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What do you know about

Atoms and Elements?
• Is there anything in this picture that is
made out of atoms and/or elements?

Chapter 1 - This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Elements • What is the difference between atoms

and elements?

Dr. Meghan Doster

CHM 161 D • What is matter? Can you think of an
Fall example?

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This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC

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Objectives Atoms and Elements

• Explain how elements are arranged in the periodic table. • Elements are the building blocks of all matter.
• Identify the correct chemical symbol for a given element. • An atom is the smallest identifiable unit of an element!
• Draw a diagram of an atom including its subatomic • Atoms are extremely small!
particles. • Ex. A single Carbon atom is 0.15 nm.
• Explain what isotopes and ions are.
• There 118 known elements in the universe.
• Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons
in a given atom. • All matter in the universe is made of one or more of these 118
• Perform calculations related to the decay rate and ½ life of elements!!!
radioactive isotopes. • All known elements are organized into a table called the
• Explain the reason for nuclear stability. Periodic Table.
• Identify elements as metals, nonmetals or metalloids. • 92 elements occur naturally and 26 have been synthetically
• Describe an elements physical properties based on periodic made.
trends.
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Periodic Table of Elements Names of the Elements

•Each element has a unique name.
•Names have several origins:
• Properties of Element, Countries, People, Planets,
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• Hydrogen is derived from Greek.
• “hydro” means water former
• Carbon is derived from Latin.
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• “carbo” means coal
• Scandium is named for Scandinavia
• Nobelium is named for Alfred Nobel.
• Neptunium is named after Neptune.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND
Photo: Colour Coded Periodic Table of Elements from Wikipedia Article Titled 5 6
Transuranium element. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transuranium_element

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Element Symbols Other Element Symbols

•Each element is abbreviated using a chemical • For some elements, the chemical symbol is derived from the
symbol. original Latin name (or German for one element).
• Practice: Determine the correct chemical symbol for each element?
•The symbols are 1 or 2 letters long. English Name Latin (or German*) Name Chemical Symbol
Gold Aurum
•Most of the time, the symbol is derived from the
Sodium Natrium
name of the element. Silver Argentum
• C is the symbol for carbon Antimony Stibium
Copper Cuprum
• Cd is the symbol for cadmium Tin Stannum

•When a symbol has a two letter symbol, the first is Mercury Hydragyrum
Iron Ferrum
capitalized and the second is lower case.
Potassium Kalium
Tungsten Wolfram*
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Practice: Element Symbols Types of Elements

How many elements are in each compound? •Elements can be divided into three classes:
1. Metals
• All solids except Mercury which is a liquid.
AlPO4 
2. Nonmetals
Na3N  • 11 are gases, Br is a liquid and all others are solids.

FeCO3  3. Semimetals ( also called Metalloids)

• All are solids at room temperature.
•Semimetals have properties midway between those
of metals and nonmetals.
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Metals, Nonmetals, and Semimetals Subatomic Particles

• About 50 years after Dalton’s Atomic Theory of the atom came
• Metals are on the _______ side of the periodic table, out in 1803, evidence was seen that atoms were divisible.
nonmetals are on the _______ side, and the semimetals (also
called metalloids) touch ____ sides of the diagonal • Three subatomic particles were discovered.
staircase. • Negatively charged electrons, e–.
• Positively charge protons, p+.
Question:
Which nonmetal is • Neutrally charged neutrons, n0.
not located with all
the others???
• An electron has a relative charge of -1
• A proton has a relative charge of +1.
• A neutron has a relative charge of 0.

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• NOTE: Atoms are overall neutral therefore #p+’s = #e-’s. 12
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Structure of The Atom Structure of The Atom Cont’d

• Protons and neutrons are located in the center of the atom • Each element has a different combination of protons,
called the nucleus and therefore are known as __________. electrons, and neutrons.
Practice Questions:
• Electrons orbit around the nucleus and are attracted to it’s 1) Identify the number of p+, e- and n0. Which element is represented
positive charge. ** Opposites Attract *** below?
• NOTE: Particles of like charge repel!

Question:
What element is represented by
this atomic model??

Electrons
Protons
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Neutrons

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Subatomic Particles Revisited Relative Size of Subatomic Particles

• Since a proton’s mass is about 1.69 x 10-24g which is a very
small number if expressed in g (grams), The unit “amu” was • The diameter of an atom is ~ 50,000 larger than the
created to make it easier to describe the relative mass of nucleus!
subatomic particles. • This is about the same as a marble in the middle of a
Canadian Football Field!!
• Using the amu unit, the mass of a proton is 1.008 amu.
• The atom is therefore mostly ______________________,
• Practice: with almost all of its mass located in the _____________.
• Fill in the missing sections of the table:
Particle Symbol Charge Relative Relative Challenge:
Location Mass What is the most
(amu) dense part of an
Electron 0.00055 atom??
Proton p+ In
nucleus
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Neutron 1.009 15
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Isotopes Isotopes Continued

• All atoms of the same element have the same number of • Example:
protons.
There are three naturally occurring isotopes for
• Most elements occur naturally with varying numbers of Hydrogen…
neutrons.
• Atoms of the same element that have a different number of
neutrons in the nucleus are called isotopes.
• Isotopes have the same atomic number, but different
mass numbers.
• NOTE: All isotopes of a given atom behave identically in
all their chemical reactions.
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• NOTE: 23 of the 118 elements have 1 isotope • NOTE: The isotopes exist in drastically different amounts.
(monoisotopic) all others have more than 1 isotope! The isotopes are made up of 99.98 % Hydrogen, 0.02 %
17 Deuterium and 10-16 % Tritium. 18

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Periodic • The periodic table shows the atomic

What Holds Atoms Together?? Table
number, symbol, and atomic mass for
each element.
• Remember: Opposite charges attract and like
charges repel!
• Electrons travel at very high speeds around
nucleus.
• The electron is held within the atom by
strong electrostatic attraction to the
positively charged proton(s) in the
nucleus.

