Computer System Overview

based on CBSE curriculum

Class 11
 Introduction
– Computer is a machine which brought resolution in the world.
– 20-30 years ago , our method of living was completely different from today.
– Now a days, we can not even imagine our lives without computer, internet,
mobile phone , e-mail etc.
– “Computer is an electronic machine that accept input and after processing
produce output.“
– Computer depends upon Electric Power.
– Computer is the combination of hardware and software with which a task
becomes very easy and errorfree.
– Hardware: Physical components of a computer system are known as
Hardwares. For ex- Keyboard, CPU, Monitor, Printer etc.
– Software: These are sets of written instructions or programs which controls
working of a computer system.
– In this chapter we will learn about various parts of computer and their
working.
 Organization of Computer
– Computer works as per IPO Cycle (inputprocessoutput).
– Computer proceeses a certain input and provides a specific output.
– Computer system consists of various components- like –
– CPU (ALU, Registers, Control Unit), Memory, input unit, output unit,
Storage unit etc.

ALU
Registers
Control
CPU Memory

Input Unit Output Unit Storage Unit

 Input Units
– Input devices connected to a computer system makes its input unit.
– Input unit is responsibile to accept input and to convert it into
computer understandable format.
– Different input devices are used for different types of input.
– Some of the input devices are as under –
• Keyboard • Camera
• Mouse • Bio metric Scanners
• Microphone • Touch Screen Panel
• Joy-stick
• OMR
• OBCR
• Touch Pad
• Track Ball
• MICR
• Light Pen
• Scanner
 Output Units
– Output devices connected to a computer system makes its output
unit.
– It is the responsibility of an Output unit to produce output after
processing.
– Different output devices are used for different types of output.
– Some of the output devices are as under –
• Monitor
• Projector
• Printer
• Plotter
• Speaker
 CPU
• CPU is the main controlling and processing unit of computer
where all calculations takes place.
• CPU is also known as brain of computer system because it
directs, guides and controls working of computer system.
• CPU has following components-
– Arithmatic logic unit (ALU) it performs mathematical and logical
calculations.
– Control unit (CU) it controls and directs every task.
– Registers it is the place to store data temporarily for the purpose of
correct calculation.
 Memory
• Memory is often known as Primary memory.
• It is not like human memory because data stored in this memory
automatically flushes out with power cut off which can not recover later.
It is also known as volatile memory.
• It is the workplace of a computer system where data is to be kept on
temporary basis for the purpose of processing.
• Every memory location has a definite address.
• Smallest unit of memory is a bit.
– 8 bit = 1 byte
– 4 bits=1 Nibble
– 1024 byte = I Kilobyte
– 1024 Kilobyte = 1 Mega byte
– 1024 Megabyte = 1 Giga byte The total time taken to access data
– 1024 Gigabyte = 1 Terra byte from memory is called Memory
– 1024 Terra byte = 1 Peta byte Access Time
– 1024 Petabyte = 1 Exabyte
– 1024 Exabyte = 1 Zetta byte
 Types of Memory
• Main Memory is divided into two types-
– RAM (Random Access Memory)
– ROM (Read Only Memory)
• The memory which is in direct contact of CPU is known as
primary memory. RAM and ROM both remains in direct
contact of CPU.
• The total time taken to access Data from memory is known
as Memory Access Time.
 RAM
• In RAM, any memory cell can be accessed from any
desiring memory location.
• The connection between memory and its environment is
established by data input, output lines, address lines,
control lines which is used to direct transfer.
Block diagram of RAM is as under-
• The only limitation of RAM is
that it is volatile in nature.
• RAM is of two types-
– Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
– Static RAM (SRAM)
• It is not possible to imagine processing without RAM.
• The efficiency of RAM depends upon the size (capacity)of
RAM.
• RAM supports both read and write operations.
 DRAM
• DRAM is basically consists of transistor and capacitor
which stores electric charge.
• As per switching of Transistor, capacitor does contain a
charge (1 bit ) or does not contain a charge(0 bit).
• Now a days, memory access time of DRAM chip is from 20
to 70 nanoseconds.
• Storage density of DRAM is from 10 to 100 Giga bits.
• DRAM needs to be refreshed again and again which is a
tedious job for processor.
 SRAM
• SRAM is made up of internal Flip-Flops where 1 Flip-Flop is
capable of storing 1 bit.
• It occupies more space as compared to DRAM.
• It is fast as compared to DRAM.
• SRAM is expensive as compared to DRAM.
 ROM
• As its name implies, this memory is only for read operations.
• It is programmed at the time of hardware setting and whatever
we store in this memory can not change later.
• ROM is to be used in the situations when we know that
information needs not to be changed in future.

