University of Technology

Laser & Optoelectronics Engineering Department

Communication Engineering Lab.
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Exp.No.1
Transient Response of R.L. Circuit

OBJECT
TO INVESTIGATE THE RESPONSE BEHAVIOR OF R-L
CCT.
APPARATUS
1-signal function generator
2- Oscilloscope
3- Resisters & inductor
THEORY
Before we begin to explore the effects of resistors, inductors, and
in the AC circuits, let's briefly review some basic capacitors connected
terms and facts:
Resistance is essentially friction against the motion of electrons. It is present in
all conductors to some extent (except superconductors!), most notably in
resistors. When alternating current goes through a resistance, a voltage drop is
produced that is in-phase with the current. Resistance is mathematically
symbolized by the letter "R" and is measured in the unit of ohms
Reactance is essentially inertia against the motion of electrons. It is present
anywhere electric
or magnetic fields are developed in proportion to applied voltage or current,
respectively; but most notably in capacitors and inductors. When alternating
current goes through a pure reactance, a voltage drop is produced that is 90o out
of phase with the current. Reactance is mathematically symbolized by the letter
"X" and is measured in the unit of ohms.
Impedance is a comprehensive expression of any and all forms of opposition
to electron flow
Including both resistance and reactance. It is present in all circuits, and in all components.
When alternating current goes through an impedance, a voltage drop is produced that is
somewhere between 0o and 90o out of phase with the current. Impedance is mathematically
symbolized by the letter "Z" and is measured in the unit of ohms. in complex form
 University of Technology
Laser & Optoelectronics Engineering Department
Communication Engineering Lab.
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Exp.No.1
Transient Response of R.L. Circuit
Perfect resistors possess resistance, but not reactance. Perfect inductors and
perfect capacitors
Possess reactance but no resistance. All components possess impedance, and
because of this universal quality, it makes sense to translate all
component values (resistance, inductance, capacitance) into common terms of
.impedance as the first step in analyzing an AC circuit.

R-L TRANSIENTS
The changing voltages and current that result during the storing of energy in
the form of a magnetic field by an inductor in a ac circuit can be described
using the circuit below.

.
Basic R-L transient network

1- STORAGE CYCLE
The changing voltages& current that result during the storing of energy
in the form of magnetic field by an inductor in dc circuit can be described
using the network of fig 1.
 University of Technology
Laser & Optoelectronics Engineering Department
Communication Engineering Lab.
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Exp.No.1
Transient Response of R.L. Circuit

At the instant the switch is closed the inductance of the coil will prevent an
instantaneous change in current through the coil. The potential drop
across the coil vL ,will equal the impressed voltage .E is determined by
kirchhoff's voltage law since vR= i.R= 0.R= 0 volt. The current iL will then
build up from zero, establishing a voltage drop across the resistor & a
corresponding drop in vL. The current will continue to increase until the
voltage across the inductor drops to zero volt and the full impressed
voltage appears cross the resistor. The current iL increases quit rapidly,
followed by a co the instant the switch of fig.(1) is closed the equivalent
network will appear as shown in fig(2):
ntinually decreasing rate until iL reaches its maximum value of E/R.
the instant the switch of fig.(1) is closed the equivalent network will appear
as shown in fig(2):
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Laser & Optoelectronics Engineering Department
Communication Engineering Lab.
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Exp.No.1
Transient Response of R.L. Circuit

The inductor obviously meets all the requirement for an open-circuit

equivalent vL=E volts , iL = 0A.
When steady –state condition have been established and the storage phase
is complete ,the equivalent network will appear as shown in fig.(3):
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Communication Engineering Lab.
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Exp.No.1
Transient Response of R.L. Circuit

An ideal inductor assumes a-short-circuit equivalent in a d.c. network on

steady-state condition have been established.
The equation for the current iL during the storage phase is the following:
E

i L  I m 1  e t /    R
 
1  e t /  L / R  .......... .......... .......... .......(1)

a plot of the equation in fig.(4) clearly indicate that the maximum steady
state value of iL is E/R ,and that the rate of changing in current decreases
as time passes .
 University of Technology
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Communication Engineering Lab.
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Exp.No.1
Transient Response of R.L. Circuit

the time constant (  ) for inductive cct. Defined by the following:

L
in second  ....... (2)
R
Fig.(2&3) clearly reveal that the voltage across the coil jumps to E volt
when the switch is closed and decay to 0 volt with time. The decay occurs
in an exponential manner and vL during the storage phase can be
described mathematically by the following equation :

v L  Ee  t /  .......................................................................(3)

A plot of vL is :
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Laser & Optoelectronics Engineering Department
Communication Engineering Lab.
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Exp.No.1
Transient Response of R.L. Circuit

Since
v R =iR .R = iL . R
E
v R  1  e t / L / R   .R
R
v R  E 1  e  t /  ...............................................................(4)
and the curve for vR will have the same shape as obtained for iL
 University of Technology
Laser & Optoelectronics Engineering Department
Communication Engineering Lab.
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Exp.No.1
Transient Response of R.L. Circuit

2- DECAY PHASE
After the storage phase has passed and steady –state condition are
established the switch can be opened for clarity the discharge path is
isolated in fig.(6).

The current will decay from maximum of Im =E/R To zero in the

following manner:

i L  I m e  t /  .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... (5)

The voltage across vR is expressed as follows:

v R  Ee t /  .....................................................................(6)
PROCEDURE
1-connect the circuit as as shown in fig.(7).
2-adjust the A.C. oscillator to 8 Vp.p & 140Hz ,R1=1K,L=400mH, R2=100
ohm
 ‫‪University of Technology‬‬
‫‪Laser & Optoelectronics Engineering Department‬‬
‫‪Communication Engineering Lab.‬‬
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‫‪Exp.No.1‬‬
‫‪Transient Response of R.L. Circuit‬‬
 University of Technology
Laser & Optoelectronics Engineering Department
Communication Engineering Lab.
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Exp.No.1
Transient Response of R.L. Circuit

Requirements:
1. Draw on a graph paper:

a. Vin versus time.

b. VL versus time.
c. VR=100Ω versus time.

2. Draw on the same graph paper the function:

1- f 1(t )  e  t
f 2(t )  1  e  t 2- t>=0

DISCUSSION
1. What is the meaning of transient?
2. What is the statement of Lenz law?
3. Define time constant (τ) for (R-L) cct.
4. Comment on your results .