Module 3

Ordinary differential equations of first order

3.1 Linear and Bernoulli’s differential equations

Introduction:

1. Linear differential equation in 𝒚:

𝑑𝑦
This is of the form 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, where 𝑃 and 𝑄 are functions of 𝑥 alone.

General solution is 𝑦. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐, where 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 .

2. Linear differential equation in 𝒙:

𝑑𝑥
This is of the form + 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄, where 𝑃 and 𝑄 are functions of 𝑦 alone.
𝑑𝑦

General solution is 𝑥. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐, where 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑦 .

3. Bernoulli’s differential equation in 𝒚:

𝑑𝑦
This is of the form 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄𝑦 𝑛 , where 𝑃 and 𝑄 are functions of 𝑥 alone.
𝑑𝑦
Dividing this equation by 𝑦 𝑛 , 𝑦 −𝑛 + 𝑃𝑦 1−𝑛 = 𝑄 ---- (1)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
Put 𝑦1−𝑛 = 𝑡, then (1 − 𝑛)𝑦 −𝑛 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑡
Equation (1) becomes 1−𝑛 + 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑄
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑡
Reduced linear differential equation is 𝑑𝑥 + (1 − 𝑛)𝑃𝑡 = (1 − 𝑛)𝑄

4. Bernoulli’s differential equation in 𝒙:

𝑑𝑦
This is of the form 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄𝑥 𝑛 , where 𝑃 and 𝑄 are functions of 𝑦 alone.
𝑑𝑦
Dividing this equation by 𝑥 𝑛 , 𝑥 −𝑛 + 𝑃𝑥1−𝑛 = 𝑄 ---- (1)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
Put 𝑥1−𝑛 = 𝑡, then (1 − 𝑛)𝑥 −𝑛 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦

1 𝑑𝑡
Equation (1) becomes 1−𝑛 + 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑄
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑡
Reduced linear differential equation is 𝑑𝑦 + (1 − 𝑛)𝑃𝑡 = (1 − 𝑛)𝑄

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 1

Problems:

𝒅𝒚
1. Solve 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙

This is a linear L.D.E in 𝑦 with 𝑃 = cot 𝑥 , 𝑄 = cos 𝑥

𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ cot 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥
General solution is 𝑦. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦. sin 𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥 . sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
1
𝑦 sin 𝑥 = 2 ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
1
𝑦 sin 𝑥 = − 4 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐

𝒅𝒚
2. Solve 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒚𝟑 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙

Step 1: Reduce it to an LDE

Divide by 𝑦 3 on both sides,
1 𝑑𝑦 1
+ 𝑦 2 tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 ---- (1)
𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥
1 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
If 𝑦 2 = 𝑡 then − 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑡
Put 𝑦 2 = 𝑡, = − 2 𝑑𝑥 in (1)
𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑡
− 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑡 tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥

Multiply by -2 on both sides,

𝑑𝑡
− 2𝑡 tan 𝑥 = −2 sec 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

This is an LDE in 𝑡 with 𝑃 = −2 tan 𝑥 , 𝑄 = −2 sec 𝑥

Step 2: Solve reduced LDE
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ −2 tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −2 log sec 𝑥 = cos 2 𝑥
General solution is 𝑡. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑡 cos2 𝑥 = ∫ −2 sec 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑡 cos2 𝑥 = −2 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
1
(𝑦 2 ) cos 2 𝑥 = −2 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 2

 𝒅𝒚 𝒚
3. Solve + = 𝒚𝟐 𝒙 (May 22)
𝒅𝒙 𝒙

Step 1: Reduce it to an LDE

Divide by 𝑦 2 on both sides,

1 𝑑𝑦 1 1
+ 𝑥 (𝑦) = 𝑥 ---- (1)
𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥

1 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
If 𝑦 = 𝑡 then − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥

1 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
Put 𝑦 = 𝑡, = − 𝑑𝑥 in (1)
𝑦2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑡 𝑡
− 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝑥

Multiply by -1 on both sides,

𝑑𝑡 𝑡
− 𝑥 = −𝑥
𝑑𝑥

This is an LDE in 𝑡 with 𝑃 = −1/𝑥, 𝑄 = −𝑥

Step 2: Solve reduced LDE

1
1
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 − log 𝑥 = 𝑥

General solution is 𝑡. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1 1
𝑡 𝑥 = ∫ − 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1
𝑡 𝑥 = −𝑥 + 𝑐

1
= −𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥𝑦

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 3

 𝒅𝒚
4. 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒚 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
𝒅𝒙

Step 1: Reduce it to an LDE

Divide by cos 𝑦 on both sides,

𝑑𝑦
sec 𝑦 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + sec 𝑦 tan 𝑥 = cos 2 𝑥 ---- (1)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
If sec 𝑦 = 𝑡 then sec 𝑦 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑡
(1) ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑡 tan 𝑥 = cos2 𝑥

This is an LDE in 𝑡 with 𝑃 = tan 𝑥 , 𝑄 = cos 2 𝑥

Step 2: Solve reduced LDE

𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥

General solution is 𝑡. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑡 sec 𝑥 = ∫ cos 2 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

sec 𝑦 sec 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 4

 𝒅𝒓
5. Solve: 𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝒓𝟐
𝒅𝜽

Step 1: Reduce it to an LDE

Divide by 𝑟 2 on both sides,

cos 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃
− + = 1 ---- (1)
𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 𝑟

1 1 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑡
If 𝑟 = 𝑡 then − 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑡
(1) ⇒ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑡 sin 𝜃 = 1

Divide by cos 𝜃 on both sides,

𝑑𝑡
+ 𝑡 tan 𝜃 = sec 𝜃
𝑑𝑥

This is an LDE in 𝑡 with 𝑃 = tan 𝜃 , 𝑄 = sec 𝜃

Step 2: Solve reduced LDE

𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = sec 𝜃

General solution is 𝑡. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝜃 + 𝑐

𝑡 sec 𝜃 = ∫ sec 𝜃 sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 𝑐

1
sec 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 + 𝑐
𝑟

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 5

 𝒅𝒛 𝒛 𝒛
6. Solve: + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒛 = (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒛)𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒙𝟐

Step 1: Reduce it to an LDE

Divide by 𝑧(log 𝑧)2 on both sides,

1 𝑑𝑧 1 1 1
+ log 𝑧 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 ---- (1)
𝑧(log 𝑧)2 𝑑𝑥

1 1 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑡
If log 𝑧 = 𝑡 then − 𝑧(log 𝑧)2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑡 𝑡 1
(1) ⇒ − 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 2

Multiply by -1 on both sides,

𝑑𝑡 𝑡 1
− 𝑥 = − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥

1 1
This is an LDE in 𝑡 with 𝑃 = − 𝑥 , 𝑄 = − 𝑥 2

Step 2: Solve reduced LDE

1
1
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 − log 𝑥 = 𝑥

General solution is 𝑡. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1 1 1
𝑡 𝑥 = ∫ − 𝑥 2 . 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1 𝑥 −2
𝑡𝑥 = +𝑐
2

1 1
= 2𝑥 2 + 𝑐
𝑥 log 𝑧

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 6

 𝒅𝒚
7. Solve: 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝟑 𝒚𝟔
𝒅𝒙

Step 1: Reduce it to an LDE

Divide by 𝑥 on both sides,

𝑑𝑦 1
+ (𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 6
𝑑𝑥

Divide by 𝑦 6 on both sides,

1 𝑑𝑦 1 1
+ (𝑥) 𝑦 5 = 𝑥 2 ---- (1)
𝑦6 𝑑𝑥

1 5 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
If 𝑦 5 = 𝑡 then − 𝑦 6 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥

1 1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑡
Put 𝑦 5 = 𝑡, = − 5 𝑑𝑥 in (1)
𝑦 6 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑡 𝑡
− 5 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 2

Multiply by -5 on both sides,

𝑑𝑡 𝑡
− 5 𝑥 = −5𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

This is an LDE in 𝑡 with 𝑃 = −5/𝑥, 𝑄 = −5𝑥 2

Step 2: Solve reduced LDE

5
1
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −5 log 𝑥 = 𝑥 5

General solution is 𝑡. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1 1
𝑡 𝑥 5 = ∫ − 5𝑥 2 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑡
= −5 ∫ 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5

