Designation: E10 − 14 American Association State Highway

and Transportation Officials Standard

AASHTO No.: T70–86

Standard Test Method for

Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E10; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Brinell 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
hardness of metallic materials by the Brinell indentation E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
hardness principle. This standard provides the requirements for Determine Conformance with Specifications
a Brinell testing machine and the procedures for performing E74 Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments
Brinell hardness tests. for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines
1.2 This standard includes additional requirements in four E140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship
annexes: Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell
Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Sclero-
Verification of Brinell Hardness Testing Machines Annex A1
Brinell Hardness Standardizing Machines Annex A2 scope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness
Standardization of Brinell Hardness Indenters Annex A3 E384 Test Method for Knoop and Vickers Hardness of
Standardization of Brinell Hardness Test Blocks Annex A4 Materials
1.3 This standard includes nonmandatory information in an 2.2 American Bearings Manufacturer Association Stan-
appendix which relates to the Brinell hardness test: dard:
Table of Brinell Hardness Numbers Appendix X1 ABMA 10-1989 Metal Balls3
Examples of Procedures for Determining Appendix X2 2.3 ISO Standards:
Brinell Hardness Uncertainty
ISO/IEC 17011 Conformity Assessment—General Require-
1.4 At the time the Brinell hardness test was developed, the ments for Accreditation Bodies Accrediting Conformity
force levels were specified in units of kilograms-force (kgf). Assessment Bodies4
Although this standard specifies the unit of force in the ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence
International System of Units (SI) as the Newton (N), because of Calibration and Testing4
of the historical precedent and continued common usage of kgf
units, force values in kgf units are provided for information and 3. Terminology and Equations
much of the discussion in this standard refers to forces in kgf 3.1 Definitions:
units. 3.1.1 calibration—determination of the values of the sig-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the nificant parameters by comparison with values indicated by a

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safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the reference instrument or by a set of reference standards.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1.2 verification—checking or testing to assure confor-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- mance with the specification.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06 on the ASTM website.
3
Indentation Hardness Testing. Available from American Bearing Manufacturers Association (ABMA), 2025
Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published August 2014. Originally M Street, NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036, http://www.americanbearings.org.
4
approved in 1924. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E10 – 12. DOI: Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/E0010-14. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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3.1.3 standardization—to bring in conformance with a 3.2 Equations:
known standard through verification or calibration. 3.2.1 The Brinell hardness number is calculated as:
3.1.4 Brinell hardness test—an indentation hardness test 2F kgf
using a verified machine to force an indenter (tungsten carbide HBW 5 (1)
ball with diameter D), under specified conditions, into the
~
πD D 2 =D 2 2 d 2 !
surface of the material under test. The diameter of the resulting where:
indentation d is measured after removal of the force. Fkgf = test force in kgf,
3.1.5 Brinell hardness number—a number, which is propor- D = diameter of the indenter ball in mm, and
tional to the quotient obtained by dividing the test force by the d = measured mean diameter of the indentation in mm
curved surface area of the indentation which is assumed to be (see Table 1).
spherical and of the diameter of the ball. 3.2.2 The repeatability R in the performance of a Brinell
3.1.6 Brinell hardness scale—a designation that identifies hardness machine at each hardness level, under the particular
the specific combination of ball diameter and applied force verification conditions, is estimated by the range of diameter
used to perform the Brinell hardness test. measurements of n indentations made on a standardized test
3.1.7 Brinell hardness testing machine—a Brinell hardness block as part of a performance verification, defined as:
machine used for general testing purposes. R 5 d max 2 d min (2)
3.1.8 Brinell hardness standardizing machine—a Brinell where:
hardness machine used for the standardization of Brinell
dmax = mean diameter of the largest measured indentation,
hardness test blocks. The standardizing machine differs from a
and
regular Brinell hardness testing machine by having tighter dmin = mean diameter of the smallest measured indentation.
tolerances on certain parameters.
3.1.9 force-diameter ratio—a number calculated as the ratio 3.2.3 The averageH̄ of a set of n Brinell hardness measurement
values H1, H2, ..., Hn is calculated as:
of the test force in kgf to the square of the indenter ball
diameter in mm (see Table 1). H 1 1H 2 1…1H n
H̄ 5 (3)
n
TABLE 1 Symbols and Designations
3.2.4 The error E in the performance of a Brinell hardness
Symbol Designation
machine at each hardness level is determined as:
D Diameter of the ball, mm
E 5 H̄ 2 H STD (4)
F Test force, N
where:
Fkgf Test force, kgf
H̄ (Eq = average of n hardness tests H1, H2, ..., Hn made on
1
F kgf 5
gn
3F 3) a standardized test block as part of a performance
verification, and
where gn is the acceleration due to gravity. HSTD = certified average hardness value of the standard-
gn = 9.80665 kgf/N ized test block.
d Mean diameter of the indentation, mm 3.2.5 The mean diameter of an indentationd is calculated as:
d 1 1d 2 1{1d n
d5 d 1 1d 2 1…1d n
n d5 (5)
n
where d1 + d2 + ... + dn are the measured indentation
diameters in mm, and n is the number of diameter mea- Where:
surements. d1, d2, ..., dn = measured indentation diameters in mm, and
h Depth of the indentation, mm
n = the number of diameter measurements.
D 2 œD 2 2 d 2 3.2.6 The average mean diameter d̄ of a set of indentations
h5
2 is calculated as:
d11d21…1dN
Force- d̄ 5 (6)
F kgf N
Diameter 5 2
D
ratio where:
d1, d2, ... dN = mean indentation diameters in mm, and
HBW Brinell hardness N = number of indentations (see Annex A4).
Test Force
5
Surface area of indentation 4. Significance and Use
2F kgf 4.1 The Brinell hardness test is an indentation hardness test
5
π D s D 2 œD 2 2 d 2 d that can provide useful information about metallic materials.
This information may correlate to tensile strength, wear
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resistance, ductility, or other physical characteristics of metal- 5.2.3 Indenters—Indenters for the Brinell hardness test shall
lic materials, and may be useful in quality control and selection be tungsten carbide balls of four allowed diameters (1, 2.5, 5
of materials. and 10 mm). Indenters shall meet the requirements defined in
4.2 Brinell hardness tests are considered satisfactory for Annex A3.
acceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have been 5.2.4 Oil, dirt, or other foreign materials shall not be
used extensively in industry for this purpose. allowed to accumulate on the indenter, as this will affect the
test results.
4.3 Brinell hardness testing at a specific location on a part 5.2.5 Measurement Device—The measurement device used
may not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part for the measurement of the diameter of Brinell indentations
or end product. may be an integral part of the hardness machine or a separate
stand-alone instrument. The allowable measurement devices
5. Principles of Test and Apparatus
are classified into two types. The Type A device includes
5.1 Brinell Hardness Test Principle—The general principle microscopes having movable measuring lines with some type
of the Brinell indentation hardness test consists of two steps of indicator or computerized measuring system, or an image
(see Fig. 1). analysis system. The Type B device is a hand-held microscope
5.1.1 Step 1—The indenter is brought into contact with the (usually 20× or 40×) with fixed measuring lines.
test specimen in a direction perpendicular to the surface, and 5.2.5.1 Type A Device—The acceptable minimum resolution
the test force F is applied. The test force is held for a specified for a Type A device shall be as given in Table 2.
dwell time and then removed. 5.2.5.2 Type B Device—The acceptable maximum spacing
5.1.2 Step 2—The diameter of the indentation is measured between the graduated lines of Type B devices shall be as given
in at least two directions perpendicular to each other. The in Table 2. Type B devices shall not be used for measuring
Brinell hardness value is derived from the mean of the diameter indentations made with 2.5 mm and 1 mm ball indenters.
measurements.
5.3 Verification—Brinell testing machines and indentation
5.2 Brinell Testing Machine—Equipment for Brinell hard- measurement devices shall be verified periodically in accor-
ness testing usually consists of a testing machine, which dance with Annex A1.
supports the test specimen and applies an indenting force to a
5.4 Test Blocks—Test blocks meeting the requirements of
ball in contact with the specimen, and a system for measuring
Annex A4 shall be used to verify the testing machine in
the mean diameter of the indentation in accordance with the
accordance with Annex A1.
Brinell hardness test principle. The design of the testing
machine shall be such that no rocking or lateral movement of 5.5 Brinell Hardness Scales—The combinations of indent-
the indenter or specimen occurs while the force is being ers and test forces define the Brinell hardness scales. The
applied. The design of the testing machine shall ensure that the standard Brinell hardness scales and test forces are given in
force to the indenter is applied smoothly and without impact Table 3, corresponding to force-diameter ratios (see Table 1) of
forces. Precautions shall be taken to prevent a momentary high 1, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 30. Brinell hardness values should be
test force caused by the inertia of the system, hydraulic system determined and reported in accordance with one of these
overshoot, etc. standard scales. Other scales using non-standard test forces
5.2.1 See the Equipment Manufacturer’s Instruction Manual may be used by special agreement. Examples of other scales
for a description of the machine’s characteristics, limitations, and the corresponding force-diameter ratio (in parentheses) are
and respective operating procedures. HBW 10/750 (7.5), HBW 10/2000 (20), HBW 10/2500 (25),
5.2.2 Anvils—An anvil, or specimen support, should be used HBW 5/187.5 (7.5), and HBW 5/500 (20).
that is suitable for the specimen to be tested. The seating and 5.6 Calculation of the Brinell Hardness Number—The
supporting surfaces of all anvils should be clean and free of Brinell hardness number shall be calculated from the mean
foreign material. Typically, anvils need only be replaced if they diameter d of the indentation using Eq 1 or from the values
fail to support the test surface perpendicular to the indenter, or given in Appendix X1.
they are deemed unsafe. 5.6.1 Brinell hardness values shall not be designated by a
number alone because it is necessary to indicate which indenter
and which force has been employed in making the test (see

TABLE 2 Resolution and Graduation Spacing of Indentation

Measuring Devices
Type A Type B
Minimum Maximum
Ball Diameter
Indicator Resolution Graduation Spacing
mm
mm mm
10 0.0100 0.100
5 0.0050 0.050
2.5 0.0025 –
1 0.0010 –
FIG. 1 Principle of Test

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TABLE 3 Test Conditions and Recommended Hardness Range indentation. The thickness of the material under test should be
Brinell
Ball
Force- Nominal Value of Recommended at least ten times the depth of the indentation h (see Table 4).
Diameter Test Force, F Hardness Table 4 can also be used as a guideline for the minimum depth
Hardness Diameter
D Range
Scale RatioA N kgf of a layer of a material, such as a coating.
mm HBW
HBW 10/3000 10 30 29420 3000 95.5 to 650 NOTE 1—Brinell hardness testing can use high test forces. Under certain
HBW 10/1500 10 15 14710 1500 47.7 to 327 conditions of testing a relatively thin material or coating on a material with
HBW 10/1000 10 10 9807 1000 31.8 to 218
high hardness, there is a potential for the test material to break or shatter
HBW 10/500 10 5 4903 500 15.9 to 109
HBW 10/250 10 2.5 2452 250 7.96 to 54.5 under load resulting in serious personal injury or damage to equipment.
HBW 10/125 10 1.25 1226 125 3.98 to 27.2 Users are strongly cautioned to exercise extreme care when testing a
HBW 10/100 10 1 980.7 100 3.18 to 21.8 material that could potentially fail under load. If there is a concern or
HBW 5/750 5 30 7355 750 95.5 to 650 doubt, do not test the material.
HBW 5/250 5 10 2452 250 31.8 to 218
HBW 5/125 5 5 1226 125 15.9 to 109 6.1.2 Width—The minimum width shall conform to the
HBW 5/62.5 5 2.5 612.9 62.5 7.96 to 54.5 requirements for indentation spacing.
HBW 5/31.25 5 1.25 306.5 31.25 3.98 to 27.2 6.1.3 Finish—When necessary, the surface on which the
HBW 5/25 5 1 245.2 25 3.18 to 21.8
HBW 2.5/ 2.5 30 1839 187.5 95.5 to 650 indentation is to be made should be filed, ground, machined or
187.5 polished flat with abrasive material so that the edge of the
HBW 2.5/62.5 2.5 10 612.9 62.5 31.8 to 218 indentation can be clearly defined to permit the measurement
HBW 2.5/ 2.5 5 306.5 31.25 15.9 to 109
31.25 of the diameter to the specified accuracy. Preparation shall be
HBW 2.5/ 2.5 2.5 153.2 15.625 7.96 to 54.5 carried out in such a way that any alteration of the surface
15.625
HBW 2.5/ 2.5 1.25 76.61 7.8125 3.98 to 27.2
7.8125
HBW 2.5/6.25 2.5 1 61.29 6.25 3.18 to 21.8
HBW 1/30 1 30 294.2 30 95.5 to 650 TABLE 4 Minimum Specimen Thickness Based on Ten-Times the
HBW 1/10 1 10 98.07 10 31.8 to 218 Indentation Depth
HBW 1/5 1 5 49.03 5 15.9 to 109
Diameter of Minimum Specimen Thickness
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HBW 1/2.5 1 2.5 24.52 2.5 7.96 to 54.5

HBW 1/1.25 1 1.25 12.26 1.25 3.98 to 27.2 Indentation, 10 mm 5 mm 2.5 mm 1 mm
HBW 1/1 1 1 9.807 1 3.18 to 21.8 d Ball Ball Ball Ball
A
See Table 1. mm mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in.
0.2 0.1 0.004
0.3 0.2 0.009
0.4 0.4 0.016
Table 3). Brinell hardness numbers shall be followed by the 0.5 0.7 0.026
symbol HBW, and be supplemented by an index indicating the 0.6 0.4 0.014 1.0 0.039
0.7 0.5 0.020
test conditions in the following order: 0.8 0.7 0.026
5.6.1.1 Diameter of the ball, mm, 0.9 0.8 0.033
5.6.1.2 A value representing the test force, kgf, (see Table 3) 1.0 1.0 0.041
1.1 1.3 0.050
and, 1.2 0.7 0.029 1.5 0.060
5.6.1.3 The applied force dwell time, s, if other than 10 s to 1.3 0.9 0.034 1.8 0.072
15 s. 1.4 1.0 0.039 2.1 0.084
1.5 1.2 0.045 2.5 0.098
5.6.2 The only exception to the above requirement is for the 1.6 1.3 0.052
HBW 10/3000 scale when a 10 s to 15 s dwell time is used. 1.7 1.5 0.059
Only in the case of this one Brinell hardness scale may the 1.8 1.7 0.066
1.9 1.9 0.074
designation be reported simply as HBW. 2.0 2.1 0.082
5.6.3 Examples: 2.2 2.6 0.100
2.4 1.5 0.058 3.1 0.121
220 HBW = Brinell hardness of 220 determined with a ball of 10 mm diameter
2.6 1.7 0.068 3.6 0.144
and with a test force of 29.42 kN (3000 kgf) applied for 10 s to 15 s
2.8 2.0 0.079 4.3 0.169
3.0 2.3 0.091 5.0 0.197
350 HBW 5/750 = Brinell hardness of 350 determined with a ball of 5 mm
3.2 2.6 0.104
diameter and with a test force of 7.355 kN (750 kgf) applied for 10 s to 15 s
3.4 3.0 0.117
3.6 3.4 0.132
600 HBW 1/30/20 = Brinell hardness of 600 determined with a ball of 1 mm
3.8 3.8 0.148
diameter and with a test force of 294.2 N (30 kgf) applied for 20 s
4.0 4.2 0.164
4.2 4.6 0.182
6. Test Piece 4.4 5.1 0.201
6.1 There is no standard shape or size for a Brinell test 4.6 5.6 0.221
4.8 6.1 0.242
specimen. The test piece on which the indentation is made 5.0 6.7 0.264
should conform to the following: 5.2 7.3 0.287
6.1.1 Thickness—The thickness of the specimen tested shall 5.4 7.9 0.312
5.6 8.6 0.338
be such that no bulge or other marking showing the effect of 5.8 9.3 0.365
the test force appears on the side of the piece opposite the

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hardness of the test surface (for example, due to overheating or extended applied force dwell time is used, the dwell time shall
cold-working) is minimized. be recorded and reported with the test results (see 5.6.1).
7.5.4 At the end of the dwell time, immediately remove the
7. Test Procedure test force without shock or vibration.
7.1 The diameter of the indentation should be between 24 7.6 Measurement of Indentation:
and 60 % of the ball diameter. Approximate Brinell hardness 7.6.1 Measure the diameter of each indentation in two
numbers are given in Table 3 for the above range of indentation directions, perpendicular (90°) to each other. Additional mea-
diameters. surements of the indentation diameter may also be made. The
NOTE 2—A lower limit in indentation diameter is recommended arithmetic mean of the measurements shall be used for the
because of the risk in damaging the ball and the difficulty in measuring the calculation of the Brinell hardness number.
indentation. The upper limit is recommended because of a reduction in 7.6.2 For routine testing, the diameter of the indentation
sensitivity as the diameter of the indentation approaches the ball diameter.
The thickness and spacing requirements may determine the maximum
shall be measured to the resolution of the measuring device
permissible diameter of indentation for a specific test. when using a Type A device, or one-half the graduation spacing
NOTE 3—It is not mandatory that Brinell tests conform to the hardness when using a Type B device.
scales of Table 3. It should be realized that different Brinell hardness 7.6.3 For tests on flat surfaces, the difference between the
numbers may be obtained for a given material by using different forces on largest and smallest measured diameters for the same indenta-
the same size of ball. For the purpose of obtaining a continuous scale of
values, it may be desirable to use a single force to cover the complete
tion shall not exceed 0.1 mm unless it is specified in the
range of hardness for a given class of materials. product specification, such as for an anisotropic grain structure
where the difference can be 0.2 mm.
7.2 The Brinell hardness test is not recommended for
7.6.4 When indentations are made on a curved surface, the
materials above 650 HBW 10/3000.
minimum radius of curvature of the surface shall be two and a
7.3 Direct comparisons of Brinell hardness numbers for half times the diameter of the ball. Indentations made on
tests using different scales can be made only if the force- curved surfaces may be slightly elliptical rather than circular in
diameter ratio is maintained (see Table 3). Brinell hardness shape. The measurements of the indentation shall be taken as
tests made on the same test material, but using different force- the mean of the major and minor axes.
diameter ratios, will produce different Brinell hardness num-
7.7 Indentation Spacing—The distance between the centers
bers.
of two adjacent indentations shall be at least three times the
7.3.1 Example—An HBW 10/500 test will usually approxi-
diameter of the mean indentation.
mate an HBW 5/125 test since the force-diameter ratio is 5 for
7.7.1 The distance from the center of any indentation to an
both scales. However, a value of 160 HBW 10/500 will be
edge of the test piece shall be at least two and a half times the
approximately equal to 180 HBW 10/3000 on the same test
diameter of the mean indentation.
material because of different force-diameter ratios (5 and 30,
respectively). 7.8 Brinell hardness tests should be carried out at an
ambient temperature within the limits of 10 to 35°C (50 to
7.4 Daily Verification—A daily verification of the testing
95°F). Users of the Brinell test are cautioned that the tempera-
machine shall be performed in accordance with Annex A1 prior
ture of the test material and the temperature of the hardness
to making hardness tests. Hardness measurements shall be
tester may affect the test results. Consequently, users should
made only on the calibrated surface of the test block. It is also
ensure that the test temperature does not adversely affect the
recommended that the operation of the machine be checked in
hardness measurement.
accordance with the daily verification method specified in
Annex A1 after each change of the test force, anvil or the 8. Conversion to Other Hardness Scales or Tensile
indenter. Strength Values
7.5 Indentation Procedure—The Brinell hardness test shall 8.1 There is no general method of accurately converting the
be carried out as follows: Brinell hardness numbers on one scale to Brinell hardness
7.5.1 Bring the indenter into contact with the test surface in numbers on another scale, or to other types of hardness
a direction perpendicular to the surface without shock, vibra-
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numbers, or to tensile strength values. Such conversions are, at

tion or overshoot. The angle between the indenter force-line best, approximations and, therefore should be avoided except
and the surface of the specimen should be perpendicular. for special cases where a reliable basis for the approximate
7.5.2 Apply the test force F within 1 to 8 s. Faster force conversion has been obtained by comparison tests.
application times are permitted if it is demonstrated that test NOTE 4—The Standard Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals, E140,
results are not affected. give approximate conversion values for specific materials such as steel,
7.5.3 Maintain the fully applied test force for 10 s to 15 s, austenitic stainless steel, nickel and high-nickel alloys, cartridge brass,
with the following exception. copper alloys, and alloyed white cast irons.
7.5.3.1 In the case of materials exhibiting excessive plastic
9. Report
flow after application of the test force, special considerations
may be necessary since the indenter will continue to penetrate 9.1 At a minimum, the test report shall include the following
into the material. Testing of these materials may require the use information:
of a longer applied force dwell time than stated above, which 9.1.1 The Brinell hardness value H̄ of the test results
should be specified in the product specification. When an rounded to three significant digits, including all zero digits, in

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accordance with Practice E29, for example, 225 HBW, 100 TABLE 5 Summary of Statistical Information
HBW 10/500, 95.9 HBW or 9.10 HBW 5/62.5. Test
X̄ SX̄ Sr SR rPB RPB
Block
9.1.2 The test conditions, when other than a 3000 kgf (29.42 100 HBW 101.71 2.31 0.91 2.42 2.56 6.78
kN) applied force, a 10 mm ball diameter, and a 10 s to 15 s 5/500
170 HBW 175.42 2.08 0.89 2.21 2.49 6.18
application of test force are used (see 5.6.1). 10/1500
9.1.3 A statement that the indentation measuring device was 225 HBW 221.83 4.00 2.20 4.38 6.16 12.28
10/1500
Type A, when such a device is used. When a Type B 300 HBW 284.63 5.48 2.64 5.89 7.39 16.48
indentation measuring device is used, no statement is required. 10/1500
500 HBW 502.21 11.78 4.74 12.40 13.28 34.71
9.1.4 The ambient temperature of the test, if outside the 10/3000
limits of 10 to 35°C (50 to 95°F), unless it has been shown to 300 HBW 291.25 6.72 2.08 6.93 5.83 19.42
10/3000
not affect the measurement result. 200 HBW 197.71 5.64 4.47 6.72 12.51 18.80
10/3000
10. Precision and Bias
10.1 The precision of this test method is based on an
interlaboratory study of Test Method E10 conducted in 2006.
This replaces a previous study which used steel ball indenters.
Each of eight laboratories tested the Brinell hardness of
metallic materials. Three analyses were performed on a total of
seven different materials of varying levels of hardness. Three
replicates of each analysis were performed. The results from
this study are filed in an ASTM Research Report.5
10.2 Repeatability—Two test results obtained within one
laboratory shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by more
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than the rPB value for that material; rPB is the interval
representing the critical difference between two test results for
the same material, obtained by the same operator using the
same equipment on the same day in the same laboratory.
10.3 Reproducibility—Two test results should be judged not
equivalent if they differ by more than the RPB value for that
material; RPB is the interval representing the difference be-
tween two test results for the same material, obtained by
different operators using different equipment in different labo-
ratories.
10.4 Any judgment in accordance with statements 10.2 or
10.3 would have an approximate 95 % probability of being
correct.
10.5 Results from the interlaboratory study are summarized
in Table 5.
10.6 Bias—At the time of the study, there was no accepted
reference material suitable for determining the bias for this test
method, therefore no statement on bias can be made.

