CORN PLANTER

A Thesis
Presented to
The Faculty of the College of
Education Iloilo Science and
Technology University Lapaz,
Iloilo City

A Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirement of the Degree Bachelor of
Technology and Livelihood Education
(Industrial Arts)

BJ A. Camandero
Crystal Hope A. Pama
Daine Ruth E. Soliva

December 2024
 ⅰ

APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled, Corn Planter of BLTED industrial Arts students, prepared and
submitted by Bj Camandero, Crystal Hope Pama, and Daine Ruth Soliva, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Technology and Livelihood
Education major in Industrial Arts, hereby approved.

IRON G. MORALES
Research Adviser

Passed the final defense and recommended for approval by the Panel of examiners on
December, 2024

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

DR. RONEL A. EDOBANE RAMON G.AGUADO, MA. ED

Member Member

MARTY JOHN E. PINUELA

Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor
of Technology and Livelihood Education Major in Industrial Arts.

JOEL A. CIRIACO, Ph. D.

Dean, College of Education
 ⅱ
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers hereby express their gratitude and lifelong appreciation to those who
contributed their help in completing this study. Above all, the researchers are deeply
thankful for the guidance and support of our Almighty God, who provided the
knowledge, wisdom, and skills necessary for this endeavor.

In addition, the researchers would like to extend their gratitude to the following
individuals who motivated and supported them throughout the completion of the study:

Dr. Iron G. Morales, Research Adviser, for his assistance, support, and expertise,
and for patiently guiding the researchers throughout their study.

The panel members, Dr. Ronel A. Edobane, Dr. Ramon G. Aguado, and Dr. Marty
John E. Pinuela, for their valuable ideas, suggestions, and for taking the time to review
the document. Thanks also to Research Coordinator Prof. Noli R. Mandario for his
recommendations to improve this study.

Gratitude is also expressed to the researchers’ friends and classmates, especially

their families, for their prayers, endless moral and financial support, and for being a
source of inspiration throughout the research process.

A special thanks to the farmers, TLE students and teachers who participated as
respondents in this study for their availability and cooperative responses to all the
questions solicted in this study.
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DEDICATION

This study is dedicated to our family who have been source of inspiration

and continually provide their moral, spiritual and financial support.

To our friends and teachers who shared their words of

advice and supported us throughout the process.

And above all, to the almighty God for

giving us strength, wisdom,

protection, skills and

healthy life
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ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to determine the functionality, portability, and safety of

the Corn Planter device as evaluated by various respondent groups from ISATU and San

Miguel, Iloilo. The sample consisted of 10 farmers from San Miguel, Iloilo, alongside 5

faculty members and 15 TLE students from the Iloilo Science and Technology University

(Lapaz campus). This study utilized a research-made questionnaire that was content

validated by a panel of experts. The data were presented through frequencies and

percentages. The statistical tool employed in this study was the Kruskal-Wallis Test,

computed through SPSS, all set at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that farmers had the highest mean rank for the acceptability of
the Corn Planter. The overall results indicate that the device's acceptability remains
relatively consistent across students, faculty, and farmers. Despite some variation in
perception, all groups find the device to be highly acceptable.

Based on the results of the study, the researchers concluded that the hypothesis
stating there is no significant difference in the acceptability of the Corn Planter among
students, faculty, and farmers is supported.
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Table of Contents

Page

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL SHEET i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

DEDICATION iii

ABSTRACT iv

LIST OF TABLES v

LIST OF FIGURES viii

LIST OF APPENDICES ix

Chapter

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study 1

Statement of the Problem 1

Hypothesis of the study 2

Theoretical framework 2

Conceptual Framework 3

Reseach Paradigm 3

Significance of the Study 4

Definition of the Study 5

Scope and Limitation 7

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 9

Related Literature 12

Nearest Prior Art 18

METHODOLOGY

Research Design 23

Participants of the study 23

Data Gathering Instrument 23

Data Gathering Procedure 23

Data Analysis Procedure 29

PRESENTATION,ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF

DATA

Presents the results of the acceptability

level regarding functionality as assessed by the 32

Respondents.

Presents the results of the acceptability level regarding

Portability as assessed by the respondents. 32

Presents the results of the acceptability level

Regarding safety as assessed by the respondents. 33

Kruskal Wallis Test results for differences in acceptability

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of Corn Planter across the three groups

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(students, faculty, & farmers) 34

SUMMARY,CONCLUSION,AND RECOMMENDATIONS 35

Summary 35
Findings 35
Conclusions 35
Recommendations 36

REFERENCES 37

APPENDICES 40

CURRICULUM VITAE OF THE RESEARCHERS 54

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

Research Paradigm 3
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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix

A. Letter to the Dean 40

B.Letter to the Respondents 41

C.Letter to the Jurors 42

D.Instrument 46

E. Evidence 53
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for rural Filipino families, and
it is considered the backbone of the Philippine economy. According to the latest
Census of Agriculture of the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), the Philippines has
5.56 million farms and holdings covering 7.19 million hectares and contributes to
about 18 percent of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). However, the
industry has been facing several challenges in recent years (Oi, 2023). It is impossible
to imagine an economy without agriculture. With production, there is consumption. In
an economy like the Philippines, production time is a factor. Mechanization in
agriculture is one of the keys to increasing production while decreasing plant
processes and reducing manual labor. The major problems that farmers face are the
long plant process and disadvantages in equipment.
The sowing of seeds and planting of seedlings involves the use of planters,
seeders, drills, and the manual broadcasting of seeds. About 8% of total person-hours
are required for the broadcasting of seeds and the uprooting and transplanting of
seedlings. The workers must be immersed knee-deep in mud and burned by the sun's
heat. The awkward posture and static load, exert strain on the cardiovascular system
and cause low-back pain and other heat-related illnesses. Musculoskeletal disorders
(MSDs) are major causes of morbidity among workers. They comprise several signs
and symptoms, e.g., pain, paresthesia, fatigue, and limited range of motion (Soares et
al. 2020).
In modern times, industries are moving towards automation, which has
significantly reduced cycle times through more efficient processes and minimized
manual intervention. This has led to faster production cycles, quicker turnaround
times, and improved overall productivity. However, adopting automation is costly,
which is a bit of a burden to farmers to sustain operational excellence in farming.
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Costly farm machinery represents a significant challenge for agricultural

producers.
However, estimating ownership and operating costs, employing strategic
replacement approaches, and contracting services can help farmers manage these
expenses. Developments in machine size and technology offer opportunities for
improved efficiency, but only if utilized effectively. Collaboration between farmers is
needed to address the challenges posed by costly farm machinery Taylor (2021).
According to Strater (2023), farmers typically start farming very early in
the morning, around 5:30 a.m. to 6 p.m. In the Philippines, corn planting is typically
done during the wet season, with April and May being common months for sowing
corn seeds. The wet season, from July to December, offers favorable moisture
conditions for corn growth, while the dry season, from January to June, sees a
decrease in production due to lower rainfall levels. Strater (2023) emphasizes that the
practice of night farming has become increasingly common among farmers because
of the benefits of nocturnal harvest, which allows farmers to work during cooler
overnight hours and escape the intense daytime heat.
As researchers, we innovated a corn planter that had LED lights for
illumination during low-light conditions to avoid intense heat during the hottest part
of the day. We included an adjustable handle to allow users to customize the height
for improved comfort during operation. We designed the materials to be lightweight,
ensuring comfort during extended use. To ensure accurate seed spacing during
planting, we added a laser guide to promote uniformity. By ensuring even, accurate
seed spacing, the planter creates ideal growing conditions for each plant, which can
translate to higher yields and more profit for the farmer.

Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to innovate and develop a device to help

agricultural sectors. Specifically, sought to answers the following
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questions:
1. What is the level of acceptability of Corn Planter in terms of functionality,
portability and safety when evaluated by farmers, teachers and students?
2. Is there a significant difference in the level of acceptability of Corn Planter
when evaluated by farmers, teachers and students in terms of functionality,
portability, and safety?

Hypothesis

There was no significant difference in the level of acceptability of Corn Planter

when evaluated by farmers, teachers and students in terms of functionality, portability,
and safety.

