Indo-Pak Relationship

Kashmir Problem
• On 1 January 1948, Nehru raised the issue of Jammu and Kashmir in
the UN Security Council.
• Jammu and Kashmir was merged with India on 27 October 1948.
• The Shaksgam Valley was ceded to China by Pakistan in 1963 when
both countries signed a boundary agreement to settle their border
differences.
 Indo-Pak Relationship
UN stand On Kashmir
1. Pakistan-occupied territory should be vacated.
2. There should be a ceasefire between the two countries.
3. Referendum should be conducted in Jammu and Kashmir.
Note: The United Nations presented 3 plans to resolve the issue of
Jammu and Kashmir.

McNaughton proposals- Dec. 1949

Dixon Plan – 24th January 1950
Graham Mission - 1952
 Indo-Pak Relationship
POK Debate

• Full name: Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.

• The name used by India for the portion of Kashmir under
Pakistani administration.
• Pakistan considered it as Azad Kashmir.
• UN and other international organizations referred it as
“Pakistani-administered Kashmir”.
 Indo-Pak Relationship
LOC [Redcliff]

• LOC is Line Of Control which refers to the border in Kashmir

between India and Pakistan.
LOC length with Pakistan 765 km.
• Architect: Cyril Radcliffe.
 Indo-Pak Relationship
Siachen conflict
• It is sometimes reffered as Siachen Glacier conflict.
• Siachen is the world’s highest glacier and the highest battlefield.
• Conflict between India & Pakistan.
• Location: Kashmir.
• Shaksgam Valley is also located in this region which was given to
China by Pakistan in 1963.
• The Nubra River flowing in Ladakh originates from Siachen.
• In 1984, Pakistan tried to control Siachen.
• In return, India launched Operation Meghdoot on 13 April 1984.
• India currently controls Siachen.
• The strategic importance of Siachen is very high.
 Indo-Pak Relationship
The Rann of Kutch
• Pakistan invade the Rann of Kutch on In June 1965, British Prime Minister Harold
Wilson successfully persuaded both countries to end hostilities and set up a tribunal
to resolve the dispute.
• On February 19, 1968, the tribunal bolstered India’s claim over 90 per cent of the
Rann while conceding remaining 10 per cent area to Pakistan.
• Pakistan did invade the Rann of Kutch on 9th April, 1965-July 1965.
• This operation was codenamed ‘Operation Desert Hawk 1’ by the Pakistani army.
• Pakistan justified this attack saying it was meant to “liberate” Kashmir.
• This is known as Sir Creek dispute.
• Sir Creek opens up into the Arabian Sea.
• It was originally named Ban Ganga and was named Sir Creek during colonial
times after a British official.
 Indo-Pak Relationship
Liaquat-Nehru Pact
• Signed: 8 April 1950.
• Signed by the Prime Minister of India Jawahar Lal Nehru and the
Prime Minister of Pakistan Liaquat Ali Khan.
• It was a bilateral treaty between India and Pakistan.
• It is also known as the Delhi Pact.
• Key issue: to guarantee the rights of minorities in both countries
after the Partition of India and to avert another war between them.
• This pact was criticized by Syama Prasad Mukherjee.
 Indo-Pak Relationship
Indus Water Treaty-1960
• Signed: 19 September 1960
• The Indus Water Treaty (IWT) is a water-distribution treaty between
India and Pakistan.
• Negotiated by the World Bank
• It was signed by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and
Pakistani president Ayub Khan.
• The treaty gave the waters of the western rivers—the Indus, Jhelum,
and Chenab to Pakistan and those of the eastern rivers—the Ravi,
Beas, and Sutlej to India.
 Indo-Pak Relationship
1965 war & Tashkent Declaration
• Signed on: 10th Jan. 1966
• Location: Tashkent.
• Signatories: Lal Bahadur Shastri (Prime Minister of India) &
Muhammad Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan).
• Mediators: Soviet Union.
• It resolved the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.
The Tashkent Declaration was a peace
agreement between India and Pakistan.
 Indo-Pak Relationship
1971 war & Shimla Accord -1972
• War date: September 1971.
• Pakistan was defeated & rise of Bangladesh.
• This war was an example of Indira Gandhi’s hyperrealism and was
a refutation of the Two Nation theory of Pakistan.
• Operation Python, a follow-up to Operation Trident, was the code
name of a naval attack launched on West Pakistan’s port city of
Karachi by the Indian Navy during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.
 Indo-Pak Relationship
Shimla Accord -1972
• Signed on: 2 July 1972 in Shimla.
• Effective: 4 August 1972.
• It was a peace treaty signed between India and Pakistan.
• Signatories: Indira Gandhi (Prime Minister of India)
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (President of Pakistan).
• Key role in the birth of Bangladesh.
 Indo-Pak Relationship
Operation Smiling Buddha-18 May, 1974
• Known as: Pokhran-1.
• It was India’s first successful nuclear bomb test.
• India described this test as peaceful nuclear explosion.
• USA & Canada removed all nuclear ties & assistance.
• The bomb was detonated on the army base Pokhran Test Range, in Rajasthan.
• Raja Ramanna team of 75 scientists made this missile.
• Pakistan entirely criticized India’s this nuclear test.
 Indo-Pak Relationship
Operation Shakti-11-13 May, 1998
• Explosion Date: 11th May – 13th May, 1998
• Known as Pokhran-2.
• The Pokhran-II tests were a series of five nuclear bomb
test explosions conducted by India.
• Location: Pokhran,Rajasthan.
Chagai-1 Nuclear test by Pakistan
• Note: Pakistan Nuclear Test – from 28 th May to 30 th May
1998 at Chagai,Balochistan.
• Its code name was – Chagai-1
 Indo-Pak Relationship
Two Track Diplomacy-1990 onwards

