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filter l-10

The document provides an overview of active and passive filters, detailing their types, advantages, and design principles. It explains various filter categories such as low pass, high pass, band pass, and notch filters, along with their applications in communication and signal processing. Additionally, it discusses the design of first-order Butterworth filters and their frequency response characteristics.

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Md Shariful Islam
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7 views15 pages

filter l-10

The document provides an overview of active and passive filters, detailing their types, advantages, and design principles. It explains various filter categories such as low pass, high pass, band pass, and notch filters, along with their applications in communication and signal processing. Additionally, it discusses the design of first-order Butterworth filters and their frequency response characteristics.

Uploaded by

Md Shariful Islam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Active Filters:

 Type: LP, HP, BP, BS, ALL Pass

 Advantages: 1. Gain 2. Stability

 Filter Design: 1. Cut off Frequency 2. Gain


C= ?
 Frequency Scaling: L= ?
LP= 10 KHz
 First Order and Second Order High Pass and Low Pass Filter:

 Band Pas Filters:

 Notch Filters:

 Comparators:
Filter: A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass a specified band of
frequencies while attenuating all signals outside this band. Filter network
may be either active or passive:

 Passive Filter Network: Passive filter network contains only resistors,


inductors and capacitors.
 Active Filter Network: Active filter network which employs transistors or
FET, or Op-amps plus resistors, inductors and capacitors.
 It is noted here that inductors are not often used in active filters, because
they are bulky and costly and may have large internal resistive
components.
Type of Filters:
 Low Pass Filter: A low pass filter is a circuit that has a constant output voltage
from dc up to a cut off frequency (fc). As the frequency increases above fc, the
output voltage is attenuated (decreases).
 High Pass Filter: High pass filter attenuates the output voltage for all
frequencies below the cut off frequencies, fc. Above fc, the magnitude of the
output voltage is constant.
 Pass Band Filter: The range of frequencies that are transmitted is known as
pass band filter.
 Stop Band Filter: The range of frequencies that are attenuated is known as the
stop band filter.
The cut off frequency is also called the 0.707 frequency, 3dB frequency, the
corner frequency, or the break frequency.

𝐕𝟎

𝐕𝟎

Figure-1: Frequency response for four categories of filters.


Filter: An electric filter is often a frequency selective circuit that passes a
specified band of frequencies and blocks or attenuates all signals of
frequencies outside the band. Filters may be classified in following terms:

1. Analog or digital: Analog filters are designed to passes analog signals


while digital filters passes analog signals using techniques.

2. Passive or active filter: Depending on the elements used in the


construction of the filter, it may be classified into two terms passive or
active filter. Passive filter contains the passive components where active
filter employs the active component with passive components.

3. Audio (AF) or radio frequency (RF): RC filters are commonly used for
audio or low frequency operation whereas LC or crystal filters are employed
at RF or high frequencies due to their high quality factor and stability factor.
Advantages of Active Filter:
1. Gain (Low + high desired gain may obtain using active filter).

2. No loading problem (Active filter does not have loading problem of source or
load).

3. Cost (Active filters are more economical than passive filter without using the
inductor).
Application of Active Filter:
Active filters are mostly used in the field of communication and signal processing.
They are also be used in all sophisticated electronic systems. i.e. radio, television,
telephone, radar, space satellite and biomedical equipment.
First Order Low Pass Filter:

Figure-2: First order low pass filter.


Figure-2 shows the low pass filter for a cut off of -20 dB/decade. The differential
voltage between point 2 and 3 is essentially 0 V. Therefore, voltage across capacitor
C is equal output voltage because the circuit is a voltage follower. divides
between R and C. The capacitor voltage equal is-

Where is the frequency of radians per second and .

Now, closed loop voltage gain, (ACL)

= =

At very low frequencies, and at very high


frequencies, Therefore, the gain is decreasing
with increasing or frequencies.
Designing the filter:
The cut off frequency is designed as that frequency of where is reduced to
0.707 times of its low frequency value. The cut off frequency is obtained from,

Where, is the cut off frequency is radians per second, is the cut off frequency in
hertz, R is in ohms and C is in farads.

Source: Coughlin & Driscoll


First Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter:

Figure-3: First order low pass Butterworth filter.


According to the voltage divider rule, the voltage across capacitor C is,

= where, and

Therefore,

= and the voltage gain, = =1

i. e. = .

= .

Where,

= gain of the filter as a function of frequency.


= = pass band gain of the filter.
f = frequency of the input signal
= = high cut off frequency of the filter.
Gain magnitude,

= ; phase angle,

Case-1: at low frequency, ; therefore,

Case-2: at = = 0.707

Case-3: at ;

Source: Gaykwad
First Order High Pass Butterworth Filter:

Figure-4: First order high pass Butterworth filter.


, = gain, =?

,C cut off frequency of filter

= =

Where,

= = low cut off frequency of the filter.

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