Theoretical Framework

This study was anchored on the diffusion of innovations theory, which states
how innovations, or new ideas, move through communities. (Rogers, 2003). By
introducing new technologies, automation, and streamlined processes, organizations
can optimize operations, reduce costs, and increase output. This leads to improved
efficiency, higher profitability, and the ability to deliver products and services more
effectively. It enables the development of clean technologies, renewable energy
solutions, and environmentally friendly practices. A new version of the sowing seed
feeder manual can enable farmers to sow seeds without having to bend their heads
(Salembier et al. 2016). We consider ‘design’ as a process driven by a desire to
generate something that does not yet exist. This process is a particular look at an
innovation process and consists of the gradual emergence of an innovation, either
material or immaterial, and its integration into socio-technical environments
(Papalambros 2015; Wynn and Clarkson 2018; Hatchuel et al. 2017). This automates
mechanisms to accurately dispense seeds at the desired depth and spacing.
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Advancement in sowing technology could have numerous benefits for farmers,

including increased productivity, reduced labor costs, and improved crop yields. By
using a hands-free approach to sowing seeds, farmers can focus on other important
tasks on the farm while still managing planting operations effectively.

Conceptual Framework

Research Paradigm

Input Process

-Concept/Ideas -Corn Planter

-Preparation
-Plan/Design -Level of its
-Fabrication acceptability in
-Related Literature terms of
-Testing
functionality,
-Related Studies portability, and
-Evaluation
safety, as evaluated
-Prior Art
-Statistical Analysis by farmers,
-Materials, Tools & students, and

Feedback

Figure 1. Diagrammatic Representation of the Study Framework.

Figure 1 illustrated the research paradigm, highlighting the connection between

three key variables and outlining the procedures followed in this study.
The study's input includes concepts/ideas, plans/designs, related literature, related
studies, prior art, and materials, tools, and equipment.
The process involves preparation, fabrication, testing, evaluation, and statistical
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analysis.
The output of the study is the Corn Planter, and the level of its acceptability in
terms of functionality, portability, and safety, as evaluated by farmers, students, and
teachers.

Significance of the Study

This study benefited the following;

Farmers. The farmers can gain significance in this study by enhancing their
knowledge of the operation and effectiveness of seed planting equipment, which is
essential for them to refine their planting methods and maximize seed positioning that
can result in higher crop yields, lower labor expenses, and improved efficiency on the
farm.
Students. In this study, students particularly those studying agriculture or
related fields, can gain valuable knowledge about agricultural technologies and their
impact on farming practices.

Agricultural Teachers. Agricultural teachers may also be inspired to improve

teaching techniques, support farming education, protect traditions, and enhance their
expertise. Educators can motivate students to value the diversity of farming methods
and nurture an interest in the agricultural sector.
Parents. Parents of students involved in agriculture or technology education
can benefit from understanding the significance of technological advancements in
the agricultural sector.
Future Researchers. The future researchers may use this as a guide,
reference, and also to innovate or improve this study Corn Planter tool. Researchers
in the future might investigate ways to enhance the structure, accuracy, and eco-
friendliness of seeders, which could help progress techniques in farming.
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Definition Of Terms

Acceptability. The degree to which a product or service meets the needs and
expectations of its users. Michalos (2020)

In this study, acceptability was to determine its usefulness to the community.

Adjustable. Able to be changed to suit particular needs (Cambridge University

Press, 2015)

In this study, adjustable referred to the feature of a corn planter's adjustable

handle that is capable of being adjusted according to the comfort of the user.

Aluminum. Soft, malleable, and ductile, making it suitable for various

applications, including construction and electrical transmission (RSC, 2015)

In this study, aluminum referred to the predominant material that was used to
build the semi-manual corn planter.

Ergonomic. Role in enhancing safety, comfort, and efficiency in various

environments.(IEA, 2015)

In this study, ergonomics referred to the design to support the body properly,
reducing back pain and promoting good posture.

Farmers. Are individuals engaged in agriculture, cultivating living organisms

for food or raw materials, playing a crucial role in providing food and contributing
significantly to the economy.(Sundaramoorthy, 2021)
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In this study, farmers are one of the evaluators of the Corn Planter.

Functionality. Functionality refers to the quality of being functional,

particularly the set of functions or capabilities associated with a product or system.
(Cheng & Xu, 2020).

In this study, functionality referred to the Corn Planter's ability to serve its
purpose properly.

Laser. A device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on
the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. According to Nafisah et al.
(2021)

In this study, a laser referred to the feature of a corn planter's laser-light that,
mounted at the tip of its foldable seed spacer, produces a narrow beam of light to
guide the accuracy of the seed spacer.

LED. Used in many electronic devices as indicator lamps, car brake lights, and
as alphanumeric displays" (Britannica, 2024).

In this study, LED referred to the feature of corn planter's LED light that will
create an illumination to allow its users to maximize time in the dawn/twilight to
avoid too much hot weather.

Planter. Acontainer in which ornamental plants are grown" (Cambridge

University Press, 2015)

In this study, a planter referred to a gadget that has the ability to sow seed.
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Portability. The quality of being easily carried or moved.(Collins, 2015)

In this study, portability referred to the corn planter's ability to be carried and
move easily.

Safety. Safety is the quality of being safe; freedom from danger or risk of
injury (Collins, 2015)

In this study, safety referred to the corn planter's ability to be used without
causing injury or danger to the user.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study aimed to develop and determine the level of acceptability of the Corn
Planter tool for planting, specifically focusing on seed corn. The Corn Planter was
manufactured at Iloilo Science and Technology University (Room K5) at Burgos St.,
Lapaz, Iloilo City. The study was conducted on selected agricultural farms in San
Miguel, Iloilo. The evaluation of the Corn Planter tool involved teachers with expertise
in agricultural tools and practices, as well as Industrial Arts (IA) students from ISAT U,
who were generally skilled in using various tools and technologies, and farmers from
San Miguel, Iloilo, who planted corn typically exhibited characteristics such as
extensive agricultural knowledge, adaptability, and practical experience with tools and
machinery.

The research instrument used in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire.

To ensure its accuracy and reliability, the researchers consulted teachers with expertise
in questionnaire validation.

The evaluation of the Corn Planter was carried out by the evaluators mentioned
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to test its acceptability based on functionality, portability, and safety. In analyzing and
interpreting the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. To gather data
from respondents, a researcher-made questionnaire was utilized with a five-point Likert
scale. The data were tabulated and computed using the Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS) software. For descriptive statistics, the mean and standard deviation
were used. For inferential statistics, the Kruskal-Wallis test was utilized and set at the
0.05 level of significance.
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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter shows the ideas, issues, concepts, model, and design that are related
to our innovative technology, Corn Planter. This will provide the information that
made us come up with this idea.

The Jab Planter

In small-scale farming, the jab planter has emerged as a crucial tool in
transforming how farmers approach planting and crop establishment. This device can
potentially revolutionize the way we think about manual farming techniques, offering
a cost-effective, labor-saving, and environmentally friendly solution for cultivating
various crops. It is a simple, hand-operated tool that allows farmers to create precise
planting holes and deposit seeds or seedlings directly into the soil. The design of the
jab planter is elegantly straightforward, featuring a cylindrical body with a hinged
"beak" at the bottom. This beak opens and closes to drop the seeds or seedlings into
the prepared holes, ensuring accurate placement and optimal soil-seed contact. The
tool can be used to plant a diverse array of large seeds, including beans, peas, corn,
squash, pumpkins, melons, cucumbers, and sunflowers. This versatility is further
enhanced by the adjustable nature of the jab planter, with features like variable
planting depth and seed quantity controls. This allows farmers to tailor the planting
process to the specific needs of their crops and growing conditions. The performance
of the jab planter was assessed through a comparative study between planting
methods using a conventional hoe versus the no-till jab planter. This research aims to
showcase the benefits and efficacy of the innovative planter in modern agricultural
practices.

