A drier is to be designed to reduce the moisture content of copra from

52 percent to 6 percent. Atmospheric air at 31ºC dry bulb and 24ºC wet
bulb temperature, is heated by steam coils to 88ºC before entering the
drier. Steam enters the reheater at a pressure of 133.9kPa and
95percent quality. The air leaves the drier at 40ºC with a relative
humidity of 80 percent. Copra enter the drier at the rate of 1.30 kg/s.
Determine (a) The mass flow rate of air and (b) The mass flow rate of
steam
mwater removed=0.52−0.06=0.46kg/kg copra
m˙water=1.30×0.46=0.598kg/s.
1. Tobacco in a warehouse, held at 30 C and 40% relative humidity, is placed in a
room at 32 C and 70% relative humidity preparatory to being worked on. For
each 50 kg of tobacco moved from the warehouse, what is the bone-dry
weight? What is the actual weight of this quantity of tobacco after staying in
the working room?

Solution:
m 1 =50 kg

For tobacco at 40% RH

Re gain 1=13 . 30 %

at 70% RH
Re gain2 =25 . 00 %

m1−Bdw
Bdw=
(a) Re gain 1

0 . 1330 Bdw=50−Bdw
Bdw=44.13 kg

(b) m2 = actual weight

m 2 =( Re gain 2 ) ( Bdw ) + Bdw=( 0. 25 ) ( 44 . 13 ) + 44 . 13=55 .16 kg

2. Air enters an adiabatic drier at 6 m/s through a 2-m diameter duct at 29 C dry
bulb and 22 C wet bulb temperatures. It is heated to 80 C before reaching the
material to be dried and leaves the drier at 44 C and 80% RH. The material
enters the drier with a moisture content of 24%, and leaves with a moisture
content of 8%. Determine (a) the mass of water removed per kg of dry air, (b)
the volume flow of air entering the reheater, (c) the kg of water evaporated
per second, (d) the mass flow rate of material leaving the drier, and (e) the
heat requirement of drier per kg of water evaporated.

Solution:

t db =29 C t wb =22 C
at 1, 1 , 1

h1 =64 . 2 kJ /kg

W 1 =0 . 0138 kg /kg

v 1=0 . 874 m3 /kg

t db =80 C W =W =0 . 0138 kg /kg

at 2, 2 , 2 1
h g 2=2643.7 kJ /kg

h2 =c p t db +W 2 h g 2 = ( 1. 0062 ) ( 80 ) + ( 0 . 0138 ) ( 2643. 7 ) =116. 98 kJ /kg

2

t db =44 C φ =80 %
at 3, 3 , 3 RH

pd =9 .151 kPa
3
p s =φ3 p d =( 0 . 80 ) ( 9 .151 )=7 .321 kPa
3 3

0 . 622 p s 0 . 622 ( 7 . 321 )

W 3= 3
= =0 .0484 kg /kg
pt − p s3 101. 325−7 . 321

(a) Mass of water removed per kg dry air = W 3 −W 2=0. 0484−0 . 0138=0. 0346 kg/kg

π
V̇ 1 = ( 2 )2 ( 6 )=18 . 85 m3 /s
(b) Volume flow rate of air entering the reheater = 4

V̇ 1 18 . 85
ṁa ( W 3 −W 2 )= ( W 3 −W 2 )= 0 . 875 ( 0 . 0346 ) =0 .746 kg/ s
(c) Mass of water evaporated = v1

(d) Mass flow rate of material leaving the dryer = ṁ5

ṁ5 ( 1−0. 08 ) =ṁ4 ( 1−0 .24 )

ṁ4 =1.21 { ṁ5 ¿

but ṁ4 − ṁ5 =ṁa ( W 3 −W 2 )

1 .21 { ṁ5 − ṁ5 =0 . 746 ¿

ṁ 5 =3 .552 kg /s

(e) Heat requirement per kg of water evaporated.

ṁ a ( h2 −h1 ) h2 −h1 116 . 98−64 . 2
= = = =1525 kJ /kg water
ṁa ( W 3 −W 2 ) W 3 −W 2 0 . 0346
3. A drier is to be designed to reduce the water content of a certain material
from 55% to 10%. Air at 29 C dry bulb temperature and with a humidity ratio
of 0.005 kg/kg is heated to 50 C in a reheater before entering the drier. The air
leaves the drier at 38 C with 70% relative humidity. On the basis of 1000 kg of
product per hour, calculate (a) the volume flow rate of air entering the
reheater, and (b) the heat supplied in the reheater.

