaluating the function at point a.
 L’ Hôspital’s rule is an approach to A. 2 C. 1
evaluating limits of certain quotients by B. 3 D. 4
means of derivatives. It allows us to replace
lim f(x)/g(x) with lim f’(x)/g’(x). Q-19 Calculate:
 A one=sided limit only considers values of a
function that approaches a value from either
above or below. A. 1 C.
The right-side limit of a function f as it B. 3/7 D. 0
approaches a is the limit
( ) Q-20 Calculate:
The left-side limit of a function f as it ( )
approaches a is the limit ( )
( )
( ) A. 1 C. 2
The notation indicates that we only B. 4 D. 3
consider values of x that are less than a when
evaluating the limit. The notation Q-21 Calculate:
indicates that we only consider values of x
( )
that are greater than a when evaluating the | |
limit. If the right hand limit and left hand limit A. 4 C. -4
of a function f as it approaches a are not B. 0 D. 2
equal, then the limit of the function f as it
approaches a does not exist. Q-22 Calculate:
( )
 The Seven Indeterminate Forms: A. C. 0
0
B. D. DNE
1. 0
2. Q-23 Calculate:
3.
4. ( )
5. A. C. 0
6. B. D. DNE
7.
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8 RNS – PRE-CALCULUS 2

2.04 – DERIVATIVES
Q-24 Differentiate: √( )
A. 2x/√(3 – 2x^2)
B. 2x√(3 – 2x^2)
 Derivatives of Algebraic Functions: C. -2x/√(3 – 2x^2)
D. -2x√(3 – 2x^2)
( )
Q-25 Differentiate: y = x^2 cos(2x)
A. -2x^2sin2x + 2xcos2x
( )
B. -2x^2cos2x + sin2x
C. 2x^2sin2x – 2xcos2x
( ) D. 2x^2cos2x + 2xsin2x

( )

 Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

( )

( ) ( )

 Derivatives of Exponential Functions

( )

( )
 Mathematics
RNS – PRE-CALCULUS 9

 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions: Q-26 Differentiate: y=arctan3x

A. 3 / (1 – 9x^2)
B. 9 / (1 + 3x^2)
( ) C. 3 / (1+ 9x^2)
D. 9 / (1 – 3x^2)

( ) Q-27 Find y’ if y=(arcsin4x)^2

A. 8arcsin4x / √(1 – 4x^2)
B. 8arcsin4x / √(1 – 16x^2)
( ) C. 2arcsin4x / √(1 – 16x^2)
D. 4arcsin4x / √(1 – 16x^2)
( ) Q-28 Find dy/dx if y = arcsinh (x/2)
A. 1 / √(4+x^2)
B. 2 / √(4 – x^2)
( ) C. 1 / 2√(4+x^2)
D. 1 / √(2+4x^2)
( )

 Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric

Functions:

( )
√

( )
√

( )

( )

( )
√

( )
√
 MATHEMATICS
10 RNS – PRE-CALCULUS 2

 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Trigonometric Q-29 Find the d^2y/dx^2 of sinx –

Functions: cosx.
A. cosx + sinx
B. cosx – sinx
( ) C. sinx – cosx
D. –sinx – cosx

( ) Q-30 If f(x) = sinhx – coshx, find ( ).

A. 1 C. 0
B. -1 D. 2
( )
Q-31 Let f(x,y) = y^3x^2. Calculate
.
( ) A. 2x^3y
B. 3x^2y
C. 2y^3x
( ) D. 3y^2x

( )

 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic

Trigonometric Functions:

( )
√

( ) ( )
√

( ) (| | )

( ) (| | )

( )
√

( )
√
 Mathematics
RNS – PRE-CALCULUS 11

Q-32 Evaluate
2.05 – INDEFINITE / DEFINITE INTEGRALS
∫
( ) ( )
 Integration of Algebraic, Exponential and A. -1 / √(4+x^2) + C
Logarithmic Functions: B. –x / √(4+x^2) + C
C. 3 / 2√(4+x^2) + C
∫ D. -1 / (2√(4+x^2)) + C

∫ Q-33 Evaluate: ∫
A. xe^x(x – 1) + C
B. xe^x(x + 1) + C
∫ C. e^x(x – 1) + C
D. e^x + x – 1 + C

 Integration by Parts:

∫ ∫
 MATHEMATICS
12 RNS – PRE-CALCULUS 2

 Integration of Trigonometric Functions: Q-34 Evaluate

∫ ( ) ( )
∫ A. (1/7)cos^7(x)+(1/5)cos^5(x)+C
B. (1/4)cos^7(x)–(1/5)cos^5(x)+C
∫ C. (1/7)cos^7(x)–(1/5)cos^5(x)+C
D. (1/4)cos^7(x)+(1/5)cos^5(x)+C
∫ | |
Q-35 Evaluate:
∫ | |
∫
∫ | |
A.
∫ | |
B.
∫ ( )

( ) C.
∫

D.
 Integration of Inverse Trigonometric
Functions:

∫ ( )
√

∫ ( )