• To strengthen the relationship between the two countries, a new

initiative was taken which is called Two Track Diplomacy.
• It is also known as Backchannel diplomacy.
• Track Two Diplomacy is an “unofficial, informal interaction between
members of adversary groups or nations that aim to develop strategies,
to influence public opinion, organize human and material resources in
ways that might help resolve their conflict”.
• In 1981, Joseph V. Montville, then a U.S. State Department employee,
coined the phrases Track One and Track Two diplomacy.
 Indo-Pak Relationship
Two Track Diplomacy-1990 onwards

• Track-II initiative was first held in Neemrana Fort, Rajasthan in 1991-1992.

• That is why is known as Neemrana Dialogue.
• Chaophraya Dialogue also related with Track 2 Diplomacy between India & Pak.
• In 2014, the Track II Diplomacy meeting was held in Dubai.
• Track 3 Diplomacy relates to people-to-people contact.
• ‘Aman Ki Asha’ initiative to increase people-to-people
contact between India and Pakistan.
• Track 1 Diplomacy-It is the official engagement between
the government officials of two or more nations or with
multilateral organisations, international bodies etc.
• It is known as Official Diplomacy.
 Indo-Pak Relationship
Kartarpur Peace Corridor
• It is a product of Track Two Diplomacy between India & Pakistan.
• It is a welcome step to increase people to people contact
and thereby ease tensions between the two neighbours.
• John Warlick McDonald, a former US diplomat, envisioned the
Kartarpur Peace Corridor in 2008.
• He is a founder of Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy,
• It is a visa-free border crossing and religious corridor,
connecting the Gurdwara Darbar Sahib in Pakistan to
Gurudwara Dera Baba Nanak with India.
• The Kartarpur Corridor was first proposed in early 1999
by Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Nawaz Sharif, as the part of Bus
Diplomacy.
• Re-established on: 9 November 2019. by N. Modi and Imran Khan.
 Indo-Pak Relationship
Kargil War - 1999
• Date: 3 May 1999 – 26 Jul 1999.
• This war also known as the Kargil conflict.
• It’s cade name was – Operation Vijay.
• Victory: India - The Indian Army declared a victory after
nearly three-month-long battles on the icy heights of Kargil.
• Operation Safed Sagar was code name of the joint operation
of Indian Army & Indian Air Forces during the 1999 Kargil War.
• Aim: flushing out regular and irregular troops of the Pakistani
Army from vacated Indian Positions in the Kargil sector along
the Line of Control.
 Indo-Pak Relationship
coup d’etat in
Pakistan
• 3 times Military coups in Pakistan....

1st – 1958-71
2nd - 1977-88
3rd - 1999-2008
 Indo-Pak Relationship
Lahore Declaration
• Signed on: 21 February 1999
• Signatories: Atal Bihari Vajpayee(Prime Minister of India) &
Nawaz Sharif(Prime Minister of Pakistan).
• Location: Lahore, Pakistan.
• The Lahore Declaration was a bilateral agreement and governance
treaty between India and Pakistan. Key points were...
1. The war between the two countries will be ended.
2. Peace and prosperity will be established between the two countries.
3. The principles of the UN Charter should be implemented.
4. Nuclear weapons should be banned.
5. Shimla Agreement should be implemented.
6. Both countries are nuclear power or security is the responsibility of both.
 Indo-Pak Relationship
Indo-Pak Bus Diplomacy
• It is officially known as Sada-e-Sarhad.
• Founded: 20 February 1999
• It was suspended in the aftermath of the 2001 Indian Parliament
attack on 13 December 2001, but this bus service was resumed on 16
July 2003 when bilateral relations had improved.
• In August 2019 Pakistan decided to stop the service in the wake of
India revoking Jammu and Kashmir’s special status.
 Indo-Pak Relationship
Indo-Pak Bus Diplomacy
• In his key work, ‘Engaging India: Diplomacy, Democracy, and the Bomb,’
American diplomat Strobe Talbott argued.....

