0% found this document useful (0 votes)

125 views

314324

The document outlines the vision, mission, quality policy, and core values of the Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (MSBTE) aimed at providing high-quality technical education that meets industry needs. It includes a laboratory manual for the Digital Electronics and Microcontroller Applications course, detailing practical outcomes, industry-relevant skills, and guidelines for both teachers and students to enhance learning and competency development. The manual emphasizes the importance of hands-on experience and effective implementation of an outcome-based curriculum to prepare students for real-world challenges in the electrical engineering field.

Uploaded by

1656principal 1656principal

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

125 views

314324

Uploaded by

1656principal 1656principal

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 257

VISION

To ensure that the Diploma Level Technical Education constantly matches the latest requirements of
technology and industry and includes the all-round personal development of students including social
concerns and to become globally competitive, technology led organization.

MISSION
To provide high quality technical and managerial manpower, information and consultancy services to the
industry and community to enable the industry and community to face the changing technological and
environmental challenges.

QUALITY POLICY

We, at MSBTE, are committed to offer the best in class academic services to the students and institutes to
enhance the delight of industry and society. This will be achieved through continual improvement in
management practices adopted in the process of curriculum design, development, implementation
evaluation and monitoring system along with adequate faculty development Programs.

CORE VALUES

MSBTE believes in the followings:

• Education industry produces live products.

• Market requirements do not wait for curriculum changes.

• Question paper is the reflector of academic standards of educational organization

• Well-designed curriculum needs effective implementation too.

• Competency based curriculum is the backbone of need based programs.

• Technical skills do need support for life skills.

• Best teachers are the national assets.

• Effective teaching learning process is impossible without learning resources.

A Laboratory Manual for

Digital Electronics And

Microcontroller Applications
(314324)
Semester-IV
(EE/ EP)

Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education, Mumbai
(Autonomous) (ISO 9001:2015) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013)
Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education, Mumbai
(Autonomous) (ISO 9001:2015) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013)
4th Floor, Government Polytechnic Building, 49, Kherwadi, Bandra (East), Mumbai - 400051.
MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. / Ms. ………………………………………………..

Roll No.…….… of Fourth Semester of Diploma in ………………………. of
Institute………………………...………………………….…………………..
(Code: …………) has attained pre-defined practical outcomes (PROs)
satisfactorily in course Digital Electronics And Microcontroller
Applications (314324) for the academic year 20.…... to 20...…. as prescribed
in the curriculum.
Place: …………… Enrollment No: ………….
Date: …………… Exam. Seat No: ……………

Course Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Seal of the
Institute
Digital Electronics And Microcontroller Applications (314324)
______________________________________________________________________________________________

Preface
The primary focus of any engineering laboratory/field work in the technical education system is to
develop the much needed industry relevant competencies and skills. With this in view, MSBTE embarked
on this innovative ‘K’ Scheme curricula for engineering diploma programmes with outcome- based
education as the focus and accordingly, a relatively large amount of time is allotted for the practical work.
This displays the great importance of laboratory work, making each teacher, instructor and student realize
that every minute of the laboratory time needs to be effectively utilized to develop these outcomes, rather
than doing other mundane activities. Therefore, for the successful implementation of this outcome-based
curriculum, every practical has been designed to serve as a ‘vehicle’ to develop this industry identified
competency in every student. The practical skills are difficult to develop through ‘chalk and duster’ activity
in the classroom situation. Accordingly, the ‘K’ scheme laboratory manual development team designed the
practicals to focus on the outcomes, rather than the traditional age old practice of conducting practicals to
‘verify the theory’ (which may become a byproduct along the way).

This laboratory manual is designed to help all stakeholders, especially the students, teachers and
instructors to develop in the student the predetermined outcomes. It is expected from each student that at
least a day in advance, they have to thoroughly read through the concerned practical procedure that they
will do the next day and understand the minimum theoretical background associated with the practical.
Every practical in this manual begins by identifying the competency, industry relevant skills, course
outcomes and practical outcomes which serve as a key focal point for doing the practical. The students will
then become aware about the skills they will achieve through the procedure shown there and necessary
precautions to be taken, which will help them to apply in solving real-world problems in their professional
life.

This manual also provides guidelines to teachers and instructors to effectively facilitate student-
centered lab activities through each practical exercise by arranging and managing necessary resources in
order that the students follow the procedures and precautions systematically ensuring the achievement of
outcomes in the students.

The electrical diploma holder has to work in industry as a technical person in middle level
management. He/she has to work as production, maintenance, testing engineer in various domain like power
generation, transmission, distribution, traction etc. and has to deal with different electrical measurements.
He/she also has to deal with advanced, automated and sophisticated equipment that are used in modern
techniques. While performing the above task he/she has to measure different electrical and electronic
parameters with testing, therefore he/she must require the skills for these measurements and a broad idea of
different meters and equipment. Equipment may contain digital and microcontroller based embedded
systems, and this course is intended to develop the skills to maintain and solve the application problems
related to measurement, control and automation based on microcontrollers.
Although best possible care has been taken to check for errors (if any) in this laboratory manual,
perfection may elude us as this is the first edition of this manual. Any errors and suggestions for
improvement are solicited and highly welcome.

______________________________________________________________________________________________
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) i
Digital Electronics And Microcontroller Applications (314324)
______________________________________________________________________________________________

Programme Outcomes (POs) and Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs) to be achieved through
Practicals of this Course

Following programme outcomes are expected to be achieved through the practical of the course.

PO1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, science and
engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the broad based Electrical engineering
problems.

PO2: Problem analysis: Identify and analyze well-defined Electrical engineering problems using codified
standard methods.

PO3: Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for well-defined technical problems and assist
with the design of Electrical systems components or processes to meet specified needs.

PO4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern Electrical engineering tools and
appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.

PO5: Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply appropriate Electrical
technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical practices.

PO6: Project Management: Use Electrical engineering management principles individually, as a team
member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about well- defined engineering
activities.

PO7: Life-long learning: Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating in the context of
Electrical technological changes.

______________________________________________________________________________________________
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) ii
Digital Electronics And Microcontroller Applications (314324)
______________________________________________________________________________________________

List of Industry Relevant Skills

The following industry relevant skills of the competency ‘Use digital electronics and
microcontroller based systems’ are expected to be developed in the students by undertaking the
laboratory work in this practical manual.

a. Realize logic circuits using Boolean expressions.

b. Build simple combinational and sequential circuits.
c. Analyse the architecture of microcontroller ICs.
d. Write programs in assembly language for microcontrollers.
e. Interface the memory and various I/O devices to microcontrollers.

______________________________________________________________________________________________
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) iii
Digital Electronics And Microcontroller Applications (314324)
______________________________________________________________________________________________

Practical- Course Outcome matrix

Course Outcomes (COs)

CO1- Apply knowledge of number system and logic circuits in working of digital system.
CO2- Build simple combinational and sequential circuits.
CO3- Access various registers in 8051 microcontroller.
CO4- Develop and execute programs in assembly language for microcontroller.
CO5- Use microcontroller in various applications.

Sr.
Title of the Practical CO 1 CO 2 CO 3 CO 4 CO 5
No.
Verification of the truth table of AND, OR, NOT gates
1.
using ICs. ✔ - - - -

2. Building of AND, OR, NOT gates using NAND gate. ✔ - - - -

3. Building of AND, OR, NOT gates using NOR gate. ✔ - - - -

Building of Half adder and Half subtractor using Boolean

4. ✔ - - - -
expressions.
Building of Full adder and full subtractor using Boolean
5. ✔ - - - -
expressions.
6. Verification of operation of Multiplexer IC74151 - ✔ - - -

7. Verification of operation of Demultiplexer IC74155 - ✔ - - -

8. Testing the function of RS flip flop using NAND Gate. - ✔ - - -

9. Testing the function of JK flip flop using 7476. - ✔ - - -

Construction and testing of the functionality of D flip flop
10. - ✔ - - -
using IC 7476.
Construction and testing the functionality of T flip flop
11.
using IC 7476. - ✔ - - -

12. Implementation of a 4-bit ripple counter using7476. - ✔ - - -

Assembly language program (ALP) to perform addition of

13. - - ✔ ✔ -
8-bit data using various addressing modes.

Assembly language program (ALP) to perform subtraction

14.
of 8-bit data using various addressing modes
- - ✔ ✔ -

Assembly language program (ALP) to perform

15. multiplication of 8-bit data, take the input data from port1 - - ✔ ✔ -
and display the output data on port 2

______________________________________________________________________________________________
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) iv
Digital Electronics And Microcontroller Applications (314324)
______________________________________________________________________________________________

Sr.
Title of the Practical CO 1 CO 2 CO 3 CO 4 CO 5
No.
Assembly language program (ALP) to perform division of
16.
8-bit data, take the input data from port 2 & display the - - ✔ ✔ -
output data on port 0
Assembly language program to transfer data from source
17.
to destination location of internal data memory.
- - ✔ ✔ -

Assembly language program to transfer data from source

18.
to destination location of external data memory.
- - ✔ ✔ -

Assembly language program to exchange data from

19.
source to destination memory location.
- - ✔ ✔ -

Assembly language program to find the smallest number

20. from the given data bytes stored in internal / external data - - ✔ ✔ -
memory locations.
Assembly language program to find the largest number
21. from the given data bytes stored in internal / external data - - ✔ ✔ -
memory locations.
Assembly language program for arranging numbers in
22.
ascending order stored in external memory locations. - - ✔ ✔ -
Assembly language program for arranging numbers in
23.
descending order stored in external memory locations. - - ✔ ✔ -

Assembly language program MASK and SET particular

24. bit of given register using 1) bit addressable instructions - - ✔ ✔ -
2) Logical instructions.
Assembly language program to get a rolling display on
25.
port 2. - - ✔ ✔ -
Interfacing of LED and switch with 8051 to turn ON /
26.
OFF the LED. - - - - ✔
Interfacing of RELAY with 8051 to turn ON /OFF the
27.
LED.
- - - - ✔

Interfacing of 7-segment display with 8051 to give output

28.
as decimal number from 0 to 9.
- - - - ✔

Interfacing of LCD with 8051 microcontrollers to display

29.
the alphabets and decimal numbers.
- - - - ✔

Interfacing of stepper motor with 8051 microcontroller

30. and write ALP to rotate stepper motor in clockwise and - - - - ✔
anti-clockwise direction at given angles.

______________________________________________________________________________________________
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) v
Digital Electronics And Microcontroller Applications (314324)
______________________________________________________________________________________________

Guidelines to Teachers

1. Teacher should provide the guideline with demonstration of practical to the students with all features.
2. Teacher shall explain prior concepts to the students before starting of each practical.
3. Involve students in the performance of each experiment.
4. Teacher should ensure that the respective skills and competencies are developed in the students after the
completion of the practical exercise.
5. Teachers should give opportunities to students for hands-on experience after the demonstration.
6. Teacher is expected to share the skills and competencies to be developed in the students.
7. Teacher may provide additional knowledge and skills to the students even though not covered in the
manual but are expected of the students by the industry.
8. Finally give practical assignments and assess the performance of students based on tasks assigned to
check whether it is as per the instructions.
9. Teacher is expected to refer complete curriculum document and follow guidelines for implementation
10. At the beginning of the practical, which is based on the simulation, teacher should make the students
acquainted with any simulation software environment.

Instructions for Students

1. Listen carefully to the lecture given by the teacher about course, curriculum, learning structure, skills to
be developed.
2. Organize the work in the group and make a record of all observations.
3. Do the calculations and plot the graph wherever it is required in the practical
4. Students shall develop maintenance skills as expected by industries.
5. Student shall attempt to develop related hand-on skills and gain confidence.
6. Student shall develop the habits of evolving more ideas, innovations, skills etc. those included in scope of
manual
7. Student should develop the habit to submit the practical on date and time.
8. Student should prepare well while submitting a write-up of exercise.

______________________________________________________________________________________________
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) vi
Digital Electronics And Microcontroller Applications (314324)
______________________________________________________________________________________________

Content Page
List of Practicals and Progressive Assessment Sheet

Dated
Sr. Page Date of Date of Assessment Remarks
Title of the practical sign. of
No. No. performance submission marks (25) (if any)
teacher
Verification of the truth table of
1.* AND, OR, NOT gates using ICs 1

Building of AND, OR, NOT

2. 11
gates using NAND gate.
Building of AND, OR, NOT 20
3.*
gates using NOR gate.
Building of Half adder and Half
4.* subtractor using Boolean 29
expressions.
Building of Full adder and full
5.* subtractor using Boolean 37
expressions.
Verification of operation of 47
6.*
Multiplexer IC74151
Verification of operation of
7. 55
Demultiplexer IC74155

Testing the function of RS flip

8. 66
flop using NAND Gate.

Testing the function of JK flip

9. 73
flop using 7476.

Construction and testing of the

10.* functionality of D flip flop using 81
IC 7476.
Construction and testing the
11.* functionality of T flip flop using 89
IC 7476.
Implementation of a 4-bit ripple 97
12.
counter using IC 7476.

Assembly language program

(ALP) to perform addition of 8-
13.* 105
bit data using various addressing
modes

Assembly language program

(ALP) to perform subtraction of 119
14.*
8-bit data using various
addressing modes

______________________________________________________________________________________________
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) vii
Digital Electronics And Microcontroller Applications (314324)
______________________________________________________________________________________________

Dated
Sr. Page Date of Date of Assessment Remarks
Title of the practical sign. of
No. No. performance submission marks (25) (if any)
teacher
Assembly language program
(ALP) to perform multiplication
15.* of 8-bit data, take the input data 125
from port1 and display the output
data on port 2
Assembly language program
(ALP) to perform division of 8-bit
16.* data, take the input data from port 132
2 & display the output data on
port 0
Assembly language program to
transfer data from source to
17.* 139
destination location of internal
data memory.
Assembly language program to
18. transfer data from source to 147
destination location of external
data memory.

Assembly language program to

19.* exchange data from source to 153
destination memory location.

Assembly language program to

20. find the smallest number from the 160
given data bytes stored in internal
/ external data memory locations.
Assembly language program to
21.* find the largest number from the 168
given data bytes stored in internal
/ external data memory locations.
Assembly language program for
22.* arranging numbers in ascending 175
order stored in external memory
locations.
Assembly language program for
23. arranging numbers in descending 181
order stored in external memory
locations.

Assembly language program

MASK and SET particular bit of
24.* given register using 1) bit 188
addressable instructions 2)
Logical instructions.

______________________________________________________________________________________________
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) viii
Digital Electronics And Microcontroller Applications (314324)
______________________________________________________________________________________________

Dated
Sr. Page Date of Date of Assessment Remarks
Title of the practical sign. of
No. No. performance submission marks (25) (if any)
teacher
Assembly language program to
25.* 194
get a rolling display on port 2.

Interfacing of LED and switch

26.* with 8051 to turn ON / OFF 201
the LED.

Interfacing of RELAY with

27.* 8051 to turn ON /OFF the 209
LED.

Interfacing of 7-segment
display with 8051 to give
28. 216
output as decimal number
from 0 to 9.

Interfacing of LCD with 8051

microcontroller to display the
29. 224
alphabets and decimal
numbers.
Interfacing of stepper motor
with 8051 microcontroller and
write ALP to rotate stepper
30. 234
motor in clockwise and anti-
clockwise direction at given
angles.

Total

______________________________________________________________________________________________
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) ix
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.1: Verification of the truth table of AND, OR, NOT gates using ICs.

I Practical Significance
Logic gates are the basic building block of all types of digital systems. There are few basic logical
operations performed a number of times in digital systems like computers or control systems. The
basic operations which are performed are AND, OR and NOT. Knowledge of functions of logic
gates will help the students to build the digital circuits.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcome

Apply knowledge of number system and logic circuits in working of digital system.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Build AND, OR, NOT gates to verify its truth table.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcomes

1. Follow safe practices
2. Demonstrate working as a leader or a team member.
3. Maintain tools and equipment.
4. Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

A logic gate is an electronic circuit, which makes logical decisions. It has only one output and one
or many inputs. The output signal appears for certain combinations of input signals. Logic gates are
the basic building blocks of all digital systems. These gates are AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR,
EX-OR and EX-NOR gates. The basic operations are described below with the help of truth tables.
In digital logic design, only two voltage levels or states are applied as input, and these states are
generally referred to as Logic "I" and Logic "0", High and Low, or True and False. These two states
are represented in truth tables as binary digits "1" and "0" respectively.
In digital circuits, a high impedance (hi-Z) also known as tri-state or floating output condition, is
not being driven to any defined logic level by the output circuit. The signal is neither driven to a
logical high nor low level; this third condition leads to the description “tri-stated”.
To verify the truth table of the gate, all possible input conditions are provided to the gate as per the
number of inputs of the gate. For example, NOT gate has only one input so possible conditions are
two (i.e. 0 and 1), because 2n=P, where n is number of inputs and P is number of combinations of
input conditions, which defines number of rows in the truth table of the gate. So the truth table of
NOT gate contains two rows and two columns, one column to write input ‘A’ condition and second
column is for writing output for that particular input condition and rows for combinations of inputs.
Similarly for 2-input AND or OR gate number of combinations are 22 = 4.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 1

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Classification of Logic gates:

Figure 1.1 Classification of Logic gates

NOT Gate: NOT gate is also known as Inverter. It has one input A and one output Y. Output Y
is a complement of input A.

Figure 1.2 Symbol and Truth table of NOT gate

AND Gate: In the AND gate, the output of an AND gate is Logic 1(High) if and only if all
the inputs are Logic 1(High). It has n inputs (n >= 2) and one output.
Y= A AND B
Y= A · B

Figure 1.3 Symbol and Truth table of AND gate

OR Gate: In the OR gate, the output of an OR gate is Logic 1(High) if any one input is Logic
1(High) from the number of inputs. It has n inputs (n >= 2) and one output.
Y= A OR B
Y= A + B
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 2
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Figure 1.4 Symbol Truth table of OR gate

ICs used to perform basic gate operations-
Logic gate ICs have a wide range of applications in various fields. These ICs are used in digital
electronics, communications systems, control systems, and computer systems. They are essential
components in modern electronic systems and are constantly evolving to meet the demands of new
applications. According to the function, some of the ICs from TTL logic family are as follows,
List of Logic Gate ICs and their functions

IC Number Function of the IC

IC 7404 Hex Inverter (NOT Gate IC)
IC 7408 Quad 2-input AND Gate IC
IC 7432 Quad 2-input OR Gate IC
IC 7400 Quad 2-input NAND Gate IC
IC 7402 Quad 2-input NOR Gate IC

74XX Series of Logic Family:

This is the most widely used logic family. Following example shows how part numbering is used
to identify the IC.

Figure 1.5 Part numbering scheme for 74XX00 series Logic ICs
The part numbers for 7400-series logic devices often use the following designators:
Manufacturer - This code normally consists of two letters and is a code normally used by a given
manufacturer. SN is one used by Texas Instruments. Other manufacturers have their own codes that
they place here.
Temperature range - This is indicated by these two figures. 74 indicates 0°C to 70°C commercial
and 54 military: -55°C to +125°C. For most applications the 74XX series is perfectly acceptable
and this series will be found in consumer devices.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 3

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Logic series - This is the sub-family. 7400 for example is the basic series, but there are many others.
Device - This indicates the device function / type. For example devices with 04 are hex inverters,
etc. They are common across all sub-families.
Package code - This is the package suffix. It is necessary to refer to the manufacturer's data sheets
as these codes vary between manufacturers.
For example-

Figure 1.6 Example of Logic Gate IC with part numbering

The specifications and features of 74LS08 (LS- Low Power Schottky) AND gate IC are as
follows,
● The operating speed of IC 74LS08 is fast.
● This IC has less power consumption.
● It has Quadruple 2-Input AND Gate features.
● It is available in several packages like SOP, PDIP and SOIC.
● It is very simple to operate.
● It is much cheaper.
● The output of this IC is TTL so that it can operate with microcontrollers and devices.
● A single power supply can activate all logic gates within the IC.
● An AND gate is used without affecting other gates.
● The maximum current provided by this IC is 8mA.
● The operating temperature of this IC ranges from 4.75V to 5.25V.
● The recommended voltage of this IC must be 5V however this IC holds up to 7V max.
● The operating temperature ranges from 0 – 70 degrees however it has the capability to store
-65 to 150 degrees temperature.

40XX Series of Logic family-

The 4000 series was the first family or series of CMOS ICs.

Figure 1.7 Part numbering for 4000 Series Logic families

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 4

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating-
A) Suggestive Circuit diagram-

NOT Operation-

Figure 1.8 Circuit diagram to verify truth table of NOT operation using IC 7404.
AND Operation-

Figure 1.9 Circuit diagram to verify truth table of AND operation using IC 7408.
OR Operation-

Figure 1.10 Circuit diagram to verify truth table of OR operation using IC 7432

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 5

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

B) Actual Setup diagram-

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity

Digital Multimeter: 3 and ½ digit display with R, V, I
1 Digital Multimeter 1
measurements, Diode and BJT testing.
Tests a wide range of Digital IC's such as 74 Series,
2 Digital IC Tester 1
40/45 Series of CMOS IC's.
Floating DC Supply Voltages 0 -30V; 0-2 A.
Automatic Overload (Current Protection). Constant
DC Regulated
3 Voltage and Constant Current Operation. Digital 1
power supply
Display for Voltage and Current Adjustable Current
Limiter. Excellent Line and Load Regulation.
4 Breadboard 5.5cm X 17 cm. 1
5 IC 7404, 7408, 7432 or any IC of equivalent function.. 1 each
6 LED Red/Yellow color 5 mm. 1
7 Connecting wires Single strand 0.6 mm Teflon coating. As required
8 Resistor 330 Ω or 1KΩ of 0.5W or 0.25W power rating. 1

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 6

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

IX Precautions to be followed
1. Ensure proper earthing to the equipment.
2. Ensure the power switch is in ‘off’ condition initially.
3. Ensure proper settings of the power supply before use.
4. Switch off the power after completion of the practical.
X Procedure
1. Identify pin configuration of the ICs and test the ICs on the IC tester.
2. If the IC is faulty then keep it in the proper e-waste bin.
3. If the IC is in OK condition, then mount it on the breadboard or the trainer kit.
4. Connect pin 14 to Vcc = +5V and pin 7 to ground = 0V of all ICs used.
5. Make the connections as per the logic diagram given in Figure 1.8.
6. Apply logic inputs and verify the truth table for each gate by observing LED status for output.
7. Measure the output voltage with the help of a digital multimeter.
8. Write the reading in each observation table.
9. Repeat the process for all logic gates by making the connections as shown in Figure 1.9 and 1.10.