1 5
= 2𝑥 2 + 𝑐
𝑥5𝑦5

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 7

 𝒅𝒚
8. Solve: 𝒙𝒚(𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐 ) =𝟏
𝒅𝒙

Step 1: Reduce it to an LDE

𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 = 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥
− 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3
𝑑𝑦

Divide by 𝑥 2 on both sides,

1 𝑑𝑥 1
− 𝑦 (𝑥 ) = 𝑦 3
𝑥2 𝑑𝑦

1 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
If = 𝑡 then − =
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

1 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
Put 𝑥 = 𝑡, = − 𝑑𝑦 in (1)
𝑥2 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑡
− 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑡 = 𝑦 3

Multiply by -1 on both sides,

𝑑𝑡
+ 𝑦𝑡 = −𝑦 3
𝑑𝑦

This is an LDE in 𝑡 with 𝑃 = 𝑦, 𝑄 = −𝑦 3

Step 2: Solve reduced LDE
𝑦2
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 =𝑒 2

General solution is 𝑡. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐
𝑦2 𝑦2
3
𝑡𝑒 2 = ∫ − 𝑦 𝑒 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐 2

𝑦2
Put 𝑝 = , 𝑑𝑝 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2

𝑡𝑒 𝑝 = ∫ − 2𝑝𝑒 𝑝 𝑑𝑝 + 𝑐

𝑡𝑒 𝑝 = −2(𝑝𝑒 𝑝 − 𝑒 𝑝 ) + 𝑐
𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑦2
1 𝑦2
𝑒 2 = −2 ( 2 𝑒 2 − 𝑒 2 ) + 𝑐
𝑥

𝑦2 𝑦2
1
𝑒 2 = (2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑒 2 +𝑐
𝑥

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 8

 𝒅𝒚
9. Solve: + 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒚
𝒅𝒙

Step 1: Reduce it to an LDE

Divide by cos2 𝑦 on both sides,

𝑑𝑦
sec 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 sec 2 𝑦 sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦 = 𝑥 3

𝑑𝑦
sec 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 tan 𝑦 = 𝑥 3

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
If tan 𝑦 = 𝑡 then sec 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑡
(1) ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑡 = 𝑥 3

This is an LDE in 𝑡 with 𝑃 = 2𝑥, 𝑄 = 𝑥 3

Step 2: Solve reduced LDE

2
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥

General solution is 𝑡. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

2 2
𝑡𝑒 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐, Put 𝑝 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑝 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥

1
𝑡𝑒 𝑝 = 2 ∫ 𝑝 𝑒 𝑝 𝑑𝑝 + 𝑐

1
𝑡𝑒 𝑝 = 2 (𝑝 − 1)𝑒 𝑝 + 𝑐

2 1 2
(tan 𝑦)𝑒 𝑥 = (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 9

 𝒅𝒚 𝒚
10. Solve: =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙−√𝒙𝒚

Step 1: Reduce it to an LDE

𝑥−√𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑦
𝑦

𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
− 𝑦 = −√𝑦
𝑑𝑦

Divide by √𝑥 on both sides,

1 𝑑𝑥 1 1
− √𝑥 (𝑦) = −
√𝑥 𝑑𝑦 √𝑦

1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
If √𝑥 = 𝑡 then 2 = 𝑑𝑦
√𝑥 𝑑𝑦

1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
Put √𝑥 = 𝑡, = 2 𝑑𝑦 in (1)
√ 𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑡 1 1
2 𝑑𝑦 − (𝑦) 𝑡 = −
√𝑦

Divide by 2 on both sides,

𝑑𝑡 1 1
− 2𝑦 𝑡 = − 2
𝑑𝑦 √𝑦

1 1
This is an LDE in 𝑡 with 𝑃 = − 2𝑦 , 𝑄 = − 2
√𝑦

Step 2: Solve reduced LDE

1
∫ −2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 =
√𝑦

General solution is 𝑡. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐

1 1 1
𝑡 = ∫− 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐
√𝑦 2√𝑦 √𝑦

𝑥 1
√𝑦 = ∫ − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐

𝑥 1
√𝑦 = − 2 log 𝑦 + 𝑐

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 10

 Home work:

3.2 Exact and reducible to exact differential equations

Exact differential equation:

 A differential equation of the form 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 is said to be exact if
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
 General solution of an exact differential equation is
.

∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Reducible to exact differential equation:

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
 If ≠ , given differential equation is not exact.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

 Reduce it to an exact differential equation by multiplying I.F on both sides.

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
 If − 𝜕𝑥 is close to 𝑁 then 𝑁 ( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥). Now 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
 If − 𝜕𝑥 is close to 𝑀 then 𝑀 ( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) = 𝑔(𝑦). Now 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 11

Problems:
1. Solve: (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 (May 22)

(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 ------ (1)

𝑀 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑥 𝑁 = 𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑦 =𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since ≠ , this is not an exact D.E.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
− = 𝑦 , close to N.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 1 1
( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑦 (𝑦) = 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) [𝑠𝑎𝑦]
𝑁

1
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥

Multiply by 𝑥 on both the sides of equation (1)

(𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

This is an exact D.E.

General solution is
.
∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

.
∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡(𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(0) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

𝑥4 𝑥2𝑦 𝑥3
+ + =𝑐
4 2 3

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 12

2. Solve: (𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

(4𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 ------ (1)

𝑀 = 4𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − 𝑥 𝑁 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since ≠ , this is not an exact D.E.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
− 𝜕𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 2𝑦) , close to N.
𝜕𝑦

1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 1 2
( − 𝜕𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑦 2(𝑥 + 2𝑦) = 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) [𝑠𝑎𝑦]
𝑁 𝜕𝑦

2
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2

Multiply by 𝑥 2 on both the sides of equation (1)

(4𝑥 3 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

This is an exact D.E.

General solution is

.
∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

.
∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡(4𝑥 3 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(0) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

𝑥4
𝑥4𝑦 + 𝑥3𝑦2 + =𝑐
4

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 13

 𝟑
3. Solve: (𝒙𝒚𝟐 − 𝒆𝟏/𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

3
(𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑒 1/𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (−𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 ------ (1)

𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑒 𝑥3
1
𝑁 = −𝑥 2 𝑦

𝜕𝑁
𝜕𝑀
= 2𝑥𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since ≠ , this is not an exact D.E.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
− 𝜕𝑥 = 4𝑥𝑦 , close to N.
𝜕𝑦

1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 1 4
( − 𝜕𝑥 ) = −𝑥 2 𝑦 (4𝑥𝑦) = − 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) [𝑠𝑎𝑦]
𝑁 𝜕𝑦

1
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −4 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 −4

Multiply by 𝑥 −4 on both the sides of equation (1)

−3
𝑥 −4 (𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 −2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

This is an exact D.E.

General solution is

.
∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

. −3
∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡(𝑥 −3 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 −4 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫(0) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

1 1 −3
− 2 𝑥 −2 𝑦 2 + 3 𝑒 𝑥 =𝑐

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 14

4. Solve: (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 3 + 6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 ------ (1)

𝑀 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 3 + 6𝑥 𝑁 = 𝑥𝑦 2

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 3𝑦 2 = 𝑦2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since ≠ , this is not an exact D.E.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
− 𝜕𝑥 = 2𝑦 2 , close to N.
𝜕𝑦

1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 1 2
( − 𝜕𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑦 2 (2𝑦 2 ) = 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) [𝑠𝑎𝑦]
𝑁 𝜕𝑦

1
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2

Multiply by 𝑥 2 on both the sides of equation (1)

3
(𝑥 −3 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 −4 𝑒 1/𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 −2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

This is an exact D.E.

