www.mymathscloud.

com © mymathscloud
 © mymathscloud
Example 1 15 + 24
Method step step
We work from right to left and work ② ①
on one column at a time do this next start here

15
Tip:
Step 1: Work on the column furthest
It doesn’t matter
to the right (add the digits)
whether we put 15 or
24 on the top since

+ 24
Step 2: Work on next column to the
adding in any order
left (add the digits)
gives the same result

If we had a bigger number (i.e. more

digits) we keep going from right to left

3 9
column by column until we run out of
columns

What happens if the digits of one of of the columns add up to more than 9 i.e. if any of our column additions give a two-digit
number ? We will see how to deal with this on the next page.
 © mymathscloud
Example 2 16 + 38
This example below has shown the stages and steps to explain (follow the step numbers to understand the flow). You should be able to do the
final column on the right straight away once you get good. The examples on the next page are shown with one example only.

step step we bring the first step step step step

digit up to join the
② ① ⑤ ④ ⑧ ⑦

16 16 ⟹ 16
next calculation
step ③ 1 step
⑥
1
Instead,
we must This gives

28 38 + 38
“carry”

+
the 1 to

+
the next
calculation

⟹
14 4 54
It is not ok to write a two-digit number here
 Further Examples © mymathscloud
Example 3 Example 4 Example 5

63 + 82 426 + 395 435 + 977

1
63
1
435
1 1
426
+ 82 +3 9 5 + 9 7 7
145 821
4+3+1
1 4 1 2 4+9+1 3+7+1 12 bring
2+9+1 11 bring =14. We don’t =11 bring the 1 up
=8 =12 bring the 1 up need to bring the the 1 up
Note It is ok here to write two-digits the 1 up 1 up since we are
here since it is our final calculation. done
What happens if some of the digits are missing? Fill in any gaps with zeros and add as normal

213 +92

213
1

+092
305
© mymathscloud
 © mymathscloud

Example 1 85 − 24
Method ② ①
do this next start here
Step 1: Work on the column
furthest to the right (subtract Unlike with addition, we

85
the digits) must put the first number
(85) on the top since
Step 2: Work on next column subtraction in any order
to the left (subtract the does not give the same
digits) result. We can’t change

24
the order of the question.

-
For example:
If we had a bigger number we 4−2=2
keep going from right to left but
2 − 4 = −2

6 1
column by column until we
run out of columns

What happens if the digit at the bottom is greater than the digit on the top in any column? We will see how to deal with this on
the next page.
 © mymathscloud
Example 2 85 − 37
② ①
do this next start here This is different to the last
example. Why?

15
For each calculation we
Method
7
85
always need a bigger
Step 1: borrow (add) a 10 number on top. Here we
since 5 is less than 7 do not have that for the
pink calculation (7 is bigger

37
Step 2: because we had to than 5), so we need to

-
borrow in the first column (in borrow and steal. We
step 1) we must steal from always borrow 10 (add 10)
the next column (subtract) a 1 for the first calculation and
steal 1 (subtract 1) for the

4 8
next calculation.
 © mymathscloud
Example 3 435 − 269
Method
borrow (add) a 10 12 15 This is harder that the last
example. Why?
steal (subtract) a 1
3 2 Since we have to borrow
and steal TWICE:

435
This time we have to For each calculation we
repeat the process: always need a bigger
borrow (add) a 10 number on top. Here we
steal (subtract) a 1 do not have that for the

- 269
pink calculation AND the
blue calculation, so we
need to borrow and steal.

16 6
 © mymathscloud
Example 4 202 − 54
This is harder than the last example since we are dealing with a 0 when we steal which is a little more confusing:

We procced as usual, but here we need to take 1 away from 0. when stealing from a 0, combine it with the number to
When we take away 1 from 0 we are basically taking 1 away from 10 and therefore the left of it i.e. steal 1 from 20 to get 19
we turn the 0 into a 9. When we make a 0 and 9, we then ALSO AUTOMATICALLY

1 9 12 1 9 12
make the next number 1 less.