The widespread adoption of the jab planter can be attributed to its numerous
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benefits, which have made it an invaluable asset for small-scale farmers around the
world. Perhaps the most significant advantage of the jab planter is its ability to save
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time and labor. By eliminating the need for manual hole-digging and seed
placement, the jab planter enables farmers to plant more efficiently, often completing
the same area in a third of the time it would take using traditional methods. This time-
saving aspect is particularly crucial during the critical planting season when crops
need to be established quickly to take advantage of the optimal growing

conditions. The jab planter's compact size and one-handed operation further contribute
to its efficiency, allowing farmers to work quickly and with minimal physical strain.

In addition to the time and labor savings, the jab planter also offers significant
benefits in terms of weed control and soil conservation. By minimizing soil
disturbance during the planting process, the jab planter helps to reduce weed
germination, leading to a more manageable weed population and a reduced need for
manual weeding. The versatility of the jab planter also extends to its suitability for a
wide range of farming environments. Unlike some mechanized planting equipment,
the jab planter can be used in hilly, stony, or stumpy areas, as well as for
intercropping different crops. This makes it an invaluable tool for small-scale farmers
who often operate on marginal or challenging land, where access to larger machinery
may be limited.
In the seed metering system, researchers have also explored ways to enhance
the jab planter's ability to apply fertilizer and the performance of jab planters in
applying inorganic fertilizer, highlighting the importance of consistent and precise
fertilizer application for crop growth and yield. A jab-type planter designed for
precisely planting small seeds, such as those used in vegetable and cover crop
production. This novel design, which utilizes inexpensive materials like electrical
conduit tubing, demonstrates the potential for further advancements in jab planter
technology.

However, the jab planter can sometimes struggle to penetrate the soil and
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deposit seeds at the desired depth, which can impact seed germination and crop
establishment. Another challenge is dealing with ungraded seeds, which can easily
become crushed when using the steel dispensers commonly found in jab planters. This
issue highlights the importance of using well-graded, uniform seeds to ensure optimal
performance and minimize seed waste.

Issues Related to Jab Planter

Irregular Plant Spacing: This issue occurs when plants are present in the row, but
their spacing is not consistent. The causes of this problem can be traced back to either
seed singulation issues or difficulties in delivering seeds from the meter to the furrow.
Some common reasons for irregular plant spacing include:
1. a worn-out or cracked seed tube guard, which can disrupt seed flow,
excessive bouncing of the row-unit due to uneven field conditions;
2. leading to inconsistent seed placement, planting at faster speeds, which can
cause seeds to be deposited unevenly, and;
3. seeds falling directly out of the seed meter, rather than being placed
precisely in the furrow. (Virk, 2021)

Seed Damage: The seed metering and delivery mechanisms, which often involve
mechanical components like seed plates or fluted rollers, can exert forces on the seeds
that can crack, split, or otherwise compromise their integrity. This is particularly
problematic for more fragile seed types, such as certain cereal grains or legumes. The
degree of seed damage can vary depending on factors like seed size, shape, and
hardness, as well as the specific design and adjustment of the planter's metering system.
Improper calibration or wear of the metering components can exacerbate seed damage
issues. The impact of the planter's jab action on the soil can also contribute to seed
damage,especially if the soil is hard or compacted. Strategies to reduce seed damage
include the use of softer, more forgiving metering mechanisms, careful calibration and
 11

maintenance of the planter, and the selection of seed varieties that are more resistant to
mechanical stress. (Agyare et al., 2017)

Clogging: Clogging of the jab planter's soil-opening mechanism, often referred to

as the "beak" or "furrow opener," is a common issue that can significantly impact the
planter's performance and efficiency. This clogging can occur due to a variety of factors,
including the accumulation of soil, plant residues, or other debris in the opening
mechanism. In no- till or high-residue farming systems, the presence of crop stubble,
weeds, or other organic matter on the soil surface can readily become lodged in the
planter's soil-opening components, preventing them from effectively penetrating the
ground and creating the necessary planting furrow. This can lead to uneven seed
placement, skipped rows, or even complete failure to plant in affected areas. (Bonsu,
2015)

Increased Risk of Accidents: Operating a jab planter at night or in poor weather

conditions can increase the risk of accidents and injuries to the operator. Reduced
visibility can lead to stumbling, tripping, or falling, potentially causing harm to the user.
The increased effort required to operate the planter can lead to muscle strain or fatigue,
further increasing the risk of accidents. Strategies to mitigate this issue include the use
of portable lighting or headlamps to improve visibility and the incorporation of safety
features into jab planter designs. Ensuring that small-scale farmers have access to and
are properly trained in their safe operations can help reduce the risk of accidents, even
during nighttime operations or inclement weather. (Agyare et al., 2017)

The absence of ergonomics such as height adjustability in agricultural tools like

planters creates considerable difficulties for farmers of different heights, reducing both
comfort and efficiency while using the tool. (Patel, 2017)

Exposure to Extreme Heat Climate: This issue happens usually in summer. As

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temperatures rise and heat waves become more frequent and severe due to climate
change, farmers and farmworkers will have to endure increasingly challenging and
potentially hazardous working environments during the summer months. The extreme
heat will make their already physically demanding jobs even more dangerous. Farm
Workers will face high risks of heat-related illnesses like heat exhaustion and heat
stroke from prolonged exposure to the scorching conditions in the fields. (Hsiang et
al., 2017)

To address these challenges, researchers have proposed various improvements

and solutions. These include using better seed metering mechanisms, LED lights,
adjustable handle, lightweight materials, and laser for precision of seed placement. By
addressing these issues, the performance and reliability of jab planters can be further
enhanced, making them even more attractive to small-scale farm.

Related Literature

Jab planter

Jab planter is a manual operated planting tool that is common in small farms
for row planting in no-till areas. It is semi-automatic that can plant a 3 seed per hole
because the seeds are only 83% viable. Jab planter is small, affordable, and
lightweight tool that is suitable for small scale farmers. With its cheap materials it can
be mass produced and it is not complex when it comes to construction therefore it is
easy to fix if there's something that will malfunction to its parts. This device can be
operated with ease by a single person. It is used for planting large - medium size seeds
such as maize. Jab planter enable farmers to plant while standing therefore the waist
pain is lessen. By planting a seed the jab planter is pushed to the soil to penetrate the
proper depth for the seed. Then by pressing its movable lever the jab planter tip will
 13

open up and the seed disk turns that drops a seed to the soil. The jab planter is then
lifted up and the movable lever is released to close its tip. Planting is continue by
repeating its process.(Bonsu et al., 2015)

Li seeder

A manual seeder wich is used for no-till farms. It is used to plant seed such as
maize and soybean. It can be use in different condition just like wet soil. It has a seeds
inside the operating handle and a fertilizer in a shoulder bag. By chopping action the li
seeder can plant many seeds, whereas the fertilizer can be put separate. The li seeder is
weighing around 2.2 kg and its working efficiency is 0.2 - 0.3 ha/day/person. (Jin et
al., 2014)

Chinese Jab Planter

Chinese jab planter is a semi - automatic seeder, lightweight, and easy to use.
Chinese jab planter is use to plant medium to large size seeds such as maize,
groundnuts, and mucuna. It is very efficient in planting that allows a person to plant
while standing which reduces back ache in farmers. It can be use in till or no - till
farming. This seeder minimize time with its features that allows you to plant and
fertilize at the same time. Its operation is by one person and it needs to be push to
achieve desired depth for the seeds. It is semi - automatically drop seeds and fertilizer
base in its mechanism. (Patterson, 2016)

Two-Row Okra Planter

Two-row okra planter is a manual operated planting tool that sow okra seed. It
has a two wheels that allows a worker to push the handle and make the drive wheels to
rotate at low speed which makes the metering mechanism work and sow a okra seeds. It
has two seed hoppers that allows to plant seeds twice at a time. With its two hoppers it
 14

effectively meter out two seeds per hill on average. Two-row okra planter saves time,
labour, and energy because of its capacity to operate a field with 0.36 ha/h with an
average spacing of 51.75 cm. (Bamgboye & Mofolasayo, 2006)

