Master 2 – Pétrochimie

Université Libanaise FSII-Fanar

INDUSTRIE DE LA PRODUCTION PETROLIERE

Eng. Hadi Tohme 1

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO PETROLEUM PRODUCTION

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What is the Role of Petroleum
Production Engineering

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Why is Production Engineering
Important ?

4
Relation with Other
Disciplines?

5
Production Engineering & Formation
Evaluation

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Production Engineering & Drilling
Engineering

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Production & Reservoir Engineering

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Petroleum Production …
What does it involve?

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Reservoir

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Reservoir

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Reservoir – Effect on Production

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Porosity

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How to Measure Porosity

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Reservoir Height

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How to Measure the
Reservoir Height

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Fluid Saturation

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 Classification of Reservoirs
Reservoir Classification is determined by the reservoir fluid’s phase behavior. They are
classified into four reservoir types:

• Single phase gas,

• Gas condensate,
• Undersaturated oil
• Saturated oil reservoirs.

An oil reservoir that exists with a natural gas cap is said to be saturated. The oil
phase is in equilibrium with the gas phase. The reservoir pressure at the gas/oil
interface is the bubble point.

An oil reservoir that exists above its bubble point pressure is undersaturated.

If the pressure is decreased below the bubble point, as during production, a gas
phase will begin to form in the reservoir.
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Classification of Reservoirs

The maximum temperature at which a condensation takes place is called

the cricondentherm

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Classification of Reservoirs

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 Classification of Reservoirs

The reservoir pressure at the gas/oil interface is the bubble point.

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Classification of Reservoirs

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 Phase Diagram Summary

The hydrocarbon dew point is

the temperature (at a given pressure) at
which the hydrocarbon components of
any hydrocarbon-rich gas mixture, such
as natural gas, will start to condense out
of the gaseous phase. It is often also
referred to as the HDP or the HCDP. The
maximum temperature at which
such condensation takes place is called
the cricondentherm

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HDP: hydrocarbon dew point
Phase Diagram Summary
single phase gas reservoir. Point A represents the
virgin reservoir. As The reservoir is produced, the
fluid inside the reservoir remains at the same
temperature, but decreases in pressure and follows
the dashed line toward A1. This reservoir never
enters the two-phase envelope and as a result, the
reservoir is entirely gas throughout its entire life.
The produced fluid, on the other hand decreases
both in temperature and pressure towards A2. It
does enter the two phase envelope and some
liquids will be produced.

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Phase Diagram Summary

The retrograde gas condensate reservoirs also

start out as gas but at point B. As the fluid is
produced the fluid remaining in the reservoir
drops into the two phase envelope (B1) and
liquids start to be produced in the reservoir. The
amount of liquids continue to increase until it
reaches B2 and then vaporization of that
retrograde liquid in the reservoir begins to occur
until it reaches abandonment pressure (B3).

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Phase Diagram Summary

The third, undersaturated reservoirs (also called

dissolved gas reservoirs) differ from the first in
that the fluid exists as a liquid in the reservoir at
initial conditions. As pressure declines (C1), the
first bubbles of ‘dissolved’ gas begin to appear
(at which point the reservoir is said to be
saturated). As pressure continues to drop, the
liquid volume in the reservoir decreases and
more gas is produced. As oil is the primary
product, pressure maintenance strategies in this
reservoir type is crucial.

Finally we come to our saturated oil reservoirs. At initial conditions, this reservoir already has
both liquid and gas present. These phases have separated overtime due to density differences
resulting in a ‘gas cap’ over the reservoir. Typically, the reservoir is produced in the oil zone,
allowing the expansion of the gas cap to assist in maintaining a high reservoir pressure. 26
Areal Extent

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Areal Extent

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 Estimation of Oil or Gas Volume Under
Standard Conditions

Oil formation volume factor is defined as the ratio

of the volume of oil at reservoir (in-situ) conditions
Oil Formation Volume Factor (Bo) to that at stock tank (surface) conditions 29
Permeability

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Permeability- Examples

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Well Categories in 1 Reservoir

stock tank barrel

standard cubic foot
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Oil Reservoirs Classification

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1- Water – Drive Reservoirs (Column,Edge,
Bottom)

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Edgewater – Drive Reservoirs

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Bottom – Water Drive Reservoirs

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Water – Drive Reservoirs - Summary

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2- Gas - Cap Drive Reservoirs

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3- Dissolved – Gas Drive Reservoirs

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Dissolved – Gas Drive Reservoirs

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Near Wellbore Zone

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Near Wellbore Zone

Matrix stimulation treatments include acid, solvent and chemical treatments to improve
the permeability of the near-wellbore formation, enhancing the productivity of a well.
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How to Measure Skin Factor

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How to Calculate the Total Skin Factor

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How to Calculate the Total Skin Factor

non-vertical wells

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Illustration of Positive Skin Damage

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Illustration of Positive Skin Damage

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Skin Damage Treatment

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Skin Damage Treatment

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Cementing & Casing

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Cementing & Casing

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Cementing & Casing

A gravel pack is simply a downhole filter

designed to prevent the production of
unwanted formation sand. 52
Flow in a Well

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Flow in a Well

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Surface Equipment

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Surface Equipment

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Production
System
Summary

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Units of
Measurement

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Units of Measurement

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Typical Units for Reservoir &
Production Engineering Calculations

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English Units to SI Units Conversion
Factors

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English Units to SI Units Conversion
Factors

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Textbook

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Course Outline
Petroleum Production Advanced Petroleum Production

1. Introduction to Production 1. Artificial Lift Methods

Engineering  Sucker Rod Pump
2. Reservoir Deliverability  Gas Lift
3. Inflow Performance Relationship  Electrical Submersible Pump
4. Wellbore Performance
5. Well Deliverability 2. Production Enhancement,
6. Choke Performance  Well Problem Identification
7. Deliverability of Multilateral well  Matrix Acidizing
8. Well and Surface Equipment  Hydraulic Fracturing
9. Forecast of Well Production
10. Production Decline Analysis 3. Pipeline Flow Assurance
11. Well Tubing
12. Separation System
13. Dehydraion System
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