General solution is

.
∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

. 3
∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡(𝑥 −3 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 −4 𝑒 1/𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫(0) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

1
𝑦2 𝑒 𝑥3
− 2𝑥 2 + =𝑐
3

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 15

5. Solve: (𝒚𝟒 + 𝟐𝒚) 𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝟐𝒚𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙) 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

(𝑦 4 + 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 4 − 4𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0 ------ (1)

𝑀 = 𝑦 4 + 2𝑦 𝑁 = 𝑥𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 4 − 4𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 4𝑦 3 + 2 = 𝑦3 − 4
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since ≠ , this is not an exact D.E.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
− 𝜕𝑥 = 3𝑦 3 + 6 = 3(𝑦 3 + 2) , close to M.
𝜕𝑦

1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 3 3
( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) = 𝑦 4 +2𝑦 (𝑦 3 + 2 ) = 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑦) [𝑠𝑎𝑦]
𝑀

1
−3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑦 −3

Multiply by 𝑦 3 on both the sides of equation (1)

𝑦 −3 (𝑦 4 + 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 −3 (𝑥𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 4 − 4𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0

This is an exact D.E.

General solution is
.
∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

.
∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡(𝑦 + 2𝑦 −2 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫(2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

2𝑥
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 16

6. Solve: (𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚) 𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

(3𝑥 2 𝑦 4 + 2𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 ------ (1)

𝑀 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 4 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑁 = 2𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 12𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 2𝑥 = 6𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since ≠ , this is not an exact D.E.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
− = 6𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 4𝑥 = 2(3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 2𝑥) , close to M.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 2 2
( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 4 +2𝑥𝑦 (3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 2𝑥 ) = 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑦) [𝑠𝑎𝑦]
𝑀

1
−2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑦 −2

Multiply by 𝑦 −2 on both the sides of equation (1)

𝑦 −2 (3𝑥 2 𝑦 4 + 2𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 −2 (2𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

This is an exact D.E.

General solution is
.
∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

. 2𝑥
∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦
) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(0) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

𝑥2
𝑥3𝑦2 + =𝑐
𝑦

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 17

7. 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: (𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝒚) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐(𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟒 ) 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

(𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 2(𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 ------ (1)

𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦 𝑁 = 2(𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 4 )
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 1 = 2(2𝑥𝑦 2 + 1) = 4𝑥𝑦 2 + 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since ≠ , this is not an exact D.E.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
− 𝜕𝑥 = −𝑥𝑦 2 − 1 = −(𝑥𝑦 2 + 1) , close to M.
𝜕𝑦

1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝑥𝑦 2 +1 1
( − 𝜕𝑥 ) = − 𝑥𝑦 3 +𝑦 = − 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑦) [𝑠𝑎𝑦]
𝑀 𝜕𝑦

1
∫𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 =𝑦

Multiply by 𝑦 on both the sides of equation (1)

𝑦(𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦(𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 This is an exact D.E.

General solution is
.
∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

.
∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡(𝑥𝑦 4 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫(2𝑦 5 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

𝑥2𝑦4 𝑦6
+ 𝑥𝑦 2 + =𝑐
2 3

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 18

8. Solve: (𝒚 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒚) 𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒚) 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

(𝑦 log 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − log 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 ------ (1)

𝑀 = 𝑦 log 𝑦 𝑁 = 𝑥 − log 𝑦
𝜕𝑀 1 𝜕𝑁
= 𝑦 (𝑦) + log 𝑦 =1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since ≠ , this is not an exact D.E.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
− 𝜕𝑥 = 1 + log 𝑦 − 1 = log 𝑦, close to M.
𝜕𝑦

1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 1 1
( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) = 𝑦 log 𝑦 (log 𝑦) = 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑦) [𝑠𝑎𝑦]
𝑀

1
− ∫ 𝑑𝑥 1
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦 =𝑦

Multiply by 𝑦 on both the sides of equation (1)

1 1
(𝑦 log 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − log 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 This is an exact D.E.
𝑦 𝑦

General solution is
.
∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

. 1
∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 log 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑦 log 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

(log 𝑦)2
𝑥 log 𝑦 + =𝑐
2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 19

9. Solve: 𝒚(𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐) 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0 ------ (1)

𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 𝑁 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since ≠ , this is not an exact D.E.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
− = −𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 = −(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1) , close to M.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 1 1
( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) = − 𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2 +𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 ) = − 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑦) [𝑠𝑎𝑦]
𝑀

1
∫𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 =𝑦

Multiply by 𝑦 on both the sides of equation (1)

𝑦(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0

This is an exact D.E.

General solution is
.
∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

.
∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡(𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫(0) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

𝑥2𝑦2
+ 𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝑐
2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 20

10. Solve: 𝟐𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 − 𝒙𝒚) 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

(2𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 log 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 ------ (1)

𝑀 = 2𝑦 𝑁 = 2𝑥 log 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 1
=2 = 2𝑥 (𝑥) + 2 log 𝑥 − 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since ≠ , this is not an exact D.E.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
− 𝜕𝑥 = −2 log 𝑥 + 𝑦 = −(2 log 𝑥 − 𝑦) , close to N.
𝜕𝑦

1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 1 1
( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 log 𝑥−𝑥𝑦 (−2 log 𝑥 + 𝑦) = − 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) [𝑠𝑎𝑦]
𝑁

1
1
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 − ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥

Multiply by 𝑦 on both the sides of equation (1)

1 1
(2𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 log 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 This is an exact D.E.
𝑥 𝑥

General solution is
.
∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

. 2𝑦
∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(−𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑥

𝑦2
2𝑦 log 𝑥 − =𝑐
2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 21

 3.3 Orthogonal Trajectory
Definition: Two families of curves such that every member of either family cuts each
member of the other family at right angles are called orthogonal trajectories.
Example: Family of circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 is the orthogonal trajectories to the family of
straight lines 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐. Where 𝑎 and 𝑚 are arbitrary constants.
Working rule to find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒄) = 𝟎:
 Form the differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constant 𝑐.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
 Replace 𝑑𝑥 by − 𝑑𝑦 . [tan(90 + 𝜃) = − cot 𝜃]
 Solve the modified differential equation.
Working rule to find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒇(𝒓, 𝜽, 𝒄) = 𝟎:
 Form the differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constant 𝑐.
1 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
 Replace 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 by −𝑟 𝑑𝑟 . [tan(90 + 𝜙) = − cot 𝜙]
 Solve the modified differential equation.

Problems:
1. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of parabolas 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 .
Consider 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 ------ (1)
Differentiate w.r.to 𝑥,
𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑎

Substitute in (1),
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 2 = 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Replace 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = −2𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
On integrating,
𝑦2
= −𝑥 2 + 𝑐
2

2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑘
This is the family of orthogonal trajectories of (1).

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 22

2. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of circles 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 .
Consider 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 ------ (1)
Differentiate w.r.to 𝑥,
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Replace 𝑑𝑥 by − 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 (− ) = −𝑥
𝑑𝑦
1 1
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥

On integrating,
log 𝑥 = log 𝑦 + log 𝑐
𝑥 = 𝑦𝑐
This is the family of orthogonal trajectories of (1).
3. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒄 𝒙𝟑 .
Consider 𝑦 2 = 𝑐 𝑥 3 ------ (1)
Differentiate w.r.to 𝑥,
𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑐 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
× 𝑥 ⇒ 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑐 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦
By (1), 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Replace 𝑑𝑥 by − 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 (− 𝑑𝑦) = 3𝑦

−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑦 𝑑𝑦
On integrating,
3𝑦 2
−𝑥 2 = +𝑐
2

2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 𝑘
This is the family of orthogonal trajectories of (1).