likened this initiative by Vajpayee with

that of Richard Nixon’s trip to China in
1971 and Gorbachev’s opening of the
Berlin Wall in 1989.
 Indo-Pak Relationship
The Agra summit-2001
• Drafted: 14 July 2001 – 16 July 2001.
• Signed: No signatures; the process was collapsed.
• Focus on: Peace and bilateral efforts to bring stability in the region.
• Negotiators Pervez Musharraf(President of Pakistan)&
Atal Bihari Vajpayee(Prime Minister of India).
• Pakistani former Foreign Minister Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri in his
book ‘Neither a Hawk nor a Dove, ’ wrote that.....

‘The solution to Kashmir was in

the grasp of both government’.
 Indo-Pak Relationship
Musharraf Declaration

• This declaration known as ‘NO WAR PACT WITH INDIA’.

• During Agra Summit, 2001, Pervez Musharraf said....

• Note: general Zia Ul Haq offered India ‘India has offered a Pact on
a non-aggression pact.
No First Use of Nuclear
• Indira Gandhi subsequently declared
in 1982 that “pact or no pact”, India Weapons. I am ready to go
would never attack Pakistan. one step ahead.... For a NO
WAR PACT’.
 Indo-Pak Relationship
Indo-Pak Relations & Terrorism
J & K State Legislative Assembly terrorist attack - 1 Oct. 2001
Indian Parliament attack – 13 Dec. 2001 bt LeT & JeM
2008 Mumbai attacks (26/11) by LeT & Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi
• India considers all these terrorist attacks to be sponsored by Pakistan.
• That is why India strongly condemned all these terrorist attacks.
Operation Parakram
• Date: 13 Dec 2001 – 10 Jun 2002
• It was a military standoff between India and Pakistan that resulted in the massing of troops on
both sides of the border and along the Line of Control in the region of Kashmir.
 Indo-Pak Relationship
Indo-Pak Relations & Terrorism
• Mohammed Ajmal Amir Kasab was hanged on 21 Nov. 2012
at 7:30 am at Yerawada Central Jail, Pune Maharashtra, India.
• He was mastermind of 2008 Mumbai Terrorist Attack.
Surgical Strike
• Strike on September 28, 2016.
• Indian Army launched surgical strikes against terrorist camps in Pakistan
Occupied Kashmir.
• It was in response to an attack by Pakistan-based terrorists on an army
base in Kashmir’s Uri on September 18 in which 19 soldiers were killed.
• Pathankot attack 2 Jan 2016 – 5 Jan 2016 – was a terrorist attack.
 Indo-Pak Relationship
Surgical Strike 2.0

• Pulwama attack 14 February 2019 was also terrorist attack.

• Surgical strike 2.0 was IAF counter terror attack at Balakot, Pakistan.
• It’s code name was – OPERATION BANDAR.
• It was an intelligence-based counter-terror attack, not a military
action, in which over 350 terrorists were eliminated by Indian Air Force.
• Note: ‘OPERATION GINGER’.