11. Keywords
11.1 Brinell; hardness; mechanical test; metals

5
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:E28-1023.

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ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. VERIFICATION OF BRINELL HARDNESS TESTING MACHINES

A1.1 Scope A1.2.3 All instruments used to make measurements re-

A1.1.1 Annex A1 specifies three types of procedures for quired by this Annex shall be calibrated traceable to national
verifying Brinell hardness testing machines: direct verification, standards when a system of traceability exists, except as noted
indirect verification, and daily verification. otherwise.
A1.1.2 Direct verification is a process for verifying that A1.2.4 Indirect verification of the testing machine shall be
critical components of the hardness testing machine are within performed at the location where it will be used.
allowable tolerances by directly measuring the test forces, A1.2.5 Direct verification of newly manufactured or rebuilt
indentation measuring system, and testing cycle. testing machines may be performed at the place of
A1.1.3 Indirect verification is a process for periodically manufacture, rebuild, repair or the location of use.
verifying the performance of the testing machine by means of NOTE A1.1—It is recommended that the calibration agency that is used
standardized test blocks and indenters. to conduct the verifications of Brinell hardness testing machines be
accredited to the requirements of ISO 17025 (or an equivalent) by an
A1.1.4 The daily verification is a process for monitoring the accrediting body recognized by the International Laboratory Accreditation
performance of the testing machine between indirect verifica- Cooperation (ILAC) as operating to the requirements of ISO/IEC 17011.
tions by means of standardized test blocks. A1.3 Direct Verification
A1.2 General Requirements A1.3.1 A direct verification of the testing machine shall be
A1.2.1 The testing machine shall be verified at specific performed at specific instances in accordance with Table A1.1.
instances and at periodic intervals as specified in Table A1.1, The test forces, indentation measuring system and testing cycle
and when circumstances occur that may affect the performance shall be verified as follows.
of the testing machine. NOTE A1.2—Direct verification is a useful tool for determining the
sources of error in a Brinell hardness testing machine. It is recommended
A1.2.2 The temperature at the verification site shall be that testing machines undergo direct verification periodically to make
measured with an instrument having an accuracy of at least certain that errors in one component of the machine are not being offset by
62.0°C or 63.6°F. It is recommended that the temperature be errors in another component.
monitored throughout the verification period, and significant A1.3.2 Verification of the Test Forces—For each Brinell
temperature variations be recorded and reported. The tempera- scale that will be used, the corresponding test force shall be
ture at the verification site does not need to be measured for a measured. The test forces shall be measured by means of a
daily verification. Class A elastic force measuring instrument having an accuracy
of at least 0.25 %, as described in Practice E74.
A1.3.2.1 Make three measurements of each force. The
TABLE A1.1 Verification Schedule for a Brinell Testing Machine forces shall be measured as they are applied during testing;
Verification
however, longer dwell times are allowed when necessary to
Schedule enable the measuring device to obtain accurate measurements.
Procedure
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Direct When a testing machine is new, or when adjustments, A1.3.2.2 Each test force F shall be accurate to within 61 %
verification modifications or repairs are made that could affect the of the nominal test force as defined in Table 3.
application of the test forces or the measuring system.
When a testing machine fails an indirect verification. A1.3.3 Verification of the Indentation Measuring System—
Indirect Recommended every 12 months, or more often if The measuring device used to determine the diameter of the
verification needed. indentation shall be verified at five intervals over the working
Shall be no longer than every 18 months. range by comparison with an accurate scale such as a stage
When a test machine is installed, [only the procedure for
verifying the as-found condition is required, (see A1.4.4). micrometer. The accuracy of the stage micrometer used to
When a test machine is moved, [only the procedure for verify both Type A and Type B devices shall be at least 0.005
verifying the as-found condition is required, (see A1.4.4). mm for 5 mm and 10 mm ball tests and at least 0.001 mm for
This does not apply to machines that are designed to be
moved or that move prior to each test, when it has been 2.5 mm and 1 mm ball tests.
previously demonstrated that such a move will not affect A1.3.3.1 For Type A devices, the error between the stage
the hardness result.
Following a direct verification.
micrometer and the measuring device over each interval shall
not exceed the Type A minimum indicator resolution shown in
Daily Required each day that hardness tests are made. Table 2 for the size of ball to be used.
verification Recommended whenever the indenter or test force is
changed. A1.3.3.2 For Type B devices, it is not possible to determine
a quantitative error value. Position the measuring device such

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that the lines of the measuring device line-up with the lines of TABLE A1.2 Repeatability and Error of the Testing Machine
the stage micrometer as closely as possible. If any lines of the Reference Block Maximum Permissible Maximum Permissible
measuring device do not, at least partially, overlap the corre- Hardness Repeatability, R Error, E
HBW % of d̄ (see Eq 6) % of H
sponding lines of the stage micrometer, then the measuring
HBW # 125 3 3
device shall be adjusted. 125 < HBW # 225 2.5 3
HBW > 225 2 3
A1.3.4 Verification of the Testing Cycle—The testing ma-
chine shall be verified to be capable of meeting the testing
cycle tolerances specified in 7.5. Direct verification of the
testing cycle is to be verified by the testing machine manufac- the repeatability R or the error E fall outside the specified
turer at the time of manufacture, or when the testing machine tolerances, this is an indication that the hardness tests made
is returned to the manufacturer for repair, or when a problem since the last indirect verification may be suspect.
with the testing cycle is suspected. Verification of the testing A1.4.5 Cleaning and Maintenance—Perform cleaning and
cycle is recommended but not required as part of the direct routine maintenance of the testing machine (when required) in
verification at other times. accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications and instruc-
A1.3.5 Direct Verification Failure—If any of the direct tions.
verifications fail the specified requirements, the testing ma- A1.4.6 Indirect Verification Procedure—The indirect verifi-
chine shall not be used until it is adjusted or repaired. If the test cation procedure is designed to verify that for all of the Brinell
forces, indentation measuring system or testing cycle may have hardness scales to be used, each test force is being accurately
been affected by an adjustment or repair, the affected compo- applied, each indenter-ball size is correct, and the measuring
nents shall be verified again by a direct verification. device is calibrated correctly for the range of indentation sizes
that these scales produce. This is accomplished by making
A1.4 Indirect Verification Brinell hardness tests on test blocks that have been calibrated
A1.4.1 An indirect verification of the testing machine shall for appropriate Brinell hardness scales that employ each of the
be performed in accordance with the schedule given in Table corresponding test forces and indenter ball sizes.
A1.1 Indirect verifications may be required more frequently A1.4.6.1 The calibrated values and Brinell hardness scales
than stated in Table A1.1 and should be based on the usage of of the test blocks shall be chosen such that the following
the testing machine. criteria are met:
A1.4.2 The testing machine shall be verified for each test (1) For each test force that will be used, at least one block
force and for each ball diameter that will be used prior to the shall be tested.
next indirect verification. Hardness tests made using Brinell (2) For each indenter-ball size that will be used, at least two
scales that have not been verified within the schedule given in blocks shall be tested, one from a low hardness level and one
Table A1.1 do not meet this standard. from a high hardness level. As best as practical, choose the low
and high hardness levels from the range of commercially
A1.4.3 Standardized test blocks used for the indirect veri- available test blocks. In cases where more than one of the
fication shall meet the requirements of Annex A4. Hardness Brinell hardness scales to be verified employs the same ball
measurements shall be made only on the calibrated surface of size, then the Brinell scale using the highest test force shall be
the test block. verified on a low hardness level block to produce the largest
NOTE A1.3—It is recognized that appropriate standardized test blocks indentation size, and the Brinell scale using the lowest test
are not available for all geometric shapes, materials, or hardness ranges.
force shall be verified on a high hardness level block to
A1.4.4 As-found Condition—It is recommended that the produce the smallest indentation size. The two extremes of
as-found condition of the testing machine be assessed as part of indentation size will verify the capability of the measuring
an indirect verification. This is important for documenting the device. The blocks need not be from scales of the same
historical performance of the machine. This procedure should force/diameter ratio.
be conducted by the verification agency prior to any cleaning, (3) Each test block’s calibrated Brinell scale is one of the
maintenance, adjustments, or repairs. scales to be verified.
A1.4.4.1 When the as-found condition of the testing ma- (4) In cases where a Brinell scale should be verified using
chine is assessed, the assessment shall be made using the user’s a low level and high level test block, but test blocks are
indenter ball that is normally used with the testing machine. commercially available for only one hardness level, perform
A1.4.4.2 One or more standardized test blocks in the range the indirect verification using the one block, and directly verify
of normal testing should be tested for each Brinell scale that the measuring device according to A1.3.3.
will undergo indirect verification. (5) In cases where no test blocks are commercially
A1.4.4.3 On each standardized test block, make at least two available for a specific Brinell scale that requires verification,
Brinell hardness tests distributed uniformly over the test directly verify the force level employed by the scale according
surface. Determine the repeatability R and the error E (Eq 2 to A1.3.2 and the measuring device according to A1.3.3.
and Eq 4) in the performance of the testing machine for each Example 1—A testing machine is to be verified for the
standardized test block that is measured. HBW 10/3000 and HBW 5/750 scales. At a minimum, two
A1.4.4.4 The repeatability R and the error E should be blocks for each of the two ball sizes are required for the
within the tolerances of Table A1.2. If the calculated values of verification, for a total of four test blocks: one block from a low
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hardness level of the HBW 10/3000 scale, one block from a A1.4.6.6 The indirect verification shall be approved only
high hardness level of the HBW 10/3000 scale, one block from when the testing machine measurements of repeatability and
a low hardness level of the HBW 5/750 scale, and one block error meet the specified tolerances with the user’s indenter ball.
from a high hardness level of the HBW 5/750 scale. Note that A1.4.7 In cases where it is necessary to replace the indenter
both test forces are also tested. ball during the period between indirect verifications, the new
Example 2—A testing machine is to be verified for the indenter ball shall be verified for use with the specific testing
HBW 10/3000, HBW 10/1500 and HBW 10/1000 scales. At a machine. The user may perform the verification by following
minimum, one block for each of the force levels are required the verification procedures for the as-found condition given
for the verification, for a total of three test blocks: one block above in A1.4.4.
from a low hardness level of the HBW 10/3000 scale, one
block from a high hardness level of the HBW 10/1000 scale, A1.5 Daily Verification
and one block from any hardness level of the HBW 10/1500 A1.5.1 The daily verification is intended as a tool for the
scale. In this case, although there is only one ball size, there are user to monitor the performance of the testing machine
three test forces that must be verified. The highest test force between indirect verifications. At a minimum, the daily veri-
(29420 N, 3000 kgf) scale is tested on a low hardness level fication shall be performed in accordance with the schedule
hardness block, and the lowest test force (9807 N, 1000 kgf) given in Table A1.1 for each Brinell scale that will be used.
scale is tested on a high hardness level test block. The middle
test force (14710 N, 1500 kgf) scale may be tested on either a A1.5.2 Daily Verification Procedure—The procedure to use
low or high hardness level test block. when performing a daily verification are as follows.
Example 3—A testing machine is to be verified for only the A1.5.2.1 At least one standardized test block that meets the
HBW 10/3000 scale. At a minimum, two test blocks are requirements of Annex A4 shall be tested for each Brinell scale
required for the verification: one block from a low hardness to be used prior to its use. When test blocks are commercially
level of the HBW 10/3000 scale, and one block from a high available, the hardness level of the test blocks should be chosen
hardness level of the HBW 10/3000 scale. In this case, at approximately the same hardness value as the material to be
although there is only one Brinell scale to be verified, two test measured.
blocks of different hardness levels are required for the verifi- A1.5.2.2 The indenter ball to be used for the daily verifica-
cation. tion shall be the indenter ball that is normally used for testing.
A1.4.6.2 Prior to making the indirect verification hardness A1.5.2.3 Make at least two hardness tests on each of the
tests, the measuring device shall be indirectly verified by daily verification test blocks. The tests shall be distributed
measuring the diameters of two reference indentations (see uniformly over the surface of the test blocks.
A4.5.6) chosen from the reference blocks to be used for the A1.5.2.4 Determine the error E in the performance of the
indirect verification. Locate the reference indentation on each testing machine (Eq 4) for each standardized test block that is
reference block. The two reference indentations to be measured measured. If the difference between any of the hardness test
shall be the indentation having the smallest diameter and the values and the certified value of the test block is outside the
indentation having the largest diameter. For Type A devices, the maximum permissible error tolerances given in Table A1.2,
measured dimensions shall agree with the certified diameter then also determine the repeatability R (Eq 2).
values within 0.5 %. For Type B devices, the measured A1.5.2.5 If the error E and the repeatability R (if calculated)
dimensions shall be estimated to agree with the certified for each test block are within the tolerances given in Table
diameter values within 60.02 mm for 10 mm ball indentations A1.2, then the testing machine with the indenter may be
and 60.01 mm for 5 mm ball indentations. If any of the regarded as performing satisfactorily.
differences is larger, the measuring device shall be directly A1.5.2.6 If the error E or the repeatability R (if calculated)
verified in accordance with A1.3.3. As an alternative to for any of the test blocks is outside the tolerances, the daily
measuring reference indentations, the measuring device may verification may be repeated with a different ball or indenter. If
be directly verified in accordance with A1.3.3. the error E or the repeatability R again falls outside of
A1.4.6.3 The testing machine shall be verified with the tolerances for any of the test blocks, an indirect verification
user’s indenter ball(s) that will normally be used for testing. shall be performed. Whenever a testing machine fails a daily
A1.4.6.4 On each standardized test block, make three tests verification, the hardness tests made since the last valid daily
when using a 5 mm or 10 mm ball, or make five tests when verification may be suspect.
using a 2.5 mm or 1 mm ball distributed uniformly over the test A1.5.2.7 If the Brinell testing machine fails daily verifica-
surface. Determine the repeatability R and the error E (Eq 2 tion using test blocks, the measuring device should be verified
and Eq 4) in the performance of the testing machine for each by measuring a reference indentation (see A4.5.6) on the
hardness level of each Brinell scale to be verified. The standardized test block. The measured dimension should agree
repeatability R and the error E shall be within the tolerances of with the certified diameter value within the tolerances given in
Table A1.2. A1.4.6.2. If the difference is larger, the measuring device
should be directly verified in accordance with A1.3.3.
A1.4.6.5 If the measurements of error E or repeatability R
NOTE A1.4—It is highly recommended that the results obtained from
using the user’s indenter fall outside of the specified tolerances, the daily verification testing be recorded using accepted Statistical Process
the indirect verification tests may be repeated using a different Control techniques, such as, but not limited to, X-bar (measurement
ball. averages) and R-charts (measurement ranges), and histograms.
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A1.6 Verification Report A1.6.3.9 Signature of the person performing the verifica-
A1.6.1 A verification report is required for direct and tion.
indirect verifications. A verification report is not required for a A1.6.4 Indirect Verification:
daily verification. A1.6.4.1 Reference to this ASTM test method.
A1.6.2 The verification report shall be produced by the A1.6.4.2 Identification of the hardness testing machine,
person performing the verification and include the following including the serial number and model number.
information when available as a result of the verification A1.6.4.3 Identification of all devices (test blocks, indenters,
performed. etc.) used for the verification, including serial numbers, and
identification of standards to which traceability is made.
A1.6.3 Direct Verification:
A1.6.4.4 Test temperature at the time of verification re-
A1.6.3.1 Reference to this ASTM test method.
ported to a resolution of 1°C.
A1.6.3.2 Identification of the hardness testing machine,
A1.6.4.5 The Brinell hardness scale(s) verified.
including the serial number, and model number.
A1.6.4.6 The individual test values and calculated results
A1.6.3.3 Identification of the indentation measuring
used to determine whether the testing machine meets the
device(s), including the serial number, model number, and
requirements of the verification performed. Measurements
whether it is a Type A or B device.
made to determine the as-found condition of the testing
A1.6.3.4 Identification of all devices (elastic proving
machine shall be included whenever they are made. It is
devices, etc.) used for the verification, including serial
recommended that the uncertainty in the calculated results used
numbers, and identification of standards to which traceability is
to determine whether the testing machine meets the require-
made.
ments of the verification performed also be reported.
A1.6.3.5 Test temperature at the time of verification re-
ported to a resolution of at least 1°C. The temperature at the A1.6.4.7 Description of maintenance done to the testing
verification site does not need to be recorded for a daily machine, when applicable.
verification unless the temperature is outside recommended A1.6.4.8 Date of verification and reference to the verifying
limits or can be shown to affect the test results. agency or department.
A1.6.3.6 The individual measurement values and calculated A1.6.4.9 Signature of the person performing the verifica-
results used to determine whether the testing machine meets tion.
the requirements of the verification performed. It is recom- A1.6.5 Daily Verification:
mended that the uncertainty in the calculated results used to A1.6.5.1 No verification report is required; however, it is
determine whether the testing machine meets the requirements recommended that records be kept of the daily verification
of the verification performed also be reported. results, including the verification date, measurement results,
A1.6.3.7 Description of adjustments or maintenance done to certified value of the test block, test block identification, and
the testing machine, when applicable. the name of the person that performed the verification, etc. (see
A1.6.3.8 Date of verification and reference to the verifying also Note A1.4). These records can be used to evaluate the
agency or department. performance of the hardness machine over time.

A2. BRINELL HARDNESS STANDARDIZING MACHINES

A2.1 Scope accredited to the requirements of ISO 17025 (or an equivalent)

A2.1.1 Annex A2 specifies the requirements for the by an accrediting body recognized by the International Labo-
capabilities, usage, periodic verification, and monitoring of a ratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) as operating to the
Brinell hardness standardizing machine. The Brinell hardness requirements of ISO/IEC 17011. An agency accredited to
standardizing machine differs from a Brinell hardness testing perform verifications of Brinell hardness standardizing ma-
machine by having tighter tolerances on certain performance chines may perform the verifications of its own standardizing
attributes such as force application and the indentation mea- machines. The standardizing laboratory shall have a certificate/
suring device. A Brinell standardizing machine is used for the scope of accreditation stating the types of verifications (direct
standardization of Brinell test blocks as described in Annex and/or indirect) and the Brinell hardness scales that are covered
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A4. by the accreditation.