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 23

4. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒙𝟐/𝟑 + 𝒚𝟐/𝟑 = 𝒂𝟐/𝟑 .
Consider 𝑥 2/3 + 𝑦 2/3 = 𝑎2/3 ------ (1)
Differentiate w.r.to 𝑥,
1 1
2 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 −3 + 3 𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑥 = 0
3
1 1
3 𝑑𝑦
× 2 ⇒ 𝑥 −3 + 𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Replace 𝑑𝑥 by − 𝑑𝑦
1 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −3 + 𝑦 −3 (− 𝑑𝑦) = 0
1 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 −3 (− 𝑑𝑦) = −𝑥 −3
1 1
𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
On integrating,
𝑥 4/3 = 𝑦 4/3 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑥 4/3 − 𝑦 4/3 = 𝑐
This is the family of orthogonal trajectories of (1).
5. Show that the family of parabolas 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂(𝒙 + 𝒂) is self-orthogonal.
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑎)
Diff. w. r. to 𝑥,
𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑎

By substituting in (1),
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 2 = 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 )

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑦 2 = 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 (𝑑𝑥 )

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 (𝑑𝑥 ) ------- (1)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Replace 𝑑𝑥 by − 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑦 = 2𝑥 (− 𝑑𝑦) + 𝑦 (− 𝑑𝑦)

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑦 = −2𝑥 (𝑑𝑦) + 𝑦 (𝑑𝑦)

𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 (𝑑𝑥 ) = −2𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑦

𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑦 (𝑑𝑥 ) + 2𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 ) ------ (2)

Since (1) = (2), The given family of parabolas is self-orthogonal.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 24

 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
6. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝟐
+ = 𝟏, where 𝝀 is
𝒂 𝒃𝟐 +𝝀
the parameter. (May 22)
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ 𝑏2 +𝜆 = 1 ------ (1)
𝑎2

Diff. w.r.to 𝑥,
2𝑥 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑏2 +𝜆 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑎2
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
= − 𝑎2
𝑏 2 +𝜆 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= − 𝑎2 (𝑑𝑦)
𝑏 2 +𝜆

Substitute in (1),
𝑥2 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥
− 𝑎2 (𝑑𝑦) = 1
𝑎2
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 (𝑑𝑦) = 𝑎2
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 = 𝑥𝑦 (𝑑𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦
= 𝑥 2 −𝑎2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Replace 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦
− 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 2 −𝑎2
𝑎2 −𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥
𝑎2
( 𝑥 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑎2 log 𝑥 − = +𝑐
2 2

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎2 log 𝑥 + 𝑘
This is the family orthogonal trajectories of (1).
7. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 = 𝒄
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝑐------ (1)
Diff. w.r.to 𝑥,
𝑑𝑦
3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 − 6𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Replace 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥𝑦 (− 𝑑𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦
= 𝑦 2 −𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 25

 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Pu 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥, =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 2𝑥(𝑣𝑥) 2𝑣
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑣𝑥)2 −𝑥 2
= 𝑣2 −1
𝑑𝑣 2𝑣 2𝑣−𝑣 3 +𝑣 3𝑣−𝑣 3
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣2 −1 − 𝑣 = =
𝑣 2 −1 𝑣 2 −1
𝑣 2 −1 1
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3𝑣−𝑣 3
1 3−3𝑣 2 1
− 3 (3𝑣−𝑣3 ) 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

On integrating,
1
− 3 log(3𝑣 − 𝑣 3 ) = log 𝑥 + log 𝑐

log(3𝑣 − 𝑣 3 ) = −3log 𝑥 − 3 log 𝑐

𝑥 3 (3𝑣 − 𝑣 3 ) = 𝑘
𝑦 𝑦3
𝑥 3 (3 ( ) − )=𝑘
𝑥 𝑥3

3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 = 𝑘. This is the family orthogonal trajectories of (1).

8. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒓𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝜽.

𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃
log 𝑟 𝑛 = log 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃
𝑛 log 𝑟 = log 𝑎𝑛 + log cos 𝑛𝜃
𝑛 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝑛𝜃
= −𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝑛𝜃
= − cos 𝑛𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
Replace 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 by −𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝜃
−𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = − tan 𝑛𝜃
1
cot 𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟

On integrating,
1
log sin 𝑛𝜃 = log 𝑟 + log 𝑐
𝑛

log sin 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑛 log 𝑟𝑐

sin 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑐 𝑛
𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘 sin 𝑛𝜃
This is the required O.T.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 26

9. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒓𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝜽 = 𝒂𝒏 .
𝑟 𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛
log(𝑟 𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃) = log 𝑎𝑛
𝑛 log 𝑟 + log cos 𝑛𝜃 = log 𝑎𝑛
𝑛 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝑛𝜃
− 𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃 = 0
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟
= tan 𝑛𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
Replace 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 by −𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝜃
−𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = tan 𝑛𝜃
1
cot 𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = − 𝑟 𝑑𝑟

On integrating,
1
log sin 𝑛𝜃 = −log 𝑟 + log 𝑐
𝑛
𝑐
log sin 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑛 log 𝑟
𝑐𝑛
sin 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑛

𝑟 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑘. This is the required O.T.

10. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒓 = 𝟐𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽.
𝑟 = 2𝑎 cos 𝜃
log 𝑟 = log(2𝑎 cos 𝜃)
log 𝑟 = log 2𝑎 + log cos 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃
= − cos 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟
= − tan 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
Replace 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 by −𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝜃
−𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = − tan 𝜃
1
cot 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟

On integrating,
log sin 𝜃 = log 𝑟 + log 𝑐
log sin 𝜃 = log 𝑐𝑟
sin 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑟
𝑟 = 𝑘 sin 𝜃
This is the required O.T.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 27

11. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒓𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝜽.
𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃
log 𝑟 𝑛 = log 𝑎𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃
𝑛 log 𝑟 = log 𝑎𝑛 + log sin 𝑛𝜃
𝑛 𝑑𝑟 cos 𝑛𝜃
= 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟
= cot 𝑛𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
Replace 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 by −𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝜃
−𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = cot 𝑛𝜃
1
tan 𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = − 𝑟 𝑑𝑟

On integrating,
1
log sec 𝑛𝜃 = − log 𝑟 + log 𝑐
𝑛
𝑐
log sec 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑛 log 𝑟
𝑐𝑛
sec 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑛

𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘 cos 𝑛𝜃. This is the required O.T.

12. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒓 = 𝒂(𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽).
𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃)
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log(1 − cos 𝜃)
1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃
= 1−cos 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
Replace 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 by −𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝜃 sin 𝜃
−𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 1−cos 𝜃
1−cos 𝜃 1
− 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
sin 𝜃
1−cos2 𝜃 1
− sin 𝜃(1+cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
sin2 𝜃 1
− sin 𝜃(1+cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
sin 𝜃 1
− (1+cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟

On integrating,
log(1 + cos 𝜃) = log 𝑟 + log 𝑐
log(1 + cos 𝜃) = log 𝑐𝑟
1 + cos 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑟 (or) 𝑟 = 𝑘(1 + cos 𝜃). This is the required O.T.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 28

13. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒓 = 𝒂(𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽).
𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + sin 𝜃)
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log(1 + sin 𝜃)
1 𝑑𝑟 cos 𝜃
= 1+sin 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
Replace 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 by −𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝜃 cos 𝜃
−𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 1+sin 𝜃
1+sin 𝜃 1
− 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
cos 𝜃
1−sin2 𝜃 1
− 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑟
cos 𝜃(1−sin 𝜃) 𝑟
cos 𝜃 1
− 1−sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟

On integrating,
log(1 − sin 𝜃) = log 𝑟 + log 𝑐
1 − sin 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑟
𝑟 = 𝑘(1 − sin 𝜃). This is the required O.T.
14. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒓 = 𝟐𝒂(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽).
𝑟 = 2𝑎(cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃)
log 𝑟 = log 2𝑎 + log(cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃)
1 𝑑𝑟 cos 𝜃−sin 𝜃
= cos 𝜃+sin 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
Replace 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 by −𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝜃 cos 𝜃−sin 𝜃
−𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = cos 𝜃+sin 𝜃
cos 𝜃+sin 𝜃 1
− cos 𝜃−sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟

On integrating,
log(cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃) = log 𝑟 + log 𝑐
log(cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃) = log 𝑐𝑟
cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑟
𝑟 = 𝑘(cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃)
This is the required O.T.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 29

15. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒓 = 𝟒𝒂(𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽).
𝑟 = 4𝑎(sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃)
log 𝑟 = log 4𝑎 + log(sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃)
1 𝑑𝑟 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃+sec2 𝜃
=
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 sec 𝜃+tan 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟
= sec 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
Replace 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 by −𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝜃
−𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = sec 𝜃
1
− cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑟
𝑟