Solution:

t db =29 C W =0 . 005 kg /kg

At 1, 1 , 1
h1 =42 kJ / kg

v 1=0 . 862 m3 /kg

t db =50 C W =W =0 . 005 kg /kg

at 2, 2 , 2 1
h2 =63 . 5 kJ /kg

t db =38 C φ =70 %
at 3, 3 , 3 RH
W 3 =0 . 0298 kg /kg
 ṁ5 ( 1−0. 10 )= ṁ4 ( 1−0. 55 )

ṁ 5 =1000 kg /hr

1000 ( 1−0. 10 )
ṁ4 = =2000 kg /hr
1−0 . 55

ṁ4 −ṁ5
ṁa =
W 3 −W 2
=
2000−1000
0 . 0298−0. 005 (
= ( 40 , 323 kg /hr )
1 hr
)
3600 s
=11. 2 kg /s

(a) Volume flow rate of air entering the reheater =

V̇ 1 =ṁa v 1=( 11. 2 ) ( 0. 862 ) =9 .65 m3 /s

(b) Heat supplied in the reheater = = ṁa ( h2−h1 )=11. 2 ( 63 .5−42 ) =240. 8 kW

4. A dryer is to deliver 1000 kg/hr of palay with final moisture content in the feed
is 15% at atmospheric condition with 32 C dry bulb and 21 C wet bulb. The
dryer is maintained at 45 C while the relative humidity of the hot humid air
from the dryer is 80%. If the steam pressure supplied to the heater is 2 MPa,
determine the following:
(a) Palay supplied to the dryer in kg/h.
(b) Temperature of the hot humid air from the dryer in C.
(c) Air supplied to dryer in cu m/h.
(d) Heat supplied by the heater in kW.
(e) Steam supplied to heater in kg/h.

Solution:
 t db =32 C t wb =21 C
at 1, 1 , 1

h1 =60 . 6 kJ /kg

W 1 =0 . 0112 kg /kg

t db =45 C W =W =0 . 0112 kg /kg

at 2, 2 , 2 1
h2 =74 . 9 kJ /kg

v 2=0 . 917 m3 /kg

t db =45 C φ =80 %
at 3, 3 , 2 RH
pd =9 .593 kPa
3

p s =φ3 p d =( 0 . 80 ) ( 9 .593 )=7 .674 kPa

3 3

0 . 622 p s 0 . 622 ( 7 . 674 )

W 3= 3
= =0 . 0510 kg /kg
pt − p s3 101. 325−7 . 674

h g 3=2583.2 kJ /kg
h3 =c p t db +W 3 h g 3 = (1 . 0062 ) ( 45 ) + ( 0 . 0510 ) ( 2583 .2 ) =177 kJ /kg
3
(a) Palay supplied to the dryer in kg/hr
ṁ5 ( 1−0. 10 ) 1000 ( 1−0 . 10 )
ṁ4 = = =1058. 8 kg /hr
= 1−0 .15 1−0 .15

t db =t dryer =45 C
(b) Temperature of the humid air from the dryer = 3 .

(c) Air supplied to dryer = V̇ 2 =ṁa v 2

ṁ4 −ṁ5 1058. 8−1000

ṁa = = =1477 . 4 kg /hr
W 3 −W 2 0 . 0510−0. 0112

V̇ 2 =ṁa v 2= (1477 . 4 ) ( 0 .917 )=1354 . 8 m3 /h

(d) Heat supplied to heater in kW

= ṁa ( h2 −h1 )= (1477

3600 )
.4
( 74 . 9−60 .6 )=5 . 87 kW

(e) ṁs hfg =5 . 87 kW

ṁs ( 1890 . 7 )= (5 . 87 )( 3600 )