Manually Operated Single Row Multi - Crops Planter

Manually operated single row multi - crops planter is developed to reduce

drudgery in farmers and achieve best performance of a seed planter. The need of multi-
crop planter is highly in need by the farmers because of its applicability to different
types of seeds, furthermore it is cheap, easy to maintain, and less laborious to operate.
This planter is made up of mildly steel, the metering mechanism is made up of quality
nylon and the funnel tube is made up of rubber. It is easy for a farmer to adjust the
differentThe operation of manually operated single row multi - crops planters is by
pushing it in the soil, with its drive shaft it directly controls the metering mechanism
that allows it to sow seeds at ease. (Khan, Moses, & Kumar, 2015)

Rolling Punch Planter

Rolling punch planters are developed for the lands that are stony soil conditions.
This planter is a way to help farmers be able plant at ease in stony soil conditions. It
usually plants medium to large seeds like sugar beets seeds. The rolling punch planter
consists of hopper, punches, seed metering, and handle. It is a manually operated
planter that limits the field capacity as a result. It has 12 spades radially arranged with
cam activated doors and a plate seed meter. It reduces the drudgery of the farmers in
stony soil conditions. Its operation is by pushing it while the planter is rolling that
allows its mechanism in sowing seeds. It puts a single seed in every hole made by the
planter. One of the biggest problems of this planter is the soil sticking in the punches.
(Molin & Agostini, 1996)
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Dibbling stick

The dibbling stick is a simple manually operated device for creating a conical
cavity in the soil for sowing of seeds. It consists of a wooden round stick with one end
having a sheet metal cone. The other end is provided with a handgrip. For its operation,
the dibbling stick is held in a vertical position and the conical end is pressed into the
seedbed to the desired depth. For sowing of bold vegetable seeds and planting of
seedlings (Bhavan, 2013)

Paddy drum seeder

The seeder consists of a seed drum,main shaft, groundwheel,floats, and handle.

Joining smaller ends of frustum of cones makes the seed drum. Nine numbers of seed
metering holes of 10 mm diameter are provided along the circumference of the drum at
both the ends for a row-to- row spacing of 200 mm. Flat spikes 12 mm wide and 25 mm
long are joined to the ground wheel parallel to its axis

Rotary Dibbler
A manually operated push type device for dibbling of medium and bold size
seeds such as maize, soybean, sorghum, pigeon pea and bengal gram in well prepared
seedbed. It consists of a rotating dibbling head with penetrating jaws, covering-cum-
transport wheel, seed hopper with cell type wooden roller and a handle. Seed metering
is cell type having six cells on periphery.The number of jaws varies from five to eight
depending upon seed to seed distance. For its operation, the hopper is
filled with seeds and transport-cum-covering wheel is drawn to rear side. The dibbler is
then pushed forward in the direction of travel with covering cum transport wheel behind
the dibbling head. The jaws penetrate into the soil and automatically drop the seeds. The
seed to seed distance depends upon size of the polygon plate to which jaws are attached.
This implement costs Rs.2300/- and its cost of operation is Rs. 460/ha. It covers 0.6 to
 16

1.0 ha/day and labour requirement is 27 man-h/ha (Bhavan, 2017)

Single Row Maize Planter

Single row maize planter is a manually operated planter that can sow seeds
accurately in straight line with constantly making the same depth and spacing between
seeds. Single row maize planter is made specifically for garden. Single row maize
planter is affordable, low in maintenance, and less laborious that makes it suitable for
small garden and a small farm. With this planter it can reduce human labour. The field
capacity of this planter is 0.0486 ha/h. This planter is made mildly steel except for the
metering mechanism that made up of wood(mahogany) and the seed funnel tube is made
from rubber. The wooden roller that is used has a cells in its periphery. In operating the
single row maize planter it will make a furrow by the furrow opener. The seeds will fall
down from its metering mechanism. Then the furrow closer will cover properly the
seeds. (Ikechukwu, Gbabo, & Ugwuoke)

Manual Oilseed Drill

The equipment consists of a seed box attached to the main frame of a hand
wheel hoe. A fluted roller assembly is provided at the bottom of the seed box. Fluted
roller is rotated with the help of chains and sprockets from the ground wheel. The seed
rate can be adjusted with the help of a lever provided on the seed box. The fluted roller
used for sowing rape seed and mustard has 8 flutes. Each flute is 3 mm wide and 2 mm
deep. The diameter of the fluted roller is 50 mm and its length,
32mm. For operation, the machine is pulled by rope attached to the hook of the machine
by one man and another person steers the machine by holding it by the handle. Manual
oilseed drills are used for sowing rapeseed and mustard. By changing the fluted roller
Position, other crops like wheat, moong etc. can also be sown (Senthilkumar and
Govindarajan et al. 2017).
 17

Tractor Operated Inclined Plate Planter

The trackor operated inclined plate planter is a onion planter that can plant in six
rows at the same time in 100 cm wide raised bed. By its inclined plate metering
mechanism it allows to drop onion seed accurately by its groove. The different groove
of inclined plate is 18, 24, and 30. It is usinga 45 hp tractor for its operation. This
machine average ranges in field capacity is 0.11 ha/h and the utilize fuel is 3.2 L/h.
(Grewal et al., 2015)

A hole Digger Attached to a Power Tiller

Hole digger attached to a power tiller is a hole digger that suits to cultivate a
land to plant efficiently especially in tree - planting. It allows to plant in circular holes
by a tree sapling. Hole digger attached to a power tiller consist of a power tiller and a
hole digger. Its operation can make 57 holes/h with a hole diameter 15 cm and hole
depth 20 cm. This minimizes the energy we consume and reduces pollution. It has low
production cost than a hole digger operated by tractor and manual digging. (Chaaban et
al., 2007

E-Powered Two-row Seeder

E-powered two-row seeder is suitable for the small landholders that they cultivate
their land for farming and it is designed to sows spinach, coriander, and wheat seeds. E-
powered two-row seeder composed of DC geared motor, batteries, power transmission
unit, independent seeding units with vertical cell fed metering mechanism, swinging
handle, and frame. It is operated by a worker. Its operation is by. assisting it while
walking behind the machine. It is simple to use that it reduces the drudgery in sowing
seeds especially in spinach and coriander seeds which is the focus of this machine in
 18

sowing. The e-powered two-row seeder output in 350W was 1130 m²/h at a speed of
about 2.9 km/h with field efficiency of 90.3% in tested seeds. (Singh et al., 2019)

Seed Feeder Drill

Seed feeder drill is a developed fluted feeding device of seed drill equipment to
assist in planting of seeds in hills. Seed feeder drill allows to sow in field evenly that
saves time, labour, and energy. Seed feeder drill is agricultural equipment that is used to
plant seed efficienctly. Its operation is by arranging them in place and burying them in a
desired depth while being pulled by a tractor. Seed feeder drill should in optimum
distance of 30 cm for its higher seed yield, lower energy, lower production cost and
higher germination ratio. (Misr, 2009)

Nearest Prior Art

Figure 2. Adjustable Quantitative Seeder

The Adjustable Quantitative Seeder

is a manual sowing tool. It is operated
by a single worker. It is operated by a
single hand. It is used to plant while
standing, which makes it efficient in
planting. Its seeding rate can be
conveniently adjusted according to
types and specifications of the crop
being planted through its seeding rate adjusting mechanism. By its handle that has a
lever that allows the user to plant at specific place and can be controlled when to sow
seeds. It is a rectangular tube that is hollow inside where the seeds pass when
planting. It also effectively prevents the soil from clogging and being blocked at its
 19

tip. Its operation is convenient and its efficiency is high. Mostly made out of steel
materials. (Xiaoyan et al., 2020)

Figure 3. Hand-operated seeding apparatus

The Hand-operated
Seeding Apparatus is a
manually operated seeder for
seedlings that is capable of
planting seedlings safely.
This seeder is operated by a
single operator. It allows the
user to plant on their desired
depth of the plant they are planting. It uses both hands in its
operation in planting a seedling. This seeder allows the user to
lessen the backache when planting because it is operated while
standing. It is a tube that is hallow inside that allows the user to put
seedlings that fall to the center and have a hole to the ground
made by the seeder tip that is open-up when pulled by both hands
the levers under its handles. The materials they used are made in
combination of steel and steel plate. (장래익, 2014)
 20