On integrating,
− sin 𝜃 = log 𝑟 + log 𝑐
log 𝑟𝑐 = − sin 𝜃
𝑟𝑐 = 𝑒 − sin 𝜃
𝑟𝑒 sin 𝜃 = 𝑘
This is the required O.T.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 30

 𝟐𝒂
16. Prove that the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves = 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 is
𝒓
𝟐𝒃
= 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽.
𝒓
2𝑎
= 1 − cos 𝜃
𝑟
2𝑎
log = log(1 − cos 𝜃)
𝑟

log 2𝑎 − log 𝑟 = log(1 − cos 𝜃)

1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃
− 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 1−cos 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
Replace 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 by −𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 1−cos 𝜃
1−cos 𝜃 1
𝑑𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
sin 𝜃
1−cos2 𝜃 1
𝑑𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
sin 𝜃(1+cos 𝜃)

sin2 𝜃 1
𝑑𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
sin 𝜃(1+cos 𝜃)
sin 𝜃 1
(1+cos 𝜃)
𝑑𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟

On integrating,
−log(1 + cos 𝜃) = log 𝑟 + log 𝑐
log 2𝑏 = log 𝑟 + log(1 + cos 𝜃)
2𝑏
log = log(1 + cos 𝜃)
𝑟
2𝑏
= 1 + cos 𝜃
𝑟

This is the required O.T.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 31

 3.4 RL and RC circuits
Introduction:
𝑑𝑄
(i) 𝐼 = 𝑑𝑡

Notation Terminology Unit

L Inductance Henry
C Capacitance Farad
R Resistance Ohms
E Electro motive force (e.m.f.) Volts
I Current Amperes
Q Charge Coloumb
(ii) Voltage drop across resistance 𝑅 = 𝑅𝐼
𝑑𝐼
(iii) Voltage drop across inductance 𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑑𝑡
𝑄
(iv) Voltage drop across capacitance 𝐶 = 𝐶
𝑑𝐼
By Kirchhoff’s law, 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸 in LR circuit.
𝑄
By Kirchhoff’s law, 𝑅𝐼 + 𝐶 = 𝐸 in RC circuit.

1. When a switch is closed in a circuit containing a battery E, a resistance R and an

𝒅𝒊
inductance L, the current I builds up at a rate given by 𝑳 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑹𝒊 = 𝑬. Find 𝒊 as a
function of 𝒕. How long will it be , before the current has reached one-half its final
value if 𝑬 = 𝟔 volts, 𝑹 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ohms and 𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟏 henry?

To find I:
𝑑𝐼
𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸, Put 𝐸 = 6, 𝑅 = 100, 𝐿 = 0.1
𝑑𝐼
0.1 𝑑𝑡 + 100𝐼 = 6
𝑑𝐼
+ 1000𝐼 = 60
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼
= 𝑑𝑡
60−1000𝐼

−0.001 log(60 − 1000𝐼) = 𝑡 + 𝑐

log(60 − 1000𝐼) = −1000𝑡 + 𝑐′
60 − 1000𝐼 = 𝑘𝑒 −1000𝑡
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑖 = 0. 𝑠𝑜, 𝑘 = 60
60 − 1000𝐼 = 60𝑒 −1000𝑡
1000𝐼 = 60 − 60𝑒 −1000𝑡
𝐼 = 0.06(1 − 𝑒 −1000𝑡 )

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 32

 To find t when I reaches max. value of I/2 :
When t is max, I is max. So, Max. value of 𝐼 = 0.06
𝐼
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 2 = 0.03

0.03 = 0.06(1 − 𝑒 −1000𝑡 )

𝑒 1000𝑡 = 2
𝑡 = 0.0006931 𝑠𝑒𝑐

2. When a Resistance R ohms is connected in series with an inductance L henries with

𝒅𝒊
an e.m.f. of E volts, the current 𝒊 amperes at time 𝒕 is given by 𝑳 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑹𝒊 = 𝑬. If 𝑬 =
𝟏𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 volts and 𝒊 = 𝟎 when 𝒕 = 𝟎, find 𝒊 as a function of 𝒕.

𝑑𝐼
L𝑑𝑡 + 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸, Put 𝐸 = 10 sin 𝑡 , 𝑖 = 0, 𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝐼
𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑅𝐼 = 10 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝐼 𝑅
+ 𝐿 𝐼 = 10 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑅 𝑅
𝐼. 𝑒 ∫ 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 10 sin 𝑡 . 𝑒 ∫ 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑅𝑡 𝑅𝑡
𝐼. 𝑒 𝐿 = ∫ 10 sin 𝑡 . 𝑒 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑅𝑡
𝑅𝑡
10𝑒 𝐿 𝑅
𝐼. 𝑒 𝐿 = 𝑅2
( 𝐿 sin 𝑡 − cos 𝑡) + 𝑐
+1
𝐿2

𝑅𝑡
10𝐿
𝐼 = 𝑅2 +𝐿2 (𝑅 sin 𝑡 − 𝐿 cos 𝑡) + 𝑐𝑒 − 𝐿

By data, at 𝑡 = 0, 𝐼 = 0.
10𝐿
0 = 𝐿2 +𝑅2 (−𝐿) + 𝑐

10𝐿2
Therefore, 𝑐 = 𝐿2 +𝑅2
𝑅𝑡
10𝐿
𝐼 = 𝑅2 +𝐿2 (𝑅 sin 𝑡 − 𝐿 cos 𝑡 + 𝐿𝑒 − 𝐿 )

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 33

3. A resistance of 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝛀, an inductance of 0.5 henry are connected in series with a
battery of 20 volts. Find the current in the circuit at 𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓 secs. If 𝒊 = 𝟎 at 𝒕 = 𝟎.
𝑑𝑖
𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑅𝑖 = 𝐸, Put 𝐸 = 20, 𝑅 = 100, 𝐿 = 0.5
𝑑𝑖
0.5 𝑑𝑡 + 100𝑖 = 20
𝑑𝑖
+ 200𝑖 = 40
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖
= 𝑑𝑡
40−200𝑖

−0.005 log(40 − 200𝑖) = 𝑡 + 𝑐

log(40 − 200𝑖) = −200𝑡 + 𝑐′
40 − 200𝑖 = 𝑑𝑒 −200𝑡
𝑖 = 0 at 𝑡 = 0.
40 = 𝑑
40 − 200𝑖 = 40𝑒 −200𝑡
1 − 5𝑖 = 𝑒 −200𝑡
At 𝑡 = 0.5
1 − 5𝑖 = 𝑒 −100
1−𝑒 −100
𝑖= 5

4. Find the current at any time 𝒕 > 𝟎, in a circuit having in series a constant
electromotive force 𝟒𝟎𝑽, a resistor 𝟏𝟎𝛀, an inductor 𝟎. 𝟐𝑯 given that initial current
is zero.
By data, 𝐸 = 40, 𝑅 = 10, 𝐿 = 0.2
𝑑𝐼
By Kirchoff’s law, 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸
𝑑𝐼
On substituting, 0.2 𝑑𝑡 + 10𝐼 = 40
𝑑𝐼
Therefore, 𝑑𝑡 + 50𝐼 = 200

Solution is given by
𝐼. 𝑒 50𝑡 = ∫ 200 𝑒 50𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐
𝐼 = 4 + 𝑐𝑒 −50𝑡
By data, at 𝑡 = 0, 𝐼 = 0.
0 = 4 + 𝑐, 𝑐 = −4
Therefore, 𝐼 = 4 − 4𝑒 −50𝑡 = 4(1 − 𝑒 −50𝑡 )

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 34

5. A generator having e.m.f. 100 volts is connected in series with a 10 ohms resistor
and an inductor of 2 henries. If the switch is closed at a time 𝒕 = 𝟎, determine the
current at time 𝒕 > 𝟎.
By data, 𝐸 = 100, 𝑅 = 10, 𝐿 = 2
𝑑𝐼
By Kirchoff’s law, 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸
𝑑𝐼
On substituting, 2 𝑑𝑡 + 10𝐼 = 100
𝑑𝐼
Therefore, 𝑑𝑡 + 5𝐼 = 50

Solution is given by

𝐼. 𝑒 5𝑡 = ∫ 50 𝑒 5𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐

𝐼. 𝑒 5𝑡 = 10𝑒 5𝑡 + 𝑐

𝐼 = 10 + 𝑐𝑒 −5𝑡
By data, at 𝑡 = 0, 𝐼 = 0.