202 202
Method
borrow (add) a 10
steal (subtract) a 1

- 54 - 54
steal (subtract) a 1 again
(since we made a 0 a 9)

14 8 14 8
 © mymathscloud
Example 5 3400 − 2246
We take away 1 from 0 we are basically taking 1 away from 10. We when stealing from a 0, combine it with the
have to ALSO make the next number 1 less each time we change a 0 number to the left of it i.e. steal 1 from 40 to get
into a 9 and hence we and do it again 39

Method
3 9 10 3 9 10
borrow (add) a 10
steal (subtract) a 1
steal (subtract) a 1 again
3400 3400
2 2 4 6 2 2 4 6
(since we made a 0 a 9)

- -
1154 1154
 © mymathscloud
Example 6 3400 − 2746
This is harder that the last example since we borrow and steal twice:

We take away 1 from 0 we are basically taking 1 away from 10. We have to ALSO make
when stealing from a 0, combine it with the
the next number 1 less each time we change a 0 into a 9 and hence we and do it again

13
number to the left of it i.e. steal 1 from 40

Method
2 3 9 10 13
borrow (add) a 10
2 3 9 10
3400
steal (subtract) a 1

3400
steal (subtract) a 1 again

We repeat the process:

2 7 4 6
borrow (add) a 10

-2746
steal (subtract) a 1 again

-
0654 0654
 © mymathscloud
Example 7 39000 − 26453
This is harder than the last example since we have successive 0’s. Remember that with 0’s we keep going:

We take away 1 from 0 we are basically taking 1 away from 10. We when stealing from a 0, combine it with the
have to ALSO make the next number 1 less each time we change a 0 number to the left of it i.e. steal 1 from 900
into a 9 and hence we and do it again

Method
8 9 9 10 8 9 9 10
borrow (add) a 10
steal (subtract) a 1
steal (subtract) a 1 again39000 39000
2 6 4 5 3 2 6 4 5 3
steal (subtract) a 1 again

- -
12547 12547
 © mymathscloud
Example 8 80800 − 56722
Note: This zero did not becomes a 9, since we were done after the 8 when stealing from a 0, combine it with
became a 7 and we start the process of borrowing and stealing again the number to the left of it i.e. steal 1
from 80

Method
7 10 7 9 10 7 10 7 9 10
80800 80800
borrow (add) a 10
steal (subtract) a 1
steal (subtract) a 1 again

We repeat the process:

5 6 7 2 2 5 6 7 2 2
borrow (add) a 10

-
steal (subtract) a 1

24078 24078
 © mymathscloud
Example 9 70300 − 59722
Method when stealing from a 0, combine it with the number

12
to the left of it i.e. steal 1 from 30
borrow (add) a 10
12
6 9 2 9 10
steal (subtract) a 1
steal (subtract) a 1 again
6 9 2 9 10
70300 70300
We repeat the process:
borrow (add) a 10
steal (subtract) a 1 again
steal (subtract) a 1

-5 9 7 2 2 -5 9 7 2 2
10578 10578
 © mymathscloud
Example 10 70005 − 54567
when stealing from a 0, combine it with the
number to the left of it i.e. steal 1 from 7000

6 9 9 9 15 6 9 9 9 15
70005 70005
- 5 4 5 6 7 - 5 4 5 6 7
15438 15438
This involves knowing negative numbers and place value!
 85 − 37 435 − 269
Step 2:
Do this vertical
Step 3:

85
calculation

435
Step 1:
Step 2: Step 1: Do this vertical
Do this vertical
Do this vertical Do this vertical calculation
calculation
calculation calculation

- 37 - 269
5 -2 2-3-4
tens place so ones place so hundreds place so tens place so ones place so
represents 50 represents 2 represents 200 represents 30 represents 4

50 −2 = 48 200−30 −4 = 166
 202 − 54 3400 − 2246

202 3400
- 54 - 2 2 4 6
2 -5 -2 1 2-4-6
hundreds place so tens place so ones place so thousands place so hundreds place so tens place so ones place so
represents 200 represents 50 represents 2 represents 1000 represents 200 represents 40 represents 6

200 −50 − 2 = 148 1000+200−40 −6 = 1154

This method involves working HORIZONTALLY and grouping!
 435 − 269

435 - 269
400-200+30-60+5-9
200-30-4
166
 3400 − 2246

3400 - 2246
3000-2000+400-200+0-40+0-6
1000+200-40-6
1154
 5000 − 2384
Instead of borrowing as usual
like so:

4 9 9 10
4999
Subtract 1 from each number

5000
5000−1
Subtract 1

-2 3 8 4 -2 3 8 3
Subtract 1 from each number
()*+ − ,
Subtract 1

2616
 © mymathscloud

There are many ways to multiply which you

will see in detail on the following pages:
Way 1: Area Model/Grid/Box Method – This method shows clearly what is happening and is is great for understanding, especially for those who prefer a visual understanding
as it can be linked to finding the area of rectangles. It also comes in handy in other areas as it is a relatively natural method and can be used to help with expanding
quadratics and multiplying polynomials.