∫ ( )
√

 Integration of Hyperbolic Trigonometric

Functions:

∫ | |

∫ | |

∫ ( )
 Mathematics
RNS – PRE-CALCULUS 13

 Integration of Hyperbolic Trigonometric Q-36 Evaluate

Functions:
∫
CASE 1: If integrand involves:
√ A. e C. 1
B. 0 D. 2.2
CASE 2: If integrand involves:
Q-37 Evaluate:
√

CASE 3: If integrand involves: ∫( )

√
√
A. -3.55 C. 5.21
 Walli’s Formula B. -5.55 D. 3.67

∫ Q-38 Evaluate the integral

∫ ( )
[( )( ) ( )][( )( ) ( )]
( )( ) ( ) A. -3lnt+4+ln4+t
B. -4lnt+2+ln2+t
C. -2lnt+2+ln4+t
2.06 – HIGHER ORDER INTEGRALS
D. -lnt+3+ln5+t
 Double Integral
Q-39 Evaluate:
( ) ( )

∫ ∫ ( ) ∫[ ∫ ( ) ] ∫∫
( ) ( )
OR: A. 1 C. π
( ) ( ) B. 0 D. 1/2
∫ ∫ ( ) ∫[ ∫ ( ) ] Q-40 Evaluate:
( ) ( )
∫ ∫∫
Where:
a & b are constants A. -755/4 C. -722/4
f(x,y) is a function of x and y B. -733/4 D. -766/4
 Triple Integral

( ) ( )

∫ ∫ ∫ ( )
( ) ( )
OR:
( ) ( )

∫ ∫ ∫ ( )
( ) ( )
 MATHEMATICS
14 RNS – PRE-CALCULUS 2

HOMEWORK 9. What is the circumference of an ellipse

Answers to this exercise will be posted. whose diameters are fourteen and ten
meters?
1. Compute the angle between the line 2y – 9x –
A. 38.22 C. 34.26
18 = 0 and the x axis.
A. 64.54
O
C. 77.47
O B. 41.62 D. 42.43
O O
B. 45 D. 87.65
10. A line through (-6,-7) and (x,7) is
2. A hut has a parabolic cross-section whose perpendicular to a line (1,-4) and (-5,2).
height is 30 m and whose base is 60 m wide. Find x.
If a ceiling 40 m wide is to be placed inside A. 5 C. 6
the hut, how high will it be above the base? B. 7 D. 8
A. 16.67 m C. 14.47 m
B. 15.48 m D. 19.85 m 11. Compute the angle between the line
2y – 9x – 18 = 0 and the x-axis.
O O
3. An ellipse has an eccentricity of 1/3. Compute A. 77.47 C. 82.46
O O
the distance between directrices if the B. 68.42 D. 55.36
distance between foci is 4.
A. 18 C. 32 12. What is the equation of line through
B. 36 D. 38 (7, -3) and perpendicular to the line
whose inclination is arctan 2/3?
4. Compute the angle of inclination of the line 2y
– 9x – 18 = 0. A. 3x+2y-15=0 C. 3x+2y+15=0
A. 74.27
O
C. 67.44
O B. 3x-2y-15=0 D. 3x-2y+15=0
O O
B. 77.47 D. 54.36
13. Find the equation of a line through (4,6)
5. The difference of the distances of a moving and perpendicular to the x-axis.
point from (1,0) and (-1,0) is 1. Find the A. x – 4 = 0 C. x + y = 0
equation of its locus. B. x – 6 = 0 D. y – 4 = 0
2 2 2 2
A. 4x – 12y = 3 C. 12x – 4y = 3
2 2 2 2
B. 3x – 4y = 12 D. 4x – 9y = 3 14. Differentiate: y=sin(√x – 1)
A. cos(√x – 1) / (2√x)
6. Determine the coordinates of the point which B. –sinx cosx
is three-fifths of the way from the point (2,-5) C. –cos(√x) – 1
to the point (-3,5). D. cos(√x – 1 ) / 2x
A. (-1,1) C. (-2,-1)
B. (-1,-2) D. (1,1) 15. Evaluate:

7. Find the area of the polygon whose vertices ∫

√
are at (2,-6), (4,0), (2,4), (-3,2) and (-3,-3).
A. 45.2 C. 55.3 A.
B. 47.5 D. 57.4 B.
8. The semi-major axis of an ellipse is 4 and C.
its semi-minor axis is 3. The distance from
the center to directrix is: D.
A. 6.047 C. 6.614
B. 6.532 D. 6.222
 Mathematics
RNS – PRE-CALCULUS 15

16. If x is measured in radians, which of the A. -1/4 sin^3(2u/3)+C

following is the value of B. -1/5 sec^3(2u/3)+C
C. -1/6 csc^3(2u/3)+C
D. -1/2 cos^3(2u/3)+C

A. 0 C. 25. Evaluate
B. 1 D. 
∫ ( ( ))
17. What is the average (mean) value of sinx on A. cos(ln(cosy))+C
the interval from x=0 to ? B. sec(ln(secy))+C
A. 0.2559 C. 0.4559 C. csc(ln(cscy))+C
B. 0.3559 D. 0.1559 D. sin(ln(siny))+C