0 = 10 + 𝑐, 𝑐 = −10

Therefore, 𝐼 = 10 − 10𝑒 −5𝑡 = 10(1 − 𝑒 −5𝑡 )

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 35

6. A decaying e.m.f. 𝑬 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒆−𝟓𝒕 is connected in series with a 𝟐𝟎 𝒐𝒉𝒎 resistor and
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝒇𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒅 capacitor. Find the charge and current at any time assuming 𝑸 = 𝟎 at
𝒕 = 𝟎. Show that the charge reaches the maximum. Calculate it and find time when
it is reached.
By data, 𝐸 = 200 𝑒 −5𝑡 , 𝑅 = 20, 𝐶 = 0.01
𝑄
By Kirchoff’s law, 𝑅𝐼 + 𝐶 = 𝐸
𝑄
On substituting, 20𝐼 + 0.01 = 200𝑒 −5𝑡
𝑑𝑄
Therefore, + 5𝑄 = 10𝑒 −5𝑡
𝑑𝑡

Solution is given by

𝑄. 𝑒 5𝑡 = ∫ 10𝑒 −5𝑡 𝑒 5𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐

𝑄. 𝑒 5𝑡 = 10𝑡 + 𝑐

By data, at 𝑡 = 0, 𝑄 = 0.

0 = 0 + 𝑐, 𝑐 = 0

Therefore, 𝑄. 𝑒 5𝑡 = 10𝑡

𝑄 = 10𝑡 𝑒 −5𝑡
𝑑𝑄
= 10(𝑒 −5𝑡 − 5𝑡𝑒 −5𝑡 ) = 10(1 − 5𝑡)𝑒 −5𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑄
𝑄 is maximum when =0
𝑑𝑡

10(1 − 5𝑡)𝑒 −5𝑡 = 0

1
𝑡 = 5.

1 2
Maximum value of 𝑄 = 10 (5) 𝑒 −1 = 𝑒

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 36

 3.5 Non-linear differential equations

Introduction: Product of variables and their first order derivatives are allowed in the non-
linear differential equations.

Problems:

1. Solve: 𝒑𝟐 + 𝒑(𝒙 + 𝒚) + 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟎
(𝑝 + 𝑥)(𝑝 + 𝑦) = 0
𝑝 = −𝑥 𝑝 = −𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= −𝑥 = −𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑑𝑥
𝑦
𝑥2
+𝑦−𝑐 =0 𝑥 + log 𝑦 − 𝑐 = 0
2

Therefore, the general solution is

𝑥2
( + 𝑦 − 𝑐) (𝑥 + log 𝑦 − 𝑐) = 0
2

2. Solve: 𝒑𝟐 + 𝟐𝒑 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝑝2 + 𝑝 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 1 = 0
𝑝(𝑝 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑝 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) = 0
(𝑝 + 𝑒 𝑥 )(𝑝 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = 0
𝑝 = −𝑒 𝑥 𝑝 = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= −𝑒 𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 = −𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑐 = 0 −𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑐 = 0
Therefore, general solution is
(𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑐)(𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑐) = 0

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 37

3. Solve: 𝒙𝒚𝒑𝟐 + 𝒑(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 ) − 𝟔𝒙𝒚 = 𝟎
𝑥𝑦𝑝2 + 𝑝(3𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 ) − 6𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑥𝑦𝑝2 + 3𝑥 2 𝑝 − 2𝑦 2 𝑝 − 6𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑥𝑝(𝑦𝑝 + 3𝑥) − 2𝑦(𝑦𝑝 + 3𝑥) = 0
(𝑥𝑝 − 2𝑦)(𝑦𝑝 + 3𝑥) = 0
𝑥𝑝 = 2𝑦 𝑦𝑝 = −3𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = −3𝑥
1 2
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
𝑦2 3𝑥 2
log 𝑦 = 2 log 𝑥 + 𝑐 + −𝑐 =0
2 2

log 𝑦 = log 𝑐𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑐 = 0
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 2
Therefore, general solution is
(𝑦 − 𝑐𝑥 2 )(𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑐) = 0

4. Solve: 𝒑(𝒑 + 𝒚) = 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝒚)

𝑝2 + 𝑝𝑦 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 = 0
(𝑝2 − 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑦(𝑝 − 𝑥) = 0
(𝑝 − 𝑥)(𝑝 + 𝑥 + 𝑦) = 0
𝑝=𝑥 𝑝 = −𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=𝑥 = −𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 = −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
On integrating,
This is an L.D.E. Solution is
𝑥2
𝑦= +𝑐 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 = ∫ −𝑥 . 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
2

𝑦−
𝑥2
−𝑐 =0 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 = −(𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑐
2
𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1) − 𝑐 = 0
Therefore, general solution is
𝑥2
[𝑦 − − 𝑐] [𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1) − 𝑐] = 0
2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 38

5. Solve: 𝒑𝟐 + 𝟐𝒑𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 = 𝒚𝟐
𝑝2 + 2𝑝𝑦 cot 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 = 0
(𝑝 + 𝑦 cot 𝑥)2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 2 cot 2 𝑥 = 0
(𝑝 + 𝑦 cot 𝑥)2 − 𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = 0
(𝑝 + 𝑦 cot 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥)(𝑝 + 𝑦 cot 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) = 0
𝑝 + 𝑦 cot 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 0 𝑝 + 𝑦 cot 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − cot 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − cot 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1+cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1−cos 𝑥
= −( ) 𝑑𝑥 =( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 sin 𝑥 𝑦 sin 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1−cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1−cos2 𝑥
= − (sin 𝑥(1−cos 𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = (sin 𝑥(1+cos 𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 sin 𝑥
= − (1−cos 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = (1+cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑦

On integrating, On integrating,
log 𝑦 = − log(1 − cos 𝑥) + log 𝑐 log 𝑦 = − log(1 + cos 𝑥) + log 𝑐
𝑦(1 − cos 𝑥) − 𝑐 = 0
𝑦(1 + cos 𝑥) − 𝑐 = 0
Therefore, general solution is
[𝑦(1 − cos 𝑥) − 𝑐][𝑦(1 + cos 𝑥) − 𝑐] = 0.
𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝒅𝒚
6. Solve: 𝒙𝟐 (𝒅𝒙) + 𝒙𝒚 (𝒅𝒙) − 𝟔𝒚𝟐 = 𝟎

𝑥 2 𝑝2 + 𝑥𝑦𝑝 − 6𝑦 2 = 0
(𝑥𝑝 + 3𝑦)(𝑥𝑝 − 2𝑦) = 0
𝑥𝑝 + 3𝑦 = 0 𝑥𝑝 − 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −3𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦
1 −3 1 2
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦

On integrating, On integrating,
log 𝑦 = −3log 𝑥 + log 𝑐 log 𝑦 = 2 log 𝑥 + log 𝑐
log 𝑦 + 3log 𝑥 = log 𝑐 log 𝑦 = log 𝑥 2 + log 𝑐
log 𝑦𝑥 3 = log 𝑐𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 2
𝑦𝑥 3 = 𝑐 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑥 2 = 0
𝑥3𝑦 − 𝑐 = 0
Therefore, the general solution is
(𝑥 3 𝑦 − 𝑐)(𝑦 − 𝑐𝑥 2 ) = 0

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 39

7. Solve: 𝟒𝒚𝟐 𝒑𝟐 + 𝟐𝒑𝒙𝒚(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝟑𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎
(2𝑦𝑝)2 + 2𝑦𝑝(3𝑥 2 + 𝑥) + 3𝑥 3 = 0
2𝑦𝑝(2𝑦𝑝 + 3𝑥 2 ) + 𝑥(2𝑦𝑝 + 3𝑥 2 ) = 0
(2𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥)(2𝑦𝑝 + 3𝑥 2 ) = 0
2𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥 = 0 2𝑦𝑝 + 3𝑥 2 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = −3𝑥 2