NOTE A2.1—Accreditation is a new requirement starting with this
A2.2 Accreditation edition of the standard.
A2.2.1 The agency conducting direct and/or indirect verifi-
cations of Brinell hardness standardizing machines shall be

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A2.3 Apparatus TABLE A2.2 Testing Cycle Requirements
Testing Cycle Parameter Tolerance
A2.3.1 The standardizing machine shall satisfy the require-
Indenter contact velocity #1 mm/s
ments of Section 5 for a Brinell hardness testing machine with Time for application of test force 2.0 to 8.0 s
the following additional requirements. Dwell time for test force 10 to 15 s
A2.3.2 The standardizing machine shall be designed such
that each test force can be selected by an operator without their
TABLE A2.3 Standardization Laboratory Environmental
ability to adjust away from the value set at the time of Requirements
verification.
Environmental Accuracy of
Tolerance
A2.3.3 Measurement Device—The measuring device shall Parameter Measuring Instrument
be a Type A device as described in 5.2.5. The divisions of the Temperature 23 ± 2°C ±1°C
(73 ± 5°F) (2°F)
micrometer scale of the microscope or other measuring devices Relative humidity #70 % ±10 %
used for the measurement of the diameter of the indentations
shall be such as to permit the estimation of the diameter to
within the tolerances given in Table A2.1. TABLE A2.4 Verification Schedule for a Brinell Hardness
A2.3.4 Indenters—Indenters as specified in Annex A3 shall Standardizing Machine
be used. Verification Schedule
Direct At a maximum, shall be within 12 months prior to
A2.3.5 Testing Cycle—The standardizing machine shall be Verification standardization testing.
capable of meeting a desired test cycle parameter value within When a standardizing machine is new, moved, or when
the tolerances specified in Table A2.2 for each part of the test adjustments, modifications or repairs are made that could
affect the application of the test forces, the indentation
cycle. measuring system, or the testing cycle.
Monitoring Each day that test blocks are to be calibrated. Either a
A2.4 Laboratory Environment direct verification or performance.

A2.4.1 The standardizing machine shall be located in a

temperature and relative-humidity controlled room with toler-
ances for these conditions given in Table A2.3. The accuracy of
the temperature and relative-humidity measuring instruments A2.5.2 The standardizing machine shall undergo monitoring

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shall be as given in Table A2.3. verifications each day that standardizations are made, accord-
ing to the schedule given in Table A2.4.
A2.4.2 The temperature and relative-humidity of the stan-
dardizing laboratory shall be monitored prior to standardization A2.5.3 All instruments used to make measurements re-
and throughout the standardizing procedure. quired by this Annex shall be calibrated traceable to national
standards where a system of traceability exists, except as noted
A2.4.3 The standardizing machine, indenter(s), and test otherwise.
blocks to be standardized must be in an environment meeting
the tolerances of Table A2.3 for at least one hour prior to A2.5.4 The standardizing machine shall be verified at the
standardization. location where it will be used.
A2.4.4 During the standardization process, the standardiz- A2.6 Direct Verification Procedures
ing machine shall be isolated from any vibration that may A2.6.1 Perform a direct verification of the standardizing
affect the measurements. machine in accordance with the schedule given in Table A2.4.
A2.5 Standardizing Machine Verifications The test forces, indentation measuring system and the testing
cycle shall be verified.
A2.5.1 The standardizing machine shall undergo direct
verification at periodic intervals and when circumstances occur A2.6.2 Perform Cleaning and Maintenance—If required,
that may affect the performance of the standardizing machine, cleaning and routine maintenance of the standardizing machine
according to the schedule given in Table A2.4. shall be made before conducting direct or indirect verifications
NOTE A2.2—Periodic direct verification (every 12 months) is a new in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications and
requirement starting with this edition of the standard. In previous editions instructions.
of this standard, direct verification was used only as an alternative to
indirect verification (which is no longer required) for machine verification.
A2.6.3 Verification of the Test Forces—For each Brinell
scale that will be used, the associated test force shall be
measured. The test forces shall be measured by means of a
Class AA elastic force measuring instrument having an accu-
TABLE A2.1 Resolution of Indentation Measuring Device racy of at least 0.05 %, as described in Practice E74.
Ball Indenter Diameter Minimum Resolution A2.6.3.1 Make three measurements of each force. The
mm mm forces shall be measured as they are applied during testing. The
10 ±0.002 extension of dwell times to obtain force measurements is not
5 ±0.002 permitted. No adjustments are allowed between measurements.
2.5 ±0.001
1 ±0.001 A2.6.3.2 Each test force F shall be accurate to within
0.25 % of the nominal test force as defined in Table 3.

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A2.6.4 Verification of the Indentation Measuring System— E (Eq 4) and the repeatability R (Eq 2) in the performance of
The measuring device used to determine the diameter of the the standardizing machine for each monitoring test block that
indentation shall be verified at five intervals over the working is measured. If the error E and the repeatability R for each test
range by the use of an accurate scale such as a stage block are within the tolerances given in Table A2.6, then the
micrometer or by other suitable means to ensure that the standardizing machine with the indenter may be regarded as
accuracy of the measurements is within the tolerances given in performing satisfactorily.
Table A2.5 for the size of indentation to be measured. The A2.7.4.3 If any of the error E or repeatability R measure-
accuracy of the stage micrometer shall be 0.00025 mm. ments fall outside of the specified tolerances, the standardizing
A2.6.5 Verification of the Testing Cycle—The standardizing machine shall not be considered to have passed the monitoring
machine shall be verified to be capable of meeting the testing verification, and shall not be used for standardizations. When-
cycle tolerances specified in Table A2.2. ever a standardizing machine fails a monitoring verification,
the standardizations made since the last valid monitoring
A2.6.6 Indenter Balls—At the time of the direct verification, verification may be suspect.
all indenter balls that have been used shall be replaced by new
unused indenter balls meeting the requirements of Annex A3. A2.7.5 Monitoring Methods—Control charts or other com-
parable methods should be used to monitor the performance of
A2.6.7 Direct Verification Failure—If any of the direct the standardizing machine between direct verifications. Control
verifications fail the specified requirements, the standardizing charts provide a method for detecting lack of statistical control.
machine shall not be used until it is adjusted or repaired. Any There are many publications available that discuss the design
parameter that may have been affected by an adjustment or and use of control charts, such as the ASTM “Manual on
repair shall be verified again by direct verification. Presentation of Data and Control Chart Analysis: 6th Edition,”
A2.7 Monitoring Verification Procedures prepared by Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics. The
standardizing laboratory should develop and use control charts
A2.7.1 This section describes the monitoring procedures for that best apply to their specific needs.
the standardizing hardness machine. NOTE A2.3—Control chart data should be interpreted by the laboratory
A2.7.2 The standardizing laboratory shall monitor the stan- based on past experience. The need for corrective action does not depend
solely on data falling outside the control limits, but also on the prior data
dardizing machine by performing monitoring verifications each leading to this occurrence. As a general rule, however, once the standard-
day that test block calibrations are made, according to the izing machine is determined to be in control, a single occurrence of data
schedule given in Table A2.4. Monitoring verifications shall be falling outside the control limits should alert the laboratory to a possible
performed prior to the test block calibrations, and may be made problem. The level of action that is required depends on the history of the
machine performance. It may be precautionary such as increasing the
either by direct verification or by performance verification monitoring frequency, or corrective such as performing new direct and
using test blocks. indirect verifications.
A2.7.3 Monitoring Direct Verification—When the monitor-
A2.8 Verification Report
ing verification is to be made by direct verification, it shall be
in accordance with the requirements of A2.6 for the force level A2.8.1 Direct Verification:
and ball size of the Brinell scale to be used that day. A2.8.1.1 Reference to this ASTM test method.
A2.8.1.2 Identification of the hardness standardizing
A2.7.4 Monitoring Performance Verifications—When the
machine, including the serial number, manufacturer and model
monitoring verification is to be made by performance
number.
verification, the following monitoring procedures shall be
A2.8.1.3 Identification of all devices (elastic proving
performed.
devices, etc.) used for the verification, including serial numbers
A2.7.4.1 Depending on the Brinell scales for which test
and identification of standards to which traceability is made.
blocks will be calibrated on that day, monitoring tests shall be
A2.8.1.4 Test temperature at the time of verification re-
performed on at least one monitoring test block for each force
ported to a resolution of at least 1°C.
level that will be used and on at least one monitoring test block
A2.8.1.5 The individual measurement values and calculated
for each ball size that will be used. The monitoring test blocks
results used to determine whether the standardizing machine
shall meet the requirements of Annex A4. The hardness level of
meets the requirements of the verification performed. It is
each monitoring block should be chosen that is in the mid
recommended that the uncertainty in the calculated results used
range of the hardness scale.
--``,`,`,`,`,,`,`,```,,,``,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

to determine whether the standardizing machine meets the

A2.7.4.2 Make at least two hardness tests distributed uni-
requirements of the verification performed also are reported.
formly over the surface of the test block. Determine the error

TABLE A2.6 Maximum Allowable Repeatability and Error of

TABLE A2.5 Maximum Error of Indentation Measuring Device Standardizing Machines
Ball Indenter Diameter Maximum Error Reference Block Maximum Permissible Maximum Permissible
mm mm Hardness Repeatability, R Error, E
10 ±0.004 HBW % of d̄ (see Eq 3) % of H
5 ±0.004 HBW # 125 2 2
2.5 ±0.002 125 < HBW # 225 2 2
1 ±0.002 HBW > 225 1.5 1.5

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A2.8.1.6 Description of adjustments or maintenance done to meets the requirements of the verification performed. Measure-
the standardizing machine, when applicable. ments made to determine the as-found condition of the
A2.8.1.7 Date of verification and reference to the verifying standardizing machine shall be included whenever they are
agency or department. made. It is recommended that the uncertainty in the calculated
A2.8.1.8 Signature of the person performing the verifica- results used to determine whether the standardizing machine
tion. meets the requirements of the verification performed also are
A2.8.1.9 Accreditation certification number. reported.
A2.8.2 Indirect Verification: A2.8.2.7 Description of maintenance done to the standard-
A2.8.2.1 Reference to this ASTM test method. izing machine, when applicable.
A2.8.2.2 Identification of the standardizing machine, in- A2.8.2.8 Date of verification and reference to the verifying
cluding the serial number, manufacturer and model number. agency or department.
A2.8.2.3 Identification of all devices (test blocks, indenters, A2.8.2.9 Signature of the person performing the verifica-
etc.) used for the verification, including serial numbers and tion.
identification of standards to which traceability is made. A2.8.2.10 Accreditation certification number.
A2.8.2.4 Test temperature at the time of verification re-
ported to a resolution of at least 1°C. A2.8.3 Monitoring Verification:
A2.8.2.5 The Brinell hardness scale(s) verified. A2.8.3.1 No verification report is required; however, it is
A2.8.2.6 The individual measurement values and calculated required that records be kept of the monitoring verification
results used to determine whether the standardizing machine results, see A2.7.5.

--``,`,`,`,`,,`,`,```,,,``,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
A3. STANDARDIZATION OF BRINELL HARDNESS INDENTERS

A3.1 Scope A3.4 Indenter Balls

A3.1.1 Annex A3 specifies the requirements for Brinell A3.4.1 Indenter balls are verified for correct geometry,
hardness indenter balls. The Annex covers the Brinell tungsten- hardness, density, and chemical composition in accordance
carbide ball indenters for use with all Brinell scales. with the schedule specified in Table A3.1.
A3.4.2 The hardness of the ball shall be not less than 1500
A3.2 Accreditation
HV10 when measured on the spherical surface of the ball in
A3.2.1 The agency conducting the standardizations of in- accordance with ASTM E92, or not less than 1500 HV 1 when
denters shall be accredited to the requirements of ISO 17025 measured on the flat surface of a sectioned ball in accordance
(or an equivalent) by an accrediting body recognized by the with ASTM E92 or Test Method E384. When testing on the
International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) as spherical surface of the ball, the hardness result must be
operating to the requirements of ISO/IEC 17011. The standard- corrected due to the curved surface as specified in ASTM E92.
izing laboratory shall have a certificate of accreditation stating A3.4.3 The material of the balls shall have a density of 14.8
the class and types of indenters that are covered by the g/cm3 6 0.2 g/cm3 and the following chemical composition:
accreditation. Total other carbides 2.0 % maximum
NOTE A3.1—Accreditation is a new requirement starting with this Cobalt (Co) 5.0 to 7.0 %
edition of the standard. Tungsten carbide (WC) balance
A3.4.4 The diameter, when measured at not less than three
A3.3 General Requirements
positions, shall not differ from the nominal diameter by more
A3.3.1 The standard indenters are tungsten carbide balls of than the tolerances given in Table A3.2.
four specified diameters (10 mm, 5 mm, 2.5 mm, and 1 mm) to A3.4.5 The mean surface roughness of the ball shall not
be used for the Brinell hardness scales as given in Table 3. exceed 0.00005 mm (2 µin.).
A3.3.2 All instruments used to make measurements re- NOTE A3.2—Balls that conform to ABMA Grade 24 satisfy the
requirements for size and finish as specified in ABMA Standard 10-1989.
quired by this Annex shall be calibrated traceable to national
standards where a system of traceability exists, except as noted
otherwise.
TABLE A3.1 Indenter Ball Verification Schedule
A3.3.3 Ball indenters frequently consist of a holder, a cap
Verification Schedule
and a ball. The ball may be changed without affecting the
Geometrical features, density, When an indenter is new
assembly’s verification provided the ball conforms to all the chemical composition, and hardness
requirements in this section.

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TABLE A3.2 Diameter Tolerances for Indenter Balls balls meet the requirements, or obtain a certificate of verifica-
Ball Diameter, mm mm tion from the ball manufacturer.
10 ±0.005
5 ±0.004 A3.5 Certificate
2.5 ±0.003
1 ±0.003 A3.5.1 At a minimum, each indenter ball shall have a test
certificate with the following information:
A3.5.1.1 Reference to this ASTM test method.
A3.4.6 For the purpose of verifying the density, size, finish A3.5.1.2 Identification of the lot or batch.
and hardness of the ball, it is considered sufficient to test a A3.5.1.3 Date.
sample selected at random from a batch. The balls verified for A3.5.1.4 A statement declaring that the indenter meets all of
hardness shall be discarded. the geometrical, density and hardness requirements for a
A3.4.7 To meet the above requirements for indenter balls, Brinell hardness indenter.
the ball-standardizing laboratory may either verify that the A3.5.1.5 Accreditation certification number.

A4. STANDARDIZATION OF BRINELL HARDNESS TEST BLOCKS

A4.1 Scope TABLE A4.1 Physical Requirements of Standardized Test Blocks

Test Block Parameter Tolerance
A4.1.1 Annex A4 specifies the requirements and procedures
Thickness $16.0 mm for 10 mm ball tests
for the standardization of Brinell hardness test blocks. These $12.0 mm for 5 mm ball tests
standardized test blocks are to be used for the verification of $6.0 mm for smaller ball tests
the performance of Brinell hardness testing machines by way Test surface area #150 cm2 for $ 5 mm ball tests
#40 cm2 for < 5 mm ball tests
of daily verifications and indirect verifications as described in Deviation from surface flatness #0.02 mm for $ 5 mm ball tests
Annex A1. The standardized test blocks are also to be used for (test & bottom) #0.005 mm for < 5 mm ball tests
the monitoring verifications of Brinell standardizing machines Deviation from surface parallelism #0.0008 mm per mm for $ 5 mm ball
(test & bottom) tests
as described in Annex A2. #0.0002 mm per mm for < 5 mm ball
tests
A4.2 Accreditation Mean test surface roughness #0.0003 mm Ra for 10 mm ball tests
#0.00015 mm Ra for smaller ball tests
A4.2.1 The agency conducting the standardizations of test
blocks shall be accredited to the requirements of ISO 17025 (or
an equivalent) by an accrediting body recognized by the A4.4 General Requirements
International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) as
operating to the requirements of ISO/IEC 17011. The standard- A4.4.1 The standardizing laboratory environment, the stan-
izing agency shall have a certificate/scope of accreditation dardizing machine, and the standardizing test cycle shall
stating the Brinell hardness scales that are covered by the satisfy the requirements of Annex A2.
accreditation, and the standards to which the test block A4.4.2 All instruments used to make measurements re-
standardizations are traceable. quired by this Annex shall have been calibrated traceable to
NOTE A4.1—Accreditation is a new requirement starting with this national standards where a system of traceability exists, except
edition of the standard. as noted otherwise.
A4.3 Manufacture A4.5 Standardization Procedure
A4.3.1 The attention of the manufacturer of test blocks is A4.5.1 A test block is standardized by calibrating the
drawn to the need to use material and a manufacturing process, average hardness of the test surface. Only one surface of the
which will give the necessary homogeneity, stability of test block shall be calibrated. The Brinell standard to which the
structure, and uniformity of surface hardness. test blocks are traceable shall be stated in the certification.
A4.3.2 The test blocks, if of steel, shall be demagnetized at A4.5.2 The standardization procedure involves making
the end of the manufacturing process. hardness tests on the test block surface using the forces and
A4.3.3 To assure that material is not removed from the test type of indenter that are appropriate for the hardness scale.
surface after standardization, an identifying mark shall be Make at least five hardness tests distributed uniformly over the
--``,`,`,`,`,,`,`,```,,,``,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

made on the test surface. The mark shall be such that it cannot test surface.
be removed by any method other than removal of test block A4.5.3 Calculate the mean diameters for each indentation
material. using Eq 5 and the average of the mean diameters d̄ using Eq
A4.3.4 The standardized test block shall meet the physical 6.
requirements of Table A4.1. A4.5.4 Determine the range dR for the measurements as:

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d R 5 d max 2 d min (A4.1) accordance with Practice E29, for example, 125 HBW, 99
HBW, or 99.2 HBW.
where:
dmax = mean diameter of the largest measured indentation, A4.6.2.2 Identification of the reference indentation(s).
and A4.6.2.3 A mark identifying the test surface, which will be
dmin = mean diameter of the smallest measured indentation. obliterated if the surface is reground.
A4.6.2.4 Unique serial number.
A4.5.4.1 The range dR provides an indication of the non- A4.6.2.5 Year of standardization. It is sufficient that the year
uniformity of the test block hardness. For acceptability, the of standardization be incorporated into the serial number of the
range dR shall be within the tolerances of Table A4.2. block.
A4.5.5 The standardized value of the test block is defined as
the average of the standardization measurements H̄ (Eq 3). A4.7 Certificate
A4.5.6 Reference Indentation—In addition to calibrating the A4.7.1 At a minimum, each standardized test block shall be
average hardness of the test surface, one or more of the supplied with a certificate from the standardizing laboratory
calibration indentations shall be certified for the measurement stating the following standardization information:
of the diameter and will be known as a reference indentation. A4.7.1.1 Reference to this ASTM test method.

--``,`,`,`,`,,`,`,```,,,``,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
The reference indentation will be measured as part of the A4.7.1.2 Serial number of the test block.
indirect and daily verifications. A4.7.1.3 The results of the individual standardizing tests,
including:
A4.6 Marking (1) The mean diameters d1, d2, ..., dn of the N indentations
A4.6.1 Markings placed on the side of the block shall be (see Eq A4.1).
upright when the calibrated test surface is the upper surface. (2) The average of the mean diameters d (see Eq A4.1).
(3) The calculated hardness values H1, H2, ..., Hn.
A4.6.2 Each standardized block shall be marked with the
(4) The average hardness value H̄ rounded to three signifi-
following:
cant digits in accordance with Practice E29, for example, 125
A4.6.2.1 The standardized hardness value H̄ of the test HBW, 99.2 HBW.
block rounded to no better than three significant digits in
A4.7.1.4 Information about the location of the reference
indentation(s), the orientation of the measured diameter(s), and
TABLE A4.2 Maximum Nonuniformity for Standardized the certified value of the reference indentation(s) diameter (see
Test Blocks
A4.5.6).
Reference Block Hardness Maximum Range, dR A4.7.1.5 The body that maintains the Brinell hardness scale
HBW % of d̄ (see Eq A4.1)
to which the test block is traceable.
HBW # 225 2
HBW > 225 1 A4.7.1.6 Date of standardization.
A4.7.1.7 Accreditation agency certification number.