Figure 4. Manual Seeder for Automatic Seeding

The Manual Seeder for Automatic

Seeding machine is designed for
efficient and automatic seed planting.
It features a seed supply device
strategically positioned within a pipe-
shaped pole, which also serves as a
seed container. The machine utilizes a
lever and an operation rod that work
in conjunction with a pair of seeding
hoes. When the user firmly grips the
handle and pulls the lever while the
seeding hoes are inserted into the
cultivated ridges, the operation rod or a traction iron wire is pulled, causing the seed
supply device and seeding hoes to work together in harmony. This interworking
mechanism allows for the automatic injection of crop seeds into the seeding grooves
formed in the ground. Additionally, the machine is equipped with a stopper that ensures
the seeding hoes create uniform depth grooves when inserted into the soil, optimizing
the planting process. The materials they used are predominantly steel and iron. (Kim,
2019)
 21

Proposed Design

Figure 5. Corn Planter

The Corn Planter, designed specifically for

planting corn seeds. In response to the challenges
posed by rising temperatures due to climate change,
which greatly affect farmers, we developed a planter
that includes an LED light to improve visibility in
low-light conditions, allowing farmers to work
comfortably during early mornings and evenings. We
also incorporated a laser to ensure precise seed
spacing, promoting optimal growth and yield. To
enhance user experience, the planter features an
adjustable handle for personalized height and comfort
during use. The primary material used is aluminum,
chosen for its rust-free and lightweight properties.
These design features improve the planter's
functionality, portability, and safety.

Synthesis

The jab planter is a hand tool commonly used by small-scale farmers for planting
crops like corn, beans, and peas. It works by making a planting hole in the soil and
then dropping a seed into it. However, existing jab planters face some challenges,
such as uneven seed spacing or inconsistent spacing between seeds which reduces the
yield of the farmers also due to the rising temperature caused by climate change our
farmers are one of those which is badly affected and another is the lack of height
 22

adjustment for the user’s preference.

The study focused on developing a new device called the Corn Planter which
aimed to enhance its functionality, portability, and safety. This planter utilized LED
lights to maximize planting operations during early morning and evening hours,
avoiding the extreme heat of sun. It featured an adjustable handle for operator height
preference and incorporated a laser for precise seed placement, ensuring uniformity.
The Corn Planter operated by having the user walk behind it, jabbing it into the soil at
desired intervals. As the planter was pushed down, the LED light illuminated the area
for accurate seed deposition in low-light conditions, while the laser guided seed
placement with consistent spacing. The seed metering mechanism automatically
dropped seeds diagonally in front after jabbing into the soil. The planter's frame was
lightweight yet durable, allowing a single person to operate it efficiently over large
areas.
One of the key benefits of the Corn Planter was its ability to help farmers
maximize their yields. By ensuring even, accurate seed spacing, the planter created
ideal growing conditions for each plant, which translated to higher yields and
increased profits for farmers. This Corn Planter also proved to be a more sustainable
option compared to traditional planting methods. By eliminating uneven spacing and
wasted seeds, it reduced the amount of seed required, saving farmers’ additional
expenses and minimizing the environmental impact of excess seed production. While
the jab planter was an excellent tool for quickly and efficiently planting large areas of
crops like corn, the new Corn Planter took planting to the next level with its
innovative features such as LED lights, an adjustable handle, lightweight materials,
and laser guidance.
 Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY

This study utilized developmental research. Developmental research design is a

systematic approach utilized to study changes in individuals over time, particularly within
the fields of psychology and education. This methodology is essential for understanding
how various factors influence development at different life stages. (Klein, 2021),
developmental research focuses on the design, development, and evaluation of
instructional programs and processes, which must meet specific criteria for internal
consistency and effectiveness. “The methodical study of designing, developing, and
evaluating instructional programs, processes, and products that require to meet the
criteria of internal consistency and effectiveness" is the definition of developmental
research, as opposed to simple instructional development. (Richey et al., 2004).
Developmental research design helped the researchers to improve and innovate
agricultural tool by finding problems, creating new solutions, testing them, and making
improvements based on real-world performance. This leads to the development of more
efficient, reliable, and cost-effective planters, ultimately boosting productivity in farming.
This method provided guidance to researchers in designing and determining the
acceptability level of the Corn Planter in terms of functionality, portability and safety.

Participants of study
There are thirty (30) respondents in this study, composed of farmers, teachers,
and students. There are ten (10) farmers from San Miguel, Iloilo, who planted corn
typically exhibited characteristics such as extensive agricultural knowledge,
adaptability, and practical experience with tools and machinery. There are five (5)
teachers with expertise in agricultural tools and practices from Iloilo Science and
Technology University, they are from different college departments such as COE and
CIT department. A fifteen (15) BTLED IA 3-A students who were generally skilled in
using various tools and technologies from Iloilo Science and Technology University.
A purposive sampling technique was used in choosing the respondents
 23

Data Gathering Instruments

In gathering the data for the study, the researcher made-questionnaires to utilize and
determine the level of acceptability of the Corn Planter in terms of functionality,
portability, and safety. The questionnaires were based on a five-point Likert scale
composed of fifteen (15) questions. The questionnaire was divided into two parts. The
first part collected personal information from the respondents, including their name
(optional). The second part consisted of questions related to the capabilities of the Corn
Planter, focusing on functionality, portability, and safety, which were rated by the
respondents.

Scale Functionality Scale Portability Scale Safety

1 Non-Functional 1 Non-Portable 1 Unsafe

2 Barely Functional 2 Barely Portable 2 Barely Safe
3 Moderately Functional 3 Moderately Portable 3 Moderately Safe
4 Functional 4 Portable 4 Safe
5 Highly Functional 5 Highly Portable 5 Highly Safe

To validate the five-point Likert scale questionnaire, the said scale was checked and
validated by the faculty teachers.

Data Gathering Procedure

The procedure is divided into six (6) phases. These are the following phases:
Phase I: Preparation of Materials, Tools, and Equipment; Phase II: Sketch Plan of
Corn Planter; Phase III: Development of Corn Planter; Phase IV: Pilot Testing; Phase
V: Evaluation; and Phase VI: Gathering Data.
 24

Phase l: Preparation of Materials, Tools, and Equipments

The materials that was used in developing the Corn Planter:

Materials Qty Price

1. Aluminum Tubular Tube 1x1” 8 ft. Php 180.00
2. Stainless Steel 1x1” 1 ft. Php 74.00
3. Stainless Steel Flat Bar ⅛ x1” 2 ft. Php 140.00
4. Stainless Steel Welding Rod 3 pcs. Php 90.00
5. Rivets 14 pcs. Php 21.00
6. Bolts & Nuts 5 pcs. Php 35.00
7. Funnel 1 pc. Php 19.00
8. Coupling 4” 1 pc. Php 42.00
9. Cleanout 4” 1 pc. Php 65.00
10. Compression Spring 1 pc. Php 45.00
11. Tension Spring 1 pc. Php 90.00
12. Vinyl Tile 1 pc. Php 62.00
13. Compass 1 pc. Php 25.00
14. Laser Light 1 pc. Php 25.00
15. Super Glue 1 pc. Php 27.00
16. Glue Stick 1 pc. Php 5.00
17. LED 2 pcs. Php 98.00
18. Solar 1 pc. Php 35.00
19. Chargeable Battery 1 pc. Php 35.00
20. Brake Cable 1 pc. Php 70.00
21. Black Paint 1 pc. Php 85.00
 25

These were the materials and expenses needed for the fabrication of the Corn
Planter. The total cost of materials was PHP 1,268.00, but the cost could change
depending on the prices at different stores and markets.