Ways 2 and 3: Column Method – Way 3 is very widespread and more likely to be understood by parents and grandparents. It is also a nice algorithmic method that allows
space to understand what is going on.

Way 4: The Lattice Method (Napier’s Bones/Gelosia Method) – This is great if your main goal is just to get multiplication done, however doesn’t do anything to aid
understanding. The area model leads to this method. Weaker students like this method as a student who doesn’t understand what multiplication is about might be able to
reproduce this method and get the answer right every time. The problem is that this take time to set up and does not advance any mathematical concepts (it destroys place
value).
Note: We will look
Way 5: Criss Cross Method – This is not a very natural method, but it is quick and works for multiplying any n by n multiplication problem. at the Criss Cross
Method and
Way 6: Chinese Stick Multiplication (Line Method/Japanese Multiplication) – This method helps students to think more about what the multiplication Chinese Stick
of certain digits is providing to the product. Such as the multiplication of a ones digit and another ones digit will provide the ones digit of the Multiplication
method separately
product. It's one thing to know how to carry out a procedure (like long multiplication), but this is only useful when a student knows why that at the end
method works!
 © mymathscloud
Way 1 Example 1 32 ×7
Area Model/Box/Grid Method
32 ×7
Split/partition each of the numbers up into their place values

32= 3 tens (30) and 2 ones (2) which means 30 +2 (put on top of box)
7 = 7 ones (7) which means 7 (put on side of box)
Method:
For each box we FIRST multiply the
number on the top of the box with

30 2 the number on the left of of the box.

(see the calculations in the top left of
each box which indicate this)
7×30 7×2

7 210 14
We then add all the numbers in the
boxes together.

add all numbers in the boxes together: 210 + 14 = 224

 © mymathscloud

Way 2 Shortcut Column Method

32
①
②
7
Note: we write 30 and not 3
since 3 is in the tens place ① 2 × 7 = 14

② 30 × 7 = 210

210 + 14 = 24
 © mymathscloud

Way 3 Long Multiplication (this is just an algorithmic way to do way 1)

② ①
② ①
do this next start here
do this next start here

32 32
x 7 ⟹ x 7
3×7
add the 1
after from
previous
7×2
7 x 2 =14
we carry the 1 from the 14
224
step up like we did with 3×7 + 1 = 22
3×7 + 1 = 22 addition/subtraction
 © mymathscloud

Way 4 Lattice Method/Napier’s Bones/Gelosia Method:

Step 1:

32×7 For each box we FIRST multiply

the numbers on the top of the
box with the number to the far
right of the box (7) and THEN
split the digits of the number

3 2 you get from multiplying (this

number is shown on top of the

2
diagonal) across the dashed
(, 1 ,+
diagonal that divides each box.
add 0
= =
7
2 × 0 Step 2:
4
×
1
3 2
Add the numbers in each of the
separate diagonal strips
add add

2
1+1 = 2
4
(start on the right). These
numbers form our answer (from

= 224 left to right).

 © mymathscloud
Example 2
43 × 82
Way 1 Area Model/Box/Grid Method
Split/partition the numbers up into their place values
43= 4 tens (40) and 3 ones (3) which means 40 +3
partition here

80×40
40 80×3
3 Method:
For each box we FIRST

82 = 8 tens (80) partition

80 3,200 240 multiply the number on
the top of the box with
the number on the left of
and 2 ones (2) here
of the box.
which means 2×40 2×3
80+2
2 80 6
We then add all the
numbers in the boxes
together.

add all numbers in the boxes together: 3,200+ 240 + 80 +6 = 3,526

 © mymathscloud

Way 2 Shortcut Column Method

43
82 Method:
3×2 =6 Multiply each of the
colour pairs and then add
the results
Note: we write 40 and not 4 3 × 80 = 240
since 4 is in the tens place
40 × 2 = 80
Note: we write 80 and not 8
since 8 is in the tens place
40 × 80 = 3,200

6 + 240 + 80 + 3,200 = 3,526

 © mymathscloud

Way 3 Long Multiplication (this is just an algorithmic way to do way 1/2

Step 2 Step 3
Step 1 do every multiplication with
do every multiplication with
the pink numbers the blue numbers
(carry if we have a two-digit (carry if we have a two-digit
number, just like with addition) number, just like with addition)