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. TABLE OF BRINELL HARDNESS NUMBERS

TABLE X1.1 Brinell Hardness Numbers

NOTE 1—The values given in the table for Brinell numbers are merely solutions of the equation for Brinell hardness, and include values for indentation
diameters outside the recommended ranges. These values are indicated by italics.
Diameter of Indentation, d (mm) Brinell Hardness Number
HBW 10/ HBW 10/
HBW 10/3000 HBW 10/1500 HBW 10/1000 HBW 10/500 HBW 10/100
250 125
HBW HBW
10 mm 5 mm 2.5 mm 1 mm HBW 5/750 HBW 5/250 HBW 5/125 HBW 5/25
5/62.5 5/31.25
HBW 2.5/ HBW 2.5/
ball ball ball ball HBW 2.5/187.5 HBW 2.5/62.5 HBW 2.5/31.25 HBW 2.5/6.25
15.625 7.8125
HBW
HBW 1/30 HBW 1/10 HBW 1/5 HBW 1/2 HBW 1/1
1/1.25
2.00 1.000 0.5000 0.200 945 473 315 158 78.8 39.4 31.5
2.01 1.005 0.5025 0.201 936 468 312 156 78.0 39.0 31.2
2.02 1.010 0.5050 0.202 926 463 309 154 77.2 38.6 30.9
2.03 1.015 0.5075 0.203 917 459 306 153 76.4 38.2 30.6
2.04 1.020 0.5100 0.204 908 454 303 151 75.7 37.8 30.3
2.05 1.025 0.5125 0.205 899 450 300 150 74.9 37.5 30.0
2.06 1.030 0.5150 0.206 890 445 297 148 74.2 37.1 29.7
2.07 1.035 0.5175 0.207 882 441 294 147 73.5 36.7 29.4

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TABLE X1.1 Continued
Diameter of Indentation, d (mm) Brinell Hardness Number
HBW 10/ HBW 10/
HBW 10/3000 HBW 10/1500 HBW 10/1000 HBW 10/500 HBW 10/100
250 125
HBW HBW
10 mm 5 mm 2.5 mm 1 mm HBW 5/750 HBW 5/250 HBW 5/125 HBW 5/25
5/62.5 5/31.25
HBW 2.5/ HBW 2.5/
ball ball ball ball HBW 2.5/187.5 HBW 2.5/62.5 HBW 2.5/31.25 HBW 2.5/6.25
15.625 7.8125
HBW
HBW 1/30 HBW 1/10 HBW 1/5 HBW 1/2 HBW 1/1
1/1.25
2.08 1.040 0.5200 0.208 873 437 291 146 72.8 36.4 29.1
2.09 1.045 0.5225 0.209 865 432 288 144 72.1 36.0 28.8
2.10 1.050 0.5250 0.210 856 428 285 143 71.4 35.7 28.5
2.11 1.055 0.5275 0.211 848 424 283 141 70.7 35.3 28.3
2.12 1.060 0.5300 0.212 840 420 280 140 70.0 35.0 28.0
2.13 1.065 0.5325 0.213 832 416 277 139 69.4 34.7 27.7
2.14 1.070 0.5350 0.214 824 412 275 137 68.7 34.4 27.5
2.15 1.075 0.5375 0.215 817 408 272 136 68.1 34.0 27.2
2.16 1.080 0.5400 0.216 809 405 270 135 67.4 33.7 27.0
2.17 1.085 0.5425 0.217 802 401 267 134 66.8 33.4 26.7
2.18 1.090 0.5450 0.218 794 397 265 132 66.2 33.1 26.5
2.19 1.095 0.5475 0.219 787 393 262 131 65.6 32.8 26.2
2.20 1.100 0.5500 0.220 780 390 260 130 65.0 32.5 26.0
2.21 1.105 0.5525 0.221 772 386 257 129 64.4 32.2 25.7
2.22 1.110 0.5550 0.222 765 383 255 128 63.8 31.9 25.5
2.23 1.115 0.5575 0.223 758 379 253 126 63.2 31.6 25.3
2.24 1.120 0.5600 0.224 752 376 251 125 62.6 31.3 25.1
2.25 1.125 0.5625 0.225 745 372 248 124 62.1 31.0 24.8
2.26 1.130 0.5650 0.226 738 369 246 123 61.5 30.8 24.6
2.27 1.135 0.5675 0.227 732 366 244 122 61.0 30.5 24.4
2.28 1.140 0.5700 0.228 725 363 242 121 60.4 30.2 24.2
2.29 1.145 0.5725 0.229 719 359 240 120 59.9 29.9 24.0
2.30 1.150 0.5750 0.230 712 356 237 119 59.4 29.7 23.7
2.31 1.155 0.5775 0.231 706 353 235 118 58.8 29.4 23.5
2.32 1.160 0.5800 0.232 700 350 233 117 58.3 29.2 23.3
2.33 1.165 0.5825 0.233 694 347 231 116 57.8 28.9 23.1
2.34 1.170 0.5850 0.234 688 344 229 115 57.3 28.7 22.9
2.35 1.175 0.5875 0.235 682 341 227 114 56.8 28.4 22.7
2.36 1.180 0.5900 0.236 676 338 225 113 56.3 28.2 22.5
2.37 1.185 0.5925 0.237 670 335 223 112 55.9 27.9 22.3
2.38 1.190 0.5950 0.238 665 332 222 111 55.4 27.7 22.2
2.39 1.195 0.5975 0.239 659 330 220 110 54.9 27.5 22.0
2.40 1.200 0.6000 0.240 653 327 218 109 54.5 27.2 21.8
2.41 1.205 0.6025 0.241 648 324 216 108 54.0 27.0 21.6
2.42 1.210 0.6050 0.242 643 321 214 107 53.5 26.8 21.4
2.43 1.215 0.6075 0.243 637 319 212 106 53.1 26.5 21.2
2.44 1.220 0.6100 0.244 632 316 211 105 52.7 26.3 21.1
2.45 1.225 0.6125 0.245 627 313 209 104 52.2 26.1 20.9
2.46 1.230 0.6150 0.246 621 311 207 104 51.8 25.9 20.7
2.47 1.235 0.6175 0.247 616 308 205 103 51.4 25.7 20.5
2.48 1.240 0.6200 0.248 611 306 204 102 50.9 25.5 20.4
2.49 1.245 0.6225 0.249 606 303 202 101 50.5 25.3 20.2
2.50 1.250 0.6250 0.250 601 301 200 100 50.1 25.1 20.0
2.51 1.255 0.6275 0.251 597 298 199 99.4 49.7 24.9 19.9
2.52 1.260 0.6300 0.252 592 296 197 98.6 49.3 24.7 19.7
2.53 1.265 0.6325 0.253 587 294 196 97.8 48.9 24.5 19.6
2.54 1.270 0.6350 0.254 582 291 194 97.1 48.5 24.3 19.4
2.55 1.275 0.6375 0.255 578 289 193 96.3 48.1 24.1 19.3
2.56 1.280 0.6400 0.256 573 287 191 95.5 47.8 23.9 19.1
2.57 1.285 0.6425 0.257 569 284 190 94.8 47.4 23.7 19.0
2.58 1.290 0.6450 0.258 564 282 188 94.0 47.0 23.5 18.8
2.59 1.295 0.6475 0.259 560 280 187 93.3 46.6 23.3 18.7
2.60 1.300 0.6500 0.260 555 278 185 92.6 46.3 23.1 18.5
2.61 1.305 0.6525 0.261 551 276 184 91.8 45.9 23.0 18.4
2.62 1.310 0.6550 0.262 547 273 182 91.1 45.6 22.8 18.2
2.63 1.315 0.6575 0.263 543 271 181 90.4 45.2 22.6 18.1
2.64 1.320 0.6600 0.264 538 269 179 89.7 44.9 22.4 17.9
--``,`,`,`,`,,`,`,```,,,``,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

2.65 1.325 0.6625 0.265 534 267 178 89.0 44.5 22.3 17.8
2.66 1.330 0.6650 0.266 530 265 177 88.4 44.2 22.1 17.7
2.67 1.335 0.6675 0.267 526 263 175 87.7 43.8 21.9 17.5
2.68 1.340 0.6700 0.268 522 261 174 87.0 43.5 21.8 17.4
2.69 1.345 0.6725 0.269 518 259 173 86.4 43.2 21.6 17.3
2.70 1.350 0.6750 0.270 514 257 171 85.7 42.9 21.4 17.1
2.71 1.355 0.6775 0.271 510 255 170 85.1 42.5 21.3 17.0
2.72 1.360 0.6800 0.272 507 253 169 84.4 42.2 21.1 16.9
2.73 1.365 0.6825 0.273 503 251 168 83.8 41.9 20.9 16.8
2.74 1.370 0.6850 0.274 499 250 166 83.2 41.6 20.8 16.6

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TABLE X1.1 Continued
Diameter of Indentation, d (mm) Brinell Hardness Number
HBW 10/ HBW 10/
HBW 10/3000 HBW 10/1500 HBW 10/1000 HBW 10/500 HBW 10/100
250 125
HBW HBW
10 mm 5 mm 2.5 mm 1 mm HBW 5/750 HBW 5/250 HBW 5/125 HBW 5/25
5/62.5 5/31.25
HBW 2.5/ HBW 2.5/
ball ball ball ball HBW 2.5/187.5 HBW 2.5/62.5 HBW 2.5/31.25 HBW 2.5/6.25
15.625 7.8125
HBW
HBW 1/30 HBW 1/10 HBW 1/5 HBW 1/2 HBW 1/1
1/1.25
2.75 1.375 0.6875 0.275 495 248 165 82.6 41.3 20.6 16.5
2.76 1.380 0.6900 0.276 492 246 164 81.9 41.0 20.5 16.4
2.77 1.385 0.6925 0.277 488 244 163 81.3 40.7 20.3 16.3
2.78 1.390 0.6950 0.278 485 242 162 80.8 40.4 20.2 16.2
2.79 1.395 0.6975 0.279 481 240 160 80.2 40.1 20.0 16.0
2.80 1.400 0.7000 0.280 477 239 159 79.6 39.8 19.9 15.9
2.81 1.405 0.7025 0.281 474 237 158 79.0 39.5 19.8 15.8
2.82 1.410 0.7050 0.282 471 235 157 78.4 39.2 19.6 15.7
2.83 1.415 0.7075 0.283 467 234 156 77.9 38.9 19.5 15.6
2.84 1.420 0.7100 0.284 464 232 155 77.3 38.7 19.3 15.5
2.85 1.425 0.7125 0.285 461 230 154 76.8 38.4 19.2 15.4
2.86 1.430 0.7150 0.286 457 229 152 76.2 38.1 19.1 15.2

--``,`,`,`,`,,`,`,```,,,``,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2.87 1.435 0.7175 0.287 454 227 151 75.7 37.8 18.9 15.1
2.88 1.440 0.7200 0.288 451 225 150 75.1 37.6 18.8 15.0
2.89 1.445 0.7225 0.289 448 224 149 74.6 37.3 18.6 14.9
2.90 1.450 0.7250 0.290 444 222 148 74.1 37.0 18.5 14.8
2.91 1.455 0.7275 0.291 441 221 147 73.6 36.8 18.4 14.7
2.92 1.460 0.7300 0.292 438 219 146 73.0 36.5 18.3 14.6
2.93 1.465 0.7325 0.293 435 218 145 72.5 36.3 18.1 14.5
2.94 1.470 0.7350 0.294 432 216 144 72.0 36.0 18.0 14.4
2.95 1.475 0.7375 0.295 429 215 143 71.5 35.8 17.9 14.3
2.96 1.480 0.7400 0.296 426 213 142 71.0 35.5 17.8 14.2
2.97 1.485 0.7425 0.297 423 212 141 70.5 35.3 17.6 14.1
2.98 1.490 0.7450 0.298 420 210 140 70.1 35.0 17.5 14.0
2.99 1.495 0.7475 0.299 417 209 139 69.6 34.8 17.4 13.9
3.00 1.500 0.7500 0.300 415 207 138 69.1 34.6 17.3 13.8
3.01 1.505 0.7525 0.301 412 206 137 68.6 34.3 17.2 13.7
3.02 1.510 0.7550 0.302 409 205 136 68.2 34.1 17.0 13.6
3.03 1.515 0.7575 0.303 406 203 135 67.7 33.9 16.9 13.5
3.04 1.520 0.7600 0.304 404 202 135 67.3 33.6 16.8 13.5
3.05 1.525 0.7625 0.305 401 200 134 66.8 33.4 16.7 13.4
3.06 1.530 0.7650 0.306 398 199 133 66.4 33.2 16.6 13.3
3.07 1.535 0.7675 0.307 395 198 132 65.9 33.0 16.5 13.2
3.08 1.540 0.7700 0.308 393 196 131 65.5 32.7 16.4 13.1
3.09 1.545 0.7725 0.309 390 195 130 65.0 32.5 16.3 13.0
3.10 1.550 0.7750 0.310 388 194 129 64.6 32.3 16.2 12.9
3.11 1.555 0.7775 0.311 385 193 128 64.2 32.1 16.0 12.8
3.12 1.560 0.7800 0.312 383 191 128 63.8 31.9 15.9 12.8
3.13 1.565 0.7825 0.313 380 190 127 63.3 31.7 15.8 12.7
3.14 1.570 0.7850 0.314 378 189 126 62.9 31.5 15.7 12.6
3.15 1.575 0.7875 0.315 375 188 125 62.5 31.3 15.6 12.5
3.16 1.580 0.7900 0.316 373 186 124 62.1 31.1 15.5 12.4
3.17 1.585 0.7925 0.317 370 185 123 61.7 30.9 15.4 12.3
3.18 1.590 0.7950 0.318 368 184 123 61.3 30.7 15.3 12.3
3.19 1.595 0.7975 0.319 366 183 122 60.9 30.5 15.2 12.2
3.20 1.600 0.8000 0.320 363 182 121 60.5 30.3 15.1 12.1
3.21 1.605 0.8025 0.321 361 180 120 60.1 30.1 15.0 12.0
3.22 1.610 0.8050 0.322 359 179 120 59.8 29.9 14.9 12.0
3.23 1.615 0.8075 0.323 356 178 119 59.4 29.7 14.8 11.9
3.24 1.620 0.8100 0.324 354 177 118 59.0 29.5 14.8 11.8
3.25 1.625 0.8125 0.325 352 176 117 58.6 29.3 14.7 11.7
3.26 1.630 0.8150 0.326 350 175 117 58.3 29.1 14.6 11.7
3.27 1.635 0.8175 0.327 347 174 116 57.9 29.0 14.5 11.6
3.28 1.640 0.8200 0.328 345 173 115 57.5 28.8 14.4 11.5
3.29 1.645 0.8225 0.329 343 172 114 57.2 28.6 14.3 11.4
3.30 1.650 0.8250 0.330 341 170 114 56.8 28.4 14.2 11.4
3.31 1.655 0.8275 0.331 339 169 113 56.5 28.2 14.1 11.3
3.32 1.660 0.8300 0.332 337 168 112 56.1 28.1 14.0 11.2
3.33 1.665 0.8325 0.333 335 167 112 55.8 27.9 13.9 11.2
3.34 1.670 0.8350 0.334 333 166 111 55.4 27.7 13.9 11.1
3.35 1.675 0.8375 0.335 331 165 110 55.1 27.5 13.8 11.0
3.36 1.680 0.8400 0.336 329 164 110 54.8 27.4 13.7 11.0
3.37 1.685 0.8425 0.337 326 163 109 54.4 27.2 13.6 10.9
3.38 1.690 0.8450 0.338 325 162 108 54.1 27.0 13.5 10.8
3.39 1.695 0.8475 0.339 323 161 108 53.8 26.9 13.4 10.8
3.40 1.700 0.8500 0.340 321 160 107 53.4 26.7 13.4 10.7
3.41 1.705 0.8525 0.341 319 159 106 53.1 26.6 13.3 10.6

Provided by IHS under license with ASTM 17

Licensee=Centro de Investigacion en Materiales/5986822001, User=Fernández MartÃ
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 11/13/2014 09:04:32 MST
 E10 − 14
TABLE X1.1 Continued
Diameter of Indentation, d (mm) Brinell Hardness Number
HBW 10/ HBW 10/
HBW 10/3000 HBW 10/1500 HBW 10/1000 HBW 10/500 HBW 10/100
250 125
HBW HBW
10 mm 5 mm 2.5 mm 1 mm HBW 5/750 HBW 5/250 HBW 5/125 HBW 5/25
5/62.5 5/31.25
HBW 2.5/ HBW 2.5/
ball ball ball ball HBW 2.5/187.5 HBW 2.5/62.5 HBW 2.5/31.25 HBW 2.5/6.25
15.625 7.8125
HBW
HBW 1/30 HBW 1/10 HBW 1/5 HBW 1/2 HBW 1/1
1/1.25
3.42 1.710 0.8550 0.342 317 158 106 52.8 26.4 13.2 10.6
3.43 1.715 0.8575 0.343 315 157 105 52.5 26.2 13.1 10.5
3.44 1.720 0.8600 0.344 313 156 104 52.2 26.1 13.0 10.4
3.45 1.725 0.8625 0.345 311 156 104 51.8 25.9 13.0 10.4
3.46 1.730 0.8650 0.346 309 155 103 51.5 25.8 12.9 10.3
3.47 1.735 0.8675 0.347 307 154 102 51.2 25.6 12.8 10.2
3.48 1.740 0.8700 0.348 306 153 102 50.9 25.5 12.7 10.2
3.49 1.745 0.8725 0.349 304 152 101 50.6 25.3 12.7 10.1
3.50 1.750 0.8750 0.350 302 151 101 50.3 25.2 12.6 10.1
3.51 1.755 0.8775 0.351 300 150 100 50.0 25.0 12.5 10.0
3.52 1.760 0.8800 0.352 298 149 99.5 49.7 24.9 12.4 9.95
3.53 1.765 0.8825 0.353 297 148 98.9 49.4 24.7 12.4 9.89
3.54 1.770 0.8850 0.354 295 147 98.3 49.2 24.6 12.3 9.83
3.55 1.775 0.8875 0.355 293 147 97.7 48.9 24.4 12.2 9.77
3.56 1.780 0.8900 0.356 292 146 97.2 48.6 24.3 12.1 9.72
3.57 1.785 0.8925 0.357 290 145 96.6 48.3 24.2 12.1 9.66
3.58 1.790 0.8950 0.358 288 144 96.1 48.0 24.0 12.0 9.61
3.59 1.795 0.8975 0.359 286 143 95.5 47.7 23.9 11.9 9.55
3.60 1.800 0.9000 0.360 285 142 95.0 47.5 23.7 11.9 9.50
3.61 1.805 0.9025 0.361 283 142 94.4 47.2 23.6 11.8 9.44
3.62 1.810 0.9050 0.362 282 141 93.9 46.9 23.5 11.7 9.39
3.63 1.815 0.9075 0.363 280 140 93.3 46.7 23.3 11.7 9.33
3.64 1.820 0.9100 0.364 278 139 92.8 46.4 23.2 11.6 9.28
3.65 1.825 0.9125 0.365 277 138 92.3 46.1 23.1 11.5 9.23
3.66 1.830 0.9150 0.366 275 138 91.8 45.9 22.9 11.5 9.18
3.67 1.835 0.9175 0.367 274 137 91.2 45.6 22.8 11.4 9.12
3.68 1.840 0.9200 0.368 272 136 90.7 45.4 22.7 11.3 9.07
3.69 1.845 0.9225 0.369 271 135 90.2 45.1 22.6 11.3 9.02
3.70 1.850 0.9250 0.370 269 135 89.7 44.9 22.4 11.2 8.97
3.71 1.855 0.9275 0.371 268 134 89.2 44.6 22.3 11.2 8.92

--``,`,`,`,`,,`,`,```,,,``,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
3.72 1.860 0.9300 0.372 266 133 88.7 44.4 22.2 11.1 8.87
3.73 1.865 0.9325 0.373 265 132 88.2 44.1 22.1 11.0 8.82
3.74 1.870 0.9350 0.374 263 132 87.7 43.9 21.9 11.0 8.77
3.75 1.875 0.9375 0.375 262 131 87.2 43.6 21.8 10.9 8.72
3.76 1.880 0.9400 0.376 260 130 86.8 43.4 21.7 10.8 8.68
3.77 1.885 0.9425 0.377 259 129 86.3 43.1 21.6 10.8 8.63
3.78 1.890 0.9450 0.378 257 129 85.8 42.9 21.5 10.7 8.58
3.79 1.895 0.9475 0.379 256 128 85.3 42.7 21.3 10.7 8.53
3.80 1.900 0.9500 0.380 255 127 84.9 42.4 21.2 10.6 8.49
3.81 1.905 0.9525 0.381 253 127 84.4 42.2 21.1 10.6 8.44
3.82 1.910 0.9550 0.382 252 126 83.9 42.0 21.0 10.5 8.39
3.83 1.915 0.9575 0.383 250 125 83.5 41.7 20.9 10.4 8.35
3.84 1.920 0.9600 0.384 249 125 83.0 41.5 20.8 10.4 8.30
3.85 1.925 0.9625 0.385 248 124 82.6 41.3 20.6 10.3 8.26
3.86 1.930 0.9650 0.386 246 123 82.1 41.1 20.5 10.3 8.21
3.87 1.935 0.9675 0.387 245 123 81.7 40.9 20.4 10.2 8.17
3.88 1.940 0.9700 0.388 244 122 81.3 40.6 20.3 10.2 8.13
3.89 1.945 0.9725 0.389 242 121 80.8 40.4 20.2 10.1 8.08
3.90 1.950 0.9750 0.390 241 121 80.4 40.2 20.1 10.0 8.04
3.91 1.955 0.9775 0.391 240 120 80.0 40.0 20.0 10.0 8.00
3.92 1.960 0.9800 0.392 239 119 79.5 39.8 19.9 9.94 7.95
3.93 1.965 0.9825 0.393 237 119 79.1 39.6 19.8 9.89 7.91
3.94 1.970 0.9850 0.394 236 118 78.7 39.4 19.7 9.84 7.87
3.95 1.975 0.9875 0.395 235 117 78.3 39.1 19.6 9.79 7.83
3.96 1.980 0.9900 0.396 234 117 77.9 38.9 19.5 9.73 7.79
3.97 1.985 0.9925 0.397 232 116 77.5 38.7 19.4 9.68 7.75
3.98 1.990 0.9950 0.398 231 116 77.1 38.5 19.3 9.63 7.71
3.99 1.995 0.9975 0.399 230 115 76.7 38.3 19.2 9.58 7.67
4.00 2.000 1.0000 0.400 229 114 76.3 38.1 19.1 9.53 7.63
4.01 2.005 1.0025 0.401 228 114 75.9 37.9 19.0 9.48 7.59
4.02 2.010 1.0050 0.402 226 113 75.5 37.7 18.9 9.43 7.55
4.03 2.015 1.0075 0.403 225 113 75.1 37.5 18.8 9.38 7.51
4.04 2.020 1.0100 0.404 224 112 74.7 37.3 18.7 9.34 7.47
4.05 2.025 1.0125 0.405 223 111 74.3 37.1 18.6 9.29 7.43
4.06 2.030 1.0150 0.406 222 111 73.9 37.0 18.5 9.24 7.39
4.07 2.035 1.0175 0.407 221 110 73.5 36.8 18.4 9.19 7.35
4.08 2.040 1.0200 0.408 219 110 73.2 36.6 18.3 9.14 7.32