Tools and equipment that was used to develop the Corn Planter:

1. L-square
2. Pull-push-rule
3. Pencil/Markings
4. Hacksaw
5. Biscrip
6. Welding Machine
7. Grinder
8. Electric Power Drill
9. Chipping Hammer
10. Plier
11. Claw Hammer
12. Riveter
13. Soldering Iron
14. Cutter
15. Cold Chisel
16. Coverall
17. Eye Protector
18. Gloves
19. Welding Mask
 26

Phase ll: Sketch Plan of Corn Planter

Figure 6. Components Figure 7. Measurements

As shown in Figure 6, the major components of the Corn Planter include the Seed
Container, Seed Metering Device, LED Lights, Handle Height Adjustment, Beak Holder,
Beak, Scaffold, and Laser. The Seed Container holds the seeds during planting, while the
Seed Metering Device ensures that the seeds are placed accurately at predetermined
intervals. The LED Lights are designed for low-light conditions, such as early mornings
and evenings, and are rechargeable with a solar panel for charging. The Handle Height
Adjustment allows the user to adjust the height of the handle for comfort and
convenience. The Beak Holder secures the beak in place, helping with soil penetration and
 27

preventing soil from entering the beak. The Beak is where the seeds are released into the
soil, and the Scaffold helps to open the beak by pushing it forward once it has penetrated
the soil. Lastly, the Laser ensures accuracy and uniformity during planting.

In Figure 7, the measurements used by the researchers in the fabrication of the

corn planter are shown. These measurements served as a guide to ensure accuracy and
proper fitting according to the design plan. The precise measurements helped prevent
issues and ensured that all parts were aligned correctly, allowing the researchers to avoid
material wastage.

Phase lll: Development of Corn Planters

Once the tools, equipment, materials, and sketch plan are readily available, the step-by-
step procedure will be started accordingly.

Procedure in Making Semi-Manual Corn Planter:

Step 1. Prepare the materials, tools, and equipment needed.
Step 2. Measure the aluminum tube and other materials according to measurements.
Step 3. Cut the measured materials accordingly.
Step 4. Drill the parts that are needed to be drilled, according to the measurements.
Step 5. Measure two feet in the upper part of the aluminum, start at its top.
Step 6. Gradually indent slightly the four sides of the aluminum in the two feet
measurement until it can fit and slide perfectly to the another aluminum tube.
Step 7. Build the lower part which is the beak, scaffold, and beak holder with stainless
steel materials by welding it properly.
Step 8. Attach it by drilling a hole besides the beak and put a bolt and nut to secure it in
place.
Step 9. Attach a tension spring to the beak holder and attach it in the back part of the
aluminum tube using a rivet and hook to hold it in place.
 28

Step 10. Make a movable laser that can be moved in angle and secure it with two rivets on
the right side of the aluminum tube.
Step 11. Measure its angle according to the meters required in different seed spacing of
the corn. Paint the measurements differently according to distance and print a color guide
that will be attach to serve as instructions on different colors/distance of the angle in the
laser.
Step 12. In another aluminum tube, slide it in the indented part in place. Make a handle
height adjustment by bending a flat bar according to measurements and drill it in the
middle through the aluminum tube but not in the indented aluminum tube. Secure it by
using a rivet. Put a bigger bolt and nut to it and put a small rubber to the end of the bolt.
Lastly is make the nut bigger using a cap of a bottle for ease of use.
Step 13. Build a solar chargeable LED light, make a housing using a vinyl tile and solder
the wirings properly. If finished, slide and glue it in the middle part of the aluminum tube
properly.
Step 14. Build the seed metering device, using a vinyl tile, build it according to
measurements and attach it at the top of the aluminum tube securely.
Step 15. Build the seed container, use a four inch clean out and coupling, and a funnel.
Connect them together with an epoxy. If finished, connect it to the top of the seed
metering device and secure it with a six inch cut vertically aluminum from aluminum tube
using rivets.
Step 16. Put a bike brake cable on its seed metering device to make it semi-manual, attach
it using PVC pipes that has been altered to fit and hold it in place. Secure the cables with a
super glue. Attach the lower end of it in the beak holder with a bolt and nut.
Step 17. Lastly is to paint it properly with a black paint.

Phrase IV: Pilot Testing

The researchers conducted a pilot test of the Corn Planter two to three days before
collecting data to anticipate any issues that might arise during the data collection process.
This testing phase also helped identify potential problems or limitations with the tools,
 29

allowing for adjustments before the main study began.

Phrase V: Evaluation of the Finish Product

The researchers conducted evaluation at ISAT U and selected agricultural farms
in
Iloilo. The Corn Planter was assessed by Teachers and TLE students of ISAT U, as well
as farmers in Iloilo, to determine its acceptability based on functionality, portability, and
safety. The researchers demonstrated the device to the respondents to ensure an accurate
assessment for the evaluation.

Phase VI: Gathering Data

The researchers created a questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale, which was
validated by teachers with expertise in questionnaire validation to ensure the accuracy and
relevance of the results obtained.
The researcher asked permission from teachers, TLE students, and farmers to
conduct the survey and participate in answering the questions created by the researchers.

The researchers distributed questionnaires to the selected participants individually

after obtaining their consent. The respondents reviewed the proposed innovations by
completing the questionnaire, and their responses were then collected.

The responses from the respondents were recorded, organized, and analyzed using
suitable statistical methods. Data collection for the study took 3 to 4 days to obtain the
necessary results.

Data Analysis Procedure

The researchers used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software
 30

set at a 0.05 significance level for the computation and tabulation of the collected data.

The results were analyzed and interpreted using various statistical tools.

The mean was used to assess the functionality, portability, and safety of the Corn
Planter.

The standard deviation measured the dispersion of the scores from the mean. To
interpret the level of acceptability, the researchers utilized the scale provided below.

Scale Description Scale Description

4.21 - 5.0 Highly Functional 4.21 - 5.0 Highly Portable
3.41 - 4.20 Functional 3.41 - 4.20 Portable
2.61 - 3.4 Moderately Functional 2.61 - 3.4 Moderately Portable
1.81 - 2.6 Barely Functional 1.81 - 2.6 Barely Portable
1.0 - 1.8 Non-Functional 1.0 - 1.8 Non-Portable

Scale Description
4.21- 5.0 Highly Safe
3.41- 4.20 Safe
2.61 – 3.4 Moderately Safe
1.81- 2.6 Barely Safe
1.0 - 1.8 Unsafe

To find out the significant difference in functionality, portability, and safety of the
corn planter, the Kruskal-Wallis Test was used.
 31

Data Measuring Technique

Researcher-made Questionnaire

The researcher-made questionnaire used a five-point Likert scale and included 15

questions. It was divided into two sections: the first part gathered personal details from the

respondents, including an optional field for their name, while the second part contained

questions assessing the Corn Planter's capabilities, focusing on aspects such as

functionality, portability, and safety, which were rated by the respondents.

 Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Result and Discussion

The questionnaires were gathered after the study was completed with
teachers,students, and farmers. The data were then encoded, tabulated, calculated,
analyzed, and interpreted using the Kruskal-Wallis Test.

Table 1. Level of Acceptability in Terms of Functionality

Groups N M SD Interpretation

Students 15 4.77 0.28 Highly Functional

Teachers 5 4.92 0.10 Highly Functional
Farmers 10 4.94 0.09 Highly Functional
Total 30 4.85 0.22 Highly Functional

Legend: Mean Scores Description

4.21 - 5.0 Highly Functional
3.41 - 4.20 Functional
2.61 - 3.4 Moderately Functional
1.81 - 2.6 Barely Functional
1.0 - 1.8 Non-Functional

In terms of functionality, the device received a mean score of 4.77 and a standard
deviation of 0.28 from the students, indicating it is highly functional. The teachers rated
the device with a mean of 4.92 and a standard deviation of 0.10, also considering it highly
functional. The farmers gave the device a mean of 4.94 and a standard deviation of 0.09,
reflecting their assessment of it as highly functional.
The overall evaluation of the respondents regarding the functionality of the corn
 32

planter resulted in a mean score of 4.85 and a standard deviation of 0.22. This indicates
that the respondents found the Corn Planter to be highly functional.