XI
XII Resources used

Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

XIII Actual Procedure

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
.……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
..………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 7

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XIV Observation Table

Table 1: Verification of the truth table of NOT gate using IC.

Input IC 7404 - Output Y

Sr.
No. LED Status
A Output Voltage (V)
(ON/Off)
1. 0
2. 1
Table 2: Verification of the truth table of AND, OR gates using ICs.
Inputs IC 7408 - Output Y IC 7432 - Output Y
Sr.
No. LED Status Output Voltage LED Status Output Voltage
A B (ON/Off) (V) (ON/Off) (V)
1. 0 0
2. 0 1

3. 1 0

4. 1 1

XV Result(s)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

XVI Interpretation of results

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

XVII Conclusion and recommendation

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 8
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XVIII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such
questions to ensure the achievement of identifying CO.
1. State the logic low and logic High levels of TTL ICs and CMOS ICs?
2. Write the name, specification, cost and manufacturer of the major electrical equipment used for
the experiment.
3. Draw logic level diagrams for positive logic systems and negative logic systems used in digital
design.
[Space for Answers]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 9
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XIX References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://de-iitr.vlabs.ac.in/exp/truth-table-gates/theory.html
2. https://drive.google.com/file/d/13SkA6bhfxOfc204nhKyIrsHYUjkLbote/view
3. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1iHUjR5wvsRhNJ2hs7TESiyrLZyD-
ZmGS/view?amp;ts=5f02cb50%3D%3D
4. https://www.ovaga.com/blog/transistor/7404-integrated-circuit-ic-datasheet-pinout-pin-diagram-
truth-table
5. https://www.ovaga.com/blog/transistor/7408-integrated-circuit-datasheet-pinout-pin-diagram-
truth-table
6. https://www.futurlec.com/IC74LS00Series.shtml
7. https://circuitdigest.com/electronic-circuits/or-gate-circuit
8. https://www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/pdf/50893/FAIRCHILD/7408.html
XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process Related : 15 Marks 60 %
1 Selection of ICs and power supply 10%
2 Testing of ICs 20%
3 Proper connections 20%
4 Working in teams 10%
Product Related: 10 Marks 40%
5 Result 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05%
7 Conclusion 05%
8 Practical related questions 15%
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total ( 25 Marks) 100 %

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related
Total (25)
(15) (10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 10

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.2: Building of AND, OR, NOT gates using NAND gate.
I Practical Significance
NAND gate is actually a combination of two logic gates: AND gate followed by NOT gate. So its output is
a complement of the output of an AND gate. This gate can have a minimum of two inputs; output is always
one. By using only NAND gates, it is possible to realize all logic functions: AND, OR, NOT, X-OR, X-
NOR, NOR. So this gate is also called universal gate

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcome

Apply knowledge of number system and logic circuits in working of digital system.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Build AND, OR, NOT gates using NAND gate and verify its truth table of NAND gate as universal
gate.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcomes

1. Follow safe practices
2. Demonstrate working as a leader or a team member.
3. Maintain tools and equipment.
4. Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

NAND and NOR gates are universal gates because any Boolean expression can be realized using these gates.
The NAND gate has the ability to perform three operations such as AND, OR and NOT. This gate
is a combination of NOT and AND gates. The NAND gate output is equal to the inverse of the AND
gate. The symbol and truth table is as shown below.

Figure 2.1 Logic symbol and truth table of NAND gate

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 11

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

NAND gate as AND gate:

A NAND produces a complement of AND gate. So, if the output of a NAND gate is inverted,
overall output will be that of an AND gate.

Figure 2.2 Connection diagram for NAND gate as AND gate.

NAND gate as OR gate:

From De-Morgan’s theorems, a bubbled NAND gate is equivalent to the OR gate.

Figure 2.3 Connection diagram for NAND gate as OR gate.

NAND gate as NOT gate: A NOT produces complement of the input. It can have only one input, tie the
inputs of a NAND gate together. Now it will work as a NOT gate.

Figure 2.4 Connection diagram for NAND gate as NOT gate.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 12

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating-
A) Suggestive Circuit diagram-

AND Gate:

Figure 2.5 Logic diagram and IC Circuit diagram to verify AND operation using NAND
gate IC 7400.

OR Gate:

Figure 2.6 Logic diagram and IC Circuit diagram to verify OR operation using NAND gate
IC 7400.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 13

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

NOT Gate:

Figure (a) Figure (b)

Figure 2.7 Logic diagram and IC Circuit diagram to verify NOT operation using NAND
gate IC 7400.

B) Actual Setup diagram-

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 14

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity

Digital Multimeter: 3 and ½ digit display with R,
1 Digital Multimeter 1
V, I measurements, Diode and BJT testing.
Tests a wide range of Digital IC's such as 74
2 Digital IC Tester 1
Series, 40/45 Series of CMOS IC's.
Floating DC Supply Voltages 0 -30V; 0-2 A.
Automatic Overload (Current Protection).
DC Regulated Constant Voltage and Constant Current
3 1
power supply Operation. Digital Display for Voltage and
Current Adjustable Current Limiter. Excellent
Line and Load Regulation.
4 Breadboard 5.5cm X 17 cm. 1
5 IC 7400 or any IC of equivalent function.. 1
6 LED Red/Yellow color 5 mm. 1
7 Connecting wires Single strand 0.6 mm Teflon coating. As required
8 Resistor 330 Ω or 1KΩ of 0.5W or 0.25W power rating. 1
IX Precautions to be followed
1. Ensure proper earthing to the equipment.
2. Ensure the power switch is in ‘off’ condition initially.
3. Ensure proper settings of the power supply before use.
4. Switch off the power after completion of the practical.
X Procedure
1. Identify pin configuration of the ICs and test the ICs on the IC tester.
2. If the IC is faulty then keep it in the proper e-waste bin.
3. If the IC is in OK condition then mount it on the breadboard or the trainer kit.
4. Connect pin 14 to Vcc = +5V and pin 7 to ground = 0V of all ICs used.
5. Make the connections as per the logic diagram given in Figure 2.5.
6. Apply logic inputs and verify the truth table for each gate by observing LED status for output.
7. Measure the output voltage with the help of a digital multimeter.
8. Write the reading in each observation table.
9. Repeat the process for all logic functions by making the connections as shown in Figure 2.6 and 2.7.
XI Resources used
Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 15

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observation Table

Table 1: Verification of the truth table of AND, OR gates using NAND (Universal) Gate IC.

Inputs AND Gate OR Gate

Sr.
No. LED Status Output Voltage LED Status Output Voltage
A B
(ON/Off) (V) (ON/Off) (V)

1. 0 0
2. 0 1

3. 1 0

4. 1 1

Table 2: Verification of the truth table of NOT gates using NAND (Universal) Gate IC.

Inputs NOT Gate

Sr.
No. LED Status Output Voltage
A
(ON/Off) (V)

1. 0

2. 1

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 16

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
XIV Result(s)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
XV Interpretation of results

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more
such questions to ensure the achievement of identifying CO.
1. Design digital circuit for the following equation using NAND gates only.

2. Design digital circuit for EX-OR and EX-NOR Gates using NAND gates only.
3. Identify the IC number which is compatible for IC 7400 (NAND Gate IC), Write the part
numbering and specifications of that IC.

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 17

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 18

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://de-iitr.vlabs.ac.in/exp/realization-of-logic-functions/
2. https://www.electrical4u.com/universal-gate-nand-nor-gate-as-universal-gate/
3. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qqF_ycwfPO1v_4wyXKLTc-
N_xYOPUlak/view?amp;invite= CMS0y-wJ&ts=5f0ef639
4.https://learnabout-
electronics.org/Digital/dig21.php#:~:text=Seven%20Basic%20Logic%20Gates&text=Digital
%20electronics%20relies%20on%20the,(Exclusive%20NOR)%20and%20NOT.

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related
Total (25)
(15) (10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 19

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.3: Building of AND, OR, NOT gates using NOR gate.

I Practical Significance
NOR gate is actually a combination of two logic gates: OR gate followed by NOT gate. So its output is a
complement of the output of an OR gate. This gate can have a minimum of two inputs; output is always one.
By using only NOR gates, we can realize all logic functions: AND, OR, NOT, X-OR, X-NOR, NAND. So
this gate is also called as universal gate

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcome

Apply knowledge of number system and logic circuits in working of digital system.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Build AND, OR, NOT gates using NOR gate and verify NOR gate as universal gate.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcomes

1. Follow safe practices
2. Demonstrate working as a leader or a team member.
3. Maintain tools and equipment.
4. Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

NAND and NOR gates are universal gates because any Boolean expression can be realized using these gates.
The NOR gate has the ability to perform three operations such as AND, OR and NOT. This gate is
a combination of OR and NOT gates. The NOR gate output is equal to the inverse of the OR gate.
The symbol and truth table is as shown in figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1 Logic symbol and truth table of NOR gate

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 20

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
NOR gate as AND gate:
From DeMorgan’s theorems, a bubbled NOR gate is equivalent to the AND gate.

Figure 3.2 Connection diagram for NOR gate as AND gate.

NOR gate as OR gate:
A NOR produces a complement of OR gate. So, if the output of a NOR gate is inverted, overall
output will be that of an OR gate.

Figure 3.3 Connection diagram for NOR gate as OR gate.

NOR gate as NOT gate: A NOT produces complement of the input. It can have only one input, tie the inputs
of a NOR gate together. Now it will work as a NOT gate.

Figure 3.4 Connection diagram for NOR gate as NOT gate.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 21

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating-
A) Suggestive Circuit diagram-

AND Gate:

Figure 3.5 Logic diagram and IC Circuit diagram to verify AND operation using NOR
gate IC 7402.

OR Gate:

Figure 3.6 Logic diagram and IC Circuit diagram to verify OR operation using NOR
gate IC 7402.

NOT Gate:

Figure 3.7 Logic diagram and IC Circuit diagram to verify NOT operation using NOR gate IC
7402.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 22
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

B) Actual Setup diagram-

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 23

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity

Digital Multimeter: 3 and ½ digit display with R, V,
1 Digital Multimeter 1
I measurements, Diode and BJT testing.
Tests a wide range of Digital IC's such as 74 Series,
2 Digital IC Tester 1
40/45 Series of CMOS IC's.
Floating DC Supply Voltages 0 -30V; 0-2 A.
Automatic Overload (Current Protection). Constant
DC Regulated
3 Voltage and Constant Current Operation. Digital 1
power supply
Display for Voltage and Current Adjustable Current
Limiter. Excellent Line and Load Regulation.
4 Breadboard 5.5cm X 17 cm. 1
5 IC 7402 or any IC of equivalent function. 1
6 LED Red/Yellow color 5 mm. 1
7 Connecting wires Single strand 0.6 mm Teflon coating. As required
8 Resistor 330 Ω or 1KΩ of 0.5W or 0.25W power rating. 1

IX Precautions to be followed
1. Ensure proper earthing to the equipment.
2. Ensure the power switch is in ‘off’ condition initially.
3. Ensure proper settings of the power supply before use.
4. Switch off the power after completion of the practical.
X Procedure
1. Identify pin configuration of the ICs and test the ICs on the IC tester.
2. If the IC is faulty then keep it in the proper e-waste bin.
3. If the IC is in OK condition then mount it on the breadboard or the trainer kit.
4. Connect pin 14 to Vcc = +5V and pin 7 to ground = 0V of all ICs used.
5. Make the connections as per the logic diagram given in Figure 3.5.
6. Apply logic inputs and verify the truth table for each gate by observing LED status for output.
7. Measure the output voltage with the help of a digital multimeter.
8. Write the reading in each observation table.
9. Repeat the process for all logic functions by making the connections as shown in Figure 3.6 and 3.7.
XI Resources used
Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 24

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observation Table

Table 1: Verification of the truth table of AND, OR gates using NOR (Universal) Gate IC.

Inputs AND Gate OR Gate

Sr.
No. LED Status Output Voltage LED Status Output Voltage
A B (ON/Off) (V) (ON/Off) (V)
1. 0 0

2. 0 1

3. 1 0

4. 1 1

Table 2: Verification of the truth table of NOT gates using NOR (Universal) Gate IC.

Input NOT Gate

Sr.
No. LED Status Output Voltage
A
(ON/Off) (V)
1. 0

2. 1

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 25

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
XIV Result(s)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
XV Interpretation of results

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more
such questions to ensure the achievement of identifying CO.
1. Design digital circuit for NAND Gate using NOR gates only.
2. Write name of manufacturers of digital IC7402.
3. Identify the IC number, which is compatible for IC 7402 (NOR Gate IC), Write the part
numbering and significance of the letters used for part numbering.
4. Identify and state the front panel controls of an IC tester used in your Laboratory.

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 26
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 27

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related
Total (25)
(15) (10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 28

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.4: Building of Half adder and Half subtractor using Boolean

expressions.

I Practical Significance
Adder and subtractor are the combinational logic circuits used to perform basic arithmetic
operations like addition and subtraction of two binary digits. They are used in ALUs of computers
and other kinds of processors. They are also used in other parts of the processor to calculate
addresses, table indices, and increment and decrement operations. Half adder and subtractor can be
used only for two bit addition and subtraction respectively.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcome

Apply knowledge of number system and logic circuits in working of digital system.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Build Half adder and Half subtractor.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcomes

1. Follow safe practices
2. Demonstrate working as a leader or a team member.
3. Maintain tools and equipment.
4. Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

A half-adder is composed of one X-OR gate and one AND gate that produces two binary
outputs from two binary inputs. It adds two one-bit binary numbers “A” and “B”. The output
is the sum of the two bits “SUM” and the carry “CARRY”. The C output is 1 only when both
inputs are 1. The S output represents the least significant bit of the sum.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 29

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Figure 4.1 Logic symbol and truth table of Half adder

Logic equations for outputs of Half adder are,

So, Half adder circuit contains an Ex-OR gate to get Sum output. To get Carry output, input A
and input B are given to the AND gate.

Figure 4.2 Connection diagram for Half adder

A half subtractor is a combinational circuit that subtracts two bits. It has two inputs A and B and
two outputs Difference and Borrow. A half-subtractor is a combinational circuit, which is used to
perform subtraction of two bits. It has two inputs, A (minuend) and B (subtrahend) and two outputs
D (difference) and B(borrow). It is constructed using X-OR gate, NOT gate (Inverter), and AND
gate. The B output is 1 only when the subtrahend (B) is greater than the minuend (A).

Figure 4.3 Logic symbol and truth table of Half subtractor

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 30

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Logic equations for outputs of Half subtractor are,

So, Half subtractor circuit contains an Ex-OR gate to get Difference output. To get Borrow output,
input A is inverted and then input B and inverted A input is given to the AND gate.

Figure 4.4 Connection diagram for Half subtractor

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating-
A) Suggestive Circuit diagram-

Figure 4.5 Half-adder circuit

Figure 4.6 Half-subtractor circuit

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 31
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
B) Actual Setup diagram-

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity

Digital Multimeter: 3 and ½ digit display with R, V, I
1 Digital Multimeter 1
measurements, Diode and BJT testing.
Tests a wide range of Digital IC's such as 74 Series,
2 Digital IC Tester 1
40/45 Series of CMOS IC's.
Floating DC Supply Voltages 0 -30V; 0-2 A. Automatic
Overload (Current Protection). Constant Voltage and
DC Regulated
3 Constant Current Operation. Digital Display for 1
power supply
Voltage and Current Adjustable Current Limiter.
Excellent Line and Load Regulation.
4 Breadboard 5.5cm X 17 cm. 1
5 IC 7486, 7408 and 7404 or any ICs of equivalent function. 1
6 LED Red/Yellow color 5 mm. 1
7 Connecting wires Single strand 0.6 mm Teflon coating. As required
8 Resistor 330 Ω or 1KΩ of 0.5W or 0.25W power rating. 2

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 32

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
IX Precautions to be followed
1. Ensure proper earthing to the equipment.
2. Ensure the power switch is in ‘off’ condition initially.
3. Ensure proper settings of the power supply before use.
4. Switch off the power after completion of the practical.

X Procedure
1. Identify pin configuration of the ICs and test the ICs on the IC tester.
2. If the IC is faulty then keep it in the proper e-waste bin.
3. If the IC is in OK condition then mount it on the breadboard or the trainer kit.
4. Connect pin 14 to Vcc = +5V and pin 7 to ground = 0V of all ICs used.
5. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram given in Figure 4.5 for Half adder and
figure 4.6 for Half subtractor respectively.
6. Apply logic inputs and verify the truth table for half adder as well as half subtractor by
observing LED status for output.
7. Write the reading in each observation table.
XI Resources used

Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
XII Actual Procedure

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 33

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
XIII Observation Table
Table 1: Verification of the truth table for Half adder.

Sr. Inputs Output of Half adder

No. A B Sum Carry

1. 0 0
2. 0 1

3. 1 0

4. 1 1

Table 2: Verification of the truth table for Half subtractor.

Sr. Inputs Output of Half subtractor

No. A B Difference Borrow

1. 0 0

2. 0 1

3. 1 0

4. 1 1

XIV Result(s)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XV Interpretation of results
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 34
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
XVII Practical related questions
Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more
such questions to ensure the achievement of identifying CO.
1. Give any two applications of half adder and half subtractor.
2. Draw half adder using NAND gates only.
3. Draw half subtractor using NOR gates only.
4. State the features of NAND and NOR gate ICs used to construct Half adder circuit.

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 35
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://de-iitr.vlabs.ac.in/digital-electronics-iitr/exp/half-full-adder/
2. https://www.watelectronics.com/what-is-half-adder-circuit-diagram-its-applications/#google_vignette
3. https://www.gatevidyalay.com/half-adder/
4. https://www.gatevidyalay.com/half-subtractor/
5.https://www.watelectronics.com/what-is-half-adder-circuit-diagram-its-applications/#google_vignette
XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related
Total (25)
(15) (10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 36

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.5: Building of Full adder and full subtractor using Boolean

expressions.

I Practical Significance
Digital computers perform a variety of information tasks. Among the functions encountered are the
various arithmetic operations. The most basic arithmetic operation is the addition or subtraction of
binary digits. A binary adder-subtractor is a combinational circuit that performs the arithmetic
operations of addition and subtraction with binary numbers. They are used in ALUs of many
computers and other kinds of processors. In this practical, students will build a circuit of full adder
and full subtractor to perform addition and subtraction of 3 bits.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.
III Course Level Learning Outcome
Apply knowledge of number system and logic circuits in working of digital system.
IV Laboratory Learning Outcome
Build Full adder and full subtractor.
V Relevant Affective Domain related outcomes
1. Follow safe practices
2. Demonstrate working as a leader or a team member.
3. Maintain tools and equipment.
4. Follow ethical practices.
VI Relevant Theoretical Background
Full adder-The difference between a half-adder and a full-adder is that the full-adder has three
inputs and two outputs. Full adder is used to perform the addition of multiple bit numbers. The first
two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry as Cin, generated from previous stage
bit addition and outputs are sum(S) and carry(C). Full adder is used to perform addition of three
input bits.

Figure 5.1 Logic symbol and Truth table of Full adder

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 37

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
Logic equations for outputs of Full adder are,

So, Full adder circuit contains two 2-input Ex-OR gates (IC 7486) to get Sum output and three 2-
input AND gates (IC 7408) and two 2-input OR gates (IC 7432) to get Carry output.

Figure 5.2 Connection diagram for Full adder

Full subtractor- Full subtractor is a combinational circuit that performs subtraction of two bits,
one is minuend and other is subtrahend. In full subtractor '1' is borrowed by the previous adjacent
lower minuend bit. Hence these three (A, B, Cin) bits are considered as the input of a full subtractor.
There are two outputs, that are DIFFERENCE output D and BORROW output B. It has to take care
of repeated borrow by the next higher bit.

Figure 5.3 Logic symbol and truth table of Full subtractor

Logic equations for outputs of Full subtractor are,

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 38

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

So, Full subtractor circuit contains two 2-input Ex-OR gates (IC 7486) to get Difference output and
one NOT gate ( IC 7404), three 2-input AND gates (IC 7408) and two 2-input OR gates (IC 7432)
to get Borrow output.