Provided by IHS under license with ASTM 18

Licensee=Centro de Investigacion en Materiales/5986822001, User=Fernández MartÃ
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 11/13/2014 09:04:32 MST
 E10 − 14
TABLE X1.1 Continued
Diameter of Indentation, d (mm) Brinell Hardness Number
HBW 10/ HBW 10/
HBW 10/3000 HBW 10/1500 HBW 10/1000 HBW 10/500 HBW 10/100
250 125
HBW HBW
10 mm 5 mm 2.5 mm 1 mm HBW 5/750 HBW 5/250 HBW 5/125 HBW 5/25
5/62.5 5/31.25
HBW 2.5/ HBW 2.5/
ball ball ball ball HBW 2.5/187.5 HBW 2.5/62.5 HBW 2.5/31.25 HBW 2.5/6.25
15.625 7.8125
HBW
HBW 1/30 HBW 1/10 HBW 1/5 HBW 1/2 HBW 1/1
1/1.25
4.09 2.045 1.0225 0.409 218 109 72.8 36.4 18.2 9.10 7.28
4.10 2.050 1.0250 0.410 217 109 72.4 36.2 18.1 9.05 7.24
4.11 2.055 1.0275 0.411 216 108 72.0 36.0 18.0 9.01 7.20
4.12 2.060 1.0300 0.412 215 108 71.7 35.8 17.9 8.96 7.17
4.13 2.065 1.0325 0.413 214 107 71.3 35.7 17.8 8.91 7.13
4.14 2.070 1.0350 0.414 213 106 71.0 35.5 17.7 8.87 7.10
4.15 2.075 1.0375 0.415 212 106 70.6 35.3 17.6 8.82 7.06
4.16 2.080 1.0400 0.416 211 105 70.2 35.1 17.6 8.78 7.02
4.17 2.085 1.0425 0.417 210 105 69.9 34.9 17.5 8.74 6.99
4.18 2.090 1.0450 0.418 209 104 69.5 34.8 17.4 8.69 6.95
4.19 2.095 1.0475 0.419 208 104 69.2 34.6 17.3 8.65 6.92
4.20 2.100 1.0500 0.420 207 103 68.8 34.4 17.2 8.61 6.88
4.21 2.105 1.0525 0.421 205 103 68.5 34.2 17.1 8.56 6.85
4.22 2.110 1.0550 0.422 204 102 68.2 34.1 17.0 8.52 6.82
4.23 2.115 1.0575 0.423 203 102 67.8 33.9 17.0 8.48 6.78
4.24 2.120 1.0600 0.424 202 101 67.5 33.7 16.9 8.44 6.75
4.25 2.125 1.0625 0.425 201 101 67.1 33.6 16.8 8.39 6.71
4.26 2.130 1.0650 0.426 200 100 66.8 33.4 16.7 8.35 6.68
4.27 2.135 1.0675 0.427 199 100 66.5 33.2 16.6 8.31 6.65
4.28 2.140 1.0700 0.428 198 99.2 66.2 33.1 16.5 8.27 6.62
4.29 2.145 1.0725 0.429 198 98.8 65.8 32.9 16.5 8.23 6.58
4.30 2.150 1.0750 0.430 197 98.3 65.5 32.8 16.4 8.19 6.55
4.31 2.155 1.0775 0.431 196 97.8 65.2 32.6 16.3 8.15 6.52
4.32 2.160 1.0800 0.432 195 97.3 64.9 32.4 16.2 8.11 6.49
4.33 2.165 1.0825 0.433 194 96.8 64.6 32.3 16.1 8.07 6.46
4.34 2.170 1.0850 0.434 193 96.4 64.2 32.1 16.1 8.03 6.42
4.35 2.175 1.0875 0.435 192 95.9 63.9 32.0 16.0 7.99 6.39
4.36 2.180 1.0900 0.436 191 95.4 63.6 31.8 15.9 7.95 6.36
4.37 2.185 1.0925 0.437 190 95.0 63.3 31.7 15.8 7.92 6.33
4.38 2.190 1.0950 0.438 189 94.5 63.0 31.5 15.8 7.88 6.30
4.39 2.195 1.0975 0.439 188 94.1 62.7 31.4 15.7 7.84 6.27
4.40 2.200 1.1000 0.440 187 93.6 62.4 31.2 15.6 7.80 6.24
4.41 2.205 1.1025 0.441 186 93.2 62.1 31.1 15.5 7.76 6.21
4.42 2.210 1.1050 0.442 185 92.7 61.8 30.9 15.5 7.73 6.18
4.43 2.215 1.1075 0.443 185 92.3 61.5 30.8 15.4 7.69 6.15
4.44 2.220 1.1100 0.444 184 91.8 61.2 30.6 15.3 7.65 6.12
4.45 2.225 1.1125 0.445 183 91.4 60.9 30.5 15.2 7.62 6.09
4.46 2.230 1.1150 0.446 182 91.0 60.6 30.3 15.2 7.58 6.06
4.47 2.235 1.1175 0.447 181 90.5 60.4 30.2 15.1 7.55 6.04
4.48 2.240 1.1200 0.448 180 90.1 60.1 30.0 15.0 7.51 6.01
4.49 2.245 1.1225 0.449 179 89.7 59.8 29.9 14.9 7.47 5.98
4.50 2.250 1.1250 0.450 179 89.3 59.5 29.8 14.9 7.44 5.95
4.51 2.255 1.1275 0.451 178 88.9 59.2 29.6 14.8 7.40 5.92
4.52 2.260 1.1300 0.452 177 88.4 59.0 29.5 14.7 7.37 5.90
4.53 2.265 1.1325 0.453 176 88.0 58.7 29.3 14.7 7.34 5.87
4.54 2.270 1.1350 0.454 175 87.6 58.4 29.2 14.6 7.30 5.84
4.55 2.275 1.1375 0.455 174 87.2 58.1 29.1 14.5 7.27 5.81
4.56 2.280 1.1400 0.456 174 86.8 57.9 28.9 14.5 7.23 5.79
4.57 2.285 1.1425 0.457 173 86.4 57.6 28.8 14.4 7.20 5.76
4.58 2.290 1.1450 0.458 172 86.0 57.3 28.7 14.3 7.17 5.73
4.59 2.295 1.1475 0.459 171 85.6 57.1 28.5 14.3 7.13 5.71
4.60 2.300 1.1500 0.460 170 85.2 56.8 28.4 14.2 7.10 5.68
4.61 2.305 1.1525 0.461 170 84.8 56.5 28.3 14.1 7.07 5.65
4.62 2.310 1.1550 0.462 169 84.4 56.3 28.1 14.1 7.03 5.63
4.63 2.315 1.1575 0.463 168 84.0 56.0 28.0 14.0 7.00 5.60
4.64 2.320 1.1600 0.464 167 83.6 55.8 27.9 13.9 6.97 5.58
4.65 2.325 1.1625 0.465 167 83.3 55.5 27.8 13.9 6.94 5.55
4.66 2.330 1.1650 0.466 166 82.9 55.3 27.6 13.8 6.91 5.53
4.67 2.335 1.1675 0.467 165 82.5 55.0 27.5 13.8 6.88 5.50
4.68 2.340 1.1700 0.468 164 82.1 54.8 27.4 13.7 6.84 5.48
4.69 2.345 1.1725 0.469 164 81.8 54.5 27.3 13.6 6.81 5.45
4.70 2.350 1.1750 0.470 163 81.4 54.3 27.1 13.6 6.78 5.43
4.71 2.355 1.1775 0.471 162 81.0 54.0 27.0 13.5 6.75 5.40
4.72 2.360 1.1800 0.472 161 80.7 53.8 26.9 13.4 6.72 5.38
--``,`,`,`,`,,`,`,```,,,``,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

4.73 2.365 1.1825 0.473 161 80.3 53.5 26.8 13.4 6.69 5.35
4.74 2.370 1.1850 0.474 160 79.9 53.3 26.6 13.3 6.66 5.33
4.75 2.375 1.1875 0.475 159 79.6 53.0 26.5 13.3 6.63 5.30

Provided by IHS under license with ASTM 19

Licensee=Centro de Investigacion en Materiales/5986822001, User=Fernández MartÃ
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 11/13/2014 09:04:32 MST
 E10 − 14
TABLE X1.1 Continued
Diameter of Indentation, d (mm) Brinell Hardness Number
HBW 10/ HBW 10/
HBW 10/3000 HBW 10/1500 HBW 10/1000 HBW 10/500 HBW 10/100
250 125
HBW HBW
10 mm 5 mm 2.5 mm 1 mm HBW 5/750 HBW 5/250 HBW 5/125 HBW 5/25
5/62.5 5/31.25
HBW 2.5/ HBW 2.5/
ball ball ball ball HBW 2.5/187.5 HBW 2.5/62.5 HBW 2.5/31.25 HBW 2.5/6.25
15.625 7.8125
HBW
HBW 1/30 HBW 1/10 HBW 1/5 HBW 1/2 HBW 1/1
1/1.25
4.76 2.380 1.1900 0.476 158 79.2 52.8 26.4 13.2 6.60 5.28
4.77 2.385 1.1925 0.477 158 78.9 52.6 26.3 13.1 6.57 5.26
4.78 2.390 1.1950 0.478 157 78.5 52.3 26.2 13.1 6.54 5.23
4.79 2.395 1.1975 0.479 156 78.2 52.1 26.1 13.0 6.51 5.21
4.80 2.400 1.2000 0.480 156 77.8 51.9 25.9 13.0 6.48 5.19
4.81 2.405 1.2025 0.481 155 77.5 51.6 25.8 12.9 6.46 5.16
4.82 2.410 1.2050 0.482 154 77.1 51.4 25.7 12.9 6.43 5.14
4.83 2.415 1.2075 0.483 154 76.8 51.2 25.6 12.8 6.40 5.12
4.84 2.420 1.2100 0.484 153 76.4 51.0 25.5 12.7 6.37 5.10
4.85 2.425 1.2125 0.485 152 76.1 50.7 25.4 12.7 6.34 5.07
4.86 2.430 1.2150 0.486 152 75.8 50.5 25.3 12.6 6.31 5.05
4.87 2.435 1.2175 0.487 151 75.4 50.3 25.1 12.6 6.29 5.03
4.88 2.440 1.2200 0.488 150 75.1 50.1 25.0 12.5 6.26 5.01
4.89 2.445 1.2225 0.489 150 74.8 49.8 24.9 12.5 6.23 4.98
4.90 2.450 1.2250 0.490 149 74.4 49.6 24.8 12.4 6.20 4.96
4.91 2.455 1.2275 0.491 148 74.1 49.4 24.7 12.4 6.18 4.94
4.92 2.460 1.2300 0.492 148 73.8 49.2 24.6 12.3 6.15 4.92
4.93 2.465 1.2325 0.493 147 73.5 49.0 24.5 12.2 6.12 4.90
4.94 2.470 1.2350 0.494 146 73.2 48.8 24.4 12.2 6.10 4.88
4.95 2.475 1.2375 0.495 146 72.8 48.6 24.3 12.1 6.07 4.86
4.96 2.480 1.2400 0.496 145 72.5 48.3 24.2 12.1 6.04 4.83

--``,`,`,`,`,,`,`,```,,,``,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
4.97 2.485 1.2425 0.497 144 72.2 48.1 24.1 12.0 6.02 4.81
4.98 2.490 .2450 0.498 144 71.9 47.9 24.0 12.0 5.99 4.79
4.99 2.495 1.2475 0.499 143 71.6 47.7 23.9 11.9 5.97 4.77
5.00 2.500 1.2500 0.500 143 71.3 47.5 23.8 11.9 5.94 4.75
5.01 2.505 1.2525 0.501 142 71.0 47.3 23.7 11.8 5.91 4.73
5.02 2.510 1.2550 0.502 141 70.7 47.1 23.6 11.8 5.89 4.71
5.03 2.515 1.2575 0.503 141 70.4 46.9 23.5 11.7 5.86 4.69
5.04 2.520 1.2600 0.504 140 70.1 46.7 23.4 11.7 5.84 4.67
5.05 2.525 1.2625 0.505 140 69.8 46.5 23.3 11.6 5.81 4.65
5.06 2.530 1.2650 0.506 139 69.5 46.3 23.2 11.6 5.79 4.63
5.07 2.535 1.2675 0.507 138 69.2 46.1 23.1 11.5 5.76 4.61
5.08 2.540 1.2700 0.508 138 68.9 45.9 23.0 11.5 5.74 4.59
5.09 2.545 1.2725 0.509 137 68.6 45.7 22.9 11.4 5.72 4.57
5.10 2.550 1.2750 0.510 137 68.3 45.5 22.8 11.4 5.69 4.55
5.11 2.555 1.2775 0.511 136 68.0 45.3 22.7 11.3 5.67 4.53
5.12 2.560 1.2800 0.512 135 67.7 45.1 22.6 11.3 5.64 4.51
5.13 2.565 1.2825 0.513 135 67.4 45.0 22.5 11.2 5.62 4.50
5.14 2.570 1.2850 0.514 134 67.1 44.8 22.4 11.2 5.60 4.48
5.15 2.575 1.2875 0.515 134 66.9 44.6 22.3 11.1 5.57 4.46
5.16 2.580 1.2900 0.516 133 66.6 44.4 22.2 11.1 5.55 4.44
5.17 2.585 1.2925 0.517 133 66.3 44.2 22.1 11.1 5.53 4.42
5.18 2.590 1.2950 0.518 132 66.0 44.0 22.0 11.0 5.50 4.40
5.19 2.595 1.2975 0.519 132 65.8 43.8 21.9 11.0 5.48 4.38
5.20 2.600 1.3000 0.520 131 65.5 43.7 21.8 10.9 5.46 4.37
5.21 2.605 1.3025 0.521 130 65.2 43.5 21.7 10.9 5.43 4.35
5.22 2.610 1.3050 0.522 130 64.9 43.3 21.6 10.8 5.41 4.33
5.23 2.615 1.3075 0.523 129 64.7 43.1 21.6 10.8 5.39 4.31
5.24 2.620 1.3100 0.524 129 64.4 42.9 21.5 10.7 5.37 4.29
5.25 2.625 1.3125 0.525 128 64.1 42.8 21.4 10.7 5.34 4.28
5.26 2.630 1.3150 0.526 128 63.9 42.6 21.3 10.6 5.32 4.26
5.27 2.635 1.3175 0.527 127 63.6 42.4 21.2 10.6 5.30 4.24
5.28 2.640 1.3200 0.528 127 63.3 42.2 21.1 10.6 5.28 4.22
5.29 2.645 1.3225 0.529 126 63.1 42.1 21.0 10.5 5.26 4.21
5.30 2.650 1.3250 0.530 126 62.8 41.9 20.9 10.5 5.24 4.19
5.31 2.655 1.3275 0.531 125 62.6 41.7 20.9 10.4 5.21 4.17
5.32 2.660 1.3300 0.532 125 62.3 41.5 20.8 10.4 5.19 4.15
5.33 2.665 1.3325 0.533 124 62.1 41.4 20.7 10.3 5.17 4.14
5.34 2.670 1.3350 0.534 124 61.8 41.2 20.6 10.3 5.15 4.12
5.35 2.675 1.3375 0.535 123 61.5 41.0 20.5 10.3 5.13 4.10
5.36 2.680 1.3400 0.536 123 61.3 40.9 20.4 10.2 5.11 4.09
5.37 2.685 1.3425 0.537 122 61.0 40.7 20.3 10.2 5.09 4.07
5.38 2.690 1.3450 0.538 122 60.8 40.5 20.3 10.1 5.07 4.05
5.39 2.695 1.3475 0.539 121 60.6 40.4 20.2 10.1 5.05 4.04
5.40 2.700 1.3500 0.540 121 60.3 40.2 20.1 10.1 5.03 4.02
5.41 2.705 1.3525 0.541 120 60.1 40.0 20.0 10.0 5.01 4.00
5.42 2.710 1.3550 0.542 120 59.8 39.9 19.9 10.0 4.99 3.99

Provided by IHS under license with ASTM 20

Licensee=Centro de Investigacion en Materiales/5986822001, User=Fernández MartÃ
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 11/13/2014 09:04:32 MST
 E10 − 14
TABLE X1.1 Continued
Diameter of Indentation, d (mm) Brinell Hardness Number
HBW 10/ HBW 10/
HBW 10/3000 HBW 10/1500 HBW 10/1000 HBW 10/500 HBW 10/100
250 125
HBW HBW
10 mm 5 mm 2.5 mm 1 mm HBW 5/750 HBW 5/250 HBW 5/125 HBW 5/25
5/62.5 5/31.25
HBW 2.5/ HBW 2.5/
ball ball ball ball HBW 2.5/187.5 HBW 2.5/62.5 HBW 2.5/31.25 HBW 2.5/6.25
15.625 7.8125
HBW
HBW 1/30 HBW 1/10 HBW 1/5 HBW 1/2 HBW 1/1
1/1.25
5.43 2.715 1.3575 0.543 119 59.6 39.7 19.9 9.93 4.97 3.97
5.44 2.720 1.3600 0.544 119 59.3 39.6 19.8 9.89 4.95 3.96
5.45 2.725 1.3625 0.545 118 59.1 39.4 19.7 9.85 4.93 3.94
5.46 2.730 1.3650 0.546 118 58.9 39.2 19.6 9.81 4.91 3.92
5.47 2.735 1.3675 0.547 117 58.6 39.1 19.5 9.77 4.89 3.91

--``,`,`,`,`,,`,`,```,,,``,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
5.48 2.740 1.3700 0.548 117 58.4 38.9 19.5 9.73 4.87 3.89
5.49 2.745 1.3725 0.549 116 58.2 38.8 19.4 9.69 4.85 3.88
5.50 2.750 1.3750 0.550 116 57.9 38.6 19.3 9.66 4.83 3.86
5.51 2.755 1.3775 0.551 115 57.7 38.5 19.2 9.62 4.81 3.85
5.52 2.760 1.3800 0.552 115 57.5 38.3 19.2 9.58 4.79 3.83
5.53 2.765 1.3825 0.553 114 57.2 38.2 19.1 9.54 4.77 3.82
5.54 2.770 1.3850 0.554 114 57.0 38.0 19.0 9.50 4.75 3.80
5.55 2.775 1.3875 0.555 114 56.8 37.9 18.9 9.47 4.73 3.79
5.56 2.780 1.3900 0.556 113 56.6 37.7 18.9 9.43 4.71 3.77
5.57 2.785 1.3925 0.557 113 56.3 37.6 18.8 9.39 4.70 3.76
5.58 2.790 1.3950 0.558 112 56.1 37.4 18.7 9.35 4.68 3.74
5.59 2.795 1.3975 0.559 112 55.9 37.3 18.6 9.32 4.66 3.73
5.60 2.800 1.4000 0.560 111 55.7 37.1 18.6 9.28 4.64 3.71
5.61 2.805 1.4025 0.561 111 55.5 37.0 18.5 9.24 4.62 3.70
5.62 2.810 1.4050 0.562 110 55.2 36.8 18.4 9.21 4.60 3.68
5.63 2.815 1.4075 0.563 110 55.0 36.7 18.3 9.17 4.59 3.67
5.64 2.820 1.4100 0.564 110 54.8 36.5 18.3 9.14 4.57 3.65
5.65 2.825 1.4125 0.565 109 54.6 36.4 18.2 9.10 4.55 3.64
5.66 2.830 1.4150 0.566 109 54.4 36.3 18.1 9.06 4.53 3.63
5.67 2.835 1.4175 0.567 108 54.2 36.1 18.1 9.03 4.51 3.61
5.68 2.840 1.4200 0.568 108 54.0 36.0 18.0 8.99 4.50 3.60
5.69 2.845 1.4225 0.569 107 53.7 35.8 17.9 8.96 4.48 3.58
5.70 2.850 1.4250 0.570 107 53.5 35.7 17.8 8.92 4.46 3.57
5.71 2.855 1.4275 0.571 107 53.3 35.6 17.8 8.89 4.44 3.56
5.72 2.860 1.4300 0.572 106 53.1 35.4 17.7 8.85 4.43 3.54
5.73 2.865 1.4325 0.573 106 52.9 35.3 17.6 8.82 4.41 3.53
5.74 2.870 1.4350 0.574 105 52.7 35.1 17.6 8.79 4.39 3.51
5.75 2.875 1.4375 0.575 105 52.5 35.0 17.5 8.75 4.38 3.50
5.76 2.880 1.4400 0.576 105 52.3 34.9 17.4 8.72 4.36 3.49
5.77 2.885 1.4425 0.577 104 52.1 34.7 17.4 8.68 4.34 3.47
5.78 2.890 1.4450 0.578 104 51.9 34.6 17.3 8.65 4.33 3.46
5.79 2.895 1.4475 0.579 103 51.7 34.5 17.2 8.62 4.31 3.45
5.80 2.900 1.4500 0.580 103 51.5 34.3 17.2 8.59 4.29 3.43
5.81 2.905 1.4525 0.581 103 51.3 34.2 17.1 8.55 4.28 3.42
5.82 2.910 1.4550 0.582 102 51.1 34.1 17.0 8.52 4.26 3.41
5.83 2.915 1.4575 0.583 102 50.9 33.9 17.0 8.49 4.24 3.39
5.84 2.920 1.4600 0.584 101 50.7 33.8 16.9 8.45 4.23 3.38
5.85 2.925 1.4625 0.585 101 50.5 33.7 16.8 8.42 4.21 3.37
5.86 2.930 1.4650 0.586 101 50.3 33.6 16.8 8.39 4.20 3.36
5.87 2.935 1.4675 0.587 100 50.2 33.4 16.7 8.36 4.18 3.34
5.88 2.940 1.4700 0.588 100 50.0 33.3 16.7 8.33 4.16 3.33
5.89 2.945 1.4725 0.589 100 49.8 33.2 16.6 8.30 4.15 3.32
5.90 2.950 1.4750 0.590 99.2 49.6 33.1 16.5 8.26 4.13 3.31
5.91 2.955 1.4775 0.591 98.8 49.4 32.9 16.5 8.23 4.12 3.29
5.92 2.960 1.4800 0.592 98.4 49.2 32.8 16.4 8.20 4.10 3.28
5.93 2.965 1.4825 0.593 98.0 49.0 32.7 16.3 8.17 4.09 3.27
5.94 2.970 1.4850 0.594 97.7 48.8 32.6 16.3 8.14 4.07 3.26
5.95 2.975 1.4875 0.595 97.3 48.7 32.4 16.2 8.11 4.05 3.24
5.96 2.980 1.4900 0.596 96.9 48.5 32.3 16.2 8.08 4.04 3.23
5.97 2.985 1.4925 0.597 96.6 48.3 32.2 16.1 8.05 4.02 3.22
5.98 2.990 1.4950 0.598 96.2 48.1 32.1 16.0 8.02 4.01 3.21
5.99 2.995 1.4975 0.599 95.9 47.9 32.0 16.0 7.99 3.99 3.20
6.00 3.000 1.5000 0.600 95.5 47.7 31.8 15.9 7.96 3.98 3.18
6.01 3.005 1.5025 0.601 95.1 47.6 31.7 15.9 7.93 3.96 3.17
6.02 3.010 1.5050 0.602 94.8 47.4 31.6 15.8 7.90 3.95 3.16
6.03 3.015 1.5075 0.603 94.4 47.2 31.5 15.7 7.87 3.93 3.15
6.04 3.020 1.5100 0.604 94.1 47.0 31.4 15.7 7.84 3.92 3.14
6.05 3.025 1.5125 0.605 93.7 46.9 31.2 15.6 7.81 3.91 3.12
6.06 3.030 1.5150 0.606 93.4 46.7 31.1 15.6 7.78 3.89 3.11
6.07 3.035 1.5175 0.607 93.0 46.5 31.0 15.5 7.75 3.88 3.10
6.08 3.040 1.5200 0.608 92.7 46.3 30.9 15.4 7.72 3.86 3.09
6.09 3.045 1.5225 0.609 92.3 46.2 30.8 15.4 7.69 3.85 3.08

