Chapter 8

Arrays and Strings

 Objectives
• In this chapter, you will:
– Learn about arrays
– Declare and manipulate data into arrays
– Learn about “array index out of bounds”
– Learn about the restrictions on array processing
– Pass an array as a parameter to a function
– Search and sort an array

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 Objectives (cont’d.)
• In this chapter, you will (cont’d.):
– Learn about C-strings
– Use string functions to process C-strings
– Input data into—and output data from—a C-string
– Learn about parallel arrays
– Manipulate data in a two-dimensional array
– Learn about multidimensional arrays

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 Introduction
• Simple data type: variables of these types can
store only one value at a time
• Structured data type: a data type in which
each data item is a collection of other data
items

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 Arrays
• Array: a collection of a fixed number of
components, all of the same data type
• One-dimensional array: components are
arranged in a list form
• Syntax for declaring a one-dimensional array:

• intExp: any constant expression that

evaluates to a positive integer
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 Accessing Array Components
• General syntax:

• indexExp: called the index

– An expression with a nonnegative integer value
• Value of the index is the position of the item
in the array
• []: array subscripting operator
– Array index always starts at 0
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 Accessing Array Components
(cont’d.)

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 Accessing Array Components
(cont’d.)

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 Processing One-Dimensional
Arrays
• Basic operations on a one-dimensional array:
– Initializing
– Inputting data
– Outputting data stored in an array
– Finding the largest and/or smallest element
• Each operation requires ability to step through
elements of the array
– Easily accomplished by a loop

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 Processing One-Dimensional
Arrays (cont’d.)
• Given the declaration:
int list[100]; //array of size 100
int i;
• Use a for loop to access array elements:
for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) //Line 1
cin >> list[i]; //Line 2

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 Array Index Out of Bounds
• Index of an array is in bounds if the index is
>=0 and <= ARRAY_SIZE-1
– Otherwise, the index is out of bounds
• In C++, there is no guard against indices that
are out of bounds

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 Array Initialization During
Declaration
• Arrays can be initialized during declaration
– Values are placed between curly braces
– Size determined by the number of initial values in
the braces
• Example:
double sales[] = {12.25, 32.50, 16.90,
23, 45.68};

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 Partial Initialization of Arrays
During Declaration
• The statement:
int list[10] = {0};
– Declares an array of 10 components and initializes
all of them to zero
• The statement:
int list[10] = {8, 5, 12};
– Declares an array of 10 components and initializes
list[0] to 8, list[1] to 5, list[2] to 12
– All other components are initialized to 0
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 Some Restrictions on Array
Processing
• Aggregate operation: any operation that
manipulates the entire array as a single unit
– Not allowed on arrays in C++
• Example:

• Solution:

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 Arrays as Parameters to Functions
• Arrays are passed by reference only
• Do not use symbol & when declaring an array
as a formal parameter
• Size of the array is usually omitted
– If provided, it is ignored by the compiler
• Example:

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 Constant Arrays
as Formal Parameters
• Can prevent a function from changing the
actual parameter when passed by reference
– Use const in the declaration of the formal
parameter
• Example:

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 Base Address of an Array and
Array in Computer Memory
• Base address of an array: address (memory
location) of the first array component
• Example:
– If list is a one-dimensional array, its base
address is the address of list[0]
• When an array is passed as a parameter, the
base address of the actual array is passed to
the formal parameter

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 Functions Cannot Return a Value
of the Type Array
• C++ does not allow functions to return a value
of type array

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 Integral Data Type
and Array Indices
• C++ allows any integral type to be used as an
array index
– Improves code readability
• Example:

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Two- and Multidimensional Arrays
• Two-dimensional array: collection of a fixed
number of components (of the same type)
arranged in two dimensions
– Sometimes called matrices or tables
• Declaration syntax:

– intExp1 and intExp2 are expressions with

positive integer values specifying the number of
rows and columns in the array
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 Accessing Array Components
• Accessing components in a two-dimensional
array:

– Where indexExp1 and indexExp2 are

expressions with positive integer values, and
specify the row and column position
• Example:
sales[5][3] = 25.75;

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 Accessing Array Components
(cont’d.)

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 Two-Dimensional Array
Initialization During Declaration
• Two-dimensional arrays can be initialized
when they are declared:
– Elements of each row are enclosed within braces
and separated by commas
– All rows are enclosed within braces
– For number arrays, unspecified elements are set
to 0

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 Two-Dimensional Arrays and
Enumeration Types
• Enumeration types can be used for array
indices:

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 Processing Two-Dimensional
Arrays
• Ways to process a two-dimensional array:
– Process entire array
– Row processing: process a single row at a time
– Column processing: process a single column at a
time
• Each row and each column of a two-
dimensional array is a one-dimensional array
– To process, use algorithms similar to processing
one-dimensional arrays
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 Initialization
• Examples:
– To initialize row number 4 (fifth row) to 0:

– To initialize the entire matrix to 0:

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 Print
• Use a nested loop to output the components
of a two dimensional array:

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 Input
• Examples:
– To input into row number 4 (fifth row):

– To input data into each component of matrix:

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 Sum by Row
• Example:
– To find the sum of row number 4:

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 Sum by Column
• Example:
– To find the sum of each individual column:

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 Largest Element in Each Row
and Each Column
• Example:
– To find the largest element in each row:

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 Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays
as Parameters to Functions
• Two-dimensional arrays are passed by
reference as parameters to a function
– Base address is passed to formal parameter
• Two-dimensional arrays are stored in row
order
• When declaring a two-dimensional array as a
formal parameter, can omit size of first
dimension, but not the second

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 Arrays of Strings
• Strings in C++ can be manipulated using either
the data type string or character arrays (C-
strings)
• On some compilers, the data type string
may not be available in Standard C++ (i.e.,
non-ANSI/ISO Standard C++)

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 Arrays of Strings
and the string Type
• To declare an array of 100 components of type
string:
string list[100];
• Basic operations, such as assignment,
comparison, and input/output, can be
performed on values of the string type
• The data in list can be processed just like
any one-dimensional array

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 Arrays of Strings and C-Strings
(Character Arrays)

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 Summary
• Array: structured data type with a fixed
number of components of the same type
– Components are accessed using their relative
positions in the array
• Elements of a one-dimensional array are
arranged in the form of a list
• An array index can be any expression that
evaluates to a nonnegative integer
– Must always be less than the size of the array
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 Summary (cont’d.)
• To access an element of a two-dimensional
array, you need a pair of indices:
– One for row position, one for column position
• In row processing, a two-dimensional array is
processed one row at a time
• In column processing, a two-dimensional array
is processed one column at a time

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