ṁ s =11. 18 kg /hr
Copra enters dryer containing 60% water and
40% of
solid sand leaves with 5% water and 95%
solids. Finds the
weight of water removed based on each
pound of original
product.
a. 0.58lb
b. 0.40lb
c. 0.47lb
d. 0.67lb
SOLUTION:
Let; m = weight of original product per lb of wet
feed
Solid in wet feed = solid in dried product
0.95m = 0.40 (1)
m = 0.42lb
Thus;
Weight of water removed = 1 – 0.42
Wet material containing 215% moisture
(dry basis) is to
be dried at the rate of 1.5 kg / s in a
continuous dryer to give a
product containing 5% moisture (wet
basis). The drying
medium consists of air heated to 373 K
and containing water
vapor equivalent to a partial pressure of
1.40 kPa. The air
leaves the dryer at 310 K and 70%
saturated. Calculate how
much air will be required to remove the
moisture. (Apr 97)
SOLUTION:
amount of moisture removed = amount of
moisture absorbed by
air
m = rate of flow of dried product.
1 (1.5) = 0.95 m ; m = 0.501 kg / s
1 + 2.15
amount of moisture removed = 1.5 – 0.501
= 0.999 kg / s
W1 = 0.622Pv = 0.622 (1.4)
Pt – Pv 101.325 – 1.4
= 0.00871 kg / kg
ma (0.0289 – 0.00871) = amount of moisture
removed
ma (0.0289 – 0.00871) = 0.999
ma = 49.48 kg / s

Copra enters a dryer containing 60% water

and 40% of
solids and leaves with 5% water and 95%
solids. Find the
weight of water removed based on each
pound of original
product. (Apr 95)
SOLUTION:
m = weight of original product per lb of wet feed
solid in wet feed = solid in dried product
0.95 m = 0.40 (1)
m = 0.42 lb
weight of water removed = 1 – 0.42
= 0.58 lb
A dryer is to deliver 1000 kg / hour of
palay with a final
moisture content of 10%. The initial
moisture content in the
feed is 15% at atmospheric condition with
32% dry bulb and
21% wet bulb. The dryer is maintained at
45 C while the
relative humidity of the hot humid air from
the dryer is 80%. If
the steam pressure supplied to the heater
is 2 MPa, determine
the air supplied to the dryer in m3 / hr.
(Oct 95)
SOLUTION:
= 78 kg / hramount of moisture = amount of
moisture absorbed
m = amount of palay in wet feed
solid in wet feed = solid in dried product
0.85 m = 0.90 (1000)
m = 1,058.83 kg / hr
amount of moisture removed:
m = 1058.83 – 1000 = 58.28
From psychrometric chart:
W1 = W2 = 0.0111 kg / kg; V2 = 0.915 m3 / kg
W3 = 0.0515 kg / kg
the amount of moisture absorbed:
= ma (W3 - W2)
58.823 = ma (0.0515 – 0.111)
ma = 1456.015 kg / hr
Va = 1456.015 kg / hr (0.915 m3 / kg)
= 1332.25 m3 / hr
A rotary dryer fired with bunker oil having HHV = 10,
000 kcal/kg is to produce 20 MT/hr of dried sand with
0.5% moisture from wet feed containing 7% moisture.
Specific heat of sand is 0.21 BTU/lb- degrees
Fahrenheit. Temperature of wet sand is 30 degrees
Celsius and temperature of dried product is 115
degrees Celsius. Assume inlet air relative humidity,
RH1=50% and outlet air relative humidity, RH3 = 100%
a. calculate the weight of wet feed in kg/hr.
b. calculate the heat required in KW
c. calculate the weight of water removed in kg/hr
d. calculate the volume of bunker oil in liters per hour, if the specific gravity of
bunker oil is 0.9 and dryer efficiency is 60%

a. 20 metric tons/hr with 0.5% moisture

20 * 0.995 = 19.9 metric tons/hr
W * 0.93 = 19.9 metric tons/hr
W = 19.9 / 0.93 = 21.4 metric tons/hr.

b. 21.4 * 0.07 = 1.498 metric tons/hr.

20 * 0.005 = 0.1 metric tons/hr
1.498 - 0.1 = 1.398 metric tons/hr or 1,398 kg/hr.

c. Q1 = m * c * ΔT
(19.9 metric tons/hr)
(0.21 Btu/lb-°F)
(115 - 30 = 85°C).
Q1 = 19.9 * 2204.62 * 0.21 * 85 = 79,000,000 Btu/hr
Q2 = m * hfg
Q2 = 1,398 * 540 * 3.968 = 3,000,000 Btu/hr
Q = Q1 + Q2 = 82,000,000 Btu/hr.
d. Q = m * HHV * efficiency
82,000,000 = m * 10,000 * 3.968 * 0.60.
m = 3,440 kg/hr

V = m / specific gravity = 3,440 / 0.90 = 3,822 liters/hr.