Provided by IHS under license with ASTM 21

Licensee=Centro de Investigacion en Materiales/5986822001, User=Fernández MartÃ
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 11/13/2014 09:04:32 MST
 E10 − 14
TABLE X1.1 Continued
Diameter of Indentation, d (mm) Brinell Hardness Number
HBW 10/ HBW 10/
HBW 10/3000 HBW 10/1500 HBW 10/1000 HBW 10/500 HBW 10/100
250 125
HBW HBW
10 mm 5 mm 2.5 mm 1 mm HBW 5/750 HBW 5/250 HBW 5/125 HBW 5/25
5/62.5 5/31.25
HBW 2.5/ HBW 2.5/
ball ball ball ball HBW 2.5/187.5 HBW 2.5/62.5 HBW 2.5/31.25 HBW 2.5/6.25
15.625 7.8125
HBW
HBW 1/30 HBW 1/10 HBW 1/5 HBW 1/2 HBW 1/1
1/1.25
6.10 3.050 1.5250 0.610 92.0 46.0 30.7 15.3 7.67 3.83 3.07
6.11 3.055 1.5275 0.611 91.7 45.8 30.6 15.3 7.64 3.82 3.06
6.12 3.060 1.5300 0.612 91.3 45.7 30.4 15.2 7.61 3.80 3.04
6.13 3.065 1.5325 0.613 91.0 45.5 30.3 15.2 7.58 3.79 3.03
6.14 3.070 1.5350 0.614 90.6 45.3 30.2 15.1 7.55 3.78 3.02
6.15 3.075 1.5375 0.615 90.3 45.2 30.1 15.1 7.53 3.76 3.01
6.16 3.080 1.5400 0.616 90.0 45.0 30.0 15.0 7.50 3.75 3.00
6.17 3.085 1.5425 0.617 89.6 44.8 29.9 14.9 7.47 3.74 2.99
6.18 3.090 1.5450 0.618 89.3 44.7 29.8 14.9 7.44 3.72 2.98
6.19 3.095 1.5475 0.619 89.0 44.5 29.7 14.8 7.42 3.71 2.97
6.20 3.100 1.5500 0.620 88.7 44.3 29.6 14.8 7.39 3.69 2.96
6.21 3.105 1.5525 0.621 88.3 44.2 29.4 14.7 7.36 3.68 2.94
6.22 3.110 1.5550 0.622 88.0 44.0 29.3 14.7 7.33 3.67 2.93
6.23 3.115 1.5575 0.623 87.7 43.8 29.2 14.6 7.31 3.65 2.92
6.24 3.120 1.5600 0.624 87.4 43.7 29.1 14.6 7.28 3.64 2.91
6.25 3.125 1.5625 0.625 87.1 43.5 29.0 14.5 7.25 3.63 2.90
6.26 3.130 1.5650 0.626 86.7 43.4 28.9 14.5 7.23 3.61 2.89
6.27 3.135 1.5675 0.627 86.4 43.2 28.8 14.4 7.20 3.60 2.88
6.28 3.140 1.5700 0.628 86.1 43.1 28.7 14.4 7.18 3.59 2.87
6.29 3.145 1.5725 0.629 85.8 42.9 28.6 14.3 7.15 3.57 2.86
6.30 3.150 1.5750 0.630 85.5 42.7 28.5 14.2 7.12 3.56 2.85
6.31 3.155 1.5775 0.631 85.2 42.6 28.4 14.2 7.10 3.55 2.84
6.32 3.160 1.5800 0.632 84.9 42.4 28.3 14.1 7.07 3.54 2.83
6.33 3.165 1.5825 0.633 84.6 42.3 28.2 14.1 7.05 3.52 2.82
6.34 3.170 1.5850 0.634 84.3 42.1 28.1 14.0 7.02 3.51 2.81
6.35 3.175 1.5875 0.635 84.0 42.0 28.0 14.0 7.00 3.50 2.80
6.36 3.180 1.5900 0.636 83.7 41.8 27.9 13.9 6.97 3.49 2.79
6.37 3.185 1.5925 0.637 83.4 41.7 27.8 13.9 6.95 3.47 2.78
6.38 3.190 1.5950 0.638 83.1 41.5 27.7 13.8 6.92 3.46 2.77
6.39 3.195 1.5975 0.639 82.8 41.4 27.6 13.8 6.90 3.45 2.76
6.40 3.200 1.6000 0.640 82.5 41.2 27.5 13.7 6.87 3.44 2.75
6.41 3.205 1.6025 0.641 82.2 41.1 27.4 13.7 6.85 3.42 2.74
6.42 3.210 1.6050 0.642 81.9 40.9 27.3 13.6 6.82 3.41 2.73
6.43 3.215 1.6075 0.643 81.6 40.8 27.2 13.6 6.80 3.40 2.72
6.44 3.220 1.6100 0.644 81.3 40.6 27.1 13.5 6.77 3.39 2.71
6.45 3.225 1.6125 0.645 81.0 40.5 27.0 13.5 6.75 3.37 2.70
6.46 3.230 1.6150 0.646 80.7 40.3 26.9 13.4 6.72 3.36 2.69
6.47 3.235 1.6175 0.647 80.4 40.2 26.8 13.4 6.70 3.35 2.68
6.48 3.240 1.6200 0.648 80.1 40.1 26.7 13.4 6.68 3.34 2.67
6.49 3.245 1.6225 0.649 79.8 39.9 26.6 13.3 6.65 3.33 2.66
6.50 3.250 1.6250 0.650 79.6 39.8 26.5 13.3 6.63 3.31 2.65
6.51 3.255 1.6275 0.651 79.3 39.6 26.4 13.2 6.61 3.30 2.64
6.52 3.260 1.6300 0.652 79.0 39.5 26.3 13.2 6.58 3.29 2.63
6.53 3.265 1.6325 0.653 78.7 39.4 26.2 13.1 6.56 3.28 2.62
6.54 3.270 1.6350 0.654 78.4 39.2 26.1 13.1 6.54 3.27 2.61
6.55 3.275 1.6375 0.655 78.2 39.1 26.1 13.0 6.51 3.26 2.61
6.56 3.280 1.6400 0.656 77.9 38.9 26.0 13.0 6.49 3.24 2.60
6.57 3.285 1.6425 0.657 77.6 38.8 25.9 12.9 6.47 3.23 2.59
6.58 3.290 1.6450 0.658 77.3 38.7 25.8 12.9 6.44 3.22 2.58
6.59 3.295 1.6475 0.659 77.1 38.5 25.7 12.8 6.42 3.21 2.57
6.60 3.300 1.6500 0.660 76.8 38.4 25.6 12.8 6.40 3.20 2.56
6.61 3.305 1.6525 0.661 76.5 38.3 25.5 12.8 6.38 3.19 2.55
6.62 3.310 1.6550 0.662 76.2 38.1 25.4 12.7 6.35 3.18 2.54
6.63 3.315 1.6575 0.663 76.0 38.0 25.3 12.7 6.33 3.17 2.53
6.64 3.320 1.6600 0.664 75.7 37.9 25.2 12.6 6.31 3.15 2.52
6.65 3.325 1.6625 0.665 75.4 37.7 25.1 12.6 6.29 3.14 2.51
6.66 3.330 1.6650 0.666 75.2 37.6 25.1 12.5 6.26 3.13 2.51
6.67 3.335 1.6675 0.667 74.9 37.5 25.0 12.5 6.24 3.12 2.50
6.68 3.340 1.6700 0.668 74.7 37.3 24.9 12.4 6.22 3.11 2.49
--``,`,`,`,`,,`,`,```,,,``,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

6.69 3.345 1.6725 0.669 74.4 37.2 24.8 12.4 6.20 3.10 2.48
6.70 3.350 1.6750 0.670 74.1 37.1 24.7 12.4 6.18 3.09 2.47
6.71 3.355 1.6775 0.671 73.9 36.9 24.6 12.3 6.16 3.08 2.46
6.72 3.360 1.6800 0.672 73.6 36.8 24.5 12.3 6.13 3.07 2.45
6.73 3.365 1.6825 0.673 73.4 36.7 24.5 12.2 6.11 3.06 2.45
6.74 3.370 1.6850 0.674 73.1 36.5 24.4 12.2 6.09 3.05 2.44
6.75 3.375 1.6875 0.675 72.8 36.4 24.3 12.1 6.07 3.04 2.43
6.76 3.380 1.6900 0.676 72.6 36.3 24.2 12.1 6.05 3.02 2.42

Provided by IHS under license with ASTM 22

Licensee=Centro de Investigacion en Materiales/5986822001, User=Fernández MartÃ
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 11/13/2014 09:04:32 MST
 E10 − 14
TABLE X1.1 Continued
Diameter of Indentation, d (mm) Brinell Hardness Number
HBW 10/ HBW 10/
HBW 10/3000 HBW 10/1500 HBW 10/1000 HBW 10/500 HBW 10/100
250 125
HBW HBW
10 mm 5 mm 2.5 mm 1 mm HBW 5/750 HBW 5/250 HBW 5/125 HBW 5/25
5/62.5 5/31.25
HBW 2.5/ HBW 2.5/
ball ball ball ball HBW 2.5/187.5 HBW 2.5/62.5 HBW 2.5/31.25 HBW 2.5/6.25
15.625 7.8125
HBW
HBW 1/30 HBW 1/10 HBW 1/5 HBW 1/2 HBW 1/1
1/1.25
6.77 3.385 1.6925 0.677 72.3 36.2 24.1 12.1 6.03 3.01 2.41
6.78 3.390 1.6950 0.678 72.1 36.0 24.0 12.0 6.01 3.00 2.40
6.79 3.395 1.6975 0.679 71.8 35.9 23.9 12.0 5.99 2.99 2.39
6.80 3.400 1.7000 0.680 71.6 35.8 23.9 11.9 5.97 2.98 2.39
6.81 3.405 1.7025 0.681 71.3 35.7 23.8 11.9 5.94 2.97 2.38
6.82 3.410 1.7050 0.682 71.1 35.5 23.7 11.8 5.92 2.96 2.37
6.83 3.415 1.7075 0.683 70.8 35.4 23.6 11.8 5.90 2.95 2.36
6.84 3.420 1.7100 0.684 70.6 35.3 23.5 11.8 5.88 2.94 2.35
6.85 3.425 1.7125 0.685 70.4 35.2 23.5 11.7 5.86 2.93 2.35
6.86 3.430 1.7150 0.686 70.1 35.1 23.4 11.7 5.84 2.92 2.34
6.87 3.435 1.7175 0.687 69.9 34.9 23.3 11.6 5.82 2.91 2.33
6.88 3.440 1.7200 0.688 69.6 34.8 23.2 11.6 5.80 2.90 2.32
6.89 3.445 1.7225 0.689 69.4 34.7 23.1 11.6 5.78 2.89 2.31
6.90 3.450 1.7250 0.690 69.2 34.6 23.1 11.5 5.76 2.88 2.31
6.91 3.455 1.7275 0.691 68.9 34.5 23.0 11.5 5.74 2.87 2.30
6.92 3.460 1.7300 0.692 68.7 34.3 22.9 11.4 5.72 2.86 2.29
6.93 3.465 1.7325 0.693 68.4 34.2 22.8 11.4 5.70 2.85 2.28
6.94 3.470 1.7350 0.694 68.2 34.1 22.7 11.4 5.68 2.84 2.27
6.95 3.475 1.7375 0.695 68.0 34.0 22.7 11.3 5.66 2.83 2.27
6.96 3.480 1.7400 0.696 67.7 33.9 22.6 11.3 5.64 2.82 2.26
6.97 3.485 1.7425 0.697 67.5 33.8 22.5 11.3 5.63 2.81 2.25
6.98 3.490 1.7450 0.698 67.3 33.6 22.4 11.2 5.61 2.80 2.24
6.99 3.495 1.7475 0.699 67.0 33.5 22.3 11.2 5.59 2.79 2.23

X2. EXAMPLES OF PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING BRINELL HARDNESS UNCERTAINTY

X2.1 Scope way is not reported on the verification certificate and report,
X2.1.1 The intent of this appendix is to provide a basic this value and its uncertainty are needed to calculate measure-
approach to evaluating the uncertainty of Brinell hardness ment uncertainties when verification of the hardness machine is
measurement values in order to simplify and unify the inter- only made by the direct verification method. The procedure
pretation of uncertainty by users of Brinell hardness. described in section X2.7 provides a method for determining
the uncertainty in this measurement “error” of the hardness
X2.1.2 This appendix provides basic procedures for deter- machine.
mining the uncertainty of the following values of hardness: X2.1.2.3 Brinell Hardness Value Measured by a User (see
X2.1.2.1 The Hardness Machine “Error” Determined as

--``,`,`,`,`,,`,`,```,,,``,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
X2.8)—The procedure provides a method for determining the
Part of an Indirect Verification (see X2.6)—As part of an uncertainty in the hardness values measured by a user during
indirect verification, a number of Brinell hardness measure- the normal use of a Brinell hardness machine. The user may
ments are made on a reference test block. The average of the report the uncertainty value with the measurement value.
measurement values is compared to the certified value of the X2.1.2.4 Certified Value of a Brinell Hardness Test Block
reference block to determine the “error” (see 3.2.4) of the (see X2.9)—The procedure provides a method for determining
hardness machine. The procedure described in section X2.6 the uncertainty in the certified value of standardized test
provides a method for determining the uncertainty in this blocks. The standardizing agency may report the uncertainty
measurement “error” of the hardness machine. The uncertainty value on the test block certificate.
value may be reported on the verification certificate and report.
X2.1.2.2 The Hardness Machine “Error” Determined from NOTE X2.1—When calculated, uncertainty values reported by a field
calibration agency (see X2.5.7 and X2.7) are not the measurement
Measurements Made as Part of a Direct Verification (see
uncertainties of the hardness machine in operation, but only that of the
X2.7)—As part of a direct verification, errors in separate measurements made at the time of verification to determine machine
components of the hardness machine are determined. These are “error.”
the force application system, the indentation measuring system, NOTE X2.2—The procedures outlined in this appendix for the determi-
and the indenter. In addition to these, there are other potential nation of uncertainties are based primarily on measurements made as part
sources of error that should be considered. The measurement of the verification and standardization procedures of this test method. This
is done to provide a method that is based on familiar procedures and
“error” of the hardness machine can be estimated by determin- practices of Brinell hardness users and standardizing agencies. The reader
ing how each of the errors in these components contributes to should be aware that there are other methods that may be employed to
the overall error of the hardness measurement. Although the determine the same uncertainties.
measurement “error” of the hardness machine estimated in this NOTE X2.3—This standard states tolerances or limits on the acceptable

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repeatability and error of a Brinell hardness machine and the nonunifor- where:
mity of standardized blocks. These limit values were originally established
based on the testing experience of many users of the Brinell hardness test,
H = Brinell hardness value prior to the incremental change
and therefore reflect the normal performance of a properly functioning in hardness ∆H,
Brinell hardness machine, including the normal errors associated with the d = mean diameter of the indentation in mm prior to the
measurement procedure and the machine’s performance. Because the incremental change in diameter ∆d, and
limits are based on testing experience, it is believed that the stated limit D = diameter of the indenter ball in mm.
values take into account a level of uncertainty that is typical for valid
Brinell hardness measurements. Consequently, when determining compli- X2.2.5 An incremental change in indentation diameter ∆d
ance with the stated tolerances, the user’s measurement uncertainty should resulting from an incremental change in hardness ∆H may be
not be subtracted from the tolerance limit values given in the tables, as is calculated as:
commonly done for other types of metrological measurements. The
calculated values for repeatability, error or block nonuniformity should be
directly compared to the tolerance limits given in the tables.
NOTE X2.4—Most product specification tolerances for Brinell hardness
∆d 5 2∆H 3 S d 3 =D 2 2 d 2
~
H 3 D1 =D 2 2 d 2 ! D (X2.4)

were established based on testing and performance experience. The

tolerance values reflect the normal performance of a properly functioning where:
Brinell hardness machine, including the normal acceptable errors associ- H = Brinell hardness value prior to the incremental change
ated with the hardness measurement process. For these products, the stated in hardness ∆H,
tolerance limits take into account a level of uncertainty that is typical for d = mean diameter of the indentation in mm prior to the
valid Brinell hardness measurements. Consequently, when acceptance
testing most products for Brinell hardness, the user’s measurement incremental change in diameter ∆d, and
uncertainty should not be subtracted from the tolerance limit values given D = diameter of the indenter ball in mm.
in the specification. The measured hardness values should be directly X2.2.6 An incremental change in hardness ∆H resulting
compared to the tolerances. There may be exceptional circumstances
where the hardness of a product must fall within determined ranges to a from an incremental change in the applied force ∆F may be
high level of confidence. In these rare occasions, special agreement calculated as:
between the parties involved should be obtained before the hardness
measurement uncertainty is subtracted from the tolerance limits. Before ∆H 5 ∆F 3 S D
H
(X2.5)

--``,`,`,`,`,,`,`,```,,,``,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
such an agreement is made, it is recommended that the product design take F
into consideration the anticipated influence of material and metallurgical
factors on the product variation as well as typical industry hardness
where:
uncertainty values. H = Brinell hardness value prior to the incremental change
X2.1.3 This appendix does not address uncertainties at the in hardness ∆H, and
F = applied force prior to the incremental change in applied
primary reference standardizing level.
force ∆F (F and ∆F having the same units).
X2.2 Equations X2.2.7 Combining equations [Eq X2.3] and [Eq X2.5], an
incremental change in indentation diameter ∆d resulting from
X2.2.1 The average (AVG), H̄, of a set of n hardness
an incremental change in applied force ∆F may be calculated
measurements H1, H2, …, Hn is calculated as:
as:

S D
H 1 1H 2 1…1H n
AVG~ H 1 , H 2 , …, H n ! 5 H̄ 5 (X2.1) ∆F d 3 =D 2 2 d 2
n ∆d 5 2 3 (X2.6)
F D1 =D 2 2 d 2
X2.2.2 The standard deviation (STDEV) of a set of n
hardness measurements H1, H2, …, Hn is calculated as: where:

STDEV~ H 1 , H 2 , …, H n ! 5 Œ~ 2
H 1 2 H̄ ! 1…1 ~ H n 2 H̄ !
n21
2 F = applied force prior to the incremental change in applied
force ∆F (F and ∆F having the same units),
d = mean diameter of the indentation in mm prior to the
(X2.2) incremental change in diameter ∆d, and
D = diameter of the indenter ball in mm.
where:
NOTE X2.5—Equations [Eq X2.3], [Eq X2.4], and [Eq X2.6] should
H̄ = average of the set of n hardness measurements H1, H2, only be used for small values of ∆H and ∆d. These equations are suitable
…, Hn as defined in [Eq X2.1]. for use with the typical values of ∆H and ∆d used by the procedures in this
appendix; however, the equations produce significant errors as the values
X2.2.3 The absolute value (ABS) of a number is the of ∆H and ∆d become large.
magnitude of the value irrespective of the sign, for example:
ABS(0.12) = 0.12 X2.3 General Requirements
and X2.3.1 The main approach for determining uncertainty
ABS(–0.12) = 0.12 presented in this appendix considers only those uncertainties
X2.2.4 An incremental change in hardness ∆H resulting associated with the overall measurement performance of the
from an incremental change in indentation diameter ∆d may be Brinell hardness machine with respect to reference standards.
calculated as: Because of this approach, it is important that the individual
machine components are operating within tolerances. It is
∆H 5 2∆d 3 S ~
H 3 D1 =D 2 2 d 2
d 3 =D 2 d 2 2
!
D (X2.3) strongly recommended that this procedure be applied only after
successfully passing a direct verification.