Figure 5.4 Connection diagram for Full subtractor

Pin out of the ICs required to connect the circuit:

Figure 5.5 Pin out of the ICs required for connecting the circuit

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 39

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in a laboratory with related equipment rating-

A) Suggestive Circuit diagram-

Note: Pin No. 3 and Pin No. 4 of IC 7432 are shorted to make 3 input OR gate and Pin No. 3 and Pin
No. 4 of IC 7486 are shorted to make 3 input Ex-OR gate.
Figure 5.6 Full adder circuit

Note: Pin No. 3 and Pin No. 4 of IC 7432 are shorted to make 3 input OR gate and Pin No. 3 and Pin
No. 4 of IC 7486 are shorted to make 3 input Ex-OR gate.
Figure 5.7 Full subtractor circuit

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 40

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
B) Actual Setup diagram-

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity

Digital Multimeter: 3 and ½ digit display with R, V, I
1 Digital Multimeter 1
measurements, Diode and BJT testing.
Tests a wide range of Digital IC's such as 74 Series,
2 Digital IC Tester 1
40/45 Series of CMOS IC's.
Floating DC Supply Voltages 0 -30V; 0-2 A.
Automatic Overload (Current Protection). Constant
DC Regulated
3 Voltage and Constant Current Operation. Digital 1
power supply
Display for Voltage and Current Adjustable Current
Limiter. Excellent Line and Load Regulation.
4 Breadboard 5.5cm X 17 cm. 1
7486, 7432, 7408 and 7404 or any ICs of equivalent
5 IC 1
function.
6 LED Red/Yellow color 5 mm. 2
7 Connecting wires Single strand 0.6 mm Teflon coating. As required
8 Resistor 330 Ω or 1KΩ of 0.5W or 0.25W power rating. 2

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 41

X Procedure
1. Identify pin configuration of the ICs and test the ICs on the IC tester.
2. If the IC is faulty then keep it in the proper e-waste bin.
3. If the IC is in OK condition, then mount it on the breadboard or the trainer kit.
4. Connect pin 14 to Vcc = +5V and pin 7 to ground = 0V of all ICs used.
5. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram given in Figure 5.5 for Full adder and figure 5.6 for
Full subtractor respectively.
6. Apply logic inputs and verify the truth table for Full adder as well as Full subtractor by observing
LED status for output.
7. Write the reading in each observation table.
XI Resources used

Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

XII Actual Procedure

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 42

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XIII Observation Table

Table 1: Verification of the truth table for Full adder.

Sr. Inputs Output of Full adder

No. A B C Sum Carry
1. 0 0 0
2. 0 0 1
3. 0 1 0
4. 0 1 1
5. 1 0 0
6. 1 0 1
7. 1 1 0
8. 1 1 1

Table 2: Verification of the truth table for Full subtractor.

Sr. Inputs Output of Full subtractor

No. A B C Difference Borrow
1. 0 0 0
2. 0 0 1
3. 0 1 0
4. 0 1 1
5. 1 0 0
6. 1 0 1
7. 1 1 0
8. 1 1 1

XIV Result(s)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 43

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XV Interpretation of results

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more
such questions to ensure the achievement of identifying CO.
1. Give any two applications of full adder and full subtractor.
2. Give IC numbers for 3-input Ex-OR gate and 3-input OR gate.
3. Draw a digital circuit diagram of full adder using two half adders.
4. Draw a digital circuit diagram of full adder using only NAND gates.

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 44
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 45

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading
1. https://de-iitr.vlabs.ac.in/digital-electronics-iitr/exp/half-full-adder/
2. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1E70Fqx8lGJKrh2TDx8cYWmSLHztjS2ni/view
3. https://www.gatevidyalay.com/full-adder/
4.https://www.gatevidyalay.com/full-subtractor/

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related
Total (25)
(15) (10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 46

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.6: Verification of operation of Multiplexer IC74151

I Practical Significance
In most of the electronic systems, the digital data is available on more than one line. It is necessary
to route this data over a single line. Under such circumstances we require a circuit which selects
one of the many inputs at a time. This circuit is a multiplexer (MUX), which has many inputs, one
output and some select inputs. After verification of the truth table of the multiplexer, students can
improve hands-on skills to use multiplexers and can understand where and how the multiplexer is
used and how the multiplexer improves the reliability of the digital system as it reduces the number
of external wired connections.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcome

Build simple combinational and sequential circuits.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Build a Multiplexer using IC.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcomes

1. Follow safe practices
2. Demonstrate working as a leader or a team member.
3. Maintain tools and equipment.
4. Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Multiplexer (MUX)is a combinational circuit that is one of the most widely used in digital design.
The multiplexer is a data selector which gets one out of several inputs to a single output. It has n
data inputs and one output line and m select lines where 2m = n shown in figure 6.1. Depending
upon the digital code applied at the select inputs one out of n data input is selected and transmitted
to a single output channel. Normally strobe or enable (E) input is incorporated which is generally
active low which enables the multiplexer when it is LOW. IC 74151A is an 8: 1 multiplexer which
provides two complementary outputs Y and . The output Y is the same as the selected input and
is its complement. The n : 1 multiplexer can be used to realize m variable function. (2m = n, m
is no. of select inputs). For example, to design 8:1 multiplexer, eight data inputs are required (i.e.
n=8) and three select lines are required (i.e. m=3).

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 47

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Figure 6.1 Logic diagram of n:1 Multiplexer

According to the number of data inputs, different types of multiplexers are given below,
1. 2:1 MUX ( 2 inputs and 1 output)
2. 4:1 MUX ( 4 inputs and 1 output)
3. 8:1 MUX ( 8 inputs and 1 output)
4. 16:1 MUX ( 2 inputs and 1 output)
Some of the available Multiplexer ICs and their functions and output state are given below,

IC No. Function of the IC Output state of the IC

IC 74157 Quad 2:1 MUX Output same as input given
IC 74158 Quad 2:1 MUX Output is inverted input
IC 74153 Dual 4:1 MUX Output same as input given
IC 74152 Dual 4:1 MUX Output is inverted input
IC 74151A 8:1 MUX Both outputs are available ( Y & )
IC 74151 8:1 MUX Output is inverted input
IC 74150 16:1 MUX Output is inverted input
Table 6.1 Available Multiplexer ICs and their functions and output state

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 48

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Figure 6.2 Logic diagram and truth table of 8:1 multiplexer

Figure 6.3 Pin out of the 8:1 Multiplexer IC-74151

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in a laboratory with related equipment rating-

A) Suggestive Circuit diagram-

Figure 6.3 Circuit diagram for 8:1 Multiplexer

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 49
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
B) Actual Setup diagram-

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity

Digital Multimeter: 3 and ½ digit display with R, V, I
1 Digital Multimeter 1
measurements, Diode and BJT testing.
Tests a wide range of Digital IC's such as 74 Series,
2 Digital IC Tester 1
40/45 Series of CMOS IC's.
Floating DC Supply Voltages 0 -30V; 0-2 A.
Automatic Overload (Current Protection). Constant
DC Regulated
3 Voltage and Constant Current Operation. Digital 1
power supply
Display for Voltage and Current Adjustable Current
Limiter. Excellent Line and Load Regulation.
4 Breadboard 5.5 cm X 17 cm. 1
5 IC 74151 1
6 LED Red/Yellow color 5 mm. 2
7 Connecting wires Single strand 0.6 mm Teflon coating. As required
8 Resistor 330 Ω or 1KΩ of 0.5W or 0.25W power rating. 2

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 50

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

IX Precautions to be followed
1. Ensure proper earthing to the equipment.
2. Ensure the power switch is in ‘off’ condition initially.
3. Ensure proper settings of the power supply before use.
4. Switch off the power after completion of the practical.
X Procedure
1. Identify pin configuration of the ICs and test the ICs on the IC tester.
2. If the IC is faulty then keep it in the proper e-waste bin.
3. If the IC is in OK condition then mount it on the breadboard or the trainer kit.
4. Connect pin 14 to Vcc = +5V and pin 7 to ground = 0V of the IC used.
5. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram given in Figure 6.3.
6. Apply logic inputs at data inputs and select inputs and verify the truth table for 8:1 multiplexer by
observing LED status for output at pin no.5 and complementary output at pin no. 6.
7. Write the reading in each observation table.

XI Resources used

Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

XII Actual Procedure

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 51

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
XIII Observation Table

Table 1: Verification of the truth table for Multiplexer.

Inputs Outputs

Strobe (Enable) I/P Data input Select inputs

Y
Dn S2 S1 S0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1
1 X X X
XIV Result(s)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XV Interpretation of results

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
XVI Conclusion and recommendation

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 52

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
XVII Practical related questions
Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more
such questions to ensure the achievement of identifying CO.
1. Design 8:1 multiplexer using basic gates.
2. Write the specifications of IC 74151 from the data sheet.
3. Draw MUX tree for 16:1 MUX using 8:1 MUXs.
4. List the name of manufacturers of the multiplexer ICs used in your laboratory.

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 53

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/pdf/7831/NSC/74151.html
2. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1z9zBUp6Rnt6i3Ie5_z4x2T0_ARqBCyam/view
3. https://de-iitr.vlabs.ac.in/exp/multiplexer-demultiplexer/theory.html
4. https://de-iitr.vlabs.ac.in/exp/multiplexer-demultiplexer/theory.html

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related
Total (25)
(15) (10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 54

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.7: Verification of operation of Demultiplexer IC74155.

I Practical Significance
A demultiplexer (or demux) is a device taking a single input signal and selecting one of many data-
output-lines, which is connected to the single input. An electronic demultiplexer can be considered
as a single-input, multiple-output switch. Demultiplexers are mainly used in Boolean function
generators and decoder circuits. After verification of the truth table of demultiplexer, students can
improve hands-on skills and can understand where and how to use demultiplexers.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcome

Build simple combinational and sequential circuits.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Build a Demultiplexer using IC.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcomes

1. Follow safe practices
2. Demonstrate working as a leader or a team member.
3. Maintain tools and equipment.
4. Follow ethical practices.
VI Relevant Theoretical Background
Demultiplexer has only one input and "n" number of outputs along with "m" number of select inputs.
A demultiplexer performs the reverse operation of a multiplexer i.e. it receives one input and
distributes it over several outputs. At a time only one output line is selected by the select lines and
the input is transmitted to the selected output line. Hence demultiplexer is equivalent to a single
pole multiple way switch as shown in figure 7.1. The enable input will enable the demultiplexer.
The relation between the n output lines and m select lines is as given below for 1 : n DEMUX,
n = 2m
The demultiplexer performs the opposite process to a multiplexing process; it performs "one to
many" operation. It has only one input (D) and n number of outputs (Y0, Y1, Y2... Yn-1) as shown
in the figure 7.1 given below. Demultiplexer can also be used as a decoder e.g. Binary to Decimal
Decoder. Data input given is Logic level 1 or 0, active low or active high strobe/enable pin is used
for enabling DEMUX
For example, to design a 1:8 multiplexer, one data input and eight output lines are required (i.e.
n=8) and three select lines are required (i.e. m=3).

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 55

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Figure 7.1 Logic diagram of 1:n Demultiplexer

According to the number of data inputs, different types of multiplexers are given below,
1. 1:2 DEMUX (1 input and 2 outputs)
2. 1:4 DEMUX (1 input and 4 outputs)
3. 1:8 DEMUX (1 input and 8 outputs)
4. 1:16 DEMUX (1 input and 16 outputs)

Figure 7.2 Logic diagram of 1:8 Demultiplexer

Some of the available Demultiplexer ICs and their functions and output state are given below,
Available Demultiplexer ICs and their functions and output state
IC No. Function of the IC Output state of the IC
IC 74139 Dual 1:4 demux Output is inverted input
IC 74156 Dual 1:4 demux Output is open collector
IC 74138 1:8 demux Output is inverted input
IC 74238 1:8 demux Output is same as input
1. For 1st 1:4 demux output is inverted input
Dual 1:4 demux or 2. For 2nd 1:4 demux output is same as input
IC 74155
1:8 demux 3. For 1:8 demux strobe is used as data input, which
is active low and output is same as input
IC 74154 1:16 demux Output is same as input
IC 74159 1:16 demux Output is open collector and same as input

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 56

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Figure 7.3 Pim diagram of DEMUX IC 74155

The function of IC 74155 is dual 1:4 demultiplexer. It can be used as 1:8 demultiplexer IC by
connecting Data lines of both the demultiplexers to each other and used as a third select input.
Strobe inputs of both the 1:4 demultiplexers are connected together and used as data input.

Figure 7.4 Logic diagram and truth table of 1:4 demultiplexers of IC 74155

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 57

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Figure 7.5 Truth table of 1:8 demultiplexer of IC 74155

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in a laboratory with related equipment rating-

A) Suggestive Circuit diagram-

Figure 7.6 Circuit diagram for first 1:4 Demultiplexer of IC74155

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 58

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Figure 7.7 Circuit diagram for second 1:4 Demultiplexer of IC74155

Figure 7.8 Circuit diagram for 1:8 Demultiplexer of IC74155

B) Actual Setup diagram-

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 59

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity

Digital Multimeter: 3 and ½ digit display with R, V,
1 Digital Multimeter 1
I measurements, Diode and BJT testing.
Tests a wide range of Digital IC's such as 74 Series,
2 Digital IC Tester 1
40/45 Series of CMOS IC's.
Floating DC Supply Voltages 0 -30V; 0-2 A.
Automatic Overload (Current Protection). Constant
DC Regulated power
3 Voltage and Constant Current Operation. Digital 1
supply
Display for Voltage and Current Adjustable Current
Limiter. Excellent Line and Load Regulation.
4 Breadboard 5.5 cm X 17 cm. 1
5 IC 74155 1
6 LED Red/Yellow color 5 mm. 8
7 Connecting wires Single strand 0.6 mm Teflon coating. As required
8 Resistor 330 Ω or 1KΩ of 0.5W or 0.25W power rating. 8
IX Precautions to be followed
1. Ensure proper earthing to the equipment.
2. Ensure the power switch is in ‘off’ condition initially.
3. Ensure proper settings of the power supply before use.
4. Switch off the power after completion of the practical.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 60

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

X Procedure
1. Identify pin configuration of the ICs and test the ICs on the IC tester.
2. If the IC is faulty then keep it in the proper e-waste bin.
3. If the IC is in OK condition, then mount it on the breadboard or the trainer kit.
4. Connect pin 14 to Vcc = +5V and pin 7 to ground = 0V of the IC used.
5. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram given in Figure 7.6.
6. Apply logic inputs at data inputs and select inputs. Verify the truth table for the first 1:4 demultiplexer
of IC74155 by observing LED status for outputs.
7. Write the reading in each observation table.
8. Repeat the procedure for the second 1:4 demultiplexer and 1:8 multiplexer of IC74155 by making the
connections as shown in figure 7.7 and 7.8.
9. Write the reading in each observation table.
XI Resources used

Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
XII Actual Procedure
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
.……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
..………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 61

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XIII Observation Table

Table 1: Verification of the truth table for first 1:4 Demultiplexer.

Inputs
Outputs
Select Inputs Strobe Data

B A 1C 1Y0 1Y 1 1Y 2 1Y
3

X X 1 X
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1
X X X 0

Table 2: Verification of the truth table for second 1:4 Demultiplexer.

Inputs
Outputs
Select Inputs Strobe Data
B A 2Y 0 2Y1 2Y 2 2Y 3

X X 1 X
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
X X X 1

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 62

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
Table 3: Verification of the truth table for 1:8 Demultiplexer.

Inputs Outputs
Strobe
Select Inputs or
Data 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
C B A 2Y 0 2Y 1 2Y 2 2Y 3 1Y 0 1Y 1 1Y 2 1Y 3

X X X 1
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0
XIV Result(s)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XV Interpretation of results

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 63
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more
such questions to ensure the achievement of identifying CO.
1. Draw the logic diagram of 1:8 DEMUX using basic gates.
2. Draw the logic diagram of 1:8 DEMUX using NAND gates only.
3. Write the specifications of IC 74151 from the data sheet.
4. Write the equivalent CMOS MUX IC numbers.
5. Draw a DEMUX tree for 1:16 DEMUX using 1:8 DEMUXs.

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 64
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NVqK_3Yq-LFlDf_9bS0q80uF3n4W8Uuf/view
2. https://de-iitr.vlabs.ac.in/exp/multiplexer-demultiplexer/theory.html
3. https://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/sn74ls155a.pdf?ts=1717609035375&ref_url=https%253A%252F
%252Fwww.ti.com%252Fproduct%252FSN74LS155A
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexer

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related
Total (25)
(15) (10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 65

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.8: Testing the function of RS flip flop using NAND Gate.

I Practical Significance
The flip flop is a one bit memory cell that stores one bit of information. The data available in
memory can be used for further operation. The flip flops are used as registers in microcontrollers
or processors. It is also used in random access memory, binary counters, delay elements and bounce
elimination switches. As NAND gate is an universal gate RS flip-flop can be designed using NAND
gates only. By doing this practical students can improve their psychomotor skills and can understand
the concept of changing the output state by changing the input signals and clock signal condition
applied to the sequential logic circuits.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcome

Build simple combinational and sequential circuits.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Test the function of RS flipflop.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcomes

1. Follow safe practices
2. Demonstrate working as a leader or a team member.
3. Maintain tools and equipment.
4. Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Digital circuits have many combinations of logic circuits. They are classified as either
combinational or sequential. The output of combinational circuits depends only on the present
inputs. In contrast, in sequential logic circuit output depends on the present state of input as well as
past output.
A flip-flop is a bi-stable circuit i.e. it has two stable states. It stores one bit of information and it is
the basic building block of semiconductor memory. The FFs change their output state depending
upon inputs at a certain interval of time synchronized with some clock pulse applied to it.
Types of flip flops
1. SR-FF (Set Reset flip flop) or RS-FF
2. JK-FF (JK flip flop)
3. MSJK-FF (Master Slave JK flip flop)
4. D-FF (Delay flip flop)
5. T-FF (Toggle flip flop)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 66

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Figure 8.1 Logic diagram of SR Flip-flop

Inputs Outputs
Remark
S R Qn+1

0 0 Qn No Change

0 1 0 1 Reset

1 0 1 0 Set

1 1 ? ? Forbidden State

*where Qn is present state output and is next state output.

Figure 8.2 Truth Table of SR flip-flop

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in a laboratory with related equipment rating-

A) Suggestive Circuit diagram-

Figure 8.3 Circuit diagram of SR flip-flop

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 67

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

B) Actual Setup diagram-

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity

Digital Multimeter: 3 and ½ digit display with
1 Digital Multimeter 1
R, V, I measurements, Diode and BJT testing.
Tests a wide range of Digital IC's such as 74
2 Digital IC Tester 1
Series, 40/45 Series of CMOS IC's.
Floating DC Supply Voltages 0 -30V; 0-2 A.
Automatic Overload (Current Protection).
DC Regulated Constant Voltage and Constant Current
3 1
power supply Operation. Digital Display for Voltage and
Current Adjustable Current Limiter. Excellent
Line and Load Regulation.
4 Breadboard 5.5 cm X 17 cm. 1
5 IC 7400 1
6 LED Red/Yellow color 5 mm. 2
7 Connecting wires Single strand 0.6 mm Teflon coating. As required
8 Resistor 330 Ω or 1KΩ of 0.5W or 0.25W power rating. 2
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 68
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
IX Precautions to be followed
1. Ensure proper earthing to the equipment.
2. Ensure the power switch is in ‘off’ condition initially.
3. Ensure proper settings of the power supply before use.
4. Switch off the power after completion of the practical.
X Procedure
1. Identify pin configuration of the ICs and test the ICs on the IC tester.
2. If the IC is faulty then keep it in the proper e-waste bin.
3. If the IC is in OK condition then mount it on the breadboard or the trainer kit.
4. Connect pin 14 to Vcc = +5V and pin 7 to ground = 0V of the IC used.
5. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram given in Figure 8.3.
6. Apply logic inputs to S and R inputs and verify the truth table of SR flip-flop given in figure 8.2.
7. Write the reading in each observation table.
XI Resources used

Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

XII Actual Procedure

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 69

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
XIII Observation Table
Table 1: Verification of the truth table of SR Flip-flop

Inputs Outputs
Remark
S R Qn+1
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

XIV Result(s)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
XV Interpretation of results
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more
such questions to ensure the achievement of identifying CO.
1. List the available ICs having the function of SR flip-flop.
2. Draw the digital circuit for SR flip-flop using NOR only.
3. Design D-flip-flop using SR flip-flop. Verify the truth table of D-FF.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 70

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 71
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XVIII References-
1. http://vlabs.iitkgp.ac.in/dec/exp8/exp8a/exp8p1.html
2. https://de-iitr.vlabs.ac.in/exp/truth-tables-flip-flops/procedure.html
3. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1GNCefxZBGZA56B3wstcOfBdXNLswKi_Y/view
4. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/sequential/seq_1.html

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related
Total (25)
(15) (10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 72

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.9: Testing the function of JK flip flop using 7476.

I Practical Significance
The limitation of SR flip flop is overcome in JK flip flop. Forbidden state which is undefined state
in SR flip flop is eliminated in JK flip flop. In JK flip flop when J=K=1, the output is in toggle state,
which is uncertain if clock input changes its state and J and K inputs remain at logic high for a
longer period than clock pulse period, this situation is called Race around condition. To avoid the
problem of race around condition the JK flip flop in Master and slave mode is used.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcome

Build simple combinational and sequential circuits.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Test the function of JK flip flop.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcomes

1. Follow safe practices
2. Demonstrate working as a leader or a team member.
3. Maintain tools and equipment.
4. Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Master Slave J K flip flop is a cascade of two J-K flip-flops, with feedback from the outputs of the
second flip flop to the inputs of the first. The first part is called a master flip-flop while the next is
called a slave flip-flop. Here the external clock pulse triggers the master flip-flop while the slave is
activated at its inversion i.e. if the master is positive-level triggered, then the slave is negative-level
triggered and vice-versa. This means that the data enters into the flip-flop at positive or negative
level of the clock pulse while it is obtained at the output pins during positive or negative level of
the clock pulse. Hence, a master-slave flip-flop completes its operation only after the appearance of
one full clock pulse. For example, on the positive transition of the clock, the data from the J and K
inputs is transferred to the master. On the negative transition of the clock, the data from the master
is transferred to the slave.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 73

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
Figure 9.1 Logic diagram of JK Flip-flop

Figure 9.2 Circuit diagram of JK Flip-flop using NAND gates

Inputs Outputs
Remark
J K Qn+1

0 0 Qn No Change

0 1 0 1 Reset

1 0 1 0 Set

1 1 Qn Toggle state

*where Qn is present state output and is next state output.