( ) 26. Evaluate
18. is
A. C. 1 ∫ ( ( ) )
B. 0 D. -1
A. -4.155 C. -2.155
B. -3.155 D. -5.155
19. Evaluate:
27. Evaluate
A. 0 C. π ∫ ( )
B. D. 1
A. -0.5cos(-t)+0.5cos(t)
20. If f(4)=15 and f’(4)=-7, then the value of the B. -0.5sec(-t)+0.5sec(t)
function f at 4.04 is f (4.04)=______. C. -0.5sin(-t)+0.5sin(t)
A. 11.37 C. 14.72 D. -0.5tan(-t)+0.5tan(t)
B. 13.11 D. 15.78
28. Evaluate
21. Which of the following is the derivative of ( )
∫ ∫
sin^(-1) x?
A. 1/(1+x^2) Dx C. 1/√(1+x^2) Dx A. 2π C. 2
B. 1/(1-x^2) Dx D. 1/√ (1-x^2) Dx B. 3π D. 0

22. Determine the second derivative of y=√x with 29. Evaluate the integral of 2xdx/(2x^2+4) if
respect to independent variable x. the upper limit is 6 and the lower limit is
A. y’’= -1/(4y^3 ) C. y’’= 4y 3.
B. y’’= -1/(4y^(3/2)) D. y’’= -1/3y A. 0.620 C. 0.486
B. 0.675 D. 0.580
23. The nth derivative of y=(1-x)/(x-2) can be
expressed as: 30. What is the first derivative / of the
A. (-1)^(n+1) n!(x-2)^(-(n+1)) expression ( ) ?
B. (n+1)!(x+2)^(-(n+1)) A. - ( )/ C. 0
C. (-1)^(n+1) (n+1)!(x-2)^(-(n+1)) B. - ( )/ D. /
D. (-1)^n n!(x-2)^(-n)
31. What is the derivative with respect to x
24. Evaluate of sec^2 (x)?
∫( ( ))( ( )) A. 2x sec^2 (x) tan^2 (x)
B. 2x sec (x) tan (x)
 MATHEMATICS
16 RNS – PRE-CALCULUS 2

C. sec^2 (x) tan^2 (x) 42. Find if f(x,z) = 4xy^2 + 3yx^3

D. 2 sec^2 (x) tan^2 (x) A. 18xy C. 8xy
B. 0 D. 9xy
32. Find the partial derivatives with respect to x of
2
the function: xy – 5y + 6. 43. Evaluate:
2 2
A. y – 5 C. y
B. xy – 5y D. 2xy ∫∫
33. Find if y = sin x – cos x. A. 1/15 C. 7/15
A. cos x + sin x C. –cos x – sin x B. 4/15 D. 2/15
B. –sin x + cos x D. sin x – cos x
44. Evaluate:
34. Find d^3y/dx^3 if y = x^5 + lnx. √
A. 20x^2 + 2x^-3 C. 30x^4 + 2x^-5
B. 60x^2 + 2x^-3 D. 50x^4 + 3x^-5 ∫ ∫( )

35. Find the third derivative of t with respect to y if A. 6s^3/12 – s^5/4 + s^14/52
t=e^(y/2). B. 5s^3/12 – s^6/4 + s^12/52
A. e^(y/2) / 12 C. e^(y/2) / 14 C. 4s^3/12 – s^7/4 + s^11/52
B. e^(y/2) / 16 D. e^(y/2) / 8 D. 7s^3/12 – s^8/4 + s^13/52

36. Given that y = cosh x – sin x, find the 6th 45. If √ , which of the following
derivative of y with respect to x. expression is equivalent to ? Denote
A. cosh x + sin x C. cos x + sinh x
B. cosh x – sin x D. cosh x + cos x as partial derivative of z.
√
A. √ C. ( )
37. If f(x) = 3x^5 – 2x^2 + 2, find ( ). √
A. 150x^2 C. 180x^2 B. √ D.
B. 130 x^2 D. 190x^2
46. What is the polar equation of the curve
38. Find ( ) if f(x) = (x^5)(lnx) defined by the rectangular equation
A. 130xln(x) + 134x ?
B. 110xln(x) + 124x A. ( ) C.
C. 120xln(x) + 154x B. D.
D. 140xln(x) + 114x
47. Which of the following is the second
39. If f(x) = x^9, find ( ). derivative of with respect to
A. 33356 C. 32256 independent variable x?
B. 34456 D. 31156 A.
B.
40. If f(x) = e^9x, find ( ). C.
A. 729 C. 1 D.
B. 0 D. 6561

41. Find if f(y,z) = 3yz^2 + 4(y^2)(z^5) For more practice problems, use PMM Math
A. 3yz + 10(y^2)(z^4) Sections 3.1 – 3.3 for Analytic Geometry –
B. 5yz + 30(y^2)(z^4) related questions and Section 4 for Calculus
C. 4yz + 40(y^2)(z^4) – related questions.
D. 6yz + 20(y^2)(z^4)