• Date: 2011
• It was code name of India Army recounter in Pakistan Army in POK.
 Indo-Pak Relationship
Bifurcation of J&K and Removal of Art. 370
• On 5 August 2019, the Union Government revocated the special status
granted to Jammu and Kashmir under the Article 370 through a Presidential
Order, and made the entire Constitution of India applicable to the state.
• This implied that the Article 35A stood abolished.
• Pakistan considered this step as India’s “illegal” and “unilateral” step.
• Pakistan Foreign Office in a statement said, “Jammu and Kashmir is an
internationally recognised disputed territory”.
 Indo-Bangladesh Relationship
6 points of Mujibur Rahman
• An idea of 6 point given by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on 5 Feb. 1966 in Lahore.
• It is known as six point movement spearheaded by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
• It demanded greater autonomy for East Pakistan.
• 6 points regarded a milestone on the road to Bangladesh’s independence.
• These 6 points are.....
1. Directly elected Government.
2. Federal Govt. Will control the only defence and foreign policy.
3. Separate currencies & Financial Policies.
4. Provinces would tax the people.
5. East Pakistan should have a separate militia or paramilitary force.
6. There would be separate accounts of foreign exchange earnings for each wing.
 Indo-Bangladesh Relationship
Liberation of East Pakistan & born as Bangladesh
• Bangladesh Liberation War : Independence 26 March - 16 Dec 1971.
• This war is known as the Bangladesh War of Independence.
• Mukti Bahini played an important role in the independence of Bangladesh.
• In this war of independence, Indira Gandhi helped Bangladesh against Pakistan.
• It can be seen as hyper realism of Indira Gandhi.
• On 26th March 1971, East Pakistan became free and born as a Bangladesh.
• Sheikh Mujibur Rahman became the first President of Bangladesh.
• Bangladesh known as the father of SAARC.
• Former President of Bangladesh Ziaur Rahman gave the idea of creation of a
regional organization in South Asia.
• Khaleda Zia – 1st women President of Bangladesh(1991-1996 & 2001-2006).
• Hussain Muhammad Ershad known as dictatorship president of Bangladesh.
 Indo-Bangladesh Relationship
Indo-Bangladesh Treaty -1972
• Signed on 19th March, 1972.
• Signed by : Indian P M Indira Gandhi & P M of Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
• Full name : India –Bangladesh treaty of Friendship, cooperation & Peace.
• It was 25 years treaty.
• The treaty was also known as the Indira–Mujib Treaty.
• According to this treaty India pledged to protect the Territorial integrity of
Bangladesh, Economic assistance for its reconstruction, to return refugees from India.
• A joint India-Mukti Bahini command was set up under India’s General to liberate
Bangladesh from Pakistan.
 Indo-Bangladesh Relationship
Delhi Agreement - 1973

• Signed on : 9 April 1973.

• It was a trilateral agreement signed between India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
• Purpose : It allowed the repatriation of prisoners of war and interned officials
held in the three countries after the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War.
 Indo-Bangladesh Relationship
Key disputes between India & Bangladesh

New Moore Island

• New Moore Island was claimed by both Bangladesh and India.
• New Moore Island, also known as South Talpatti and Purbasha Island.
• In Bangladesh, it is known as South Talpatti Island.
• Both India and Bangladesh claimed sovereignty over it because
of speculation over the existence of oil and natural gas in the region.
• It emerged in the Bay of Bengal in the aftermath of the Bhola cyclone
in November 1970, and disappeared around March 2010.
 Indo-Bangladesh Relationship
Key disputes between India & Bangladesh
Dahagram Dispute
• Dahagram–Angarpota is a Bangladeshi enclave in India about
200m away from the border of Bangladesh.
• Dahagram–Angarpota was the largest and is the only remaining
Bangladeshi enclave after the 2015 resolution of the India–Bangladesh
enclaves issue.
• The enclave is connected to mainland Bangladesh by the Tin Bigha
Corridor, which is situated in Patgram Upazila of Lamonirhat district.
• It is surrounded by Cooch Behar district of India’s West Bengal state.
• The Teesta river flows on its western side.
 Indo-Bangladesh Relationship
Key disputes between India & Bangladesh
Dahagram Dispute
• The 1974 Indira-Mujib pact was signed which protected the status of
Dahagram–Angarpota and in return Bangladesh gave India the whole of
Berubari village.
 Indo-Bangladesh Relationship
Key disputes between India & Bangladesh
Teesta River Dispute
• The dispute is regarding water sharing of River Teesta.
• Bangladesh wants a higher share than it gets now.
• Currently, its share is lower than that of India’s.
• Water share to India – 39%
• Water share to Bangladesh – 36%
• Not allocated – 25%
 Indo-Bangladesh Relationship
Key disputes between India & Bangladesh

Ganga Water Treaty

• Signed between India and Bangladesh on 12 Dec. 1996.
• Period – 30 years.
• Signed by the then Indian Prime Minister H. D. Deve Gowda and
Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed in New Delhi.
• It is also known as Farakka Treaty of 1996.
• Formation of Farakka Barrage – 1971.
• Indo-Bangladesh Joint Rivers Commission – 1972.
 Indo-Bangladesh Relationship
Key disputes between India & Bangladesh
• Hussian Muhammad Ershad, A Former President of Bangladesh argued that.....

The whole of North Bengal may become a desert.

Bangladesh will never bow down to Farakka’s
question. Bangladeshis are true Muslims and
Allah will surely help them. Bangladeshis will
survive with or without Farakka because Islam
was born in the desert.
 Indo-Bangladesh Relationship
Key disputes between India & Bangladesh

Rohingya-Chakma Conundrum
• Chakmas are one of the largest ethnic groups of the easternmost areas of
the Indian subcontinent and are natives of the Chittagong Hill Tracts
region in southeastern Bangladesh.
• They have a significant population in West Bengal and the northeastern
part of India, especially Mizoram.
• The Rohingya people are a stateless Indo-Aryan ethnic group who
predominantly follow Islam and reside in Rakhine State, Myanmar.
• The government of Myanmar is not giving them citizenship..
 Indo-Bangladesh Relationship

Operation Insaniyat by Indian Govt.