Figure 9.3 Truth Table of JK flip-flop

Figure 9.4 Logic diagram of Master-slave JK flip-flop

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 74

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Figure 9.5 Master-slave JK flip-flop using NAND gates

IC7476- IC7476 is a Dual Master-slave JK flip-flop IC. It has two negative edge triggered JK flip-
flops with active low preset and clear inputs. Preset (PR) input should be low to set the output Q
(logic level 1). Clear (CR or CLR) input should be low to clear the output Q (logic level 0).

Figure 9.6 IC-7476 Dual Master-slave JK flip-flop with Preset and Clear inputs

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in a laboratory with related equipment rating-

A) Suggestive Circuit diagram-

Figure 9.7 Circuit diagram of Master slave JK flip-flop using IC 7476

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 75
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
B) Actual Setup diagram-

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity

IX Precautions to be followed
1. Ensure proper earthing to the equipment.
2. Ensure the power switch is in ‘off’ condition initially.
3. Ensure proper settings of the power supply before use.
4. Switch off the power after completion of the practical.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 76
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
X Procedure
1. Identify pin configuration of the ICs and test the ICs on the IC tester.
2. If the IC is faulty then keep it in the proper e-waste bin.
3. If the IC is in OK condition then mount it on the breadboard or the trainer kit.
4. Connect pin 14 to Vcc = +5V and pin 7 to ground = 0V of the IC used.
5. Study the pin diagram of IC 7476 carefully.
6. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram given in Figure 9.7.
7. Apply logic inputs to J and K inputs and verify the truth table of JK flip-flop as per the theoretical
output.
8. Write the reading in each observation table.

XI Resources used

Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
XII Actual Procedure

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 77

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XIII Observation Table

Table 1: Verification of the truth table of Master Slave JK Flip-flop using IC 7476

Sr. Theoretical O/P Practical O/P

No.
Jn Kn Clk
Qn Qn
1. 0 1 X X X 1 0
2. 1 0 X X X 0 1
3. 1 1 0 0 X Previous Output
4. 1 1 X X 0 Previous Output
5. 1 1 1 0 ↓ 1 0
6. 1 1 0 1 ↓ 0 1
7. 1 1 1 1 ↓ Toggle

XIV Result(s)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XV Interpretation of results

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 78

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more
such questions to ensure the achievement of identifying CO.
1. How many MS JK flip flops are there in IC7476? Refer to the data sheet and write the specifications
of IC 7476.
2. How JK flip-flop can be used as frequency divider
3. Design D and T flip-flops using JK flip-flop. Verify the truth table of D-FF and T-FF.

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 79

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XVIII References-
1. https://www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/pdf/50913/FAIRCHILD/7476.html
2. https://www.futurlec.com/74/IC7476.shtml
3. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/sequential/seq_2.html
4. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108105132
5. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YYEvVpB0-6xcmaJT1_eO9m8jacFBjTfW/view
6. https://de-iitr.vlabs.ac.in/exp/truth-tables-flip-flops/theory.html

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related
Total (25)
(15) (10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 80

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.10: Construction and testing the functionality of D flip flop using IC 7476.

I Practical Significance
IC 7476 is a 16 pin dual negative edge triggered JK flip-flop IC. It can be used as D or T type flip-
flops. D flip-flops are the basic building blocks of registers. D flip flop can be designed using JK or
SR flip flop.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcome

Build simple combinational and sequential circuits.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Construct and test the functionality of D flip flop.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcomes

1. Follow safe practices
2. Demonstrate working as a leader or a team member.
3. Maintain tools and equipment.
4. Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

IC7476 is a Dual Master-slave JK flip-flop IC. It has two negative edge triggered JK flip-flops with
active low preset and clear inputs. Preset (PR) input should be low to set the output Q (logic level
1). Clear (CR or CLR) input should be low to clear the output Q (logic level 0).The truth table of
JK flip-flop is as given in figure 10.3.

Figure 10.1 Logic diagram of JK Flip-flop

Figure 10.2 IC-7476 Dual Master-slave JK flip-flop with Preset and Clear inputs
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 81
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Sr. No. Jn Kn Clk Qn

1. 0 1 X X X 1 0
2. 1 0 X X X 0 1
3. 1 1 0 0 X Previous Output
4. 1 1 X X 0 Previous Output
5. 1 1 1 0 ↓ 1 0
6. 1 1 0 1 ↓ 0 1
7. 1 1 1 1 ↓ Toggle

Table 10.1 Truth Table of JK flip-flop

Figure 10.3 Logic diagram of D flip-flop

The D flip-flop is obtained from the JK/SR flip-flop by connecting a NOT gate between the J/S and
K/R inputs of the JK/SR flip-flop and T flip-flop is obtained from JK flip-flop by shorting J and K
inputs of the JK flip-flop.

Table 10.2: Truth Table of D flip-flop

Input Output
Remark
D Qn+1

0 0 1 Reset

1 1 0 Set

Figure 10.4 JK Flip Flop converted into D Flip flop

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 82
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in a laboratory with related equipment rating-

A) Suggestive Circuit diagram-

Figure 10.5 Circuit diagram of D flip-flop using IC 7476

B) Actual Setup diagram-

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 83

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity

X Procedure
1. Identify pin configuration of the ICs and test the ICs on the IC tester.
2. If the IC is faulty then keep it in the proper e-waste bin.
3. If the IC is in OK condition, then mount it on the breadboard or the trainer kit.
4. Connect pin 14 to Vcc = +5V and pin 7 to ground = 0V of the IC used.
5. Study the pin diagram of IC 7476 carefully.
6. Make the connections to convert JK flip flop to D flip flop as per the circuit diagram given in Figure
10.5.
7. Apply logic input to D input and verify the truth table of D flip-flop as per the theoretical output.
8. Write the reading in each observation table.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 84

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XI Resources used

Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity

1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8

XII Actual Procedure

Sr. Theoretical O/P Practical O/P

No. D Clk
Qn Qn
1. 0 1 X X 1 0
2. 1 0 X X 0 1
3. 1 1 0 X Previous output
4. 1 1 X 0 Previous output
5. 1 1 1 ↓ 1 0
6. 1 1 0 ↓ 0 1

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 85

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XIV Result(s)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XV Interpretation of results

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
XVI Conclusion and recommendation

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more
such questions to ensure the achievement of identifying CO.
1. Compare D flip flop using IC 7476 and IC 7474 by referring to data sheets.
2. Give two applications of D flip flop.
3. Draw and explain how the D flip flop can be used as a frequency divider. (Hint: use two D
flip flops)
4. Refer to the data sheet of D-FF ICs from TTL and CMOS logic families and compare the
propagation delay for both the logic families.
[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 86
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 87

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related
Total (25)
(15) (10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 88

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.11: Construction and testing the functionality of T flip flop using IC

7476.

I Practical Significance
IC 7476 is a 16 pin dual negative edge triggered JK flip-flop IC. It can be used as D or T type flip-
flops. D Flip-Flop (Delay Flip-Flop) is used to provide time delay. They are basic building blocks
of Shift Registers T Flip-Flop (Toggle Flip-Flop) is used in counters. It can also be used as a
frequency divider. T flip flop can be designed using JK flip flop but it can not be designed by using
SR flip flop.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcome

Build simple combinational and sequential circuits.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Construct and test the functionality of T flip flop.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcomes

1. Follow safe practices
2. Demonstrate working as a leader or a team member.
3. Maintain tools and equipment.
4. Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

IC7476 is a Dual Master-slave JK flip-flop IC. It has two negative edge triggered JK flip-flops with
active low preset and clear inputs. Preset (PR) input should be low to set the output Q (logic level
1). Clear (CR or CLR) input should be low to clear the output Q (logic level 0). The truth table of
JK flip-flop is as given in figure 11.3.

Figure 11.1 Logic diagram of JK Flip-flop

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 89

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Figure 11.2 IC-7476 Dual Master-slave JK flip-flop with Preset and Clear inputs

Sr.
No. Jn Kn Clk Qn

1. 0 1 X X X 1 0
2. 1 0 X X X 0 1
3. 1 1 0 0 X Previous Output
4. 1 1 X X 0 Previous Output
5. 1 1 1 0 ↓ 1 0
6. 1 1 0 1 ↓ 0 1
7. 1 1 1 1 ↓ Toggle

Figure 11.3 Truth Table of JK flip-flop

Figure 11.4 Logic diagram of T flip-flop

Input Output
Remark
T Qn+1
0 Qn Previous state output
1 Qn Toggle state output

Figure 11.5 Truth Table of T flip-flop

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 90

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Figure 10.6 JK Flip Flop converted into T Flip flop

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in a laboratory with related equipment rating-

A) Suggestive Circuit diagram-

Figure 11.7 Circuit diagram of T flip-flop using IC 7476

B) Actual Setup diagram-

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 91

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity

Digital Digital Multimeter: 3 and ½ digit display with R, V, I
1 1
Multimeter measurements, Diode and BJT testing.
Tests a wide range of Digital IC's such as 74 Series,
2 Digital IC Tester 1
40/45 Series of CMOS IC's.
Floating DC Supply Voltages 0 -30V; 0-2 A.
Automatic Overload (Current Protection). Constant
DC Regulated
3 Voltage and Constant Current Operation. Digital 1
power supply
Display for Voltage and Current Adjustable Current
Limiter. Excellent Line and Load Regulation.
4 Breadboard 5.5 cm X 17 cm. 1
5 IC 7476 1
6 LED Red/Yellow color 5 mm. 2
7 Connecting wires Single strand 0.6 mm Teflon coating. As required
8 Resistor 330 Ω or 1KΩ of 0.5W or 0.25W power rating. 2

X Procedure
1. Identify pin configuration of the ICs and test the ICs on the IC tester.
2. If the IC is faulty then keep it in the proper e-waste bin.
3. If the IC is in OK condition then mount it on the breadboard or the trainer kit.
4. Connect pin 14 to Vcc = +5V and pin 7 to ground = 0V of the IC used.
5. Study the pin diagram of IC 7476 carefully.
6. Make the connections to convert JK flip flop to T flip flop as per the circuit diagram given in Figure
11.7.
7. Apply logic input to T input and verify the truth table of T flip-flop as per the theoretical output.
8. Write the reading in each observation table.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 92

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XI Resources used

Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observation Table

Table 1: Verification of the truth table of T Flip-flop using IC 7476

Sr. Theoretical O/P Practical O/P

No.
T Clk
Qn+1 Q n+1

1. 0 1 X X 1 0
2. 1 0 X X 0 1
3. 1 1 0 X Previous output
4. 1 1 X 0 Previous output
Qn
5. 1 1 0 ↓
(Previous O/p)

6. 1 1 1 ↓ Qn
(Toggle state)

*where Qn+1 & is the next state output

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 93

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
XIV Result(s)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XV Interpretation of results

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more
such questions to ensure the achievement of identifying CO.
1. Can T flip-flop be used in shift registers or counters? Justify your answer.
2. Give two applications of T flip flop.
3. Draw and explain how the T flip-flop can be used as a frequency divider.

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 94
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 95
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related
Total (25)
(15) (10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 96

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.12: Implementation of 4 bit ripple counter using 7476.

I Practical Significance
In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device, which stores the number of times a particular
event or process has occurred in relation to a clock signal. Counter is a sequential circuit used for
counting the number of clock pulses. Each pulse applied to the clock input increments or decrements
the number in the counter. It is a group of Flip-Flops with a clock signal applied to it. Number of
flip-flops connected in cascade. A counter has a natural count of 2n where "n" is the number of flip-
flops in the counter. Hence, a 4-bit counter has 16 output states.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcome

Build simple combinational and sequential circuits.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Implement 4 bit ripple counter using 7476.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcomes

1. Follow safe practices
2. Demonstrate working as a leader or a team member.
3. Maintain tools and equipment.
4. Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

A ripple counter is an asynchronous counter where only the first flip-flop is clocked by an external
clock. All subsequent flip-flops are clocked by the output of the preceding flip-flop. Asynchronous
counters are also called ripple-counters because of the way the clock pulse ripples away through the
flip-flops. When the decimal equivalent of the counter output increases as it receives the clock
pulses, then that counter is known as Up Counter. When the decimal equivalent of the counter output
decreases as it receives the clock pulses, then that counter is known as Down Counter.
Figure 12.3 shows 4-bit asynchronous (ripple) up-counter designed by using JK flip-flop. In this
circuit J and K inputs are to be connected to Vcc (Logic 1 or Logic High) and uncomplemented
output Q of the preceding flip-flop is connected to the clock input of the next flip-flop. A 4-bit ripple
up-counter will increase the count from 0 to 15. Output Q of the JK flip-flop toggles and changes
its state at each negative edge of the clock input as per the truth table shown in figure 12.2.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 97

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Figure 12.1 Pin diagram of IC-7476 Dual Master-slave JK flip-flop with Preset and Clear
inputs

Sr.
No. Jn Kn Clk Qn

1. 0 1 X X X 1 0
2. 1 0 X X X 0 1
3. 1 1 0 0 X Previous Output
4. 1 1 X X 0 Previous Output
5. 1 1 1 0 ↓ 1 0
6. 1 1 0 1 ↓ 0 1
7. 1 1 1 1 ↓ Toggle

Figure 12.2 Truth Table of JK flip-flop

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in a laboratory with related equipment rating-

A) Suggestive Circuit diagram-

Figure 12.3 Circuit diagram of 4-bit ripple counter using JK flip-flops (IC 7476)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 98

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Figure 12.4 Circuit diagram (connection diagram) of 4-bit ripple counter using IC 7476
B) Actual Setup diagram-

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 99

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications
Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity
Digital Multimeter: 3 and ½ digit display with R,
1 Digital Multimeter 1
V, I measurements, Diode and BJT testing.
Tests a wide range of Digital IC's such as 74
2 Digital IC Tester 1
Series, 40/45 Series of CMOS IC's.
Floating DC Supply Voltages 0 -30V; 0-2 A.
Automatic Overload (Current Protection).
DC Regulated Constant Voltage and Constant Current
3 1
power supply Operation. Digital Display for Voltage and
Current Adjustable Current Limiter. Excellent
Line and Load Regulation.
4 Breadboard 5.5 cm X 17 cm. 1
5 IC 7476 2
6 LED Red/Yellow color 5 mm. 2
7 Connecting wires Single strand 0.6 mm Teflon coating. As required
8 Resistor 330 Ω or 1KΩ of 0.5W or 0.25W power rating. 2
IX Precautions to be followed
1. Ensure proper earthing to the equipment.
2. Ensure the power switch is in ‘off’ condition initially.
3. Ensure proper settings of the power supply before use.
4. Switch off the power after completion of the practical.
X Procedure
1. Identify pin configuration of the ICs and test the ICs on the IC tester.
2. If the IC is faulty then keep it in the proper e-waste bin.
3. If the IC is in OK condition then mount it on the breadboard or the trainer kit.
4. Connect pin 14 to Vcc = +5V and pin 7 to ground = 0V of the IC used.
5. Study the pin diagram of IC 7476 carefully.
6. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram of the 4 bit ripple counter given in Figure 12.4.
7. Apply clock pulse to the clock input of JK flip flop (IC 7476) and verify the truth table of 4-bit ripple
up-counter as per the theoretical output.
8. Write the reading in each observation table.
XI Resources used

Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 100

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XII Actual Procedure

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
.……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
..………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
XIII Observation Table
Table 1: Truth table of 4-bit Asynchronous (ripple) counter using IC 7476

Input Output
Sr.No.
No. of clock pulses Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 Decimal Equivalent

XIV Result(s)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 101
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
XV Interpretation of results

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
XVI Conclusion and recommendation

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more
such questions to ensure the achievement of identifying CO.
1. Test and write the function of Preset and Clear inputs of JK flip-flop.
2. Give two applications of ripple counters.
3. State the type of flip-flop that can be used in place of JK flip-flop to design a ripple counter.
4. Draw and explain a state diagram of a 4-bit ripple counter.
5. Draw circuit diagram of 4-bit synchronous counter using JK flip-flop.
6. Refer data sheets of different ICs for the application of ripple counter. Suggest IC numbers
that are suitable to operate for input voltage of 5V; temperature range is of 30 degree
Celsius and 30 MHz of clock frequency.

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 102
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 103

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related
Total (25)
(15) (10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 104

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.13: Assembly language program (ALP) to perform addition of 8-bit

data using various addressing modes.
I Practical Significance
The 8051 microcontroller perform arithmetic operations on data. Applications such as BCD, ASCII
conversions and checksum byte testing require arithmetic operations. This practical will help the
students to develop skills to write assembly program for arithmetic operations.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcomes

1. Access various registers in 8051 microcontroller.
2. Develop and execute programs in assembly language for microcontroller.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Develop and execute an assembly language program (ALP) to perform addition of
8-bit data.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome

Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Microcontroller is a single chip microcomputer made through VLSI fabrication. 8051 is the
microcontroller of the MCS-51 family introduced by Intel Corporation. It has inbuilt components
such as CPU, internal RAM and ROM, timers/counters, serial ports, interrupts and I/O ports.

Fig 13.1 System on Chip – 8051

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 105

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
Accumulator is an 8-bit register and is used for all arithmetic and logic operations. To perform
arithmetic operations, it is necessary that one of the two operands should be in accumulator. There
are four register banks available in 8051; each register bank consists of 8 registers (R0 to R7).

Addressing Modes: A microcontroller provides various methods for accessing data

needed in the execution of an instruction. The various methods of accessing the data are
called addressing modes.
1. Immediate addressing mode MOV A,#25H
2. Register addressing mode MOV A,R0
3. Direct addressing mode MOV A,40H
4. Register Indirect addressing mode MOV A,@R0
5. Indexed Addressing mode MOVC A,@A+DPTR

For addition - ADD A, Source ; A = A + Source

Keil IDE:
Keil is 8051 development tool which includes a text Editor, Assembler Debugger, linker, Simulator,
C-complier, hex converter, locator and some in-built features like logic analyzer to observe various
waveforms. It also includes terminal emulator. Keil supports all 8051 derivatives and valuable tool
for embedded software development.

Steps for creating a project using Keil software:

1. Start Keil by double clicking on Keil icon. (Keil automatically opens the last project which was
opened previously, when Keil was closed).
2. To create new project, Click on Project and select new project.
3. Select appropriate location for new project and type project name, click on save button.

4. “Select device for Target Target-1” window will open. It displays a list of manufacturers of
microcontrollers.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 106

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

5. Double click on ATMEL or INTEL, list of supported microcontrollers gets displayed. Select
80C51AH from INTEL or AT89C51 (or as per the target board) for ATMEL then click ok.

6. Click file pull down menu. Select new, a text editor window will open. Save this file in a same
folder where project was stored. Give extension as .ASM or. A51.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 107

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

7. On left hand project work space window will display Target1 and Source group1.
Right click on source group; Add files to source group 1.

8. Select file type as asm source file. Now all .asm file Name will be displayed. Select appropriate
file, click ADD and close.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 108

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

9. Project work space window will display ‘Target 1’ and ‘Source group 1’ with added file name.

10. Type assembly language program. End with END directive. Save the file periodically.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 109

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

11. Right click on source group, click on Build target or press F7.

12. Output window will display the errors if any. If there are some errors, then remove the errors
and repeat from step number 12 until no errors.

To create a hex file, follow this procedure

a. Right click on target in project window.
b. Click on options for target ‘target 1’.
c. Set target frequency 11.0592 MHz
d. Click on output tab and checkmark the option “create hex file”.
e. Click ok
f. Repeat step 12 again.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 110
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Observe output window. Hex file is created.

This step is optional for the experiments which need only simulation method to observe the results.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 111

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

To start the simulation. Click on Debug pull down. Then select start/Stop debug session

On start of debug session, project window will display all internal registers of 8051 and their contents.
To execute the program step by step, go no clicking on “step over” button.
Observe the logic levels of port pins, timers, interrupt etc, by clicking on Peripherals and select
appropriate.
Execute the program step by step and observe the logic levels on port pins.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 112

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Observe the serial communication by clicking VIEW pull down and select serial window-1 Option.

Observe the contents of internal, external and code memory contents.

a. Click on memory window button
b. Memory window will get displayed near output window with address bar.
c. Type “i: address 8-bit H” for internal memory.” X: address16 bit H” for external memory for code
memory type “C: address”.
d. To modify the contents of memory, right click on contents of any memory location and enter new
valued to be loaded in that memory location

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 113

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Addition
Sample program: Write and execute a Student activity:
program to add data 40H and 30H and Write a program to add two 8-bit numbers.
store result in 35H internal memory Assume numbers are stored in the Internal
memory locations 30H and 31H store result at
32H.
Algorithm: Algorithm:
1. Get first number in accumulator
2. Get second number in R0
3. Add both numbers
4. Store the result in internal memory
location 35H
5. Stop
Flowchart: Flowchart

Assembly language program

Instructions Comments Instructions Comments
ORG 0000H Start of program
MOV A,#30H Read 1st number into A
register
MOV R0,#40H Read 2nd number into R0
register
ADD A,R0 Add content of A and R0
register
MOV 35H,A Store result at 35H
internal memory
END End of the program

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 114

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating.

Note: This practical is based on Integrated Design Environment (IDE) software, not required
circuit diagram.

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

IX Precautions to be followed
Check rules / syntax of assembly programming.

XI Resources used

Sr. Name of Resource Specifications Quantity

No.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 115

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observation Table

Sr. Data stored in Register/ Memory Result after execution Status of flags
No. for the operation
1
2
3

XIV Result(s)

XV Interpretation of results

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
.........………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……......................................................................................................................................................
XVI Conclusion and recommendation

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.