43
we write

43
we write

43
our answers our answers
on the top on the bottom
line line

x 82 ⟹x
next
82 x 8 2
⟹
next

2×4 2×3
86
Do each
done in step 1 2×4 2×3 calculation
and then
8×4 8×3 0
+ 3440
add
+2 This is 24. We
need to carry the
2 over since 2 digits

always put a zero in

this place
3526
Note: This example has shown the steps, but you should be able to do just do the 3rd column once you understand the steps
 Without all the colour coding this example just looks like © mymathscloud
do every multiplication with do every multiplication with
the pink numbers the blue numbers
(carry if we have a two-digit (carry if we have a two-digit
number, just like with addition) number, just like with addition)

43 43 43
2

x 82 x 8 2 x 8 2
next add

⟹ ⟹
86 86 86
3440 + 3440
3526 always put a
zero here

Note: This example has shown the steps to explain, but you should be able to do just do the 3rd column once you understand the
steps
 © mymathscloud

Way 4 Lattice Method 43×82 Method:

Step 1:

4 3 For each box we FIRST multiply

the numbers on the top of the
box with the numbers to the far

3 2
right of the box and THEN split
(+
)( the digits of the number you get
8
=
3 add
+
=
8× )

4
from multiplying (this number is

2
8× shown on top of the diagonal)
across the dashed diagonal that
divides each box.

0 =
* 0 3 Step 2:

2
=

8
+ ) Add the numbers in each of the
2×
6
add 2×
+1
2+

separate diagonal strips

2+

5
0 +1
=

add add
5

4+0+8= 12
2 6 (start on the right). These
carry over to

=3 5 2 6
next diagonal numbers form our answer (from
left to right).
 © mymathscloud
Example 3 612 ×24
Way 1 Area Model/Box/Grid Method
612= 6 hundreds (600), 1 tens (10) and 2 ones (2) which means 600+10 +2
partition and put here

600
20×600 20×10
10 20×2
2 Method
: box we FIRST
For each
multiply the number on

partition
24 = 2 tens and put
(20) and 4 here
20 12,000 200 40 the top of the box with
the number on the left of
of the box.
ones (4) 4×2
4×600 4×10 We then add all the
which numbers in the boxes
means
20+4 4 2,400 40 8 together.

12,000+ 200 + 40 + 2,400 + 40 + 8 = 14,688

 612
© mymathscloud

Way 2
Shortcut Column Method
24
2×4 =8
Method:
2 × 20 = 40 Multiply each of the
colour pairs and then add
10 × 4 = 40 the results

10 × 20 = 200
600 × 4 = 2,400
600 × 20 = 12,000

8+40 + 40 + 200 + 2,400 + 12,000 = 14,688

 © mymathscloud
Way 3 Long Multiplication (this is just an algorithmic way to do way 1/2
Step 2
Step 1 Step 3
do every multiplication with do every multiplication with
the pink numbers the blue numbers
(carry if we have a two-digit (carry if we have a two-digit
number, just like with addition) number, just like with addition)
we write

612 612
we write
our answers

612
our answers
on the top on the bottom
line line

x 24 x 24
next
⟹ x 2
next
4
⟹
2448
Do each
4×6 4×1 4×2 4×6 4×1 4×2
calculation
and then
add
2×6 2×1 2×2 0
+1 2 2 4 0
always put a
zero here
14688
Note: This example has shown the steps, but you should be able to do just do the 3rd column once you understand the steps
 Without all the colour coding this example just looks like © mymathscloud

do every multiplication with do every multiplication with

the pink numbers the blue numbers
(carry if we have a two-digit (carry if we have a two-digit
number, just like with addition) number, just like with addition)

612 612 612

x 24 ⟹ x 24 x 24 next add

⟹
2448 2448 2448
12240 +1 2 2 4 0
14688 always put a
zero here

This example has shown the steps to explain, but you should be able to do just do the 3rd column once you understand the steps
 © mymathscloud
Method:
Way 4 Lattice Method Step 1:
For each box we FIRST
612×24 multiply the numbers
on the top of the box
with the number on
6 1 2 the far right of the box
and THEN split the
digits of the number