2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
On integrating, On integrating,
𝑥2 𝑦 2 = −𝑥 3 + 𝑐
𝑦2 = − +𝑐
2

Therefore, the general solution is

𝑥2
(𝑦 2 + − 𝑐) (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑐) = 0
2

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒚
8. Solve: 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒚 − 𝒙

1 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
𝑝−𝑝 = 𝑥𝑦

𝑝2 −1 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
=
𝑝 𝑥𝑦

𝑥𝑦𝑝2 − (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑝 − 𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑥𝑝(𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥) + 𝑦(𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥) = 0
(𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦)(𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥) = 0
𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦 = 0 𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
On integrating,
On integrating,
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑐
log 𝑦 = − log 𝑥 + log 𝑐 = +2
2 2

log 𝑥 + log 𝑦 = log 𝑐 𝑦 − 𝑥2 = 𝑐

2

𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 − 𝑐 = 0
Therefore, the general solution is
(𝑥𝑦 − 𝑐)(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑐) = 0

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 40

9. Solve: 𝒚𝒑𝟐 + (𝒙 − 𝒚)𝒑 − 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝑦𝑝(𝑝 − 1) + 𝑥(𝑝 − 1) = 0
(𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥)(𝑝 − 1) = 0
𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥 = 0 𝑝−1=0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 =1
𝑑𝑥

𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
On integrating, On integrating,
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑐 𝑦 =𝑥+𝑐
=− +2
2 2
𝑦−𝑥−𝑐 =0
𝑦2 + 𝑥2 = 𝑐
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑐 = 0
Therefore, the general solution is
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑐)(𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑐) = 0

10. Solve: 𝒙𝟐 𝒑𝟐 + 𝒙𝒑 − (𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚) = 𝟎

(𝑥 2 𝑝2 − 𝑦 2 ) + (𝑥𝑝 − 𝑦) = 0
(𝑥𝑝 − 𝑦)(𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦 + 1) = 0
𝑥𝑝 − 𝑦 = 0 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑦 − 1
1 1 1 1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑦+1

On integrating, On integrating,
log 𝑦 = log 𝑥 + log 𝑐 log(𝑦 + 1) = −log 𝑥 + log 𝑐
log 𝑦 = log 𝑐𝑥 log 𝑥 + log(𝑦 + 1) = log 𝑐
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 𝑥(𝑦 + 1) = 𝑐
Therefore, the general solution is
(𝑦 − 𝑐𝑥)(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑐) = 0

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 41

 𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝒅𝒚
11. Solve: 𝒙𝒚 (𝒅𝒙) − (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) (𝒅𝒙) + 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟎

𝑥𝑦𝑝2 − 𝑥 2 𝑝 − 𝑦 2 𝑝 + 𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑥𝑝(𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥) − 𝑦(𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥) = 0
(𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥)(𝑥𝑝 − 𝑦) = 0
𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥 = 0 𝑥𝑝 − 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦
1 1
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
On integrating,
On integrating,
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑐
= +2 log 𝑦 = log 𝑥 + log 𝑐
2 2

𝑦2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑐 log 𝑦 = log 𝑐𝑥
𝑦2 − 𝑥2 − 𝑐 = 0 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥
Therefore, the general solution is
(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑐)(𝑦 − 𝑐𝑥) = 0

𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝒅𝒚
12. Solve: 𝒚 (𝒅𝒙) + (𝒙 − 𝒚) (𝒅𝒙) − 𝒙 = 𝟎

𝑦𝑝2 + 𝑥𝑝 − 𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥 = 0
𝑝(𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥) − (𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥) = 0
(𝑝 − 1)(𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥) = 0
𝑝−1=0 𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=1 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
On integrating, On integrating,
𝑦 =𝑥+𝑐 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑐
=− +2
2 2

𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 𝑐
2

Therefore, the general solution is

(𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑐)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑐) = 0
13. Solve 𝒙(𝒚′)𝟐 − (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚)𝒚′ + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟎
14. Solve 𝒙𝒑𝟐 + 𝒙𝒑 − 𝒚𝒑 + 𝟏 − 𝒚 = 𝟎

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 42

 3.6 Clairaut’s equation and reducible to Clairaut’s equation
Introduction:
This is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑝). General solution is 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑐).

Working rule to find singular solution:

 Differentiate general solution partially w.r.to 𝑐.
 Substitute the value of 𝑐 in the general solution.

Note:
𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑝) ---- (1)
Differentiate w.r.to 𝑥,
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑝 + 𝑝′ 𝑥 + 𝑓 ′ (𝑝)𝑝′
𝑑𝑥

𝑝′ 𝑥 + 𝑓 ′ (𝑝)𝑝′ = 0
𝑝′[𝑥 + 𝑓 ′ (𝑝)] = 0
𝑝′ = 0
𝑝=𝑐
Substitute 𝑝 = 𝑐 in (1),
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑐).
This is the general solution.
Problems:
1. Find the general solution and the singular solution of 𝒑 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒚 − 𝒙𝒑).
𝑦 − 𝑥𝑝 = sin−1 𝑝
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑝 + sin−1 𝑝
This is in Clairaut’s form.
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + sin−1 𝑐 ------ (1)
Differentiate partially w.r.to c,
1 1
0 = 𝑥 + √1−𝑐 2 1 − 𝑐 2 = 𝑥2
1 1
= −𝑥 𝑐 2 = 1 − 𝑥2
√1−𝑐 2
1 √𝑥 2 −1
√1 − 𝑐 2 = − 𝑥 𝑐= 𝑥

Substitute the value of 𝑐 in (1).

√𝑥 2 −1
𝑦 = √𝑥 2 − 1 + sin−1 𝑥

This is the required singular solution.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 43

2. Find the general solution and singular solution of 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒑𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 + 𝒑
sin(𝑝𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑝
𝑝𝑥 − 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑝
𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 − sin−1 𝑝
This is in Clairaut’s form.
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 − sin−1 𝑐 ------ (1)
Differentiate partially w.r.to c,
1
0 = 𝑥 − √1−𝑐 2
1
√1−𝑐 2
=𝑥
1
√1 − 𝑐 2 = 𝑥
1
1 − 𝑐 2 = 𝑥2
1
𝑐 2 = 1 − 𝑥2
√𝑥 2 −1
𝑐= 𝑥

Substitute the value of 𝑐 in (1).

√𝑥 2 −1
𝑦 = √𝑥 2 − 1 − sin−1 𝑥

This is the required singular solution.

3. Find the general solution and the singular solution of 𝒑 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝒑𝒙 − 𝒚).
𝑝 = log(𝑝𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑒 𝑝 = 𝑥𝑝 − 𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑝 − 𝑒 𝑝
This is in Clairaut’s form.
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑐 ------ (1)
Differentiate partially w.r.to c,
0 = 𝑥 − 𝑒𝑐
𝑥 = 𝑒𝑐
𝑐 = log 𝑥
Substitute the value of 𝑐 in (1).
𝑦 = 𝑥 log 𝑥 − 𝑥
This is the required singular solution.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 44

4. Find the general solution and the singular solution of (𝒚 − 𝒑𝒙)(𝒑 − 𝟏) = 𝒑.
𝑝
𝑦 − 𝑥𝑝 = 𝑝−1
𝑝
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑝−1

This is in Clairaut’s form.

𝑐
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐−1 ------ (1)

Differentiate partially w.r.to c,

(𝑐−1)1−𝑐(1)
0=𝑥+ (𝑐−1)2
1
𝑥 = (𝑐−1)2
1
(𝑐 − 1)2 =
𝑥
1
𝑐−1=
√𝑥
1
𝑐 = 1+
√𝑥

Substitute the value of 𝑐 in (1).

𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2√𝑥 + 1
𝑦 = (√𝑥 + 1)2
This is the required singular solution.