1. Write the result of addition of two numbers 88H and 4AH.

2. Write assembly language program to perform addition of two 16-bit numbers.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 116
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
3. List any four instructions for addition operation and write meaning of each.
4. Write assembly program to perform series addition of 10 numbers.

[Space for Answers]

...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....……
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………............................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………....................................................................................
……………………………………………………....................................................................................
……………………………………………………....................................................................................
……………………………………………………....................................................................................
……………………………………………………....................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....……
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………............................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………....................................................................................
……………………………………………………....................................................................................
……………………………………………………....................................................................................
……………………………………………………....................................................................................
……………………………………………………....................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....……
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 117

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
………………………………………………………………………………............................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………....................................................................................
……………………………………………………....................................................................................
……………………………………………………....................................................................................
……………………………………………………....................................................................................
……………………………………………………....................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………....................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………....................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. http://www.circuitstoday.com/getting-started-with-keil-uvision
2. http://www.keil.com
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_MCS-51
4. https://electronicsforyou.in/8051-program-for-addition-of-two-16-bit-numbers/

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process Related: 15 Marks 60 %
1 Use of IDE tools for programming 10%
2 Coding and Debugging ability 20%
3 Observations and recording 20%
4 Follow ethical practices 10%
Product Related: 10 Marks 40%
5 Correctness of algorithm/ Flow chart 20%
6 Relevance of output of the problem definition 15%
7 Timely Submission of report, Answer to sample questions 05%
Total ( 25 Marks) 100 %

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related Total

(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 118

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.14: Assembly language program (ALP) to perform subtraction of

8-bit data using various addressing modes.
I Practical Significance
The 8051 microcontroller perform arithmetic operations on data. Applications such as BCD, ASCII
conversions and checksum byte testing require arithmetic operations. This practical will help the
students to develop skills to write assembly program for arithmetic operations.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcomes

1. Access various registers in 8051 microcontroller.
2. Develop and execute programs in assembly language for microcontroller.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Develop and execute an assembly language program (ALP) to perform subtraction
of 8-bit data.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome

Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Accumulator is an 8-bit register and is used for all arithmetic and logic operations. To perform
arithmetic operations, it is necessary that one of the two operands should be in accumulator. There
are four register banks available in 8051; each register bank consists of 8 registers (R0 to R7).

For subtraction - SUBB A, Source ; A = A – Source – CY

Subtraction can be done by taking the two`s complement of the number to be subtracted
(subtrahend), and adding it to another number (minuend). Register A is the destination address for
the subtraction. All addressing modes may be used for source address.

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating.
Note: This practical is based on Integrated Design Environment (IDE) software, not required
circuit diagram.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 119

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

IX Precautions to be followed
Check rules / syntax of assembly programming.

X Procedure

Write Program
1. Start Keil by double clicking on Keil icon.
2. Create a new project.
3. Select device for Target.
4. Double click on ATMEL or INTEL and select 80c51AH 0r AT89C51.
5. Type the program in text editor and save as .asm or .a51.
Compile the Program
6. Right click on source group and build the target.
7. Check for any errors in the output window and remove if any.
Run, Debug the Program
8. Click on Debug and start simulation and start/stop debug session.
9. Run the program step by step.
10. Observe the output on the project window. It will display all internal registers of 8051
and their contents.
11. Note the contents of the registers/memory in observation table.
Subtraction
Sample program: Write and execute a program to Student activity:
subtract data 50H and 20H and store result in 25H Write a program to subtract two 8-bit
internal memory numbers. Assume numbers are stored in
the Internal memory locations 40H and
41H store result at 42H.
Algorithm: Algorithm:
1. Get first number in accumulator
2. Get second number in R0
3. Perform subtraction of two numbers
4. Store the result in internal memory location
25H
5. Stop

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 120

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Flowchart: Flowchart

Assembly language program

Instructions Comments Instructions Comments
ORG 0000H Start of program
CLR C Clear carry flag
MOV A,#50H Read 1st number into A
register
MOV R0,#20H Read 2nd number into R0
register
SUBB A,R0 Add content of A and R0
register
MOV 25H,A Store result at 35H
internal memory
END End of the program

XI Resources used

Sr. Name of Resource Specifications Quantity

No.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 121

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observation Table

Sr. Data stored in Register/ Result after execution Status of

No. Memory for the operation flags
1
2
3

XIV Result(s)

XV Interpretation of results

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Write assembly program to perform subtraction of two 16-bit numbers.
2. If SUBB A, R4 is executed, then actually what operation is being applied?
3. Write significance of carry flag while doing subtraction.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 122
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
4. On power up, the 8051 uses which RAM locations for register R0- R7.

[Space for Answers]

...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………..................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
................................…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…
…………………………………………………………………………………...……………………..……
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………..............................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
.....................…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 123

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
..........................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related Total

(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 124

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.15: Assembly language program (ALP) to perform multiplication

of 8-bit data, take the input data from port1 and display the
output data on port 2.
I Practical Significance
The 8051 microcontroller perform arithmetic operations on data. Applications such as BCD, ASCII
conversions and checksum byte testing require arithmetic operations. Arithmetic operators are used
to perform calculations on numeric data in a field. This practical will help the students to develop
skills to write assembly program for arithmetic operations.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcomes

1. Access various registers in 8051 microcontroller.
2. Develop and execute programs in assembly language for microcontroller.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Develop and execute an assembly language program (ALP) to perform multiplication of 8-bit data.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome

Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

For multiplication - MUL AB ; A (LSB Result) = Multiply A x B

; B (MSB Result)
The register A and B will be used for multiplication. No other registers can be used for
multiplication. The result of the multiplication may exceed the 8-bit size. So, the higher order byte
is stored at register B, and lower order byte will be in the Accumulator A after multiplication.

8051 microcontrollers have 4 I/O ports i.e. port 0, port 1, port 2 and port 3 each of 8-bit, which can
be configured as input or output. Hence, total 32 input/output pins allow the microcontroller to be
connected with the peripheral devices.
Pin configuration: The pin can be configured as 1 for input and 0 for output as per the logic state.

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating.

Note: This practical is based on Integrated Design Environment (IDE) software, not required
circuit diagram.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 125

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

IX Precautions to be followed
Check rules / syntax of assembly programming.
X Procedure
Write Program
1. Start Keil by double clicking on Keil icon.
2. Create a new project.
3. Select device for Target.
4. Double click on ATMEL or INTEL and select 80c51AH 0r AT89C51.
5. Type the program in text editor and save as .asm or .a51.
Compile the Program
6. Right click on source group and build the target.
7. Check for any errors in the output window and remove if any.
Run, Debug the Program
8. Click on Debug and start simulation and start/stop debug session.
9. Run the program step by step.
10. Observe the output on the project window. It will display all internal registers of 8051
and their contents.
11. Note the contents of the registers/memory in observation table.
Multiplication
Sample program: Write and execute a Student activity:
program to multiply data 04H and 02H and Write a program to multiply two 8-bit numbers.
store result in 35H internal memory Assume numbers are stored in the Internal
memory locations 40H and 41H store
LSB_result at 42H and MSB_result at 43H.
Algorithm: Algorithm:
1. Get first number in accumulator
2. Get second number in B.
3. Multiply both numbers
4. Store the LSB result in internal memory
location 35H.
5. Store the LSB result in internal memory
location 35H.
6. Stop

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 126

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
Flowchart: Flowchart

Assembly language program

Instructions Comments Instructions Comments
ORG 0000H Start of program
Read 1st number into A
MOV A,#04H
register
Read 2nd number into B
MOV B,#02H
register
Multiply content of A and B
MUL AB
register
Store LSB result at 35H
MOV 35H,A
internal memory
Store MSB result at 36H
MOV 36H,B
internal memory
END End of the program

Take the input data from port and display the output data on other port.
Sample program 2: Write and execute a Student activity: Write a program to take the input
program to Take the input data from port1 data from port1 and display the output data on
and display the output data on port 2. port 2 and port 3.

Algorithm: Algorithm:
1. Define port 1 as input port.
2. Define port 2 as output port.
3. Read port 1 data into accumulator
4. Send accumulator data to port 2.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 127
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
5. Repeat the program from step 3.
6. Stop

Flowchart: Flowchart

Assembly language program

Instructions Comments Instructions Comments
ORG 0000H Start of program
MOV P1, #0FFH Define port 1 as input
MOV P2, #00H Define port 2 as output
Read port 1 data into
UP: MOV A, P1
accumulator
Send accumulator data to
MOV P2, A
port 2
To repeat procedure, jump
SJMP UP
to label UP
END End of the program

XI Resources used

Sr. Name of Resource Specifications Quantity

No.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 128

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XII Actual Procedure

Sr. Data stored in Register/ Memory Result after execution Status of flags
No. for the operation
1
2
3

XIV Result(s)

XV Interpretation of results

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
XVII Practical related questions
Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Write assembly program to receive data from port 1, determine whether bit 2 is high, and then
send the number FFH to port 3
2. Write length in byte and oscillator period required to execute MUL AB instruction.
3. MUL A, R1 is these a valid 8051 instructions? Explain your answer.
4. Write code to send 55H to ports P1 and P2.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 129
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 130

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
..........................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related Total

(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 131

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.16: Assembly language program (ALP) to perform division of 8-bit

data, take the input data from port 2 and display the output data
on port 0.
I Practical Significance
The 8051 microcontroller perform arithmetic operations on data. Applications such as BCD, ASCII
conversions and checksum byte testing require arithmetic operations. Arithmetic operators are used
to perform calculations on numeric data in a field. This practical will help the students to develop
skills to write assembly program for arithmetic operations.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcomes

1. Access various registers in 8051 microcontroller.
2. Develop and execute programs in assembly language for microcontroller.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Develop and execute an assembly language program (ALP) to perform division of 8-bit data.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome

Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

For division - DIV AB ; A (Quotient Result) = Divide A by B

; B (Remainder Result)
The register A and B will be used for division. No other registers can be used for division. The
numerator must be in register A and the denominator must be in B. After division Quotient is stored
in A register and Remainder in B.

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating.
Note: This practical is based on Integrated Design Environment (IDE) software, not required
circuit diagram.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 132

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

IX Precautions to be followed

Check rules / syntax of assembly programming.

X Procedure

Write Program
1. Start Keil by double clicking on Keil icon.
2. Create a new project.
3. Select device for Target.
4. Double click on ATMEL or INTEL and select 80c51AH 0r AT89C51.
5. Type the program in text editor and save as .asm or .a51.
Compile the Program
6. Right click on source group and build the target.
7. Check for any errors in the output window and remove if any.
Run, Debug the Program
8. Click on Debug and start simulation and start/stop debug session.
9. Run the program step by step.
10. Observe the output on the project window. It will display all internal registers of 8051
and their contents.
11. Note the contents of the registers/memory in observation table.
Division
Sample program: Write and execute a program Student activity:
to divide data 09H by 02H and store result in Write a program to divide two 8-bit numbers.
35H and 36H internal memory Assume numbers are stored in the Internal
memory locations 40H and 41H store Quotient
at 42H and Remainder result at 43H.
Algorithm: Algorithm:
1. Get first number in accumulator
2. Get second number in B.
3. Divide content of A by content of B
4. Store the result (Quotient) in internal memory
location 35H.
5. Store the result (Remainder) in internal memory
location 36H.
6. Stop

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 133

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
Flowchart: Flowchart

Assembly language program

Instructions Comments Instructions Comments
ORG 0000H Start of program
Read 1st number into A
MOV A, #09H
register
Read 2nd number into B
MOV B, #02H
register
Multiply content of A
DIV AB
and B register
Store result (Quotient) at
MOV 35H, A
35H internal memory
Store result (Remainder)
MOV 36H, B
at 36H internal memory
END End of the program

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 134

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Take the input data from port and display the output data on other port.
Sample program: Write and execute a Student activity: Write a program to take the
program to Take the input data from port 2 input data from port 2 and display the output
and display the output data on port 0. data on port 1 and port 3.

Algorithm: Algorithm:

1. Define port 2 as input port.

2. Define port 0 as output port.
3. Read port 2 data into accumulator
4. Send accumulator data to port 0.
5. Repeat the program from step 3.
6. Stop

Flowchart: Flowchart:

Assembly language program

Instructions Comments Instructions Comments
ORG 0000H Start of program
MOV P2, #0FFH Define port 2 as input
MOV P0, #00H Define port 0 as output
Read port 2 data into
UP: MOV A, P2
accumulator
Send accumulator data to
MOV P0, A
port 0
To repeat procedure, jump
SJMP UP
to label UP
END End of the program

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 135

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XI Resources used

Sr. Name of Resource Specifications Quantity

No.

XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observation Table

Sr. Data stored in Register/ Result after execution Status of flags

No. Memory
for the operation
1
2
3

XIV Result(s)

XV Interpretation of results

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 136

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.

1.Write length in byte and oscillator period required to execute DIV AB instruction.
2.DIV A, R1 is these a valid 8051 instructions? Explain your answer.
3.Write assembly code to convert hexadecimal number to decimal.
4.Write assembly code to toggle the bits of ports P3 continuously.
[Space for Answers]
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………..................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
................................…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…
…………………………………………………………………………………...……………………..……
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………..............................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
.....................…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 137

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related Total

(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 138

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.17: Assembly language program to transfer data from source to

destination location of internal data memory.
I Practical Significance
Data transfer is a process of moving or copying information from one location to other location
within internal or external memory. To save the results of certain operations, to create lookup tables
etc. This practical will help the students to develop skills to write assembly program for memory
related data transfer operations.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcomes

1. Access various registers in 8051 microcontroller.
2. Develop and execute programs in assembly language for microcontroller.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Develop and execute an assembly language program to transfer data using internal data memory.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome

Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

The 8051 microcontroller's memory is divided into Program Memory and Data Memory. In the
8051 microcontroller, Internal RAM (data memory) - 128 bytes. Internal memory (code memory) -
4 kB (ROM).
Program Memory (ROM) is used for permanent saving program being executed, while Data
Memory (RAM) is used for temporarily storing and keeping intermediate results and variables.

The block transfer is the process of transfer the content of group of memory location from source
address to destination address, after block transfer content of destination replace by new contents.

MEMORY WINDOW:
Before execution:
D:0x50H: 22 AB 3D 44 55

D:0X60H: 00 00 00 00 00

After execution:
D:0x50H: 22 AB 3D 44 55

D:0X60H: 22 AB 3D 44 55

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 139

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Fig. 17.1 RAM memory of 8051

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating.
Note: This practical is based on Integrated Design Environment (IDE) software, not required
circuit diagram.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 140

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

IX Precautions to be followed
Check rules / syntax of assembly programming.

X Procedure

Write Program
1. Start Keil by double clicking on Keil icon.
2. Create a new project.
3. Select device for Target.
4. Double click on ATMEL or INTEL and select AT89C51 or 80c51AH.
5. Type the program in text editor and save as .asm or .a51.
Compile the Program
6. Right click on source group and build the target.
7. Check for any errors in the output window and remove if any.
Run, Debug the Program
8. Click on Debug and start simulation and start/stop debug session.
9. Run the program step by step.
10. Observe the output on the project window. It will display all internal registers of 8051
and their contents.
11. Note the contents of the registers/memory in observation table.
Data transfer
Sample program: Write and execute a program Student activity: Write and execute a
to transfer five data bytes of internal memory program to transfer ten data bytes of
location from 50H to 60H onwards. internal memory location from 20H to 30H
onwards.

Algorithm: Algorithm:
1. Start
2. Initialize memory pointer as a source.
3. Initialize memory pointer as a destination.
4. Initialize counter.
5. Move the content of first location in to
accumulator.
6. Move the content of accumulator to first
destination location.
7. Increment source location.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 141

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
8. Increment destination location.
9. Decrement iteration count and if not zero
jump to step 5.
10. Stop

Flowchart: Flowchart

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 142

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Assembly language program

Instructions Comments Instructions Comments
ORG 0000H Start of program
MOV R0,#50H Source memory pointer
Destination memory
MOV R1,#60H
pointer
Set R7 register as
MOV R7,#05H
Counter
Get the number from
UP:MOV A,@R0
source into accumulator
MOV @R1,A Move it into destination
Point on next source
INC R0
memory location
Point on next destination
INC R1
memory location
Repeat the transfer till
DJNZ R7,UP
counter R7=0
END End of Program

XI Resources used
Sr. Name of Resource Specifications Quantity
No.

XII Actual Procedure

Before execution After execution

Address Contents Address Contents Address Contents

Source Destination Destination

Memory Memory Memory

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 143

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XIV Result(s)

XV Interpretation of results

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Write instructions to copy the byte in Accumulator to register R2 using at least two different
addressing modes.
2. State significance of DJNZ instruction in this program?
3. Write names of I/O ports and pins, which are used to interface external memory to 8051.
4. List 16 bit registers available in 8051 microcontroller series.

[Space for Answers]

...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 144
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 145
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. http://www.keil.com
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_MCS-51

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related Total

(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 146

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.18: Assembly language program to transfer data from source to

destination location of external data memory.
I Practical Significance
The 8051 has a limited amount of internal memory, it is possible to extend the memory capacity
by interfacing it with external memory devices. Data transfer is a process of moving or copying
information from one location to other location within internal or external data memory. To save
the results of certain operations, to create lookup tables etc. This practical will help the students to
develop skills to write assembly program for memory related data transfer operations.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcomes

1. Access various registers in 8051 microcontroller.
2. Develop and execute program in assembly language for microcontroller.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Develop and execute an assembly language program to transfer data using external data memory.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome

Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Fig. 18.1 External RAM memory interfacing with 8051

Figure 18.1 shows how to connect or interface external RAM (data memory) to 8051. Port 0 is used
as multiplexed data and address lines. Address lines are decoded using external latch and ALE signal
from 8051 to provide lower order (A7-A0) address lines. Port 2 gives higher order address lines.
RD and WR signals from 8051 select the memory read and memory write operations respectively.
Note: RD and WR signals: generally, P3.6 and P3.7 pins of port 3 are used to generate memory read
and memory write signals. Remaining pins of port 3 i.e. P3.0-P3.5 can be used for other functions.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 147

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Instructions to Access External Data Memory:

Mnemonic Operation
MOVX A, @Ri In this operation, it will copy the contents of the external address in Ri to A.
MOVX A, @DPTR Copy the contents of the external address pointed by DPTR to A.
MOVX @Ri, A Copy data from A to the external address in Ri
MOVX DPTR, A Copy data from A to the external address pointed by DPTR.

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating.

Note: This practical is based on Integrated Design Environment (IDE) software, not required
circuit diagram.

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

IX Precautions to be followed
Check rules / syntax of assembly programming.
X Procedure

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 148

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Data transfer external RAM

Sample program: Write and execute a Student activity: Write and execute a program
program for block transfer. Take data of for block transfer. Take data of external RAM
external memory location 4000H and transfer memory location 6000H and transfer to 7000H
to 5000H external memory location.
external memory location.
Algorithm: Algorithm:
1. Start
2. Initialize counter.
3. Initialize memory pointer as a source by
loading 4000H in DPTR
4. Move the content of first location in to
accumulator.
5. Initialize memory pointer as a
destination
6. by loading 50H in DPH.
7. Move the content of accumulator to first
destination location.
8. Increment DPTR.
9. Decrement iteration count and if not zero
jump to step 3.
10. Stop

Assembly language program

Instructions Comments Instructions Comments

ORG 0000H Start of program
MOV R0,#05H Set the counter
MOV 82H,#00H DPL = 00H
UP:MOV 83H,#40H DPH= 40H
Get the number from
MOVX A,@DPTR external source memory into
accumulator
MOV 83H,#50H DPH = 50H
Get the number from
MOVX @DPTR,A accumulator to destination
memory
INC DPTR Increment DPTR
Repeat the transfer till
DJNZ R0,UP
counter R0= 0
END End of Program

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 149

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XI Resources used

Sr. Name of Resource Specifications Quantity

No.

XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observation Table

Before execution After execution

Address Contents Address Contents

Source Destination
Memory Memory

XIV Result(s)

XV Interpretation of results

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 150

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Write instructions to access external ROM / Program Memory.
2. Write instruction to access external RAM / Data memory.
3. Write DPL and DPH memory address.
4. Explain the role of DPTR used in the program.
[Space for Answers]
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 151
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. http://www.keil.com
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_MCS-51

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Weightage
Indicators
Process Related: 15 Marks 60 %
1 Use of IDE tools for programming 10%
2 Coding and Debugging ability 20%
3 Observations and recording 20%
4 Follow ethical practices 10%
Product Related: 10 Marks 40%
5 Correctness of algorithm/ Flow chart 20%
6 Relevance of output of the problem definition 15%
7 Timely Submission of report, Answer to sample questions 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related Total

(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 152

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.19: Assembly language program to exchange data from source to

destination memory location.
I Practical Significance
Data transfer is a process of moving or copying information from one location to other location
within internal or external data memory. To save the results of certain operations, to create lookup
tables etc. This practical will help the students to develop skills to write assembly program for
memory related data transfer operations.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcomes

1. Access various registers in 8051 microcontroller.
2. Develop and execute program in assembly language for microcontroller.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Develop and execute an assembly language program to exchange data of memory locations.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome

Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

The 8051-microcontroller memory is divided into Program Memory and Data Memory. Program
Memory (ROM) is used for permanent saving program being executed, while Data Memory (RAM)
is used for temporarily storing and keeping intermediate results and variables.

The block exchange is the process of transfer the content of group of memory location from source
address to destination address and vice versa, after block exchange content of source and destination
memory replace by new contents.

MEMORY WINDOW:
Before execution:
D:0x50H: 01 02 03 04 05

D:0X60H: 06 07 08 09 10

After execution:
D:0x50H: 06 07 08 09 10

D:0X60H: 01 02 03 04 05

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 153

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Fig. 19.1 RAM memory of 8051

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating.