1 ,( 0 0 + you get from

2
(
1 add 3
=
,
=
× (
= multiplying (shown on

2 4
2× 2× ( top of the diagonal)
2 across the dashed
diagonal that cuts up
each box.
2 (+ 0 0 *
4
+
= = = Step 2:
0+2+2 = 4

3 , × (

4
×
4 8
add × add 4 + Add the numbers in
4
4 add add add
each of the diagonal
strips (start on the
right). These numbers
0+2+0+4=6

6
4+0+4=8

8 8 form our answer

(from left to right).
 © mymathscloud
Let’s do another example, but this this time only using the most common method which is long multiplication way.
This example is the same as above, except we need to carry more.
Example 4
828 ×35
828 828 828
x 35 x 3 5
next
x 35
⟹
add

⟹
5×8 5×2 5×8
add the 1 add the 4 carry the 4 over
carry the 1 over (since this is 40)
5×2 carry
5×8 add the 4
add the 1
5×8
the 4 over
carry the 1 over 4140
+2 4 8 4 0
(since this is 14(
3×8 3×2 carry
3×8 the 2 over
0
+2
since this is 24

28980
always put a
zero here

This example has shown the steps to explain, but you should be able to do just do the 3rd column once you understand the steps
 © mymathscloud
Without all the extra colour coding this looks like:

do every multiplication with do every multiplication with

the pink numbers the blue numbers
(carry if we have a two-digit (carry if we have a two-digit
number, just like with addition) number, just like with addition)

828
1

828
4 2

828
x 35 x 35 ⟹ x 35 next add

⟹ 4140
4140 4140
24840 +2 4 8 4 0
28980 always put a
zero here
This example has shown the steps to explain, but you should be able to do just do the 3rd column once you understand the steps
 623 ×235
© mymathscloud
Example 5

Way 1 Area Model/Box/Grid Method

600 20 3
200×600 200 ×20 200 ×3

200 120,000 4,000 600 Method:

For each box we FIRST
multiply the number on
30 ×600 30×20 30 ×3 the top of the box with

30 18,000 600 90 the number on the left of

of the box.

We then add all the

numbers in the boxes
5 ×600 5×20 5×3

5 3,000
together.

100 15
120,000+4,000 + 600 + 18,000 + 600 +90 +3,000 +100 +15 = 146,405
 © mymathscloud
Way 3 Long Multiplication (this is just an algorithmic way to do way 1)
do every multiplication with do every multiplication with
the blue numbers do every multiplication with
the pink numbers the purple numbers
(carry if we have a two-digit (carry if we have a two-digit
(carry if we have a two-digit
number, just like with addition) number, just like with addition)
number, just like with addition)

623
1 1

623 623
we write
our answers we write
on the top our answers

on the third line

we write our answers
on the

x 235
line

x 2 3 5 x 235
second
line
next

⟹
next

3115 ⟹
3115 3115
18690 18690
always put a zero
here
+1 2 4 6 0 0
146405
WE always put
two zeros here
 © mymathscloud

Way 4 Lattice Method 623×235

Method: 6 2 3
1
Step 1:
For each box we FIRST
multiply the numbers on the 1 3
=
,( 0 (
=
+ 0 )
=
3
2
4 6
×
2 (×
top of the box with the (× (
number on the far right of
the box and THEN split the
digits of the number you get
from multiplying (shown on 2+1 + 1 = 4 1 =
,* 0 =
3 0 =
8
3
8 9
)
6
top of the diagonal) across (
the dashed diagonal that cuts 4 3×
3 )× )×

up each box.

1
carry

Step 2:
3 )9 1 ,9 ,7
5
4+8 + 3 + 1

Add the numbers in each of = = =

0
3 ( )
0 × ×
5
= 16

the diagonal strips (start on 7× 7 7

the right). These numbers
form our answer (from left to
6
5 = 146,405
6+6 + 1 + 1 = 14 9+1 + 0 = 10
right).
4 0
Let’s now look at ways 5 and 6

and
 © mymathscloud
23 ×12
Way 5 Criss Cross Method
Method:

23 We multiply each of these

combinations

x 12 1.