• Date : 14 September 2017
• Objective : to help Bangladesh in overcoming the humanitarian crisis.
• Due to the large influx of the Myanmar refugees to Bangladesh.
• Due to the Military crackdown in the Rakhine state these Rohingya
Muslims fled Myanmar and turned to Bangladesh in large numbers.
 Indo-Bangladesh Relationship
N Modi visit to Bangladesh - 2015
• Modi visited to Dhaka, Bangladesh on 6-7 June 2015.
• The Land Boundary Agreement was signed on 16 May 1974 between Indira
Gandhi and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to exchange enclaves and simplify their
international border.
• A revised version of the agreement was adopted by the two countries on 7 May
2015, when the Parliament of India passed the 100th Amendment to the
Constitution of India.
• Under this agreement, which was ratified on 6 June 2015, India received 51
Bangladeshi enclaves (covering 7,110 acres (2,880 ha) in the Indian mainland,
while Bangladesh received 111 Indian enclaves (covering 17,160 acres (6,940 ha)
in the Bangladeshi mainland.
 Indo-Bangladesh Relationship
Modi visit to Bangladesh-March 2021
• The Prime Minister of India paid a State Visit to Bangladesh to join the
celebrations of the Golden Jubilee of the Independence of Bangladesh, the Birth
Centenary of the Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman &
50 years of establishment of diplomatic relations between India & Bangladesh.
◆ Bangladesh thanked India for conferring Gandhi Peace Prize for the year 2020
on Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
◆ Jointly inaugurated the Bangabandhu – Bapu Digital Exhibition in Dhaka.
◆ To mark the 50th anniversary of India-Bangladesh friendship.
◆ Decided to commemorate 6th December as Maitri Diwas, the day when India
recognized Bangladesh in the year 1971.
◆ India announced the establishment of the Bangabandhu Chair at the University
of Delhi.
 Indo-Bangladesh Relationship

Exercise SAMPRITI - X

• Date: 5 th to 16 th June 2022.•

• With: Bangladesh
• Start Date : 2009 (1 st Edition).
• Place: at Jashore Military Station in Bangladesh.
 Indo-Sri Lanka Relationship
PROLOGUE
• Religion of Sri Lanka : Buddhism
• Language : Sinhala
• Form of Government : Semi-Presidential.
• Sri Lankan Constitution from 1944-1972 known as ‘SOULBURY CONSTITUTION’.
• Sirimavo Bandaranaike(1960) : Worlds first women P M from Sri Lanka.
• Indira Gandhi (1969) : World’s second women P M from India.
• US to close Voice of America station in Sri Lanka in 1983.
• Palk Strait – It joined India(Tamil Nadu & Sri Lanka(Jaffna) together.
• The Sri Lankan Civil War was a civil war fought in Sri Lanka from 1983 to 2009.
• Indian Peacekeeping Forces in Sri Lanka – July 1987 – March 1990.
• Ceylon, became independent from British rule in 1948.
• In 1972, the Sinhalese changed the country’s name from Ceylon to Sri Lanka and
made Buddhism the nation’s primary religion.
 Indo-Sri Lanka Relationship
TAMIL PROBLEM
• In 1983, the LTTE ambushed an army convoy, killing thirteen soldiers and
triggering riots in which 2,500 Tamils died.
• As Ethnic ties have bound southern India and Sri Lanka for more than two
millennia. India is a home to more than 60 million of the world’s 77 million
Tamils, while about 4 million live in Sri Lanka.
• When war between Sri Lankan Tamils and the Sinhalese majority erupted in
1983, India took an active role.
• Indo-Sri Lankan Accord was signed in 1987 to provide a political solution to Sri
Lanka’s conflict.
ETHNIC CONFLICT
FISHERIES PROBLEM
 Indo-Sri Lanka Relationship
Katchatheevu Disputes
• Katchatheevu is a 163-acre uninhabited island administered by Sri Lanka and
was a disputed territory claimed by India until 1976.
• The island is located between Neduntheevu, Sri Lanka and Rameswaram, India.
• It has been traditionally used by both Sri Lankan Tamil and Indian fishermen.
• In 1974, Indira Gandhi handed over the island to Sri Lanka.
• In 2011, Jayalalitha’s Tamil Nadu government filed a petition in the Supreme
Court against Indira Gandhi’s decision.
 Indo-Sri Lanka Relationship
LTTE ISSUE OF TERRORISM

• LTTE(Liberation Tiger of Tamil Eelam) demanded new state ‘Eelam’.