Note: This practical is based on Integrated Design Environment (IDE) software, not required
circuit diagram.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 154

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

IX Precautions to be followed

Check rules / syntax of assembly programming.

X Procedure
Write Program
1. Start Keil by double clicking on Keil icon.
2. Create a new project.
3. Select device for Target.
4. Double click on ATMEL or INTEL and select 80c51AH 0r AT89C51.
5. Type the program in text editor and save as .asm or .a51.
Compile the Program
6. Right click on source group and build the target.
7. Check for any errors in the output window and remove if any.
Run, Debug the Program
8. Click on Debug and start simulation and start/stop debug session.
9. Run the program step by step.
10. Observe the output on the project window. It will display all internal registers of 8051
and their contents.
11. Note the contents of the registers/memory in observation table.
Data exchange
Sample program: Write and execute a Student activity: Write and execute a program
program to exchange five data bytes of to exchange five data bytes of internal memory
internal memory location from 50H to 60H location from 20H to 30H onwards.
onwards.
Algorithm: Algorithm:
1. Start
2. Initialize memory pointer as a source.
3. Initialize memory pointer as a destination.
4. Initialize counter.
5. Move the content of location in to
accumulator.
6. Exchange with destination memory
7. Move the content of accumulator to first
source location.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 155
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
8. Increment source location.
9. Increment destination location.
10. Decrement iteration count and if not zero
jump to step 5.
10. Stop

Assembly language program

Instructions Comments Instructions Comments
ORG 0000H Start of program
MOV R0,#50H Source memory pointer
Destination memory
MOV R1,#60H
pointer
MOV R7,#05H Set counter
Get the number from
UP:MOV A,@R0
source into accumulator
XCH A,@R1 Exchange with destination
MOV @R0,A Move it into destination
Point on next source
INC R0
memory location
Point on next destination
INC R1
memory location
Repeat the transfer till
DJNZ R7,UP
counter R7 =0
END End of Program

XI Resources used

Sr. Name of Resource Specifications Quantity

No.

XII Actual Procedure

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 156

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XIII Observation Table

Before execution After execution

Memory Contents Memory Contents Memory Contents Memory Contents
Address Address Address Address

XIV Result(s)

XV Interpretation of results

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Write assembly program to exchange 5 data bytes from internal memory locations using MOV
instructions.
2. Write difference between XCH and XCHD instruction.
3. Explain EQU and DB directive with example.
4. Write difference between MOVX and MOVC instruction.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 157

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

[Space for Answers]

...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 158
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. http://www.keil.com
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_MCS-51

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related Total

(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 159

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.20: Assembly language program to find smallest number from the
given data bytes stored in internal / external data memory locations.
I Practical Significance
Finding smallest and largest number in a given array is common operation used in many algorithms
and applications such as data searching and sorting. This practical will help the students to develop
skills to compare numbers in an array.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcomes

1. Access various registers in 8051 microcontroller.
2. Develop and execute programs in assembly language for microcontroller.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Develop and execute an assembly language program to find smallest number from the given data.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome

Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

CJNE destination, source, relative address
In 8051, the actions of comparing and jumping are combined into a single instruction called CJNE. It
compares two operands and jump to relative address if they are not equal. In addition, it changes the CY
flag to indicate if the destination operand is larger or smaller. This instruction is used to find the
largest/smallest number.

DJNZ Rn, relative address

These instruction decrements the contents of register and jump to the relative address if not zero.

Both of these instructions are used in to find the largest/smallest number program.

To find smallest number is the process of comparing content of group of memory location, after finding
smallest number result is placed in the memory.

MEMORY WINDOW:
Before execution:
D:0x40H: 22 AB 3D 44 55

D:0X50H: 00 00 00 00 00

After execution:
D:0x40H: 22 AB 3D 44 55

D:0X50H: 22 00 00 00 00

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 160

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Sample program: Write ALP to find smallest Student activity: Write ALP to find smallest
number from the given FIVE bytes stored in number from the given TEN bytes stored in
internal memory locations 40H onwards and internal memory locations 50H onwards and
store the result in location 50H. store the result in location 60H.

Algorithm: Algorithm:
1. Initialize source pointer R0 to 40H.
2. Initialize byte counter.
3. Load Accumulator with largest one byte
number.
4. Move the contents of source location to B
register.
5. Compare the two numbers.
6. If number is less then next number then
go to step 8.
7. Replace number with next number which
is largest.
8. Increment memory pointer to read next
number in the array.
9. Decrement byte counter by 1.
10. If byte counter is not zero go to step 4.
11. Store the result.
12. Stop

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 161

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
Flowchart: Flowchart

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 162

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
Assembly language program
Instructions Comments Instructions Comments
ORG 0000H Start of program
Initialize source pointer
MOV R0, #40H
R0 to 40H
MOV R1, #05H Initialize byte counter
Load maximum value
MOV A, #0FFH
for comparison
Read first byte to B
UP: MOV B, @R0
register
Compare first byte to
CJNE A, B, DOWN max value if not equal
go to down
DOWN: JC A_SMALL Check carry

MOV A, B Move small value to A

Increment the contents
A_SMALL: INC R0
of R0
Decrement counter by
DJNZ R1, UP one Is it zero? No, jump
to UP
Store smallest number
MOV 50H, A
to 50H
END End of Program

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating.

Note: This practical is based on Integrated Design Environment (IDE) software, not required
circuit diagram.

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

No.
1 Desktop PC Core i3/i5 Processor, 32/64-bit windows 1
operating system, 2GB/Higher RAM
2 Keil or any relevant open-source Compatible with Desktop PC 1
IDE, simulation and program
downloading software.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 163

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
IX Precautions to be followed

Check rules / syntax of assembly programming.

X Procedure
Write Program
1. Start Keil by double clicking on Keil icon.
2. Create a new project.
3. Select device for Target.
4. Double click on ATMEL or INTEL and select AT89C51 0r 80c51AH.
5. Type the program in text editor and save as .asm or .a51.
Compile the Program
6. Right click on source group and build the target.
7. Check for any errors in the output window and remove if any.
Run, Debug the Program
8. Click on Debug and start simulation and start/stop debug session.
9. Run the program step by step.
10. Observe the output in the register/memory.
11. Note down the readings in observation table
XI Resources used

Sr. Name of Resource Specifications Quantity

No.

XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observation Table

Before execution After execution

Memory location Data Memory location Data
40H
41H
42H 50H
43H
44H

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 164

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XIV Result(s)

XV Interpretation of results

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more such
questions to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Write assembly language program to count zeros in a data 86H.
2. Write assembly language program to find the average of five numbers.
3. Write any three-manufacturing company names those are producing 8051microcontrollers.
4. Explain the significance of program status word (PSW).

[Space for Answers]

...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 165
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 166
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related Total

(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 167

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.21: Assembly language program to find largest number from the given
data bytes stored in internal / external data memory locations.
I Practical Significance
Finding smallest and largest number in a given array is common operation used in many algorithms
and applications, such as finding the maximum value in a data set or arranging the numbers in
ascending and descending order. This practical will help the students to develop skills to use the
compare and loop instructions.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcomes

1. Access various registers in 8051 microcontroller.
2. Develop and execute programs in assembly language for microcontroller.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Develop and execute an assembly language program to find largest number from the given data.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome

Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

CJNE destination, source, relative address

In 8051, the actions of comparing and jumping are combined into a single instruction called CJNE. It
compares two operands and jump to relative address if they are not equal. In addition, it changes the CY
flag to indicate if the destination operand is larger or smaller. This instruction is used to find the
largest/smallest number.
DJNZ Rn, relative address
These instruction decrements the contents of register and jump to the relative address if not zero.
Both of these instructions are used to find the largest/smallest number.

To find largest number is the process of comparing content of group of memory location, after finding
largest number result is placed in the memory.

MEMORY WINDOW:
Before execution:
D:0x40h: 22 AB 3D 44 55

D:0x50h: 00 00 00 00 00

After execution:
D:0x40h: 22 AB 3D 44 55

D:0x50h: AB 00 00 00 00

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 168

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Sample program: Write ALP to find largest Student activity: Write ALP to find
number from the given FIVE bytes stored in largest number from the given TEN
internal memory locations 40H onwards and store bytes stored in internal memory
the result in location 50H. locations 50H onwards and store the
result in location 60H.

Algorithm: Algorithm:
1. Initialize source pointer R0 to 40H.
2. Initialize byte counter of 5 bytes.
3. Load Accumulator with smallest one byte number.
4. Move the contents of source location to B register.
5. Compare the two numbers.
6. If number is greater then next number then go to
step 8.
7. Replace number with next number which is
smallest.
8. Increment memory pointer to read next number in
the array.
9. Decrement byte counter by 1.
10. If byte counter is not zero go to step 4.
11. Store the result.
12. Stop

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 169

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
Flowchart: Flowchart

Assembly language program

Instructions Comments Instructions Comments

ORG 0000H Start of program
Initialize source
MOV R0, #40H
pointer R0 to 40H
MOV R1, #05H Initialize byte counter
MOV A, #00H Clear A register
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 170
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
Read first byte to B
UP: MOV B, @R0
register
Compare first byte to
CJNE A, B, DOWN
lowest value
DOWN: JNC A_LARGE Check carry
Move large value into
MOV A, B
A register
Increment the contents
A_LARGE: INC R0
of R0 pointer
Decrement counter by
DJNZ R1, UP one Is it zero? No,
jump to UP
Store largest number
MOV 50H, A
to 50H
END End of Program

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating.
Note: This practical is based on Integrated Design Environment (IDE) software, not required
circuit diagram.

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

IX Precautions to be followed

Check rules / syntax of assembly programming.

X Procedure
Write Program
1. Start Keil by double clicking on Keil icon.
2. Create a new project.
3. Select device for Target.
4. Double click on ATMEL or INTEL and select AT89C51 0r 80c51AH.
5. Type the program in text editor and save as .asm or .a51.
Compile the Program
6. Right click on source group and build the target.
7. Check for any errors in the output window and remove if any.
Run, Debug the Program
8. Click on Debug and start simulation and start/stop debug session.
9. Run the program step by step.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 171
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
10. Observe the output in the register/memory.
11. Note down the readings in observation table

XI Resources used

Sr. Name of Resource Specifications Quantity

No.

XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observation Table

Before execution After execution

Memory location Data Memory location Data
40H
41H
42H 50H
43H
44H
XIV Result(s)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
.……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
..………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
XV Interpretation of results
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
.........………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……......................................................................................................................................................

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 172
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. State importance of carry flag in the PSW register to find smallest or largest number.
2. Write a program to
a) Load the accumulator with the value 55H, and b) complement the A register 50 times.
3. Write two conditional and unconditional jump instructions.
4. Write appropriate instruction to increment the content of 30H memory location.
[Space for Answers]
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 173
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related Total

(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 174

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.22: Assembly language program for arranging numbers in

ascending order stored in external memory locations.
I Practical Significance
Sorting is any process of arranging information systematically in ascending or descending order.
This allows us to write better programs like indexing to fetch the information faster, allows faster
search techniques, removes duplicate information and has many uses in statistical applications. This
practical will help the students to develop skills to understand how to access data from external
memory and use of branch instructions.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcomes

1. Access various registers in 8051 microcontroller.
2. Develop and execute programs in assembly language for microcontroller.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Develop and execute an assembly language program for arranging numbers in ascending order

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome

Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Ascending order/Descending order
The block of data consists of numbers in random order, to arrange these numbers in ascending or
descending order bubble sort method is used. If the given block of data has to be sorted in ascending
order, then bubble sort will start by comparing the first element of the block with the second element,
if the first element is greater than the second element, it will swap both the elements, and then move
on to compare the second and the third element, and so on.
Byte counter –to access data from block of data
Pass counter –to repeat this comparison are required to arrange the numbers in ascending or
descending order.
Branch instructions like JNC—jump if no carry and CJNE—compare and jump if not equal to are
used to sort the numbers.
External data memory is read/write. Since external data memory is indirectly accessed through a
data pointer register (which must be loaded with an address), it is slower than access to internal data
memory.
DPTR is used to point to data. It is used by a number of commands which allow the 8051 to access
external memory. When the 8051 accesses external memory it will access external memory at the
address indicated by DPTR.
MOVX instruction
MOVX is a widely used instruction allowing access to external data memory space. To bring
externally stored data into the CPU, we use the instruction “MOVX A, @DPTR”. This instruction
will read the byte of data pointed to by register DPTR and store it in the accumulator.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 175

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating.

Note: This practical is based on Integrated Design Environment (IDE) software, not required
circuit diagram.

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

IX Precautions to be followed

Check rules / syntax of assembly programming.

X Procedure

Write Program
1. Start Keil by double clicking on Keil icon.
2. Create a new project.
3. Select device for Target.
4. Double click on ATMEL or INTEL and select AT89C51 0r 80c51AH.
5. Type the program in text editor and save as .asm or .a51.
Compile the Program
6. Right click on source group and build the target.
7. Check for any errors in the output window and remove if any.
Run, Debug the Program
8. Click on Debug and start simulation and start/stop debug session.
9. Run the program step by step.
10. Observe the output in the register/memory.
11. Note down the values of external memory location in the observation table.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 176

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Sample program: Write ALP for arranging Student activity: Write ALP for arranging
FIVE numbers in ascending order stored in TEN numbers in ascending order stored in
external memory location 3000H. external memory location 4000H.

Algorithm: Algorithm:
1. Initialize comparison or pass counter
2. Initialize memory pointer DPTR to read
number from array
3. Initialize byte counter
4. Read numbers from the array
5. Compare two numbers.
6. If number <=next number, then go to step
9.
7. Interchange or swap numbers.
8. Increment memory pointer to read next
number from array.
9. Decrement byte counter by one.
10. If word counter is not equal to zero, then
go to step 2.
11. Stop

Assembly language program

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 177

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
Instructions Comments Instructions Comments
Move A register data to
external memory location
MOVX @DPTR, A pointed by DPTR
INC DPTR Increment data pointer
Move data from B register
MOV A, B to A register
Move A register data to
external memory location
MOVX @DPTR, A pointed by DPTR
Decrement byte and if
count byte is not zero go to
SKIP: DJNZ R1, UP Up
Decrement pass counter
DJNZ R0, UP1 and if not zero go to UP1
END End of Program

XI Resources used

Sr. Name of Resource Specifications Quantity

No.

XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observation Table

Before execution After execution

Memory location Data Memory location Data

3000H 3000H
3001H 3001H
3002H 3002H
3003H 3003H
3004H 3004H
3005H 3005H

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 178

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XIV Result(s)

XV Interpretation of results

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Write instructions to increment the content of DPTR by one.
2. Explain the role of pins PSEN’ ALE and EA’ in accessing external memory.
3. Calculate the number of address lines required to access 8 KB RAM.
4. Intel 8051 Follows Which Architecture?

[Space for Answers]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 179
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://electronicsforyou.in/8051-program-to-arrange-numbers-in-ascending-order/
2. http://www.keil.com
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_MCS-51

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related Total

(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 180

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.23: Assembly language program for arranging numbers in

descending order stored in external memory locations.
I Practical Significance
Sorting is any process of arranging information systematically in ascending or descending order.
This allows us to write better programs like indexing to fetch the information faster, allows faster
search techniques, removes duplicate information and has many uses in statistical applications. This
practical will help the students to develop skills to understand accessing data techniques from
external memory.
II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome
Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcomes

1. Access various registers in 8051 microcontroller.
2. Develop and execute programs in assembly language for microcontroller.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Develop and execute an assembly language program for arranging numbers in descending order

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome

Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Ascending order/Descending order
The block of data consists of numbers in random order, to arrange these numbers in ascending or
descending order bubble sort method is used.
If the given block of data has to be sorted in ascending order, then bubble sort will start by comparing
the first element of the block with the second element, if the first element is greater than the second
element, it will swap both the elements, and then move on to compare the second and the third
element, and so on.
Byte counter –to access data from block of data
Pass counter –to repeat this comparison are required to arrange the numbers in ascending or
descending order.
Branch instructions like JC—jump if carry and CJNE—compare and jump if not equal to are used
to sort the numbers.
External data memory is read/write. Since external data memory is indirectly accessed through a
data pointer register (which must be loaded with an address), it is slower than access to internal data
memory.
DPTR, as the name suggests, is used to point to data. It is used by a number of commands which
allow the 8051 to access external memory. When the 8051 accesses external memory it will access
external memory at the address indicated by DPTR.
MOVX instruction
MOVX is a widely used instruction allowing access to external data memory space. To bring
externally stored data into the CPU, we use the instruction “MOVX A, @DPTR”. This instruction
will read the byte of data pointed to by register DPTR and store it in the accumulator.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 181
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating.

Note: This practical is based on Integrated Design Environment (IDE) software, not required
circuit diagram.

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.
1 Desktop PC Core i3/i5 Processor, 32/64-bit windows 1
operating system, 2GB/Higher RAM
2 Keil or any relevant open- Compatible with Desktop PC 1
source IDE, simulation and
program downloading software.

IX Precautions to be followed

Check rules / syntax of assembly programming.

X Procedure

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 182

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Sample program: Write ALP for arranging Student activity: Write ALP for arranging
FIVE numbers in descending order stored in TEN numbers in descending order stored in
external memory location 3000H. external memory location 4000H.

Algorithm: Algorithm:
1. Initialize comparison or pass counter
2. Initialize memory pointer to read number
from array
3. Initialize byte counter
4. Read numbers from the array
5. Compare two numbers.
6. If number >=next number, then go to step
9.
7. Interchange or swap numbers.
8. Increment memory pointer to read next
number from array.
9. Decrement byte counter by one.
10. If word counter is not equal to zero, then
go to step 2.
11. Stop

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 183

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Assembly language program

Instructions Comments Instructions Comments
ORG 0000H Start of program
UP1: MOV R0, #05H Initialize pass counter
MOV DPTR, #3000H Initialize memory pointer
MOV R1, #04H Initialize byte counter
Save the lower byte
UP:MOV R2, DPL
address
MOVX A, @DPTR Read number from array
Transfer the number to B
MOV B, A
register
INC DPTR Increment memory pointer
Read next number from
MOVX A, @DPTR
array
Compare number with next
CJNE A, B, DN
number
AJMP SKIP Jump to label SKIP
If number>next number
DN: JC SKIP
then go to SKIP
Else exchange the number
MOV DPL, R2
with next number
Move A register data to
MOVX @DPTR, A external memory location
pointed by DPTR
INC DPTR Increment data pointer
Move data from B register
MOV A, B
to A.
Move A register data to
MOVX @DPTR, A external memory location
pointed by DPTR
Decrement byte and if
SKIP: DJNZ R1, UP count byte is not zero go to
Up
Decrement pass counter
DJNZ R0, UP1
and if not zero go to UP1
END End of Program

XI Resources used

Sr. Name of Resource Specifications Quantity

No.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 184

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observation Table

Before execution After execution

Memory location Data Memory location Data
3000H 3000H
3001H 3001H
3002H 3002H
3003H 3003H
3004H 3004H
3005H 3005H

XIV Result(s)

XV Interpretation of results

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 185
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
1. Write a program to (a) load the accumulator with the value 55H, and (b) complement the
ACC 70 times.
2. Explain JC code address and JNC code address instruction with example
3. Write any four Keil IDE features.
4. State the status of carry flag after comparison operation,
a) A<B register b) A>B register

[Space for Answers]

……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
…………………………………………………..............................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………............................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 186

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................
……………………………………………………..........................................................................................

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. http://www.keil.com
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_MCS-51

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related Total

(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 187

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.24: Assembly language program MASK and SET particular bit of
given register using 1) bit addressable instructions 2) Logical
instructions.
I Practical Significance
Source code that does bit manipulation makes use of the bitwise operations: AND, OR, XOR, NOT,
and possibly other operations analogous to the Boolean operators; there are also bit shifts and
operations to count ones and zeros, find high and low one or zero, set, reset and test bits, extract and
insert fields, mask and zero fields, gather and scatter bits to and from specified bit positions or fields.
Most microcontrollers frequently deal with bits of data rather than bytes. This practical will help the
students to develop skills to understand how to access single bit instructions.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcomes

1. Access various registers in 8051 microcontroller.
2. Develop and execute programs in assembly language for microcontroller.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcomes

1. Develop and execute an assembly language program for masking particular bit of given register.
2. Develop and execute an assembly language program to SET particular bit of given register.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome

Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

The 8051 microcontrollers can perform single bit operations. The operations include set, clear,
AND, OR and complement instructions. Also included bit–level moves or conditional jump
instructions. All bit accesses instructions use direct addressing mode.
Logical instructions perform standard Boolean operations on byte operations such as AND, OR,
XOR, NOT (compliment). Other logical operations are clear accumulator, rotate accumulator left
and right, and swap nibbles in accumulator.

Program explanation
Initial Value: MOV A, #0FFH loads the accumulator with 0xFF.
Mask to Clear a Bit: ANL A, #0FBH uses the AND logical instruction to clear the 3rd bit.
The mask 0xFB (1111 1011) has all bits set to 1 except the 3rd bit.
Mask to Set a Bit: ORL A, #10H uses the OR logical instruction to set the 5th bit. The mask 0x10
(0001 0000) has the 5th bit set to 1.