2.
③ do this last ② do this next ① start here
2×1 = 2 2×2 = 4 3×2 = 6
1×3 = 3
3.
Add these numbers
4+3=7

= "#$
 © mymathscloud

Way 5 Criss Cross Method 17 ×12

Method:

17 We multiply each of these

combinations

12
1.
x 2.
③ do this last ② do this next ① start here
1×1 = 1 1×2 = 2 7×2 = 1 4 3.
Add 1×7 = 7 we carry the 1 to the
next sum
1+1=2 Add these numbers
2+7+1= 1 0
we carry the 1 to the
next sum

= "%&
 © mymathscloud

Way 5 Criss Cross Method 78 ×25

Method:

78 We multiply each of these

combinations

25
1.

x 2.
③ do this last ② do this next ① start here
7×2 = 14 7×5 = 35 8×5 = 4 0 3.
Add 2×8 = 16 we carry the 4 to the
14+5=19 next sum
Add these numbers
35+16+4= 5 5
we carry the 5 to the
next sum

= ', )*%
 © mymathscloud

Way 5 Criss Cross Method 123 ×231 Method:

123
We multiply each of these
combinations

1.

x231 2.
⑤ do this last ④ do this fourth ③ do this third ② do this next ① start here 3.
1×2 = 2 1×3 = 3 2×3 = 6 2×1 = 2 3×1 = 3
2×2 = 4 1×1 = 1 3×3 = 9
Add these numbers 2×3 = 6 Add these numbers 4.
3+4+1= 8 Add these numbers 2+9= 1 1
6+1+6+1= 1 4 we carry the 1 to the
we carry the 1 to the
next sum 5.
next sum

= "+, &',
 © mymathscloud

Way 6 Chinese Stick Multiplication 21 ×32

21 ×"# count the intersections for each colour group

2
3 2
⟹ 6
next

2
1 start

7
= $#"
 © mymathscloud

Way 6 Chinese Stick Multiplication 433 ×12

12 ×)** count the intersections for each colour group

3
3 1
4 next

⟹
2 4+1
move up 6
here and
add with
start
the 4

11 9
= )*+,
 © mymathscloud

Way 6 Chinese Stick Multiplication 568 ×976

568 ×+,-
8 9
6
5
7
45+10=55
6
89+15=104
carry the 10 48 start
carry the 4

144+9=153
carry the 15
92+4=96
carry the 9 = //0, 234
 © mymathscloud

!
( ÷ * means the same as which is the same as * )(
"
!
Notice that the numerator goes underneath the division sign: = 4 )5
"
 © mymathscloud

5472 ÷ 3
We now work left to right
Step 1: How many times does the number fit into each
digit (each colour)

Step 2: Do the calculation to see what the result is

Step 3: Carry the remainder

1824
How many times does 3 fit into 5?
1 time which gives 3 hence has a remainder of 2 (since 5-3=2)

How many times does 3 fit into 24?

3 )5 4 7 2
8 times which gives 24 hence no remainder (since 24-24=0)
2 1
How many times does 3 fit into 7?
2 times which gives 6 hence a remainder of 1 (since 7-6=1)

How many times does 3 fit into 12?

4 times which gives 12 hence no remainder (since 12-12=0)
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2274 ÷ 6
We now work left to right
Step 1: How many times does the number fit into each
digit (each colour)

Step 2: Do the calculation to see what the result is

Step 3: Carry the remainder

0379
How many times does 6 fit into 2?
0 times which gives 0 hence has a remainder of 2 (since 2-0=2)

How many times does 6 fit into 22?

6 )2 2 7 4
3 times which gives 18 hence a remainder of 4 (since 22-18=4)
2 4 5 How many times does 6 fit into 47?
7 times which gives 42 hence a remainder of 5 (since 47-42=5)

How many times does 6 fit into 54?

9 times which gives 54 hence no remainder (since 54-54=0)
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2784 ÷ 32
We make the numbers smaller and more manageable (if
possible). How we we do this:
! Divide as normal
= ÷ ? means the same thing as " so we are just simplifying a
fraction first and then dividing

0 08 7
2784 ÷ 32 =
#$%&
'#
=
(')#
(*
=
*)*
%
=
'&%
&
=
($&
#
32 ) 2 7 8 4
2 27 22

087
2) 1 7 4 1 1 It is harder to see how many
times 32 fits into 278, but it is
still doable
87
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6281 ÷ 8
Divide as usual until you reach the end of the
We put a decimal at the end and carry on by putting zeros for as long
number. We write the remainder at the end
as we need (we stop either when the number stops or when we reach

0785
our desired accuracy)

0 7 8 5.1 2 5
remainder 1

8) 6 2 8 1 6 6 4

8) 6 2 8 1.0 0 0
6 6 4 1 2 4

785 r 1
785.125