• LTTE were a militant separatist group fighting for an independent
homeland for Hindu Tamils in Northeastern Sri Lanka.
• The LTTE was founded in the early 1970s by Velupillai Prabhakaran, who
led the group until his death by Sri Lankan armed forces in May 2009.
• LTTE Assassinated Rajiv Gandhi on 21 May 1991.
 Key Operations
Indo-Sri Lanka Relationship
Operation Pawan
• Operation Pawan was the code name assigned to the operation by the Indian
Peace Keeping Force to take control of Jaffna from the Liberation Tigers of Tamil
Eelam, better known as the Tamil Tigers, in late 1987 to enforce the disarmament
of the LTTE as a part of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord.
Operation Checkmate
Operation Trishul
Operation Viraat
• Date: 1988.
• These all were anti-insurgency operation carried out by the Indian Peace
Keeping Force against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam in Sri Lanka.
 Indo-Sri Lanka Relationship
Key Pacts between India & Ceylon

1. Nehru-Kotelawala Pact

• Signed : on 18 January 1954.

• Signed by : Jawaharlal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India,
John Kotelawala, the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka.
• Key issue : It was an agreement in regarding to the status and
future of people of Indian origin in Ceylon.
 Indo-Sri Lanka Relationship
Key Pacts between India & Ceylon

2. Sirima–Shastri Pact
• Signed : on 30 October 1964
• Signed by : between Sirimavo Bandaranaike, the Prime Minister of Sri
Lanka, and Lal Bahadur Shastri, the Prime Minister of India.
• It is also known as the Srimavo-Shastri Pact, Indo-Ceylon Agreement
and Bandaranaike-Shastri Pact.
• Officially known as Agreement on Persons of Indian Origin in Ceylon.
• It was a significant agreement in determining the status and future of
people of Indian origin in Ceylon.
 Indo-Sri Lanka Relationship
Key Pacts between India & Ceylon

3. Rajiv-Jayewardene accord
• Signed : signed in Colombo on 29 July 1987
• Signed by Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Sri Lankan
President J. R. Jayewardene.
• Officially known as Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord.
• Objective : to resolve the Sri Lankan Civil War.
• Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by the LTTE in 1991.
•
 Indo-Sri Lanka Relationship
Key Pacts between India & Ceylon
Non Military Nuclear Deal
• Signed on 16 February 2015
• Focus on Agriculture, Service, Health & Security between the two countries.
• Peaceful use of Nuclear Power.
• Note : It was Sri Lanka’s 1st deal with any country.
 Indo-Sri Lanka Relationship
Cultural & Educational Ties
• The India-Sri Lanka Foundation, set up in December 1998 as an intergovernmental
initiative, also aims towards enhancement of scientific, technical, educational and
cultural cooperation through civil society exchanges and enhancing contact between
the younger generations of the two countries.
• Government of India formally launched the e-Tourist Visa (eTV) scheme for Sri
Lankan tourists on 14 April 2015 to increase the people to people contact.
 Indo-Sri Lanka Relationship

Modi Visit to Sri Lanka

• Modi visited to Colombo in March 2015.
• He was the first Indian prime minister to do a stand-alone visit
to Sri Lanka in 28 years.
• In June 2019, the first overseas visit of Indian Prime Minister to
Sri Lanka, in his second term, is an important symbolic gesture
reflective of the special relationship between the countries.
• In February 2015, Sri Lanka’s newly elected President
Maithripala Sirisena undertook his first official visit to India.
 Indo-Sri Lanka Relationship
Multilateral Relationship
• Sri Lanka is a member of regional groupings like BIMSTEC (Bay of
Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation)
and SAARC in which India plays a leading role.

Trade & Economic Ties

• Sri Lanka is one of India’s largest trading partners among the SAARC countries.
• India in turn is Sri Lanka’s largest trade partner globally.
• India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (ISFTA) - The main framework for
bilateral trade has been provided by the India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement
(ISFTA) that was signed in 1998 and entered into force in March 2000.
 Indo-Sri Lanka Relationship
China & Sri Lanka