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating.
Note: This practical is based on Integrated Design Environment (IDE) software, not required
circuit diagram.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 188
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

IX Precautions to be followed
Check rules / syntax of assembly programming.
X Procedure
Write Program
1. Start Keil by double clicking on Keil icon.
2. Create a new project.
3. Select device for Target.
4. Double click on ATMEL or INTEL and select AT89C51 0r 80c51AH.
5. Type the program in text editor and save as .asm or .a51.
Compile the Program
6. Right click on source group and build the target.
7. Check for any errors in the output window and remove if any.
Run, Debug the Program
8. Click on Debug and start simulation and start/stop debug session.
9. Run the program step by step.
10. Observe the output in the register/memory/ Input output port.
11. Note the contents of the registers/memory/Input output port in observation table.
Sample program: Write assembly program to Student activity: Write assembly program to
Mask (clear) the 3rd bit of accumulator and set Mask (clear) the 3rd bit of Port 1 and set the
the 5th bit of accumulator 5th bit of Port 1
Algorithm: Algorithm:
1. Start of program
2. Load accumulator with a sample value, say
0xFF
3. Clear 3rd bit of accumulator (make it 0)
FBH = 1111 1011
4. Set 5th bit of accumulator (make it 1)
10H = 0001 0000
5. End of program

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 189

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
Flowchart

Assembly language program

Instructions Comments Instructions Comments

ORG 0000H Start of program
Load accumulator with a
MOV A, #0FFH
sample value, say 0xFF
Clear 3rd bit of accumulator
ANL A, #0FBH
(make it 0) FBH = 1111 1011
Set 5th bit of accumulator
ANL A, #10H
(make it 1) 10H = 0001 0000
END End of program

XI Resources used

Sr. Name of Resource Specifications Quantity

No.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 190

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observation Table

Sr. No. Operation Result

1 Mask (clear) the 3rd bit of accumulator

2 Set the 5th bit of accumulator

XIV Result(s)

XV Interpretation of results

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions so as to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. List any two Input output port related instructions of 8051 microcontroller.
2. To mask certain bits of the accumulator we must ANL it with_____________.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 191

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
3. Find the contents of register A after execution of the following code.
CLR A
ORL A, #99H
CPL A
4. Indicate which of the following registers are bit addressable.
a) A b) B c) R4 d) PSW

[Space for Answers]

...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 192
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. http://www.keil.com
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_MCS-51
XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related Total

(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 193

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.25: Assembly language program to get a rolling display on port 2.

I Practical Significance
The 8051 microcontrollers have 4 input and output ports each of 8-bit. Ports can be configured as
input or output. Ports exchange the data and signals with external devices. This practical will help
the students to develop skills to handle I/O function for exchanging data and signals between
external devices and a microcontroller.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcomes

1. Access various registers in 8051 microcontroller.
2. Develop and execute programs in assembly language for microcontroller.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Develop and execute an assembly language program to get a rolling display on given I/O port.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome

Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

The program begins by setting the content of Port 2 so that the first LED is on. This is done by
moving 01H to Port 2 (MOV P2, #01H).
Main Loop: The main loop of the program consists of a delay subroutine call to pace the shifting
speed, followed by a rotate left instruction (RL A) that shifts the bits of the accumulator.
Rolling Effect: The RL A instruction effectively rotates all bits to the left, and the leftmost bit wraps
around to the rightmost position, creating a rolling effect.
Delay Subroutine: This subroutine introduces a delay between each shift to make the rolling visible.
The delay is achieved through nested loops (DELAY1 and DELAY2), which decrement register
values until they reach zero.
Continuous Looping: The SJMP MAIN_LOOP instruction ensures that the program continues
indefinitely.
This program should provide a simple rolling display on Port 2 of the 8051 microcontrollers, where
the LEDs connected to the port will light up one after the other in sequence.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 194

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Fig. 25.1 8051 connection with 8 LED’s

Courtesy: https://exploreembedded.com/wiki/7.8051_Interfacing:LEDs
VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 195

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

IX Precautions to be followed

Check rules / syntax of assembly programming.

X Procedure
Write Program
1. Start Keil by double clicking on Keil icon.
2. Create a new project.
3. Select device for Target.
4. Double click on ATMEL or INTEL and select AT89C51 0r 80c51AH.
5. Type the program in text editor and save as .asm or .a51.
Compile the Program
6. Right click on source group and build the target.
7. Check for any errors in the output window and remove if any.
Run, Debug the Program
8. Click on Debug and start simulation and start/stop debug session.
9. Run the program step by step.
10. Observe the output in the register/memory/Input output port.
11. Note the contents of the registers/memory/Input output port in observation table.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 196

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Sample program: Write assembly program to Student activity: Write assembly program to
get a rolling display on port 2. get a rolling display on port 1 and port 2
simultaneously.
Algorithm: Algorithm:
1. Start of program
2. Initialize Port 2 with the first LED-ON
3. Call delay subroutine for visible shifting effect
4. Rotate data left
5. Output to Port 2
6. Jump back to start of the main loop to continue
rolling
7. Call delay subroutine
8. Outer loop counter
9. Inner loop counter
10. Decrement R1 until it's zero
11. Decrement R2 until it's zero
12. Return from subroutine
13. End of program

Flowchart

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 197

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
Assembly language program
Instructions Comments Instructions Comments
ORG 0000H Start of program
Load A register with
MOV A, #01H
01H value
Send value to Port 2
MOV P2, A with the first LED on
(0000 0001)
Call delay subroutine
MAIN_LOOP: ACALL
for visible shifting
DELAY
effect
RL A Rotate left data
MOV P2, A Output to Port 2
Jump back to start of
SJMP MAIN_LOOP the main loop to
continue rolling
DELAY: MOV R2, #20 Outer loop counter
L1: MOV R1, #255 Inner loop counter
Decrement R1 until
L2: DJNZ R1, L2
it's zero
Decrement R2 until
DJNZ R2, L1
it's zero
Return from
RET
subroutine
END End of program

XI Resources used
Sr. Name of Resource Specifications Quantity
No.

XII Actual Procedure

Sr. No. Operation Result

1 Port 2 status after 2 times execution of RL A instruction

2 Port 2 status after 4 times execution of RL A instruction

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 198

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XIV Result(s)

XV Interpretation of results

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. For each of the following instructions, state to which port the bit belongs.
a) SETB 86H b) CLR 87H c) SETB 92H d) SETB 0A7H
2. List any two Logical instructions of 8051 microcontroller.
3. Illustrate with example bit and byte handling one instruction in the 8051 microcontrollers.
[Space for Answers]
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 199
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. http://www.keil.com
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_MCS-51

XIX Assessment Scheme

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related Total
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 200

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.26: Interfacing of LED and switch with 8051 to turn ON / OFF the LED.

I Practical Significance
Switch and LED are the basic examples of input and output device used in Industrial or domestic
appliances. This practical will help the students to develop skills to interface LED and switch to
microcontroller.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcome

Use microcontroller in various applications.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)

1. Interface LED and switch with 8051.
2. Interface SWITCH with 8051.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome

Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Light Emitting Diodes are the semiconductor light sources. Commonly used LEDs will have a cut-
off voltage of 1.7V and current of 10mA. When an LED is applied with its required voltage and
current it glows with full intensity.

Fig. 26.1 LED symbol and connection logic

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 201

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
A push-button is a type of momentary switch which when pressed completes a circuit, and when
released, the button returns to its original position and breaks or interrupts a circuit.

Fig. 26.2 Push to on switch symbol and connection logic

 When the switch is OFF (not pressed), the input to pin P2.0 is a HIGH pulse (1).
 When the switch is ON (pressed), the input to pin P2.0 is a LOW pulse (0).

Switch is interfaced using a negative logic with a 10k ohm pull-up resistor.

Fig. 26.3 8051 connection to switch and LED

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 202

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Fig. 26.4 8051 Development Board

Fig. 26.5 8051 Programming through serial cable

Sample program: Write and execute assembly Student activity: Write and execute
program to read the status of key and turn on assembly program to turn on 8 LEDs
LED connected to port pin of microcontroller connected to port 2 when switch is
and turn off after some delay. pressed.

Algorithm:
Algorithm:
1. Initialize port pin P0.0 as input pin
2. Make LED off initially
3. Monitor the status of switch
4. If switch is closed then turn ON the LED.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 203
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
5. Add some delay
6. Turn OFF the LED
7. Repeat from step 3

Flowchart: Flowchart

Assembly language program

Instructions Comments Instructions Comments
ORG 0000H Start of program
SETB P0.0 Define input pin
CLR P2.0 Define output pin
UP: SETB P2.0 Turn off LED
HERE: JB P0.0, HERE Monitor switch pin and wait
here till switch is pressed
CLR P2.0 Turn on LED
ACALL DELAY Call delay subprogram
SJMP UP Jump to label UP
DELAY: MOV R2, #200 Delay subprogram
L2: MOV R3, #100 Load R3 register with count
value 100
L1: DJNZ R3, L1 Decrement R3 counter till it
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 204
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
becomes zero
DJNZ R2, L2 Decrement R2 counter till it
becomes zero
RET Return to main program
END End of the program

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating.

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. No. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

1 Desktop PC Core i3/i5 Processor, 32/64-bit windows 1
operating system, 2GB/Higher RAM
2 Keil or any relevant open- Compatible with Desktop PC 1
source IDE, simulation and
program downloading
software.
3 Microcontroller kit Single board systems with 8KRAM, ROM 1
memory with battery backup, 16X2 LCD
display, PC keyboard interfacing facility, Hex
keypad facility, single user cross c-compiler,
RS-232, USB interfacing facility with built in
power supply.

IX Precautions to be followed
Check rules / syntax of assembly programming.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 205

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

X Procedure
1. Write algorithm for given problem.
2. Draw flowchart for the same.
3. Develop assembly program using Keil IDE or any other relevant software tool.
4. Debug program on IDE.
5. Execute program on IDE.
6. Create hex file for the program.
7. Download hex code in EPROM/Flash memory of microcontroller.
8. Interface Switch and LED to microcontroller as per circuit diagram shown in Figure 26.3
9. Press switch and observe LED On/Off status.

XI Resources used

Sr. Name of Resource Specifications Quantity

No.

XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observation Table

Sr. Operation Result

No.
1 Switch closed LED status-
2 Switch open LED status-

XIV Result(s)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 206

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XV Interpretation of results

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Two switches are connected to pin P1.0 and P1.1 with two LED’s to P2.0 and P2.1 respectively.
Write assembly program to turn ON LED1 when switch1 is pressed and turn ON LED2 when
switch2 is pressed.
2. Write assembly program to toggle LED connected to port pin P1.7 continuously
3. Write specifications of two different types of switches and LED’s available in the market.
4. Upon RESET, all the bits of ports are configured as?

[Space for Answers]

..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 207
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weig

htage
Process Related: 15 Marks 60 %
1 Use of IDE tools for programming 10%
2 Coding and Debugging ability 20%
3 Identifying components on developer kit 20%
4 Follow ethical practices 10%
Product Related: 10 Marks 40%
5 Correctness of algorithm/ Flow chart 20%
6 Relevance of output of the problem definition 15%
7 Timely Submission of report, Answer to sample questions 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100
%

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related Total

(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 208

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.27: Interfacing of RELAY with 8051 to turn ON / OFF the LED.

I Practical Significance
In Industrial applications low power devices microcontrollers drive relays are used to control
electrical loads beyond their direct drive capability. Relays are used wherever it is necessary to
control a high power or high voltage circuit with a low power circuit, especially when isolation is
desirable. This practical will help the students to develop skills to interface relay to microcontroller
and turn it ON and OFF.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcome

Use microcontroller in various applications.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Interface RELAY with 8051.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome

Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that activates the
armature and the consequent movement of the movable contact either makes or breaks (depending
upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact.

Fig 27.1 Simple electromechanical relay and SPDT Relay

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 209

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Fig 27.2 8051 connection to Relay

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 210

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

No.
1 Desktop PC Core i3/i5 Processor, 32/64-bit windows 1
operating system, 2GB/Higher RAM
2 Keil or any relevant open- Compatible with Desktop PC 1
source IDE, simulation and
program downloading software.
3 Microcontroller kit Single board systems with 8KRAM, 1
ROM memory with battery backup,
16X2 LCD display, PC keyboard
interfacing facility, Hex keypad facility,
single user cross c-compiler, RS-232,
USB interfacing facility with built in
power supply.
4 Relay Realy driver circuit 1

IX Precautions to be followed

1. Use always driver circuit before interfacing relay to the microcontroller.

2. Use fly back diode to avoid voltage spikes.

X Procedure

1. Write algorithm for given problem.

2. Draw flowchart for the same.
3. Develop assembly program using Integrated Development Environment (IDE) or any other relevant
software tool.
4. Debug program on IDE.
5. Execute program on IDE.
6. Create hex file for the above program.
7. Download hex code in EPROM/Flash memory of microcontroller.
8. Interface relay to the microcontroller as per circuit diagram shown in Fig 27.2
9. Observe the relay operation by connecting electrical load and note it in observation Table.

Sample program: Write assembly program to Student activity:

turn ON/OFF relay.
Algorithm: Algorithm:
1. Make the Port pin P2.0 used to Interface relay
as an output pin.
2. Turn on relay by setting port bit.
3. Add delay
4. Turn off relay by clearing bit

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 211

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
5. Add delay
6. For repeat operation go to step 2
7. Stop

Flowchart: Flowchart

Assembly language program

Instructions Comments Instructions Comments
ORG 0000H Start of program
MAIN: SETB P2.0 Turn ON Relay
ACALL DELAY Call delay sub program
CLR P2.0 Turn OFF Relay
ACALL DELAY Call delay sub program
SJMP MAIN Jump to MAIN
DELAY:MOV R3, #100 Delay sub program
L3: MOV R4, #255 Set counter of 255
L2: MOV R5, #255 Set counter of 255
Decrement R5 counter
L1: DJNZ R5, L1
till it becomes zero
Decrement R4 counter
DJNZ R4, L2
till it becomes zero
Decrement R3 counter
DJNZ R3, L3
till it becomes zero
Return to main
RET
program
END End of the program

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 212

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XI Resources used

Sr. Name of Resource Specifications Quantity

No.

XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observation Table

Sr. Port Pin Status Relay Status ON/OFF

No. Logic 1 (+5V) / Logic 0 (0V)
1
2

XIV Result(s)

XV Interpretation of results

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 213

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more such
questions to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Explain what will happen if driver circuit is not connected between microcontrollers and relay.
2. Draw the Interfacing diagram of microcontroller with relay using ULN 2003A IC.
3. Give the advantages of a solid-state relay over an electromagnetic relay.

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 214

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_MCS-51

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process Related: 15 Marks 60 %
1 Use of IDE tools for programming 10%
2 Coding and Debugging ability 20%
3 Identifying components on developer kit 20%
4 Follow ethical practices 10%
Product Related: 10 Marks 40%
5 Correctness of algorithm/ Flow chart 20%
6 Relevance of output of the problem definition 15%
7 Timely Submission of report, Answer to sample questions 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related Total

(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 215

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.28: Interfacing of 7-segment display with 8051 to give output as

decimal number from 0 to 9.
I Practical Significance
In electronic displays like pricing menu at petrol pump, in metros, digital clocks and in many
electronics appliances most commonly used display device is a 7-segment display. This practical
will help the students to develop skills to interface 7-segment display to microcontroller and display
number from 0 to 9.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcome

Use microcontroller in various applications.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Interface 7-segment display with 8051.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome

Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

7-segment display may use a light-emitting diode (LED) for each segment, or other light-generating
or controlling techniques such as cold cathode gas discharge, vacuum fluorescent, incandescent
filaments, and other. Types of LED based 7-segment display are i) Common Cathode Display ii)
Common Anode. Display

Fig 28.1 Common Anode Seven segment display and pin configuration

LED segment is ON for logic ‘0’ (Ground) and OFF for logic ‘1’ (+5V).

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 216

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Table 28.1 Common Anode display number values

P1.7 P1.6 P1.5 P1.4 P1.3 P1.2 P1.1 P1.0
Digit DP G F E D C B A Hex code
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0C0 H
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0F9 H
2 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0A4 H
3 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0B0 H
4 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 99 H
5 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 92 H
6 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 82 H
7 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0F8 H
8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80 H
9 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 90 H

Fig 28.2 Seven segment display number patterns

Fig 28.3 8051 connection to Common Anode seven segment display

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 217

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating.

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

IX Precautions to be followed

Check rules / syntax of assembly programming.

X Procedure
1. Write algorithm for given problem.
2. Draw flowchart.
3. Develop assembly program using Integrated Development Environment (Keil IDE) or any other
relevant software tool.
4. Debug program on IDE.
5. Execute program on IDE.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 218

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
6. Create hex file.
7. Download hex code in EPROM/Flash memory of microcontroller.
8. Interface CA type 7 segment display to microcontroller as per circuit diagram shown in fig 28.3.
9. Observe and draw the display of numbers on 7-seven segment display.
10. Record the hex value in observation table.
Sample program: Write and execute a program Student activity: Write and execute a program to
to display decimal no 0 to 9 on seven-segment display E and H on seven segment display.
display.
Algorithm: Algorithm:
1. Make the Port P1 used to Interface 7-
segment display as an output port.
2. Set counter register R2 =10 for 0 to 9 digits.
3. Load DPTR with memory address where
table is stored.
4. Clear Accumulator.
5. Read stored hex code of decimal digit from
memory into Accumulator.
6. Send code to output port where 7-segment
display is connected.
7. Increment memory pointer i.e. DPTR.
8. Decrement the counter register R2 and
compare with 0 is counter =0? NO- go to
step 4 to send next digit code.
9. For repeat operation go to step 2.
10. Stop

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 219

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
Flowchart: Flowchart

Assembly language program

Instructions Comments Instructions Comments
ORG 0000H Start of program
MOV P1, #00H Make port as output port
Set register as counter of
REPEAT:MOV R2, #10
10 bytes
Load address of memory
MOV DPTR, #TABLE
into Data pointer
UP: CLR A Clear accumulator
Read hex code from
MOVC A, @A+DPTR
memory into accumulator
MOV P1, A Send hex code to port
ACALL DELAY Call DELAY subprogram
INC DPTR Increment memory pointer
to read next digit hex code
Decrement counter and
DJNZ R2, UP jump if not equal to zero to
label UP.
SJMP REPEAT Repeat loop
DELAY:MOV R3, #25 Delay Subroutine, Set

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 220

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
counter of 25
L3:MOV R4, #100 Set counter of 100
L2:MOV R5, #100 Set counter of 100
Decrement R5 counter till
L1: DJNZ R5, L1
it becomes zero
Decrement R4 counter till
DJNZ R4, L2
it becomes zero
Decrement R3 counter till
DJNZ R3, L3
it becomes zero
RET Return to main program
ORG 0200H Origin of TABLE
TABLE:DB 0C0H, Decimal 0 to 9 hex code
0F9H, 0A4H, 0B0H, stored at code memory
99H, 92H, 82H, 0F8H, starting at location 0200H
80H, 90H onward
END End of program

XI Resources used
Sr. Name of Resource Specifications Quantity
No.

XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observation Table

Sr. No. HEX code Display number/character

1 F9
2 99
3 90

XIV Result(s)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 221

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XV Interpretation of results

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more such
questions to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. List the numbers for common cathode type display in which segment ‘b’ is activated.
2. Write assembly program to blink number 0 and 1 on seven segment display continuously.
3. Calculate values for common cathode display to display 0 to 9 numbers.

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 222

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-segment_display
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_MCS-51

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Weightage
Indicators
Process Related: 15 Marks 60 %
1 Use of IDE tools for programming 10%
2 Coding and Debugging ability 20%
3 Identifying components on developer kit 20%
4 Follow ethical practices. 10%
Product Related: 10 Marks 40%
5 Correctness of algorithm/ Flow chart 20%
6 Relevance of output of the problem definition 15%
7 Timely Submission of report, Answer to sample questions 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related Total
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 223

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.29: Interfacing of LCD with 8051 microcontroller to display

the alphabets and decimal numbers.
I Practical Significance
LCDs are used in a wide range of applications including Computers, televisions, instrument panels,
calculator’s displays. It also used for displaying the messages in a more interactive way to operate
the system or displaying error messages etc. LCDs are interfaced with microcontrollers to display
the given integer and character. This practical will help the students to develop skills to write
assembly program for LCD.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcome

Use microcontroller in various applications.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Interface Liquid Crystal Display LCD with 8051.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome

Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display that uses the light modulating properties
of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly. An LCD is of two types depending upon
how they made with either a passive matrix or an active-matrix display grid.

Fig 29.1 LCD Pins

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 224

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Table 29.1 Control pin function

Rs -> Register select RW -> Read/Write EN -> Enable

Rs=1 -data register RW=1 -reading from LCD. EN= high to low (Logic ‘1’ delay
Rs=0 -command RW=0 -writing to LCD. Logic ‘0’) for use LCD module.

Table 29.2 Operating parameters – Pin description of LCD module

Pin Pin
Function Name Function Name
No No

1 Ground (0V) Ground 9 8-bit data pins DB2

2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – Vcc 10 8-bit data pins DB3

5.3V)

3 Contrast adjustment; through VEE 11 8-bit data pins DB4

POT

4 Selects command register Register 12 8-bit data pins DB5

Select(RS)

5 Selects data register Read/write(RW) 13 8-bit data pins DB6

6 Sends data to data pins when a Enable(E) 14 8-bit data pins DB7
high to low pulse is given

7 8-bit data pins DB0 15 Backlight VCC (5V) LED+

8 8-bit data pins DB1 16 Backlight Ground (0V) LED-(GND)

Table 29.3 LCD commands

Code in Command to LCD instruction register Code in Command to LCD instruction
Hex Hex register

01 Clear Display Screen 0E Display on, curser blinking

02 Return Home 0F Display on, curser blinking
04 Decrement curser (Shift cursor to left) 10 Shift cursor Position to left
06 Increment curser (Shift cursor to right) 14 Shift curser Position to right
05 Shift display right 18 Shift the entire display to the left
07 Shift display left 1C Shift the entire display to the right
08 Display off, curser off 80 Force curser to beginning to 1st line
0A Display off, curser on C0 Force cursor to beginning to 2nd line
0C Display on, curser off 38 2 lines and 5*7 matrix (8 data lines)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 225

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Fig 29.2 8051 connection to 16x2 LCD display

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 226

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. No. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

1 Desktop PC Core i3/i5 Processor, 32/64-bit windows 1
operating system, 2GB/Higher RAM
2 Keil or any relevant open- Compatible with Desktop PC 1
source IDE, simulation and
program downloading software.
3 Microcontroller kit Single board systems with 8KRAM, ROM 1
memory with battery backup, 16X2 LCD
display, PC keyboard interfacing facility, Hex
keypad facility, single user cross c-compiler,
RS-232, USB interfacing facility with built in
power supply.
4 LCD trainer board 16x2 LCD suitable to interface with 8051 1
trainer kit
IX Precautions to be followed

1. LCD panel is made up of glass avoid applying strong pressure on to the surface of display area.
2. Ensure proper connection then only give electric supply to circuit.