5. Find the general solution and the singular solution of 𝒙𝒑𝟐 − 𝒚𝒑 + 𝒂 = 𝟎.

𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥𝑝2 + 𝑎
𝑎
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑝

This is in Clairaut’s form.

𝑎
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 ------ (1)

Differentiate partially w.r.to c,

𝑎
0 = 𝑥 − 𝑐2
𝑎
𝑥 = 𝑐2

𝑎
𝑐 = √𝑥

Substitute the value of 𝑐 in (1).

𝑦 = 2√𝑎𝑥
This is the required singular solution.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 45

6. Find the general solution and the singular solution of 𝒙𝒑𝟑 − 𝒚𝒑𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎.
𝑦𝑝2 = 𝑥𝑝3 + 1
1
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑝2

This is in Clairaut’s form.

1
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 2 ------ (1)

Differentiate partially w.r.to c,

2
0 = 𝑥 − 𝑐3
2
𝑥 = 𝑐3
1
2 3
𝑐= (𝑥)

Substitute the value of 𝑐 in (1).

1 2
2 3 𝑥 3
𝑦= 𝑥 (𝑥) + (2 )

This is the required singular solution.

𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝒅𝒚
7. Find the general solution and the singular solution of 𝒚 + 𝟐 (𝒅𝒙) = (𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 .

𝑦 = −2𝑝2 + (𝑥 + 1)𝑝
𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 + (𝑝 − 2𝑝2 )
This is in Clairaut’s form.
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + (𝑐 − 2𝑐 2 ) ------ (1)
Differentiate partially w.r.to c,
0 = 𝑥 + 1 − 4𝑐
𝑥+1
𝑐= 4

Substitute the value of 𝑐 in (1).

𝑥+1 𝑥+1 (𝑥+1)2
𝑦 = 𝑥( )+( − )
4 4 8

8𝑦 = 2𝑥(𝑥 + 1) + 2(𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥 + 1)2

8𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 − 1)
8𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2
This is the required singular solution.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 46

 𝟏 𝟏
8. Solve 𝒚𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒙𝒑) = 𝒙𝟒 𝒑𝟐 using substitutions 𝑿 = and 𝒀 = .
𝒙 𝒚
1
𝑑𝑌 − 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑌2
𝑦
𝑃 = 𝑑𝑋 = 1 = 𝑋2 𝑝
− 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

1 1 𝑋2
Put 𝑥 = 𝑋 , 𝑦 = 𝑌 , 𝑝 = 𝑌 2 𝑃 in the given equation 𝑦 2 (𝑦 − 𝑥𝑝) = 𝑥 4 𝑝2
2
1 1 1 𝑋2 1 𝑋2
( −𝑋 𝑃) = 𝑋 4 (𝑌 2 𝑃 )
𝑌2 𝑌 𝑌2
1 𝑃2
(𝑌 − 𝑋𝑃) =
𝑌4 𝑌4

𝑌 − 𝑋𝑃 = 𝑃2
𝑌 = 𝑋𝑃 + 𝑃2
This is in Clairaut’s form.
General solution is
1 𝑐
𝑌 = 𝑐𝑋 + 𝑐 2 ⇒ = 𝑥 + 𝑐2
𝑦

9. Solve (𝒑𝒙 − 𝒚)(𝒑𝒚 + 𝒙) = 𝟐𝒑 by reducing into Clairaut’s form, taking

substitutions 𝑿 = 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒀 = 𝒚𝟐 .
𝑑𝑌 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 √𝑌
𝑃 = 𝑑𝑋 = = 𝑝
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √𝑋

√𝑋
Put 𝑥 = √𝑋, 𝑦 = √𝑌 , 𝑝 = 𝑃 in the given equation (𝑝𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑝𝑦 + 𝑥) = 2𝑝
√𝑌

√𝑋 √𝑋 √𝑋
( 𝑃 √𝑋 − √𝑌) ( 𝑃√𝑌 + √𝑋) = 2 𝑃
√𝑌 √𝑌 √𝑌

( 𝑃 𝑋 − 𝑌)(√𝑋 𝑃 + √𝑋) = 2√𝑋 𝑃

( 𝑃 𝑋 − 𝑌)( 𝑃 + 1) = 2 𝑃
2𝑃
𝑃 𝑋 − 𝑌 = 𝑃+1
2𝑃
𝑌 = 𝑃𝑋 − 𝑃+1

This is in Clairaut’s form.

General solution is
2𝑐 2𝑐
𝑌 = 𝑐𝑋 − 𝑐+1 ⇒ 𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑥 2 − 𝑐+1

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 47

10. Solve 𝒙𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒑𝒙) = 𝒑𝟐 𝒚 by reducing into Clairaut’s form, using the substitutions
𝑿 = 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒀 = 𝒚𝟐 .

𝑑𝑌 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 √𝑌
𝑃 = 𝑑𝑋 = = 𝑝
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √𝑋

√𝑋
Put 𝑥 = √𝑋, 𝑦 = √𝑌 , 𝑝 = 𝑃 in the given equation 𝑥 2 (𝑦 − 𝑝𝑥) = 𝑝2 𝑦
√𝑌

2
√𝑋 √𝑋
𝑋 (√𝑌 − 𝑝√𝑋) = ( 𝑃) √𝑌
√𝑌 √𝑌

𝑌 − 𝑝𝑋 = 𝑝2

𝑌 = 𝑝𝑋 + 𝑝2

This is in Clairaut’s form.

General solution is

𝑌 = 𝑐𝑋 + 𝑐 2 ⇒ 𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑐 2

11. Solve 𝒆𝟒𝒙 (𝒑 − 𝟏) + 𝒆𝟐𝒚 𝒑𝟐 = 𝟎 by using substitutions 𝑿 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 , 𝒀 = 𝒆𝟐𝒚 .

𝑑𝑌 2 𝑒 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑌
𝑃 = 𝑑𝑋 = = 𝑋𝑝
2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑋
Put 𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝑋, 𝑒 2𝑦 = 𝑌, 𝑝 = 𝑃 in the given equation 𝑒 4𝑥 (𝑝 − 1) + 𝑒 2𝑦 𝑝2 = 0
𝑌

𝑋 𝑋 2
𝑋 2 (𝑌 𝑃 − 1) + 𝑌 (𝑌 𝑃 ) = 0

𝑋 2 (𝑋𝑃 − 𝑌) + 𝑋 2 𝑃2 = 0
𝑋𝑃 − 𝑌 + 𝑃2 = 0
𝑌 = 𝑋𝑃 + 𝑃2
This is in Clairaut’s form.
General solution is
𝑌 = 𝑐𝑋 + 𝑐 2
⇒ 𝑒 2𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 48

12. Solve (𝒑𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 = 𝒑𝒚𝟐 by using the substitutions 𝑿 = 𝒚 and 𝒀 = 𝒙𝒚.
𝑑𝑌 𝑥𝑑𝑦+𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑝+𝑦 𝑦 𝑌 𝑋
𝑃 = 𝑑𝑋 = = =𝑥+𝑝=𝑋+𝑝
𝑑𝑦 𝑝
𝑌 𝑋
𝑃−𝑋 = 𝑝
𝑋
𝑝= 𝑌
(𝑃− )
𝑋

𝑌 𝑌 𝑋2
Put 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑋 , 𝑦 = 𝑋, 𝑝 = 𝑃𝑋−𝑌 in the given equation (𝑝𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = 𝑝𝑦 2
2
𝑋2 𝑌 𝑋2
{(𝑃𝑋−𝑌) 𝑋 + 𝑋} = (𝑃𝑋−𝑌) 𝑋 2

𝑌 2 𝑋2
{ + 1} =
𝑃𝑋−𝑌 𝑃𝑋−𝑌

𝑃𝑋 2 𝑋2
{𝑃𝑋−𝑌} = 𝑃𝑋−𝑌

𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑋 − 𝑌
𝑌 = 𝑃𝑋 − 𝑃2
This is in Clairaut’s form.
General solution is
𝑌 = 𝑐𝑋 − 𝑐 2
⇒ 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐𝑦 − 𝑐 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 49