• China is building state of the art gigantic modern ports all along the
Indian Ocean to the south of it, in Gwadar (Pakistan), Chittagong
(Bangladesh, Kyauk Phru (Myanmar) and Hambantota (Sri Lanka).
• China’s string of pearl’s strategy is aimed at encircling India to
establish dominance in the Indian Ocean.
• Post 2015, Sri Lanka still relies heavily on China for Port city project
and for continuation of Chinese funded infrastructure projects in Sri
Lanka.
 Indo-Sri Lanka Relationship
Mitra Shakti
• Date: 4-16 Oct. 2021
• With: Sri Lanka ( 8th edition).
• Place: Ampara, Sri Lanka.
• 1st edition started in : 2015
SLINEX
• It is a Naval Exercise between India & Sri Lanka.
• Date : Visakhapatnam on 07-08 March 2022 and
Sea Phase on 09-10 March 2022 in the Bay of Bengal.
• The first SLINEX exercise took place in 2005.
 Indo-Sri Lanka Relationship
SRI LANKAN ECONOMIC CRISES
• The Sri Lankan economic crisis is an ongoing crisis in Sri Lanka that started in 2019.
• It is the country’s worst economic crisis since its independence in 1948.
• There are many causes behind this economic crises....
1. Decline of tourism - The Easter bomb blasts of April 2019 in churches in Colombo
resulting in 253 casualties, consequently, dropped the number of tourists sharply
leading to a decline in foreign exchange reserves.
2. The Covid-19 pandemic
3. Shortage of foreign exchange
4. Sudden Move to Organic Farming
5. Political Corruption
6. China’s Debt Trap
 Indo-Nepal Relationship
Historical Context
• Nepal and India enjoy excellent bilateral ties.
• Founded on the age-old connection of history, culture, tradition and
religion, these relations are close, comprehensive and multidimensional
and are pronounced more in political, social, cultural, religious and
economic engagements with each other.
• The two countries established diplomatic relations on 17 June 1947.
• Nepal is an important neighbour of India and occupies a special
significance in its foreign policy because of the geographic, historical,
cultural and economic linkages/ties that span centuries.
• India and Nepal share similar ties in terms of Hinduism and Buddhism
with Buddha’s birthplace Lumbini located in present day Nepal.
• Indo-Nepal relationship popularly known as Roti-Beti ka Rishta.
 Indo-Nepal Relationship
Historical Context

• Nepal shares border with 5 Indian states- Uttarakhand, Uttar

Pradesh, West Bengal, Sikkim and Bihar. Hence an important point of
cultural and economic exchange.
• Nepal is right in the middle of India’s ‘Himalayan frontiers’, and along
with Bhutan, it acts as a northern ‘borderland’ flanks and acts as buffer
states against any possible aggression from China.
 Indo-Nepal Relationship
India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship
• The treaty was signed at Kathmandu on 31 July 1950.
• Signed by the last Rana Prime Minister of Nepal Mohan Shumsher Jang
Bahadur Rana and Indian ambassador to Nepal, Chadreshwar Narayan Singh.
The treaty talks about reciprocal treatment of Indian and Nepali citizens in the
two countries, in residence, property, business and movement.
• It also establishes national treatment for both Indian and Nepalese businesses.
• It also gives Nepal access to weaponry from India.

Treaty of Sagauli (March 4, 1816)

• It was an agreement between the Gurkha chiefs of Nepal and the British
Indian government that ended the Anglo-Nepalese (Gurkha) War (1814–16).
 Indo-Nepal Relationship
Multilateral Partnership

• India and Nepal share multiple multilateral forums such as BBIN

(Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal), BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal
Initiative for Multi Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation),
Non Aligned Movement, and SAARC.
 Indo-Nepal Relationship
Cultural Relationship

• India has signed three sister-city agreements for twinning

Kathmandu-Varanasi, Lumbini-Bodhgaya and Janakpur-Ayodhya.

First South Asian Games

• Nepal hosted the first South Asian Games in 1984.
 Indo-Nepal Relationship
MAHAKALI TREATY
• The Mahakali Treaty, signed on 12 February 1996 between India and Nepal.
• Aim : development of watershed of Mahakali River.
• The treaty has 12 articles agreements for an integrated development of
barrage, dams and hydropower for mutual cooperation of the two countries
by managing the water resources.
• The treaty recognizes the Mahakali River as a boundary river between the
two countries.
 Indo-Nepal Relationship
Border Disputes
• The issue erupted in November 2019 when Nepal had released a
new political map that claims Kalapani, Limpiyadhura and Lipulekh
of Uttarakhand as part of Nepal’s territory. The area of Susta (West
Champaran district, Bihar) can also be noted in the new map.
• Two major border disputes between the two countries are...