X Procedure
1. Write algorithm for given problem.
2. Draw flowchart for the same.
3. Develop assembly program using Integrated Development Environment (IDE) or any other relevant
software tool.
4. Debug program on IDE.
5. Execute program on IDE.
6. Create hex file for the above program.
7. Interface LCD display to microcontroller as per circuit diagram shown in Fig 29.2
8. Download hex code in EPROM/Flash memory of microcontroller
9. Observe output on LCD display and note it in observation Table
Sample program: Develop and execute ALP to Student activity: Develop and execute
display “uC AT89c51" on first line of LCD. ALP to display “MSBTE” on first line of
LCD.
Algorithm: Algorithm:
1.Define control signals RS, RW and EN for LCD
2.Make LCD connected port as an output port.
3.Initialize LCD by sending commands.
4.Load DPTR with program memory address.
5.Set register as counter R2 =10 (decimal) for to
display “uC AT89c51"
6.Clear Accumulator
7.Read ASCII from code memory into Accumulator.
8.Send code to output port where LCD is connected.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 227

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
9.Increment memory pointer.
10.Decrement R2 counter. Is count =0? NO- go to
step 6.
11.For repeat operation go to step 4.
12.Stop

Flowchart: Flowchart

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 228

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Assembly language program

Instructions Comments Instructions Comments
Replace a bit P3.3
RS BIT P3.3
address by a symbol RS
Replace a bit P3.4
RW BIT P3.4
address by a symbol RW
Replace a bit P3.5
EN BIT P3.5
address by a symbol EN
ORG 0000H Start of program
MOV P1, #00H Set P1 as output port
Call LCD initialize
LCALL LCD_INIT
subroutine
Load program memory
MOV DPTR, #MSG
address into DPTR
MOV R2, #10 Set counter of 10
DISP_MSG: CLR A Clear A register
Read data from memory
MOVC A, @A+DPTR
into A register
Call LCDDATA
LCALL LCDDATA
subprogram
Increment pointer to next
INC DPTR
location
DJNZ R2, DISP_MSG Repeat loop for 10 times
SJMP $ Wait
LCD_INIT: MOV A, 2 lines and 5×7 matrix
#38h (8-bit mode)
Call LCDCMD
ACALL LCDCMD
subprogram
MOV A, #0Eh Display on, cursor on
Call LCDCMD
ACALL LCDCMD
subprogram
Increment cursor (shift
MOV A, #06h
cursor to right)
Call LCDCMD
ACALL LCDCMD
subprogram
MOV A, #01h Clear display screen
Call LCDCMD
ACALL LCDCMD
subprogram
Force cursor to beginning
MOV A, #80H
to 1st line
Call LCDCMD
ACALL LCDCMD
subprogram
RET Return to main program
LCDCMD:MOV P1, A Send command to lcd
CLR RS Select command register

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 229

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
CLR RW Select write operation
SETB EN Set EN bit i.e. EN=1
CLR EN Latch command to lcd
ACALL DELAY Wait for sometime
RET Return to main program
LCDDATA:MOV P1, A Send data to lcd
SETB RS Select data register
CLR RW Select write operation
SETB EN Set EN bit i.e. EN=1
CLR EN Latch data to lcd
ACALL DELAY Wait for sometime
RET Return to main program
Delay subroutine, Set
DELAY: MOV R3, #50
counter of 50
L2: MOV R4, #255 Set counter of 255
Decrement R4 counter
L1: DJNZ R4, L1
till it becomes zero
Decrement R3 counter
DJNZ R3, L2
till it becomes zero
RET Return to main program
Display message stored
at code memory starting
ORG 0050H
at location 0050H
onward
Define data byte to code
MSG:DB "uC AT89c51"
memory
END End of program

XI Resources used

Sr. Name of Resource Specifications Quantity

No.

XII Actual Procedure

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 230

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XIII Observation Table

Sr. No. ASCII Symbol LCD memory location

1 A
2 T
3 8
4 9

XIV Result(s)

XV Interpretation of results

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more such
questions to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Write down cost of LCD module for at least 3 different Manufacturer with specifications.
2. Write assembly program for checking busy flag in LCD display.
3. Write appropriate command to shift entire data to left.

[Space for Answers]

...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 231

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....…………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 232

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display
2. http://www.keil.com
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_MCS-51

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process Related: 15 Marks 60 %
1 Use of IDE tools for programming 10%
2 Coding and Debugging ability 20%
3 Identifying components on developer kit 20%
4 Follow ethical practices. 10%
Product Related: 10 Marks 40%
5 Correctness of algorithm/ Flow chart 20%
6 Relevance of output of the problem definition 15%
7 Timely Submission of report, Answer to sample questions 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related Total

(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 233

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Practical No.30: Interfacing of stepper motor with 8051 microcontroller and write
ALP to rotate stepper motor in clockwise and anti-clockwise
direction at given angles.
I Practical Significance
Different field applications require precise positioning, repeatability of movement in clockwise and
anticlockwise direction with good accuracy. Stepper motors are controlled by microcontrollers in
such areas like in computer peripherals, Business machines, process control and for making robots.
This practical will help the students to develop skills to interface stepper motor to 8051 and rotate
in clockwise and anticlockwise direction.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome

Use microcontroller based systems for various industrial applications.

III Course Level Learning Outcome

Use microcontroller in various applications.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome

Interface stepper motor with 8051.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome

Follow ethical practices.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Stepper motors convert electrical energy into precise mechanical motion. These motors rotate a
specific incremental distance per each step. The number of steps executed controls the degree of
rotation of the motor’s

Table 30.1 Stepper Motor Step Angles Table 30.2 Two Coil Excitation Full Step Sequence

Step Angle Steps per

revolution
0.72 500
1.8 200
2.0 180
2.5 144
5 72

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 234

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

Table 30.3 Stepper motor working

Frame 1: The top electromagnet (1) is turned on, Frame 2: The top electromagnet (1) is turned
attracting the nearest teeth of the gear-shaped off, and the right electromagnet (2) is
iron rotor. With the teeth aligned to energized, pulling the teeth into alignment
electromagnet 1, they will be slightly offset from with it. This results in a rotation of 1.8° in this
right electromagnet (2). example.

Frame 3: The bottom electromagnet (3) is Frame 4: The left electromagnet (4) is
energized; another 1.8° rotation occurs. energized, rotating again by 1.8°. When the top
electromagnet (1) is again enabled, the rotor
will have rotated by one tooth position; since
there are 50 teeth, it will take 200 steps to make
a full rotation in this example.

Fig. 30.1 8051 connection to stepper motor

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 235

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating.

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. No. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

1 Desktop PC Core i3/i5 Processor, 32/64-bit windows operating 1
system, 2GB/Higher RAM
2 Keil or any relevant Compatible with Desktop PC 1
open-source IDE,
simulation and program
downloading software.
3 Microcontroller kit Single board systems with 8KRAM, ROM memory 1
with battery backup, 16X2 LCD display, PC
keyboard interfacing facility, Hex keypad facility,
single user cross c-compiler, RS-232, USB
interfacing facility with built in power supply.
4 Stepper Motor 1.8-degree step angle, 50/100 RPM with driver 1
circuitry

IX Precautions to be followed
1. Use always driver circuit while interfacing stepper motor to microcontroller.
2. Check rules / syntax of assembly programming.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 236

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

X Procedure
1. Write algorithm for given problem.
2. Draw flowchart for the same.
3. Develop assembly program using Integrated Development Environment (IDE) or any other relevant
software tool.
4. Debug program on IDE.
5. Execute program on IDE.
6. Create hex file for the above program.
7. Download hex code in EPROM/Flash memory of the microcontroller.
8. Interface stepper motor to microcontroller as per circuit diagram shown in fig 30.1
9. Observe rotation of stepper motor and record in observation Table.
Sample program: Develop assembly language Student activity:
program to rotate stepper motor in clockwise Develop assembly program for stepper motor
direction by 1800. Assume step angle 1.8° to rotate 90° in anticlockwise direction using
rotate instruction. Assume step angle 1.8°
Algorithm: Algorithm:
1. Make the Port used to Interface stepper
motor as an output port.
2. Set register as counter R2 =25 for 100 steps
i.e.180° rotation.
3. Set register as counter R3= 4 for full step
code
4. Initialize pointer to table which is in code
memory i.e. DPTR.
5. Clear accumulator.
6. Read data from code memory.
7. Send code to stepper motor.
8. Increment DPTR to access next memory
location code.
9. Decrement R3 and check for zero. Is counter
R3=0? NO- go to step 5 else go to next.
10. Decrement R2 and check for zero. Is counter
R2=0? NO- go to step 3 else go to next.
11. Stop.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 237

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
Flowchart: Flowchart

Assembly language program

Instructions Comments Instructions Comments
ORG 0000H Start of program
MOV P1, #00H Define output port
Set counter of 25 for
MOV R2, #25
180-degree rotations
Set counter of 4 for
UP1:MOV R3, #4 full step code
sequence
Load address of
MOV DPTR, #TABLE program memory into
DPTR
UP: CLR A Clear accumulator
Read step code from
MOVC A, @A+DPTR memory into
accumulator
MOV P1, A Send step code to port
ACALL DELAY Add delay

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 238

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
Increment memory
INC DPTR pointer to read next
step code
Decrement counter
and jump to memory
DJNZ R3, UP
location labeled as UP
if not equal to zero.
Decrement counter
and jump to memory
DJNZ R2, UP1 location labeled as
UP1 if not equal to
zero.
SJMP $ Wait
Delay Subroutine, Set
DELAY:MOV R4, #25
counter of 25
L3:MOV R5, #100 Set counter of 100
L2:MOV R6, #100 Set counter of 100
Decrement R6 counter
L1: DJNZ R6, L1
till it becomes zero
Decrement R5 counter
DJNZ R5, L2
till it becomes zero
Decrement R4 counter
DJNZ R4, L3
till it becomes zero
Return to main
RET
program
ORG 0050H Origin of TABLE
Step code stored at
TABLE:DB 09H, 0CH, code memory starting
06H, 03H at location 0050H
onward.
END End of program

XI Resources used

Sr. Name of Resource Specifications Quantity

No.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 239

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)

XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observation Table

Step Code Port Pin Status - logic 1 (+5V) / logic 0 (0V)

9H P2.4 - P2.0
CH P2.4 - P2.0
6H P2.4 - P2.0
3H P2.4 - P2.0

XIV Result(s)

XV Interpretation of results

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more such
questions to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Write any four specifications of different stepper motors available in the market.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 240

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
2. Calculate no of steps to move stepper motor 64 degree in clockwise direction if step angle is
2 degrees, steps per revolution 180 and number of rotor teeth 45.
3. If a motor takes 90 steps to make one complete revolution, calculate the step angle for this motor?
4. Write any two applications of stepper motor.
[Space for Answers]
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 241

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (314324)
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........…

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepper_motor.
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_MCS-51

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process Related Product Related Total
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 242

Circuits Networks Msbte Manual
No ratings yet
Circuits Networks Msbte Manual
199 pages
Digital Electronics and Microcontroller Applications
No ratings yet
Digital Electronics and Microcontroller Applications
180 pages
314328 (1)
No ratings yet
314328 (1)
328 pages
Edited Digital Techniques
No ratings yet
Edited Digital Techniques
98 pages
Digital Techniques
No ratings yet
Digital Techniques
140 pages
Laboratory Manual For: Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering (312302)
No ratings yet
Laboratory Manual For: Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering (312302)
210 pages
Analog Electronics Msbte Manual
No ratings yet
Analog Electronics Msbte Manual
207 pages
314327
No ratings yet
314327
221 pages
312315 Manual - Elements of Electrical Engineering 1
No ratings yet
312315 Manual - Elements of Electrical Engineering 1
97 pages
Flowchart
No ratings yet
Flowchart
224 pages
312316 manual ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS
No ratings yet
312316 manual ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS
159 pages
Digital Technique Lab Manual
50% (2)
Digital Technique Lab Manual
128 pages
Fundamental of Electrical Engineering Msbte Manual Msbte Store
No ratings yet
Fundamental of Electrical Engineering Msbte Manual Msbte Store
183 pages
312314 Basic Electronics Msbte Manual Msbte Store
No ratings yet
312314 Basic Electronics Msbte Manual Msbte Store
236 pages
314325
No ratings yet
314325
108 pages
312309 - Elements of Electronics 1
No ratings yet
312309 - Elements of Electronics 1
217 pages
22420
No ratings yet
22420
132 pages
314323
No ratings yet
314323
108 pages
314322
No ratings yet
314322
221 pages
Control System & Components - Removed
No ratings yet
Control System & Components - Removed
75 pages
22626-Utilization of Electrical Energy
100% (1)
22626-Utilization of Electrical Energy
115 pages
22213 - Elements of Electronics Engineering
No ratings yet
22213 - Elements of Electronics Engineering
144 pages
Ecwp
No ratings yet
Ecwp
84 pages
DSP lab manual-1
No ratings yet
DSP lab manual-1
65 pages
Electrical and Contracting Estimation
100% (2)
Electrical and Contracting Estimation
76 pages
Manual EJ3I ECN 22330 051020
No ratings yet
Manual EJ3I ECN 22330 051020
128 pages
AICTE Model - Digital Electronics and Systems - Abhishek Bhatt - 17-01-2024
100% (2)
AICTE Model - Digital Electronics and Systems - Abhishek Bhatt - 17-01-2024
539 pages
Database Management System
No ratings yet
Database Management System
141 pages
Manual EE2I FEE 22212 120421
No ratings yet
Manual EE2I FEE 22212 120421
100 pages
Applied Multimedia Techniques
No ratings yet
Applied Multimedia Techniques
95 pages
313313 - Theory of Machines Lab Manual
100% (1)
313313 - Theory of Machines Lab Manual
90 pages
Applied Science-Physic 1
No ratings yet
Applied Science-Physic 1
121 pages
312312 Engineering Mechanics Msbte Manual Msbte Store
No ratings yet
312312 Engineering Mechanics Msbte Manual Msbte Store
152 pages
312312
No ratings yet
312312
132 pages
3rdSemInstrumentationGroupCurriculumISIC 230520181350
No ratings yet
3rdSemInstrumentationGroupCurriculumISIC 230520181350
55 pages
EC 8461 Lab Manual
No ratings yet
EC 8461 Lab Manual
111 pages
Linear Integrated Circuits
No ratings yet
Linear Integrated Circuits
168 pages
EDC LAB - ELECTRONICS DEVICE & CIRCUITS LAB
No ratings yet
EDC LAB - ELECTRONICS DEVICE & CIRCUITS LAB
69 pages
Digital System Design Lab Manual
No ratings yet
Digital System Design Lab Manual
41 pages
Lab Manual Digital Elctronics (1) (1)
No ratings yet
Lab Manual Digital Elctronics (1) (1)
58 pages
Al Lab Manual-2023
No ratings yet
Al Lab Manual-2023
73 pages
314321 (1)
No ratings yet
314321 (1)
97 pages
R18 - EDC Lab Manual
No ratings yet
R18 - EDC Lab Manual
98 pages
International Accreditation enhancement PLan (2)
No ratings yet
International Accreditation enhancement PLan (2)
24 pages
ED Lab Student Manua2023-24
No ratings yet
ED Lab Student Manua2023-24
71 pages
Unit 4 Unit IV Digital Electronics
No ratings yet
Unit 4 Unit IV Digital Electronics
160 pages
312339
No ratings yet
312339
98 pages
L & Dica Lab Manual
No ratings yet
L & Dica Lab Manual
103 pages
4360902_lm
No ratings yet
4360902_lm
90 pages
LDC manual student NEW
No ratings yet
LDC manual student NEW
81 pages
Manual EJ6I CND 22634 120421
No ratings yet
Manual EJ6I CND 22634 120421
169 pages
ECE279 - Zero - Lecture - 2023 - Updated
No ratings yet
ECE279 - Zero - Lecture - 2023 - Updated
31 pages
M S Engineering College: Digital Electronics Lab Manual
No ratings yet
M S Engineering College: Digital Electronics Lab Manual
42 pages
3EC4-22 - Digital System Design Lab
No ratings yet
3EC4-22 - Digital System Design Lab
117 pages
De Manual
No ratings yet
De Manual
75 pages
Digital Electronics LAB Manual PDF
No ratings yet
Digital Electronics LAB Manual PDF
64 pages
Lic Lab Manual
No ratings yet
Lic Lab Manual
91 pages
Workshop Practice Manual
From Everand
Workshop Practice Manual
Jatinder Madan
No ratings yet
Teaching and Learning in STEM With Computation, Modeling, and Simulation Practices: A Guide for Practitioners and Researchers
From Everand
Teaching and Learning in STEM With Computation, Modeling, and Simulation Practices: A Guide for Practitioners and Researchers
Alejandra J. Magana
No ratings yet
Group Project Software Management: A Guide for University Students and Instructors
From Everand
Group Project Software Management: A Guide for University Students and Instructors
Tommy Yuan
No ratings yet
Reelax - TandavArts Studio Company Profile
0% (1)
Reelax - TandavArts Studio Company Profile
8 pages
Module 2 - Flywheels Part 2
No ratings yet
Module 2 - Flywheels Part 2
5 pages
Smell
No ratings yet
Smell
16 pages
Alat Konstruksi
No ratings yet
Alat Konstruksi
8 pages
The Information System: An Accountant's Perspective: Mustakim Muchlis
No ratings yet
The Information System: An Accountant's Perspective: Mustakim Muchlis
19 pages
Ports required for System Platform
No ratings yet
Ports required for System Platform
3 pages
BUS1040 Lecture Week 1 SS21
No ratings yet
BUS1040 Lecture Week 1 SS21
32 pages
Gearbox Unit
No ratings yet
Gearbox Unit
1 page
Beyerdynamic DT 1990 Pro V AKG K 240 MKII Beyerdynamic DT 1990 Pro: Price: 49,999
No ratings yet
Beyerdynamic DT 1990 Pro V AKG K 240 MKII Beyerdynamic DT 1990 Pro: Price: 49,999
6 pages
Power_Minimization_for_Uplink_RIS-Assisted_CoMP-NOMA_Networks_With_GSIC
No ratings yet
Power_Minimization_for_Uplink_RIS-Assisted_CoMP-NOMA_Networks_With_GSIC
15 pages
Climada Python Readthedocs Io en Stable
No ratings yet
Climada Python Readthedocs Io en Stable
481 pages
TS 700 224 RPT
No ratings yet
TS 700 224 RPT
7 pages
AI Video Generator Free Text-To-Video, AI Generated Video Maker
No ratings yet
AI Video Generator Free Text-To-Video, AI Generated Video Maker
1 page
Engineering Professionalism ENG101: Case Studies For The Design Process
0% (1)
Engineering Professionalism ENG101: Case Studies For The Design Process
16 pages
Civil Department Profile
No ratings yet
Civil Department Profile
11 pages
Catálogo Ldnio
No ratings yet
Catálogo Ldnio
22 pages
Statistics For Business and Economics (13e) : Anderson, Sweeney, Williams, Camm, Cochran © 2017 Cengage Learning
No ratings yet
Statistics For Business and Economics (13e) : Anderson, Sweeney, Williams, Camm, Cochran © 2017 Cengage Learning
48 pages
MA2305
No ratings yet
MA2305
2 pages
Notes of Cloud Computing (Unit-3)
No ratings yet
Notes of Cloud Computing (Unit-3)
6 pages
General Guidelines and Forward Action For IDP 202 Execution
No ratings yet
General Guidelines and Forward Action For IDP 202 Execution
3 pages
OIIE
No ratings yet
OIIE
43 pages
nxlog
No ratings yet
nxlog
20 pages
LCA Assignment 6 - Ch7 - Spring 2020
No ratings yet
LCA Assignment 6 - Ch7 - Spring 2020
2 pages
Alcpt Form 1 to 100 PDF
No ratings yet
Alcpt Form 1 to 100 PDF
2 pages
Final Stowage Plan
No ratings yet
Final Stowage Plan
12 pages
Arezzo Matt Black Grid Bath Screen With Square Single Ended Bath Victorian Plumbing UK
No ratings yet
Arezzo Matt Black Grid Bath Screen With Square Single Ended Bath Victorian Plumbing UK
1 page
Form 11
No ratings yet
Form 11
5 pages
Cerebras Wafer Scale Cluster datasheet - final
No ratings yet
Cerebras Wafer Scale Cluster datasheet - final
2 pages
English for Competitive Exam 2021 (Part 02)
No ratings yet
English for Competitive Exam 2021 (Part 02)
213 pages
Bogatins Practical Guide To Prototype Breadboard And Pcb Design Eric Bogatin download
100% (1)
Bogatins Practical Guide To Prototype Breadboard And Pcb Design Eric Bogatin download
84 pages