Table 2. Level of Acceptability in Terms of Portability

Groups N M SD Interpretation

Students 15 4.84 0.22 Highly Portable

Teachers 5 4.88 0.10 Highly Portable
Farmers 10 4.98 0.06 Highly Portable
Total 30 4.89 0.17 Highly Portable

Legend: Mean Scores Description

4.21 - 5.0 Highly Portable
3.41 - 4.20 Portable
2.61 - 3.4 Moderately Portable
1.81 - 2.6 Barely Portable
1.0 - 1.8 Non-Portable

In terms of portability, the device received a mean score of 4.84 and a standard
deviation of 0.22 from the students, indicating it is highly portable. The teachers rated the
device with a mean of 4.88 and a standard deviation of 0.10, also finding it highly
portable. The farmers gave the device a mean of 4.98 and a standard deviation of 0.06,
assessing it as highly portable.
The overall evaluation of the respondents regarding the portability of the corn
planter resulted in a mean score of 4.89 and a standard deviation of 0.17. This indicates
that the respondents found the Corn Planter to be highly portable.
 33

Table 3. Level of Acceptability in Terms of Safety

Groups N M SD Interpretation

Students 15 4.90 0.16 Highly Safe

Teachers 5 4.92 0.10 Highly Safe
Farmers 10 4.94 0.13 Highly Safe
Total 30 4.92 0.14 Highly Safe

Legend: Mean Scores Description

4.21 - 5.0 Highly Safe
3.41 - 4.20 Safe
2.61 - 3.4 Moderately Safe
1.81 - 2.6 Barely Safe
1.0 - 1.8 Unsafe

In terms of safety, the device received a mean score of 4.90 and a standard
deviation of 0.16 from the students, indicating it is considered highly safe. The teachers
rated the device with a mean of 4.92 and a standard deviation of 0.10, also finding it
highly safe. The farmers gave the device a mean of 4.94 and a standard deviation of 0.13,
reflecting their assessment of it as highly safe.
The overall evaluation of the respondents regarding the safety of the corn planter
resulted in a mean score of 4.92 and a standard deviation of 0.14. This indicates that the
respondents found the Corn Planter to be highly safe.
 34

Table 4. Kruskal Wallis Test Results

Group N Mean Rank Chi Square df P

Farmers 10 19.45 3.530 2 0.171

Students 15 13.97
Teachers 5 12.20

As shown in table 4, the results showed that farmers had the highest mean rank
(19.45), followed by students (13.97), and Teachers had the lowest (12.20). The test gave
a Chi-Square value of 3.530 with 2 degrees of freedom, and the p-value was 0.171. Since
the p-value is higher than 0.05, we can say that there is no significant difference in how
the three groups viewed the acceptability of the Corn Planter. In other words, while
Farmers rated it the highest, the difference wasn't large enough to be considered
statistically important.
 Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter provides a summary, conclusions, and recommendations based on

the study of the Corn Planter. It summarizes the main findings, focusing on the device's
functionality, portability, and safety as evaluated by various respondent groups from
ISATU and San Miguel, Iloilo.

Summary
This was conducted to determine the device's functionality, portability, and
safety as evaluated by various respondent groups from ISATU and San Miguel, Iloilo.

The sample consisted of the ten (10) farmers from San Miguel, Iloilo. There are
five (5) teachers from different college departments such as COE and CIT department,
and fifteen (15) third year students of BTLED Industrial Arts from Iloilo Science and
Technology University (Lapaz campus).

The study utilized a research-made questionnaire to content validation by a panel

of experts.

The data were presented through frequencies and percentage. The Statistical tool
employed in this study was the Kruskal- Wallis Test computed through SPSS all set at
0.05 level of significance.
 35

Summary of Findings.

1. What is the level of acceptability as to its functionality, portability, and

safety of the Corn Planter when evaluated by the farmers in San Miguel,
Iloilo. Teachers at ISAT U, and TLE students of ISAT U?

The mean rank for acceptability was highest among farmers with a mean
rank of 19.45, followed by students with a mean rank of 13.97, and lowest
among faculty with a mean rank of 12.20. This implies that farmers viewed the
device more positively than the other groups.

2. Is there any significant difference in the level of acceptability as to its

functionality, portability, and safety of the Corn Planter when evaluated by
the farmers in San Miguel, Iloilo. Teachers, and TLE students of ISAT U?

The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare the acceptability of the

Corn Planter among students, Teachers, and farmers. The test yielded a Chi-
Square value of 3.530 with 2 degrees of freedom and a p-value of 0.171. Since
the p-value is greater than 0.05, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected, indicating
no significant difference in acceptability across the three groups.

Conclusions

The following conclusions were drawn based on the findings:

The farmers showed the highest mean rank for acceptability of the Corn Planter;
the overall results indicate that the device's acceptability remains relatively consistent
 36

across students, Teachers, and farmers. Despite some variation in perception, all groups
find the device similarly highly acceptable.
The results of the Kruskal-Wallis H test implies that there is no significant
difference in the level of acceptability of the Corn Planter among students, faculty, and
farmers. This indicates that all three groups generally had similar perceptions of the
device.

Recommendations

Based on the conclusion, the following recommendations are provided by the

researchers:
1. Innovating the Corn Planter to accommodate a variety of seed types would make it
versatile enough to handle a broader range of crops, including beans, peas, and medium-
sized seeds.
2. Developing seed containers made from durable transparent materials would allow
users to visually assess the remaining seed quantity without needing to open the
container.
3. Incorporating a rubber grip on the handle of the planter would enhance user comfort
during long-term use.
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 37

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 38

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small/medium size no-till and minimum-till seeders in Asia: A review. International
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40
 APPENDIX A

LETTER TO THE DEAN

JOEL A. CIRIACO, Ph.D.

 42

DEAN OF COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

Greetings!

The following BTLED students conducting a research “CORN PLANTER OF

BTLED 4TH YEAR STUDENTS OF ISAT U in the School Year 2024-2025’’,for which
we constructed a checklist we would like, however, to determine the validity of each
include therein.

In this regard, we are hoping that you can help us by doing over and assessing the
relevance of each of the items.

Thank you very much for your valuable and kind attention.

Respectfully yours,

BJ A. CAMANDERO

CRYSTAL A. HOPE
PAMA

DAINE RUTH E. SOLIVA

Approved by:

JOEL A. CIRIACO, Ph.D.

Dean of College of Education
 APPENDIX B

LETTER TO THE RESPONDENTS

 41

Dear Respondents,

Sir/ Madam;

The undersigned is presently conducting a research study entitled “ CORN

PLANTER OF BTLED 4TH YEAR STUDENTS OF ISAT U’’ in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree Bachelor of Technology and Livelihood Education Major in
Industrial Arts (BTLED IA 4-A)

In view of this, you are chosen as one of the participants of the study. Kindly
answer honestly the questionnaire to the best of your ability and knowledge.

Thank you very much for your valuable and kind attention. I assure you that your
answer will be held strictly confidential and for research purposes only.

Respectfully yours,

BJ A. CAMANDERO

CRYSTAL A. HOPE PAMA

DAINE RUTH E. SOLIVA

Noted by:

IRON G. MORALES
Adviser
 APPENDIX C
LETTER TO THE JURORS
 42

September 9, 2024

MICHAEL G. GARLAN, PH.D

Faculty, College of Education
This University

Warmest Greetings!

We are currently conducting a research entitled CORN PLANTER in partial

fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Technology and Livelihood
Education Major in Industrial Arts (BTLED IA).

In this regard, we are respectfully requesting your kind assistance in validating the items
included in the questionnaire of our study. Please check your evaluation based on the
following criteria: (A) for appropriate, (NA) not appropriate, and (NR) need revision.
Please feel free to write your comments/suggestions and recommendation for the
improvement and refinement of the said instrument.

We will highly appreciate your favorable time and patience in sharing your expertise in
the said research study.

Thank you very much and God Bless.

Very truly yours,

BJ A. CAMANDERO

CRYSTAL HOPE PAMA

DAINE RUTH E. SOLIVA

BTLED IA 4-A
Noted by:

IRON MORALES
Adviser

NOLI R. MADARIO, Ph.D.

Research Teacher
 43

September 9, 2024

JAN REX P. OSANO, Ph.D.

Faculty, College of Education
This University

Warmest Greetings!

We are currently conducting a research entitled CORN PLANTER in partial

fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Technology and Livelihood
Education Major in Industrial Arts (BTLED IA).

In this regard, we are respectfully requesting your kind assistance in validating the items
included in the questionnaire of our study. Please check your evaluation based on the
following criteria: (A) for appropriate, (NA) not appropriate, and (NR) need revision.
Please feel free to write your comments/suggestions and recommendation for the
improvement and refinement of the said instrument.

We will highly appreciate your favorable time and patience in sharing your expertise in
the said research study.