KALAPANI DISPUTE
SUSTA DISPUTE
 Indo-Nepal Relationship
Surya Kiran -XV

• Date: 20 Sep. 2021

• With: Nepal (15 th edition).
• Place: at Pithoragarh in Uttarakhand.
• Surya Kiran takes place annually/bi-annually.
• It started in 2011.
• It occurs alternatively between India and Nepal.
 Indo-Nepal Relationship
Operation Maitri

• Date: 25 April 2015

• It was a rescue and relief operation in Nepal by the
government of India and Indian armed forces in the aftermath
of the April 2015 Nepal earthquake.
 India & SAARC

SAARC
• The idea of SAARC was proposed by the then Bangladesh ruler, Zia ur Rehman in 1979.
• Established on 8 December 1985.
• Objectives : To promote the welfare of the people of South Asia and to improve their
quality of life, and to accelerate economic growth, among other things.
• Secretariat: Kathmandu (Nepal).
• Eight Member States: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal,
Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
• Afghanistan Joined in 2007 in the 14th New Delhi Summit of SAARC.
• First SAARC Summit held on 7-8 December 1985 in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
• Nineteenth summit -Pakistan : rejected by India due to Uri Attack.
• As of September 2022, Nepal has current chair of SAARC.
 India & SAARC
SAARC

• 9 observers of the SAARC.....

Australia
China
European Union
Iran
Japan
Mauritius
Myanmar
South Korea
United States
 India & SAARC
SAARC

• South Asian University (SAU) – India

• South Asian Regional Standards Organization (SARSO) – Dhaka
• SAARC Development Fund (SDF) – Bhutan
• SAARC Arbitration Council (SARCO) – Pakistan
• SAARC Asian Agricultural Information centre – Dhaka
• SAARC Asian Weather Research Centre – Dhaka
• SAARC Asian Culture Centre – Sri Lanka
• SAARC Human Research Development Centre – Islamabad
• SAARC Asian Information Centre - Nepal
 India & SAARC
SAFTA

• South Asian Free Trade Area formed on 6 January, 2004

at the 12 SAARC summit in Islamabad, Pakistan.
• SAFTA came into force on 1 January, 2006.
• It replaced South Asian Preferential Trade
Agreement(SAPTA).
• SAFTA is the free trade arrangement of the SAARC.
 India‘s Relations with Neighbourhood

Look East Policy

• Launched by former Prime minister of India P V Narasimha Rao in 1992.
• Look East policy focused on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN) countries + Economic Integration.
• Aim Economic and Strategic relationship with ASEAN.
• In 2003, it was expended to include East Asian Nations – China, Japan, Korea.
• India became a dialogue partner of ASEAN in 1996 and summit level partner in 2002.
• In 2012 the relationship got up-graded into a Strategic Partnership.
• India is also an active participant in several regional forums like the East Asia Summit
(EAS), ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) etc.
 India‘s Relations with Neighbourhood

Act East Policy

• Initiated by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
• It was launched in Nov. 2014 at the East Asia Summit, Myanmar.
• Act East Policy focused on ASEAN countries + Economic
Integration + East Asian countries + Security cooperation.
• Act East Policy focused on ASEAN countries with Japan,
Australia, Pacific Island Nations, South Korea & Mongolia.
• The North East of India has been a priority of this Policy.
• It is a diplomatic initiative to promote economic, strategic and
cultural relations with the vast Asia-Pacific region at different
levels.
 India‘s Relations with Neighbourhood

Act East Policy

• Prime minister of India, Modi highlighted 4C’s of Act East Policy.
◆Culture
◆Commerce
◆Connectivity
◆Capacity building
• Modi ji also gave Neighbourhood First Policy in 2014.
 India‘s Relations with Neighbourhood

Look West Policy

• It was launched by Manmohan Singh Govt. In 2005.
• Manmohan Singh also gave ‘Extended Neighbourhood Policy.
• Look West Policy, focuses on three main axes: the Arab Gulf countries, Israel and Iran.
• Note : India adopted Look West Policy because...
◆ Oil importance: India import 60% oil from Gulf Countries.
◆ UAE is the third largest trade partner after USA & China.
◆ India can attract significant amount of capital from Middle
East Countries(Gulf Countries).
• In 2015, Narendra Modi visited to Middle East & emphasized on
Look West Policy.
• In 2017, Modi visited to Israel & became 1st PM of India who
visited to Israel.
 India‘s Relations with Neighbourhood

Gujral Doctrine
• Inder Kumar Gujral was sworn in as the 12th Prime Minister
of India from April 1997 to May 1998.
• It was rendered by Mr. Inder Kumar Gujral, the Minister of
External Affairs in H. D. Deve Gowda Government in 1996.
• This theory says that “India” as a bigger country of South
Asia should give one-sided concession to her small neighbours
and have cordial relations with them.
 India‘s Relations with Neighbourhood

• Five principles of Gujral Doctrine are....

1. With neighbours India does not ask for reciprocity .
2. No South Asian country should allow its territory to be used against the interest of
another country of the region.
3. No country should interfere in the internal affairs of another.
4. All South Asian countries must respect each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
5. They should settle all their disputes through peaceful bilateral negotiations.

• Note: Gujral Doctrine known as Good Neighbourhood Policy.