• ROM is of following types -

– ROM (Read Only Memory)
– PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)
– EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
– EEPROM(Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
 Storage Unit
• It is required to store data in computer for the purpose of
processing in future.
• Because Primary memory has its own limitations,
secondary storage or storage unit is very much required.
• Secondary storage is used to store large amount of data.
• Various secondary storage devices are available in market
now a days -
– Hard disk (Internal/External)
– Pen drive
– CD
– DVD
– Blue Ray Disks
– Memory Cards
– Magnetic Tapes
 System Bus
• The group of wires used to connect main parts of Computer system is
called System Bus which creates an electronic path for the transfer of
data.
• System bus is used to transfer data and instructions between the
various components of computer system.
• The part of System bus that carries data is called Data Bus.
• The part of System bus that carries instructions is called control bus.
• The part of System bus that carries memory address is called Address
Bus.
• And the bus connected with
input/output units is called
I/O bus.
 Mobile System Organization
• Modern Mobile Phone is like a small computer in hand.
• They have less processing power as compared to
computer system.
• We can perform following tasks with a mobile phone-
– Calling.
– Photo taking with camera.
– To work on various apps by
– touch screen facility.
– Watching videos.
– Listening audio (songs)
– Playing games etc.
• Mobile phone receives power from battery.
 Mobile Processor
• It is the brain of smartphone.
• It immidiately responds on reciving a command.
• It has 2 main sub-processors-
– Communication Processing Unit – It helps in making and receiving
call on a mobile phone. It has a digital signal processor which
works with RF Transceiver and Audio subsystem.
– Application Processing Unit (APU) – it helps in controlling all
operations of mobile phone which is used to process various
applications. Another supporting unit is GPU (Graphics Processing
Unit) which handles all graphical applications and visuals of mobile
phone.
• Now a days, all parts of a mobile are placed on a single
chip which is known as System on a chip (SoC) it redues
energy consumption.
 Mobile Display sub-system
• It is responsibile for all tasks related to display and touch of
screen. It supports the following tasks-
– Display Screen
– Touch Sensitive Interface
– Touch Sensitive keyboard

Camera sub-system
• It is based on image signal processing.
• It performs following tasks-
– Instant Image Capture
– High Resolution Support
– Image Stabilization
– Other image enhancements
 Mobile system memory
• It is of 2 types--
– RAM, it is available in 2 GB, 4 GB,
6 GB, 8 GB.
– ROM, it is available in 16 GB, 32 GB,
64 GB, 128 GB.

Mobile Storage
• It is external storage and
also known as expendable
memory.
• It is available in the form of
SD cards and micro SD Cards.
Mobile Power Management Subsystem
• This subsystem provides power to mobile phone.
• Every mobile phone receives power from a connected
battery.
• It’s power is limited.
• It is required to charge battery after a certain period of time.
 Software
• Software is a set of programs which is designed for a
special purpose.
• Hardware can not work without software.
• It behaves like an interface between hardware and user.
With it’s help, a user
can give directions
to a hardware.
• Software gives
directions to control
various operations.
• Softwares are of 2 types-
– System software
– Application software
 System Software
• Software, that controls inner operations of a computer
system is called system software.
• It follows the instructions related to system and facilitates
the smooth working of system.
• It is not possible to work without system software.
• It works as an interface between hardware and application
software.
• It is further divided into 2 parts -
– Operating system
– Language processor
 Operating System
• It is an interface between hardware and user.
• It is like a manager of whole computer system.
• It controls all resources of hardware.
• It manages various application softwares with hardware.
• It develops an environment for the user where user can give
commands and can receive outputs.
Types of OS are -
– Single User OS
– Multi User OS
– Time Sharing OS
– Real Time OS
– Multiprocessing OS
– Distributed OS
 Language Processor
• It is a special software which translates source code to object
code or machine code.
• Source code is a group of instructions written by programmer
using some computer programming language.
• Object code are those instructions which are received by
translating source code in to machine code.
• They are used in the development of Software.
• Language Processor are of 3 types-
– Assembler
– Interpreter
– Compiler
 Application Software
• These are the softwares designed for some specific tasks.
• These are to be installed after installation of OS only.
• OS provides environment to run an Application software.
• These are designed for a specific purpose.
• They are divided into 4 categories-
– Packages (MS-Office)
– Utilities (Text Editor, Paint Brush, Disk Defragmenter, Antivirus)
– Customized Software (Tally, business software)
– Developer Tool (software libraries)