Thank you very much and God Bless.

Very truly yours,

BJ A. CAMANDERO

CRYSTAL HOPE PAMA

DAINE RUTH E. SOLIVA

BTLED IA 4-A
Noted by:

IRON MORALES
Adviser

NOLI R. MADARIO, Ph.D.

Research Teacher

September 9, 2024
 44

ROMOLO D. CANDOLIZA, MTE

Faculty, HACT-RT
This University

Warmest Greetings!

We are currently conducting a research entitled CORN PLANTER in partial

fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Technology and Livelihood
Education Major in Industrial Arts (BTLED IA).

In this regard, we are respectfully requesting your kind assistance in validating the items
included in the questionnaire of our study. Please check your evaluation based on the
following criteria: (A) for appropriate, (NA) not appropriate, and (NR) need revision.
Please feel free to write your comments/suggestions and recommendation for the
improvement and refinement of the said instrument.

We will highly appreciate your favorable time and patience in sharing your expertise in
the said research study.

Thank you very much and God Bless.

Very truly yours,

BJ A. CAMANDERO

CRYSTAL HOPE PAMA

DAINE RUTH E.
SOLIVA

BTLED IA 4-A

Noted by:

IRON MORALES
Adviser

NOLI R. MADARIO, Ph.D.

Research Teacher
 45

September 9, 2024

REUBEN B. ARTICULO, Ph.D.

Faculty, College of Industrial Technology
This University

Warmest Greetings!

We are currently conducting a research entitled CORN PLANTER in partial

fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Technology and Livelihood
Education Major in Industrial Arts (BTLED IA).

In this regard, we are respectfully requesting your kind assistance in validating the items
included in the questionnaire of our study. Please check your evaluation based on the
following criteria: (A) for appropriate, (NA) not appropriate, and (NR) need revision.
Please feel free to write your comments/suggestions and recommendation for the
improvement and refinement of the said instrument.

We will highly appreciate your favorable time and patience in sharing your expertise in
the said research study.

Thank you very much and God Bless.

Very truly yours,

BJ A. CAMANDERO

CRYSTAL HOPE PAMA

DAINE RUTH E.
SOLIVA

BTLED IA 4-A

Noted by:

IRON MORALES
Adviser

NOLI R. MADARIO, Ph.D.

 46

Research Teacher
APPENDIX D
INSTRUMENT
 46

Name (optional):_____________________________Date:_______________

Address:____________________________________

Direction: Please read carefully each statement and check for the box to rate our
innovation with, five (5) as the highest and one (1) as the lowest

Scale Functionality Scale Portability Scale Safety

1. Strongly Disagree 1. Strongly Disagree 1. Strongly Disagree

2. Disagree 2. Disagree 2. Disagree

3. Neither Agree nor 3. Neither Agree nor 3. Neither Agree

Disagree Disagree nor Disagree

4. Agree 4. Agree 4. Agree

5. Strongly Agree 5. Strongly Agree 5. Strongly Agree

 47

Scale Functionality Scale Portability Scale Safety

1. Strongly Disagree 1. Strongly Disagree 1. Strongly Disagree

2. Disagree 2. Disagree 2. Disagree

3. Neither Agree nor 3. Neither Agree nor 3. Neither Agree

Disagree Disagree nor Disagree

4. Agree 4. Agree 4. Agree

5. Strongly Agree 5. Strongly Agree 5. Strongly Agree

 48

Scale Functionality Scale Portability Scale Safety

1. Strongly Disagree 1. Strongly Disagree 1. Strongly Disagree

2. Disagree 2. Disagree 2. Disagree

3. Neither Agree nor 3. Neither Agree nor 3. Neither Agree

Disagree Disagree nor Disagree

4. Agree 4. Agree 4. Agree

5. Strongly Agree 5. Strongly Agree 5. Strongly Agree

 49

Name (optional):_____________________________Date:_______________

Address:____________________________________

Direction: Please read carefully each statement and check for the box to rate our
innovation with, five (5) as the highest and one (1) as the lowest.
 50

Scale Functionality Scale Portability Scale Safety

1. Strongly Disagree 1. Strongly Disagree 1. Strongly Disagree

2. Disagree 2. Disagree 2. Disagree

3. Neither Agree nor 3. Neither Agree nor 3. Neither Agree

Disagree Disagree nor Disagree

4. Agree 4. Agree 4. Agree

5. Strongly Agree 5. Strongly Agree 5. Strongly Agree

A. Functionality (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1. The corn planter is
simple to operate.
2. The corn planter design
speed up the planting
process compared to
manual methods.
3. The corn planter’s laser
light has feature that
improves seed placement
accuracy.
4. The corn planter’s LED
light is bright enough for
planting during
dawn/twilight.
5. The corn planter’s
adjustable handle feature
enhances user's experience.
 51

Scale Functionality Scale Portability Scale Safety

1. Strongly Disagree 1. Strongly Disagree 1. Strongly Disagree

2. Disagree 2. Disagree 2. Disagree

3. Neither Agree nor 3. Neither Agree nor 3. Neither Agree

Disagree Disagree nor Disagree

4. Agree 4. Agree 4. Agree

5. Strongly Agree 5. Strongly Agree 5. Strongly Agree

B. Portability (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1. The corn planter is
comfortable to use without
exerting much physical
strength.
2. The corn planter is space-
efficient; it can be stored in
small areas without
requiring much room.
3. The corn planter is designed
to be easily maneuvered in
tight spaces.
4. The adjustable handle
allows the user to adjust the
height preference of the
corn planter for
convenience.
5. The corn planter’s
adjustable handle makes
carrying easier.
 52

Scale Functionality Scale Portability Scale Safety

1. Strongly Disagree 1. Strongly Disagree 1. Strongly Disagree

2. Disagree 2. Disagree 2. Disagree

3. Neither Agree nor 3. Neither Agree nor 3. Neither Agree

Disagree Disagree nor Disagree

4. Agree 4. Agree 4. Agree

5. Strongly Agree 5. Strongly Agree 5. Strongly Agree

C. Safety (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1. The material used in the corn planter is safe

and non-toxic.

2. The materials used in corn planter is made

from rust resistant material.

3. The adjustable handle of the corn planter

is ergonomically designed to reduce hand strain.

4. The parts of the corn planter are securely

attached and firmly secured,ensuring safe
operation during use.

5. The LED light of corn planter improves

visibility, ensures that user can clearly see the
operation area to avoid potential hazard during
dawn/twilight.
 53

EVIDENCE
CURRICULUM VITAE OF THE RESEARCHERS
 53

Name: BJ A. Camandero

Age: 22

Date of birth : Jan. 20, 2002

Status: Single

Address: Brgy. Igtambo San Miguel, Iloilo

Mother's Name: Gineva Camandero

Occupational: None

Father's Name: Fernando Camandero

Occupational: Self-employed

Educational Background

Elementary: Igtambo Elementary School

Secondary: Leonora S. Salapantan National Highschool

Tertiary: Iloilo Science and Technology University

Course: Bachelor Technology Livelihood Education major in Industrial Arts

 54

Name: Crystal Hope A.Pama

Age: 22

Date of birth : July 2,2002

Status: Single

Address: Montpiller,Buenavista Guimaras

Mother's Name: Larren A.Pama

Occupational: Housewife

Father's Name: Gilbert C.Pama

Occupational: Electrician

Educational Background

Elementary: Jordan Central School

Secondary: Jordan National High School

Senior High School: University Of Iloilo

Tertiary: Iloilo Science and Technology University

Course: Bachelor Of Technology And Livelihood Education Major in Industrial Arts

 55

Name: Daine Ruth E. Soliva

Age: 21

Date of Birth: May 8, 2003

Status: Single

Address: San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo

Mother’s Name: Ma. Ruth E. Soliva

Occupational: BHW

Father’s Name: Joel C. Soliva

Occupational: Driver

Educational Background

Elementary: San Jose Elementary School

Junior High School: Leonora S. Salapantan National High School

Senior High School: Georgia International Academy Iloilo

Tertiary: Iloilo Science and Technology University

Course: Bachelor of Technology and livelihood Education Major in Industrial Arts