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X2.3.2 To estimate the overall uncertainty of Brinell hard- X2.5 Sources of Uncertainty
ness measurement values, contributing components of uncer- X2.5.1 This section describes the most significant sources
tainty must be determined. Because many of the uncertainties of uncertainty in a Brinell hardness measurement and provides
may vary depending on the specific hardness scale and procedures and formulas for calculating the total uncertainty in
hardness level, an individual measurement uncertainty should the hardness value. In later sections, it will be shown how these
be determined for each hardness scale and hardness level of sources of uncertainty contribute to the total measurement
interest. In many cases, a single uncertainty value may be uncertainty for the three measurement circumstances described
applied to a range of hardness levels based on the laboratory’s in X2.1.2.
experience and knowledge of the operation of the hardness
machine. X2.5.2 The sources of uncertainty to be discussed are (1) the
lack of repeatability of the hardness machine and measuring
X2.3.3 Uncertainty should be determined with respect to a system, (2) the non-uniformity in hardness of the material
country’s national reference standards. under test, (3) the long-term lack of reproducibility of the
hardness machine and measuring system, (4) the resolution of
X2.4 General Procedure the hardness machine’s measurement system, and (5) the
uncertainty in the certified value of reference test block
X2.4.1 All uncertainty calculations are initially based on
standards. An estimation of the measurement bias and its
indentation diameter values in mm units. These uncertainties,
inclusion into the expanded uncertainty will also be discussed.
in terms of indentation diameter, may also be converted to

--``,`,`,`,`,,`,`,```,,,``,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
uncertainties in terms of Brinell hardness numbers. X2.5.3 Uncertainty Due to Lack of Repeatability (uRepeat)
and When Combined With Non-Uniformity (uRep&NU)—The
X2.4.2 This procedure calculates a combined standard un- lack of repeatability is an indication of how well the Brinell
certainty uc by combining the contributing components of hardness machine and indentation measuring system can con-
uncertainty u1, u2, …, un, such that: tinually produce the same hardness value each time a measure-
u c 5 =u 21 1u 22 1…1u 2n (X2.7) ment is made. Imagine there is a material, which is perfectly
uniform in hardness over its entire surface. Also imagine that
X2.4.3 Measurement uncertainty is usually expressed as an hardness measurements are made repeatedly on this uniform
expanded uncertainty U which is calculated by multiplying the material over a short period of time without varying the testing
combined standard uncertainty uc by a numerical coverage conditions (including the operator). Even though the actual
factor k, such that: hardness of every test location is exactly the same, it would be
U 5 k 3 uc (X2.8) found that, due to random errors, each measurement value
would differ from all other measurement values (assuming
X2.4.4 A coverage factor is chosen that depends on how sufficient measurement resolution). Therefore, lack of repeat-
well the standard uncertainty was estimated (number of ability prevents the hardness machine from being able to
measurements), and the level of uncertainty that is desired. For always measure the true hardness of the material, and hence
this analysis, a coverage factor of k = 2 should be used. This contributes to the uncertainty in the measurement.
coverage factor provides a confidence level of approximately X2.5.3.1 The contribution that the lack of repeatability of a
95 %. hardness machine and indentation measurement system makes
X2.4.5 The measurement bias B of the hardness machine is to the overall measurement uncertainty is determined differ-
the difference between the expected hardness measurement ently depending on whether a single measurement value or an
values as displayed by the hardness machine and the “true” average of multiple measurements is to be reported.
Additionally, in cases where the reported average measurement
hardness of a material. Ideally, measurement biases should be
value is intended to be an estimate of the average hardness of
corrected. When test systems are not corrected for measure-
the material tested, the uncertainty contributions due to the
ment bias, as often occurs in Brinell hardness testing, the bias
machine’s lack of repeatability and the non-uniformity in the
then contributes to the overall uncertainty in a measurement.
hardness of the test material are difficult to separate and must
There are a number of possible methods for incorporating
be determined together. The uncertainty contributions for each
biases into an uncertainty calculation, each of which has both of these circumstances may be estimated as follows.
advantages and disadvantages. A simple and conservative
X2.5.3.2 Single Hardness Measurement—For a future
method is to combine the bias with the calculation of the
single hardness measurement, the standard uncertainty contri-
expanded uncertainty as:
bution u Repeat, due to the lack of repeatability, may be estimated
U 5 kuc 1ABS~ B ! (X2.9) by the standard deviation of the values from a number of
where: hardness measurements made on a uniform test sample as:
ABS(B) = absolute value of the bias. u Repeat 5 STDEV~ d 1 , d 2 , …, d n ! (X2.10)

X2.4.6 Because several approaches may be used to evaluate where:

and express measurement uncertainty, a brief description of d1, d2, ..., dn = measured average indentation diameters in
what the reported uncertainty values represent should be mm of the n indentations.
included with the reported uncertainty value. NOTE X2.6—In general, the estimate of repeatability is improved as the

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number of hardness measurements is increased. Usually, the hardness dard deviation of the hardness values, divided by the square-
measurements made during an indirect verification (as indentation diam- root of the number of measurements as:
eters) will provide an adequate estimate of u Repeat; however, the caution
given in Note X2.8 should be considered. It may be more appropriate for STDEV~ d T1 , d T2 , …, d Tn!
the user to determine a value of u Repeat by making hardness measurements u Rep&NU 5 (X2.12)
close together (within spacing limitations) on a uniform material, such as
=n T
a test block. where:
NOTE X2.7—The uncertainty u Repeat, due to the lack of repeatability of
a hardness machine as discussed above, should not be confused with the dT1, dT2, ..., dTn = the nT average diameter measurement
historically defined “repeatability” that is a requirement to be met as part values.
of an indirect verification (see 3.2.2). The calculations of the uncertainty X2.5.4 Uncertainty Due to Lack of Reproducibility
u Repeat and of the historically defined repeatability do not produce the same
value. The uncertainty u Repeat is the contribution to the overall uncertainty (uReprod)—Lack of reproducibility is the day-to-day variation in
of a hardness measurement value due to a machine’s lack of repeatability, the performance of the hardness measurement system. Varia-
while the historically defined repeatability is the range of hardness values tions such as different machine operators and changes in the
measured during an indirect verification. test environment often influence the performance of the hard-
NOTE X2.8—All materials exhibit some degree of hardness non- ness machine. The level of reproducibility is best determined
uniformity across the test surface. Therefore, the above evaluation of the
by monitoring the performance of the hardness machine over
uncertainty contribution due to the lack of repeatability will also include
a contribution due to the hardness non-uniformity of the measured an extended period of time during which the hardness machine
material. When evaluating repeatability as discussed above, any uncer- is subjected to the extremes of variations in the testing
tainty contribution due to the hardness non-uniformity should be mini- variables. It is very important that the test machine be in
mized as much as possible. The laboratory should be cautioned that if the control during the assessment of reproducibility. If the machine
measurements of repeatability are based on tests made across the surface
of the material, then the repeatability value will likely include a significant
is in need of maintenance or is operated incorrectly, the lack of
uncertainty contribution due to the material’s non-uniformity. A machine’s reproducibility will be overestimated.
repeatability is better evaluated by making hardness measurements close X2.5.4.1 An assessment of a hardness machine’s lack of
together (within spacing limitations). reproducibility should be based on periodic monitoring mea-
X2.5.3.3 Average of Multiple Measurements—When the surements of the hardness machine, such as daily verification
average of multiple hardness measurements is to be reported, measurements made on the same test block over time. The
¯ , due to the lack of
the standard uncertainty contribution u Repeat uncertainty contribution may be estimated by the standard
repeatability of the hardness machine, may be estimated by deviation of the average of each set of monitoring values, as:
dividing the standard uncertainty contribution uRepeat (previ- u Reprod 5 STDEV~ ¯
d M1 , ¯ d Mn!
d M2 , …, ¯ (X2.13)
ously calculated from a number of indentations made on a
uniform test sample, see X2.5.3.2) by the square-root of the where:
number of hardness test values being averaged, as: dM1, dM2, ..., dMn = the n sets of the average of each day’s
set of multiple monitoring measurement
u Repeat
u Repeat
¯ 5 (X2.11) values.
=n T NOTE X2.9—The uncertainty contribution due to the lack of
reproducibility, as calculated in [Eq X2.13], also includes a contribution
where: due to the machine’s lack of repeatability and the non-uniformity of the
uRepeat = calculation by [Eq X2.10], and monitoring test block; however, these contributions are based on the
nT = number of individual test values being averaged. average of multiple measurements and should not significantly overesti-
mate the reproducibility uncertainty.
X2.5.3.4 Estimate of the Material Hardness—Hardness X2.5.4.2 Uncertainty Due to the Resolution of the Indenta-
measurements are often made at several locations and the tion Measurement System (uResol)—The finite resolution of the
values averaged to estimate the average hardness of the indentation diameter measurement system prevents the deter-
material as a whole. For example, this may be done when mination of an absolutely accurate hardness value. This uncer-
making quality control measurements during the manufacture tainty may be significant when some types of hand-held
of many types of products; when determining the machine measuring scopes are used.
“error” as part of an indirect verification; and when calibrating X2.5.4.3 The uncertainty contribution u Resol, due to the
a test block. Because all materials exhibit some degree of influence of the resolution of the indentation measurement
hardness non-uniformity across the test surface, the extent of a system, may be described by a rectangular distribution and
material’s non-uniformity also contributes to the uncertainty in estimated as:
this estimate of the average hardness of the material. When the
average of multiple hardness measurement values is calculated r/2 r
u Resol 5 5 (X2.14)
as an estimate of the average material or product hardness, it =3 =12
may be desired to state the uncertainty in this value with
where:
respect to the true hardness of the material. In this case, the
combined uncertainty contributions due to the lack of repeat- r = resolution limit that a indentation diameter can be
ability in the hardness machine and indentation measurement estimated from the indentation measurement system in
system and due to the non-uniformity in the test material may mm.
be estimated from the “standard deviation of the mean” of the X2.5.5 Standard Uncertainty in the Certified Value of the
hardness measurement values. This is calculated as the stan- Reference Test Block (uRefBlk)—The certificate accompanying
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reference test blocks should provide an uncertainty in the stated d̄ RefBlk = certified average indentation diameter of the refer-
certified value. This uncertainty contributes to the measure- ence test block standard used for the indirect
ment uncertainty of hardness machines calibrated or verified verification.
with the blocks. NOTE X2.10—The measurement bias B ~ mm! is in length units (mm).
X2.5.5.1 Note that the uncertainty reported on reference test X2.5.6.3 The measurement bias B ~ HBW! , in terms of Brinell
block certificates is typically stated as an expanded uncer- hardness numbers, may be calculated as:
tainty. As indicated by [Eq X2.9], the expanded uncertainty is

--``,`,`,`,`,,`,`,```,,,``,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
calculated by multiplying the standard uncertainty by a cov- B ~ HBW! 5 H̄ 2 H̄ RefBlk (X2.18)
erage factor (often 2). This analysis uses the standard uncer-
where:
tainty and not the expanded uncertainty value. Thus, the
uncertainty in the certified average indentation diameter value H̄ = mean hardness value as measured by the hardness
of the reference test block usually may be calculated as: machine during the indirect verification, and
H̄ RefBlk = certified average hardness value of the reference test
U RefBlk~ mm! block standard used for the indirect verification.
u RefBlk~ mm! 5 (X2.15)
k RefBlk~ mm! The measurement bias B ~ HBW! may also be calculated
where: from B ~ mm! using [Eq X2.3], where B ~ mm! is substituted
URefBlk(mm) = reported expanded uncertainty of the certified for ∆d. The calculated value of ∆H then becomes the
new value of B ~ HBW! as:
value of the reference test block in terms of
indentation diameter (mm), and
kRefBlk(mm) = coverage factor used to calculate the uncer-
tainty in the certified value of the reference
B ~ HBW! 5 B ~ mm! 3
d 3 =D 2 2 d 2
S ~
H 3 D1 =D 2 2 d 2
(X2.19)
!
D
NOTE X2.11—The measurement bias B ~ HBW! is in Brinell hardness units
standard (usually 2). (HBW).
X2.5.5.2 For this analysis, the uncertainty in the stated X2.5.6.4 Direct Verification—In the case that the hardness
certified value of the reference block must be in terms of machine is verified only by direct verification, the measure-
indentation diameter (mm). In the case that the reference test ment error of the hardness machine is estimated by combining
block certificate only provides uncertainty in terms of the the individual errors of the components of the machine.
Brinell hardness value, then this uncertainty must be converted Although there are potentially many contributing sources of
using [Eq X2.4], where u RefBlk~ HBW! is substituted for ∆H. The error for a Brinell hardness machine, typically the most
calculated value of ∆d then becomes the new value of u RefBlk~ mm! , significant sources of error are in the force application system
in mm, as: E Force and the indentation measuring system E Indentation. Other
sources may include error in the indenter ball diameter, error in
u RefBlk~ mm! 5 u RefBlk~ HBW! 3 S d 3 =D 2 2 d 2
~
H 3 D1 =D 2 2 d 2 ! D (X2.16) the timing of the stated hold time, error in the rate of
indentation, etc. It is recommended that an analysis of all error
sources be done to determine the significance of these errors.
X2.5.6 Measurement Bias (B)—The verification section of
For simplicity, only the two errors E Force and E Indentation will be
this test method provides two acceptable procedures for
considered.
determining measurement bias of a Brinell hardness machine:
(1) by indirect verification through the use of reference blocks, X2.5.6.5 These contributing sources of error are calculated
and (2) by direct verification of components of the machine, in terms of their units of measurement, for example, E Indentation
including the applied forces and the indentation measuring and E Force are determined in units of length (mm) and force (kgf
system. The measurement bias is the difference between the or N), respectively. Procedures for calculating E Indentation and
“true” hardness of a material and the hardness measurement E Force are not presented here. To calculate the measurement bias
values as measured by the hardness machine. B, these errors must be determined in terms of indentation
X2.5.6.1 Indirect Verification—In the case that the hardness diameter. The error in the indentation measuring system
machine is verified by indirect verification, the measurement E Indentation is already in the correct units; however, the error
error of the hardness machine is estimated by performing E Force~ kgf or N ! must be converted to an error in indentation
Brinell hardness measurements on reference standards. The diameter using [Eq X2.6], where E Force~ kgf or N ! is substituted for
measurement bias B may be estimated by the “error” deter- ∆F. The calculated value of ∆d then becomes a new value of
mined as part of the indirect verification, either in terms of E Force~ mm! , in mm as:
indentation diameter or in terms of Brinell hardness numbers.
X2.5.6.2 The measurement bias B ~ mm! , in terms of indenta-
tion diameter, may be calculated as:
E Force~ mm! 5 2
E Force~ kgf or N !
F
3 S d 3 =D 2 2 d 2
D1 =D 2 2 d 2
D (X2.20)

B ~ mm! 5 d̄ 2 d̄ RefBlk (X2.17) X2.5.6.6 The measurement bias B may be estimated by

combining the individual errors determined as part of the direct
where: verification while maintaining the correct sign (positive or
d̄ = average indentation diameter as measured during the negative) for each of the individual errors:
indirect verification, and B ~ mm! 5 E Indentation1E Force~ mm! (X2.21)

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X2.5.7 To determine the measurement “error” or bias in units U Mach~ HBW! , then the uncertainty, as calculated in [Eq
terms of Brinell hardness units B ~ HBW! the bias, as calculated in X2.23] in terms of indentation diameter, must be converted
[Eq X2.21] in terms of indentation diameter, must be converted using [Eq X2.3], where U Mach~ mm! is substituted for ∆d. The
using [Eq X2.19]. calculated value of ∆H then becomes the new value of
U Mach~ HBW! , in Brinell hardness units, as:
X2.6 Procedure for Calculating Uncertainty: Measure-
ment Error Determined by Indirect Verification
X2.6.1 As part of an indirect verification, the “error” of the
U Mach~ HBW! 5 U Mach~ mm! 3 S
d 3 =D 2 d
~
H 3 D1 =D 2 2 d 2
(X2.24)
2 2
!
D
hardness machine is determined from the average value of NOTE X2.13—The first minus sign in [Eq X2.3] has been deleted when
using [Eq X2.24] since uncertainty values are always positive.
measurements made on a reference test block (see 3.2.4). This NOTE X2.14—The expanded uncertainty U Mach, will commonly be
value provides an indication of how well the hardness machine larger than the value of the hardness machine “error” (bias).
can measure the “true” hardness of a material. Since there is
X2.6.6 Reporting the Measurement Uncertainty—This ex-
always uncertainty in a hardness measurement, it follows that
panded uncertainty U Mach may be reported by a verification
there must be uncertainty in the determination of the average
agency to its customer as an indication of the uncertainty in the
value of the measurements, and thus the determination of the
hardness machine “error” reported as part of the indirect
machine “error.” This section provides a procedure that can be
verification of the Brinell hardness machine. The value of U Mach
used, for example by a field calibration agency, to estimate the
should be supplemented with a statement defining to what
uncertainty U Mach in the measurement “error” of the hardness
Brinell scale and hardness level the uncertainty is applicable,
machine determined as the difference between the average of
--``,`,`,`,`,,`,`,```,,,``,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

with an explanatory statement such as: “The expanded uncer-

the measurement values and the certified value of the reference
tainty of the hardness machine “error” reported as part of the
block used for the verification.
indirect verification for the stated Brinell scale(s) and hardness
X2.6.2 All uncertainty calculations are initially based on level(s) was calculated in accordance with Appendix X1 of
indentation diameter values in mm. The contributions to the ASTM E10 with a coverage factor of 2 representing a
standard uncertainty of the measurement “error,” u Mach~ mm! , are confidence level of approximately 95 %.”
(1)uRep&NU(Ref. Block), the uncertainty due to the lack of
X2.6.7 The standard uncertainty value u Mach~ mm! can be used
repeatability of the hardness machine combined with the
as an uncertainty contribution when determining the measure-
uncertainty due to the non-uniformity in the reference test
ment uncertainty of future measurements made with the
block [Eq X2.12], which is determined from the hardness
hardness machine (see X2.8 and X2.9).
measurements made on a reference test block to determine the
“error” of the hardness machine, (2)uResol, the uncertainty due X2.6.8 Example—As part of an indirect verification of a
to the resolution of the indentation measurement system [Eq Brinell hardness machine, a verification agency may need to
X2.14], and (3)uRefBlk, the standard uncertainty in the certified report an estimate of the uncertainty of the hardness machine
value of the reference test block in terms of indentation “error.” For this example, an evaluation will only be made for
diameter [Eq X2.15 and X2.16]. The notation (Ref. Block) is measurements made on the mid hardness range of the HBW
added to the term u Rep&Nu to signify that the uncertainty is 10/3000 scale. The indentation measuring device is a portable
determined from measurements made on the reference block hand-held scope with a resolution of 0.05 mm. The agency
used for the indirect verification. performs three verification measurements on a HBW 10/3000
hardness block with a reported certified average indentation
X2.6.3 The combined standard uncertainty u Mach~ mm! and the
diameter value of 4.24 mm with an expanded uncertainty of
expanded uncertainty U Mach~ mm! are calculated by combining the
U RefBlk~ mm! 560.04 mm. The hardness block certificate also stated
appropriate uncertainty components described above for each
a certified average Brinell hardness value of 202 HBW 10/3000
hardness level of each Brinell scale in terms of indentation
with an expanded uncertainty of U RefBlk~ HBW! 564 HBW 10/3000.
diameter in mm:
The results of the three verification measurements are:
u Mach~ mm! 5 =u Rep&Nu
2 2
~ Ref. Block! 1u Resol 2
1u RefBlk (X2.22) Diameter length (average) of indentations: 4.25, 4.25 and 4.30 mm
Average indentation diameter: 4.267 mm
and Indentation diameter error (bias) value: 0.027 mm
Calculated average hardness value: 199.8 HBW 10/3000
U Mach~ mm! 5 kuMach~ mm! (X2.23) Hardness error (bias) value: –2.3 HBW 10/3000
Therefore:
X2.6.4 For this analysis, a coverage factor of k = 2 should STDEVs 4.25, 4.25, 4.30d
u Rep&NUs Ref. Blockd 5 [Eq X2.12], or
be used. This coverage factor provides a confidence level of u Rep&NUs Ref. Blockd 50.0167 mmœ3

approximately 95 %. 0.05
u Resol5 50.0144 mm [Eq X2.14], and
NOTE X2.12—The uncertainty contribution u Mach~ mm! , as calculated in œ12
[Eq X2.22], does not include a contribution due to the machine’s lack of 0.04
reproducibility. This is because it is assumed that the indirect verification u RefBlk5 50.02 mm [Eq X2.15]
2
Thus:
is made while the hardness machine is operating at its optimal perfor-
u Machs mmd 5 œ0.01672 10.01442 10.022 50.0298 mm [Eq X2.22], and
mance level with the best possible environmental conditions.
U Machs mmd 5 s 230.0298d 50.0596 mm [Eq X2.23]
X2.6.5 To determine the uncertainty in the measurement Therefore, the uncertainty in the 0.027 mm “error” in the hardness ma-
“error” of the hardness machine in terms of Brinell hardness chine is 0.060 mm.

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In terms of Brinell hardness units: accordance with X2.6.5.

U Machs HBWd 50.05963 S
199.83 s 101 œ102 24.2672 d
4.2673 œ102 24.2672
D [Eq X2.24], or X2.7.6 Although the standard uncertainty value u Mach, deter-
mined in this way, is not usually reported by a verification
U Machs HBWd 5 5.9 HBW 10/3000
agency to its customer, it can be used as an uncertainty
Therefore, the uncertainty in the –2.3 HBW 10/3000 “error” in the hard- contribution when determining the measurement uncertainty of
ness machine is 5.9 HBW 10/3000. Although this evaluation was made on future measurements made with the hardness machine (see
material having a hardness of approximately 200 HBW 10/3000, the un-
certainty may be considered to apply to the entire mid range of the HBW
X2.8 and X2.9).
10/3000 scale. This calculation must be made for the low and high ranges
of the HBW 10/3000 scale, as well as for the ranges of the other Brinell
X2.7.7 Example—In cases where a Brinell hardness ma-
scales that are verified. chine is verified by direct verification, a verification agency is
X2.7 Procedure for Calculating Uncertainty: Measure- not required to report an estimate of the uncertainty of the
ment Error Determined by Direct Verification hardness machine “error;” however, an estimate of this uncer-
tainty may be determined from the direct verification measure-
X2.7.1 As part of a direct verification, errors in separate ments. For this example, an evaluation will only be made for
components of the hardness machine are determined. The the mid hardness range of the HBW 10/3000 scale at 200 HBW
uncertainty of the hardness machine measurement “error” is 10/3000 (4.265 mm indentation diameter). The indentation
estimated by combining the uncertainties of the individual measuring device is a portable hand-held scope with a resolu-
verification measurements of each of the machine components. tion of 0.05 mm. The agency performs direct verification
X2.7.2 For each of the sources of error in a Brinell hardness measurements of the 3000 kgf force application and of the
machine and indentation measurement system, a value of error indentation measuring device. The results of the verification
and the uncertainty of the error must be determined. Some of measurements are:
these error values and uncertainties are not determined in terms Force error (bias) value, E Forces kgf or N d :215 kgf
of indentation diameter. To estimate the uncertainty U Mach in the Uncertainty in the force error, u Forces kgf or N d :2.5 kgf
measurement “error” of the hardness machine, the effect that Indentation measuring system error, E Indentations mmd :0 mm
each of these errors has on the hardness measurement in terms Uncertainty in the measuring system error, u Indentations mmd :0.002 mm (stage
of indentation diameter must be determined. micrometer uncertainty)
Therefore, for a hardness level of 200 HBW 10/3000, to calculate the ma-
X2.7.3 As done previously in X2.5.6.4, for simplicity only chine bias in terms of indentation diameter:
E Indentation50 mm, and
the uncertainty in the error of the force application system u Force
and the uncertainty in the error of the indentation measuring E Forces mmd 52
215
3000
3 S
4.2653 œ102 24.2652
101 œ102 24.2652
D
[Eq X2.20], or
system u Indentation will be considered. Procedures for calculating E Forces mmd 50.0101 mm
the errors E Indentation and E Force are not presented here. The Thus:
B s mmd 5E Indentation1E Forces mmd 5010.010150.0101 mm [Eq X2.21]
uncertainty u Force is usually determined in units of force (kgf or To calculate the uncertainty in the machine “error” or bias:
N), rather than in terms of indentation diameter (mm). The u Indentation50.002 mm, and
uncertainty in the error of the indentation measuring system
u Indentation is already in the correct units; however, the uncertainty
u Forces mmd 5
2.5
3000
3 S
4.2653 œ102 24.2652
101 œ102 24.2652
D
[Eq X2.25], or
u Forces mmd 50.0017 mm, and
in the error of the force u Force~ kgf or N ! must be converted to an 0.05
uncertainty in terms of indentation diameter u Force~ mm! using [Eq u Resol5 50.0144 mm [Eq X2.14]
œ12
X2.6] where u Force~ kgf or N ! is substituted for ∆F. The calculated Thus:
value of ∆d then becomes a new value of u Force~ mm! , in terms of u Machs mmd 5 œ0.0022 10.00172 10.01442 50.01464 mm [Eq X2.26], and
indentation diameter as: U Machs mmd 5 s 230.01464d 50.0293 mm [Eq X2.27]
Therefore, the uncertainty in the 0.0101 mm “error” in the hardness ma-

u Force~ mm! 5
u Force~ kgf or N !
F
3 S d 3 =D 2 2 d 2
D1 =D 2 2 d 2
D (X2.25)
chine at 200 HBW 10/3000 is 0.0293 mm.
In terms of Brinell hardness units:

B s HBWd 52 s 0.0101d 3 S
2003 s 101 œ102 24.2652 d
4.2653 œ102 24.2652
[Eq X2.19], orD
X2.7.4 The combined standard uncertainty u Mach and the B s HBWd 520.997 HBW 10/3000, and
expanded uncertainty U Mach are calculated by combining the
appropriate uncertainty components described above for each
U Machs HBWd 50.02933 S
2003 s 101 œ102 24.2652 d
4.2653 œ102 24.2652
[Eq X2.24], orD
U Machs HBWd 52.89 HBW 10/3000
hardness level of each Brinell scale and u Resol, the uncertainty Therefore, the uncertainty in the –0.997 HBW 10/3000 “error” in the hard-
due to the resolution of the indentation measurement system ness machine is 2.89 HBW 10/3000. Although this evaluation was made
[Eq X2.14], as: for material having a hardness of 200 HBW 10/3000, the uncertainty may
be considered to apply to the entire mid range of the HBW 10/3000 scale.
This calculation must be made for the low and high ranges of the HBW
u Mach~ mm! 5 =u 2
Indentation
2
1u Force 2
~ mm! 1u Resol (X2.26) 10/3000 scale, as well as for the ranges of the other Brinell scales that
are verified.
and
U Mach~ mm! 5 kuMach~ mm! (X2.27) X2.8 Procedure for Calculating Uncertainty:
X2.7.5 To determine the uncertainty in the measurement Brinell Hardness Measurement Values
“error” of the hardness machine in terms of Brinell hardness X2.8.1 The uncertainty U Meas in a measurement value mea-
units U Mach~ HBW! , then the uncertainty, as calculated in [Eq sured by a user may be thought of as an indication of how well
X2.27] in terms of indentation diameter, must be converted in the measured value agrees with the “true” value for the
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material under test. For this procedure, all uncertainty calcu- which is determined from the hardness measurements made on
lations are initially based on indentation diameter values in mm the test material, (2)uReprod, the uncertainty contribution due to
units. The combined standard uncertainty u Meas~ mm! and the the lack of reproducibility [Eq X2.13], (3)uResol, the uncer-
expanded uncertainty U Meas~ mm! , are both in terms of indentation tainty due to the resolution of the indentation measurement
diameter. The uncertainty U Meas~ mm! can then be converted to an system [Eq X2.14], and (4)uMach(mm), the uncertainty in deter-
expanded uncertainty U Meas~ HBW! in terms of Brinell hardness mining the “error” of the hardness machine [Eq X2.22 or Eq
numbers. X2.26]. The notation (Material) is added to the term u Rep&NU to
X2.8.2 Single Measurement Value—When measurement un- signify that the uncertainty is determined from measurements
certainty for a single hardness measurement value is to be made on the material under test. The combined standard
determined, the contributions to the standard uncertainty uncertainty u Meas~ mm! is calculated by combining the appropriate
u Meas~ mm! are (1)uRepeat, the uncertainty due to the machine’s lack
uncertainty components described above for the applicable
of repeatability [Eq X2.10], (2)uReprod, the uncertainty contri- hardness level and Brinell scale as:
bution due to the lack of reproducibility [Eq X2.13], (3)uResol,
the uncertainty due to the resolution of the indentation mea-
u Meas~ mm! 5 =u 2
Rep&NU ~ Material! 1u 2Reprod1u Resol
2 2
1u Mach~ mm!

(X2.30)
surement system [Eq X2.14], and (4)uMach, the uncertainty in
determining the “error” of the hardness machine [Eq X2.22 or X2.8.6 When reporting uncertainty as an indication of how
Eq X2.26]. The combined standard uncertainty u Meas is calcu- well the average measurement value represents the true aver-
lated by combining the appropriate uncertainty components age hardness of the material, it is important to assure that a
described above for the applicable hardness level and Brinell sufficient number of measurements are made at the appropriate
scale as: test locations to provide an appropriate sampling of any
variations in the hardness of the material.
u Meas~ mm! 5 =u 2
Repeat1u 2Reprod1u Resol
2 2
1u Mach~ mm! (X2.28)
X2.8.7 The expanded uncertainty U Meas~ mm! is calculated for
X2.8.3 Average Measurement Value—In the case that mea- the three cases discussed above as:
surement uncertainty is to be determined for an average value
U Meas~ mm! 5 kuMeas~ mm! 1ABS~ B ~ mm! ! (X2.31)
of multiple hardness measurements, made either on the same
test piece or multiple test pieces, the contributions to the X2.8.8 To determine the uncertainty of a Brinell hardness
standard uncertainty u Meas~ mm! are (1)u ¯ , the uncertainty due to measurement in terms of Brinell hardness units U Mach~ HBW! , then
Repeat
the machine’s lack of repeatability based on the average of the uncertainty, as calculated in [Eq X2.31], in terms of
multiple measurements [Eq X2.11], (2)uReprod, the uncertainty indentation diameter, must be converted using [Eq X2.3],
contribution due to the lack of reproducibility [Eq X2.13], where U Meas~ mm! is substituted for ∆d. The calculated value of ∆H
(3)uResol, the uncertainty due to the resolution of the indenta- then becomes the new value of U Meas~ HBW! , in Brinell hardness
tion measurement system [Eq X2.14], and (4)uMach, the uncer- units, as:
tainty in determining the “error” of the hardness machine [Eq
X2.22 or Eq X2.26]. The combined standard uncertainty u Meas is
calculated by combining the appropriate uncertainty compo-
U Meas~ HBW! 5 U Meas~ mm! 3 S ~
H 3 D1 =D 2 2 d 2
d 3 =D 2 2 d 2
!
D (X2.32)

nents described above for the applicable hardness level and NOTE X2.15—The first minus sign in [Eq X2.3] has been deleted when
using [Eq X2.32] since uncertainty values are always positive.
Brinell scale as:

--``,`,`,`,`,,`,`,```,,,``,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
X2.8.9 For this analysis, a coverage factor of k = 2 should
u Meas~ mm! 5 = 2
u Repeat 2 2 2
¯ 1u Reprod1u Resol1u Mach~ mm! (X2.29) be used. This coverage factor provides a confidence level of
approximately 95 %.
X2.8.4 The measurement uncertainty discussed above for
the single and average measurement values only represents the X2.8.10 Reporting Measurement Uncertainty:
uncertainties of the measurement process and are independent X2.8.10.1 Single and Average Measurement Values—When
of any test material non-uniformity. the reported measurement value is for a single hardness test or
X2.8.5 Average Measurement Value as an Estimate of the the average of multiple hardness tests, then the value of U Meas
Average Material Hardness—Measurement laboratories and should be supplemented with an explanatory statement such as:
manufacturing facilities often measure the Brinell hardness of “The expanded measurement uncertainty of the reported hard-
a test sample or product for the purpose of estimating the ness value (or average hardness value) was calculated in
average hardness of the test material. Usually, multiple hard- accordance with Appendix X1 of ASTM E10 with a coverage
ness measurements are made across the surface of the test factor of 2 representing a confidence level of approximately
piece, and then the average of the hardness values is reported 95 %.”
as an estimation of the average hardness of the material. If it is X2.8.10.2 Average Measurement Value as an Estimate of
desired to report the uncertainty as an indication of how well the Average Material Hardness—When it is desired to report
the average measurement value represents the true average the uncertainty as an indication of how well the average
hardness of the material, then the contributions to the standard measurement value represents the true average hardness of the
uncertainty u Meas~ mm! are (1)uRep&NU(Material), the uncertainty material, then the value of U Meas should be supplemented with
due to the machine’s lack of repeatability combined with the an explanatory statement such as: “The expanded uncertainty
uncertainty due to the material’s non-uniformity [Eq X2.12], of the reported average hardness of the material under test is

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based on uncertainty contributions from the measurement X2.9.4 The contributions to the standard uncertainty u Cert~ mm!
process and from the hardness non-uniformity of the material. of the certified average value of the test block are
The uncertainty was calculated in accordance with Appendix (1)uRep&NU(Calib. Block), the uncertainty due to the standard-
X1 of ASTM E10 with a coverage factor of 2 representing a izing machine’s lack of repeatability combined with the uncer-
confidence level of approximately 95 %.” If the test report does tainty due to the calibrated block’s non-uniformity [Eq X2.12],
not state the number of measurements that were averaged and which is determined from the calibration measurements made
the locations that the measurements were made, then this on the test block, (2)uReprod, the uncertainty contribution due to
information should also be included as part of the brief the lack of reproducibility [Eq X2.13], (3)uResol, the uncer-
explanation of how the uncertainty was calculated. tainty due to the resolution of the indentation measurement
X2.8.10.3 Example—For this example, a company tests its system [Eq X2.14], and (4)uMach(mm), the uncertainty in deter-
product by making one Brinell hardness measurement on its mining the “error” of the standardizing machine [Eq X2.22 or
surface and measures the indentation with a portable hand-held Eq X2.26]. The notation (Calib. Block) is added to the term
u Rep&NU to signify that the uncertainty is determined from
scope having a resolution of 0.05 mm. The measurement value
of the average indentation diameter is 4.20 mm or a Brinell calibration measurements made on the calibrated block.
hardness value of 103 HBW 10/1500. The testing facility X2.9.5 The combined standard uncertainty u Cert~ mm! and the
would like to determine the measurement uncertainty in the expanded uncertainty U Cert~ mm! are calculated by combining the
single hardness value. A hardness of 104 HBW 10/1500 is in appropriate uncertainty components described above for each
the mid range of the HBW 10/1500 scale. hardness level of each Brinell scale as:
For this example, assume the last verification of the mid range of the HBW 10/
1500 scale reported: u Cert~ mm! 5 =u 2
Rep&NU
2
~ Calib. Block! 1u Reprod 2
1u Resol 2
1u Mach~ mm!
u Repeat:0.032 mm (X2.33)
u Machs mmd :0.054 mm
Bias, B s mmd :20.029 mm and
For this example, assume the hardness machine has been monitored for an
extended period of time, and from [Eq X2.13], it was determined that: U Cert 5 kuCert1ABS~ B ! (X2.34)
u Reprod50.040 mm
Other uncertainty contributions are calculated as: X2.9.6 To determine the uncertainty of the certified average
u Resol5
0.05
50.0144 mm [Eq X2.14]
hardness value of the block in terms of Brinell hardness units
œ12 U Cert~ HBW! , then the uncertainty, as calculated in [Eq X2.34], in
Therefore: terms of indentation diameter, must be converted using [Eq
u Meass mmd 5 œ0.0322 10.0402 10.01442 10.0542 [Eq X2.30], or X2.3], where U Cert~ mm! is substituted for ∆d. The calculated value
u Meass mmd 50.0758 mm
and since B = –0.029 mm, of ∆H then becomes the new value of U Cert~ HBW! , in Brinell
U Meass mmd 5 s 230.0758d 1 ABS(–0.029) [Eq X2.31], or hardness units, as:
U Meass mmd 50.1806 mm
In terms of Brinell hardness units:

U Meass HBWd 50.18063 S

1033 s 101 œ102 24.202 d
4.203 œ102 24.202
D
[Eq X2.32], or
U Cert~ HBW! 5 U Cert~ mm! 3
d 3 =D 2 d
S ~
H 3 D1 =D 2 2 d 2
(X2.35)
2 2
!
D
U Meass HBWd 59.3 HBW 10/1500 for the single value of the hardness mea- NOTE X2.16—The first minus sign in [Eq X2.3] has been deleted when
surement made on the single product item. using [Eq X2.35] since uncertainty values are always positive.
X2.9.7 For this analysis, a coverage factor of k = 2 should
X2.9 Procedure for Calculating Uncertainty: be used. This coverage factor provides a confidence level of
Certified Value of Standardized Test Blocks approximately 95 %.
X2.9.1 Standardizing laboratories engaged in the calibration X2.9.8 Reporting the Measurement Uncertainty—The value
of reference test blocks must determine the uncertainty in the of U Cert is an estimate of the uncertainty in the reported certified
reported certified average hardness value of the block. This average hardness value of a reference test block. The reported
uncertainty U Cert provides an indication of how well the value should be supplemented with a statement defining to
certified value would agree with the “true” average hardness of what Brinell scale and hardness level the uncertainty is
the test block. applicable, with an explanatory statement such as: “The
X2.9.2 Test blocks are certified as having an average expanded uncertainty in the certified value of the test block was
--``,`,`,`,`,,`,`,```,,,``,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

hardness value based on calibration measurements made across calculated in accordance with Appendix X1 of ASTM E10 with
the surface of the test block. This analysis is essentially a coverage factor of 2 representing a confidence level of
identical to the analysis given in X2.8.5 for measuring the approximately 95 %.”
average hardness of a product. In this case, the product is a
X2.9.9 Example—A test-block standardizing laboratory has
calibrated reference test block.
completed the calibration of a test block in the hardness range
X2.9.3 For this procedure, all uncertainty calculations are of 100 HBW 10/500, and measures the indentation with a
initially based on indentation diameter values in mm units. The measuring system having a resolution of 0.01 mm. The
combined standard uncertainty u Cert~ mm! and the expanded un- laboratory must determine the uncertainty in the certified
certainty U Cert~ mm! , are both in terms of indentation diameter. The average hardness value of the block. A hardness of 100 HBW
uncertainty U Cert~ mm! can then be converted to an expanded 10/500 is considered within the high range of the HBW 10/500
uncertainty U Cert~ HBW! in terms of Brinell hardness numbers. scale. The results of the five calibration measurements are:

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Average diameter lengths: 2.53, 2.50, 2.50, 2.51, and 2.51 mm Other uncertainty contributions are calculated as:
Calculated average indentation diameter: 2.51 mm 0.01
u Resol5 50.0029 mm [Eq X2.14] Therefore:
Calculated hardness values 97.8, 100, 100, 99.4 and 99.4 HBW 10/500 œ12
Calculated average hardness value: 99.4 HBW 10/500
Therefore: u Certs mmd 5 œ0.00552 10.0042 10.00292 10.0152 [Eq X2.33], or
STDEVs 2.53, 2.50, 2.50, 2.51, 2.51d u Certs mmd 50.167 HBW 10/500
u Rep&NUs Calib. Blockd 5 [Eq X2.12], or and since B = –0.004 mm,
œ5
U Certs mmd 5 s 230.0167d 1 ABS(–0.004) [Eq X2.34], or
u Rep&NUs Calib. Blockd 50.0055 mm U Certs mmd 50.0374 mm
For this example, assume the last direct verification of the high range of the In terms of Brinell hardness units:
HBW 10/500 scale reported:
u Machs mmd :0.015 mm
Bias, B s mmd :20.004 mm
U Certs HBWd 50.03743 S
99.43 s 101 œ102 22.512 d
2.513 œ102 22.512
D
[Eq X2.35], or
U Certs HBWd 53.0 HBW 10/500 for the certified hardness value of the single
Also assume the hardness machine has been monitored for an extended period
of time, and from [Eq X2.13], it was determined that:
calibrated test block.
u Reprod50.004 mm for the high range of the HBW 10/500 scale

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee E28 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E10–12)
that may impact the use of this standard.

(1) 9.1.1 was revised.

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