• Challenge Question:
• If like charges repel, what holds protons
together in the nucleus?
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This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

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Atomic Notation Using Atomic Notation

•Each element has a characteristic number of protons •An example:
in the nucleus. This is the atomic number, Z.
•The total number of protons and neutrons in the •How many protons does sodium have?
nucleus of an atom is the mass number, A.
•We use atomic notation to display the number of •How many total protons and neutrons are there?
protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom:

•How many neutrons are there?

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Using Atomic Notation Nuclear Stability

•What does figuring out the # number of protons of an • The ratio of the number of neutrons to the number of protons
atom tell us about the # of electrons in that atom? (N/Z) determine the stability of an atom.
• Since all atoms are electrically neutral…….they must be • The competition between the
equal attractive strong force between
all nucleons (p+ and n0) and
•Therefore, Sodium (Na) must also have 11 electrons. repulsive electrostatic forces
between p+ determines the
nuclear stability.
•Practice Questions: • If the N/Z ratio is either too
238 high or too low the isotope is
•How many e- does Uranium have? 92 U unstable and decays.
• NOTE: All elements with
•How many neutrons does Uranium have? Z > 83 (Bi) are unstable!
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Half-Life of Isotopes Practice

• The half-life is the time it takes for radioactive isotopes to •The isotope for 14C has a ½ life of 5730 years. If the
decay to ½ its original mass. original sample contained 10 mg of 14C, calculate the
• Elements in black are mass of 14C remaining after:
very stable with ½ lives
of ~ 1015 s (> 30 million •A) One half-life.
years) and are not
considered radioactive.
• Elements in pink have
½ lives of 10-15 s and •B) After three half-lives.
are considered highly
radioactive.

•C) After 28,650 years.

Photo: Chart of Nuclides http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/reZoom.jsp?newZoom=7

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Mendeleev’s Periodic Table Prediction of New Elements

•In the mid 1800’s, Dmitri Mendeleev proposed •Mendeleev noticed that when the elements were
that the properties of the chemical elements repeat arranged by increasing atomic mass, every eighth
at regular intervals when arranged in order of element had similar physical and chemical
increasing atomic mass. Incorrect! properties.
•Mendeleev is the architect of the modern periodic
table.

Picture: Example of how periodic trends appear every 8 elements. Introductory Chemistry, 5th Edition;
Nivaldo J. Tro, Santa Barbara City College, Pearson, 2015.
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The Noble Gases Refined Arrangement

•The periodic table was expanded by one group at •In 1913, it was discovered that the nuclear charge
the far right of the periodic table with the discovery increased by one for each element on the periodic
of argon in 1894. table.
•Helium, neon, krypton, xenon, and radon were •It was concluded that if the elements are arranged
subsequently discovered in the next 5 years. by increasing nuclear charge rather than atomic
mass, the trends on the periodic table are better
•They were originally called the inert gases. explained.
•Recently, several compounds of xenon and krypton •Recall, that atomic charge is due to the number of
have been made and the term noble gases is protons in the nucleus, the atomic number.
currently used.
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The Periodic Law Groups & Periods of Elements

•The periodic law states that the properties of elements
recur in a repeating pattern when arranged according •A vertical column on the periodic table is a group
to increasing atomic number (#of protons). or family of elements.
•A horizontal row on the periodic table is a period
or series of elements.
•There are 18 groups and 7 periods on the periodic
table.

31Picture: Periodic Table. Introductory Chemistry, 5th Edition; Nivaldo J. Tro, Santa Barbara City College, Pearson, 2015. 31 32
32Picture: Periodic Table. Introductory Chemistry, 5th Edition; Nivaldo J. Tro, Santa Barbara City College, Pearson, 2015.

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Periods on the Periodic Table Hydrogen on the Periodic Table

•The 7 periods are labeled 1 through 7. •Hydrogen occupies a special position on the
•The first period has only 2 elements, H and He. periodic table.
•The second and third periods have 8 elements each: •It is a gas with properties similar to nonmetals.
•Li through Ne and Na through Ar •It also reacts by losing one electron, similar to
metals.
•The fourth and fifth periods each have 18 elements:
•K through Kr and Rb through Xe

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34Picture: Periodic Table. Introductory Chemistry, 5th Edition; Nivaldo J. Tro, Santa Barbara City College, Pearson, 2015.

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Groups on the Periodic Table Groups on the Periodic Table

 There are 18 groups on the periodic table. • In 1920, the International Union of Pure and Applied
 American chemists designated the groups with a Chemistry (IUPAC) proposed a new numbering scheme.
Roman numeral (I through VIII) and the letter A or B. In it, the groups are assigned numbers 1 through 18.

IA is Li to Fr IIB is Zn, Cd, Hg Group 1 is Li to Fr Group 12 is Zn, Cd, Hg

Group 2 is Be to Ra Group 15 is N to Bi
IIA is Be to Ra VA is N to Bi

35Picture: Periodic Table. Introductory Chemistry, 5th Edition; Nivaldo J. Tro, Santa Barbara City College, Pearson, 2015. 35 36Picture: Periodic Table. Introductory Chemistry, 5th Edition; Nivaldo J. Tro, Santa Barbara City College, Pearson, 2015. 36

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Groupings of Elements Groupings of Elements

•There are several groupings of elements. •The inner transition elements are divided into the
lanthanide series and the actinide series.
•The representative elements or main-group
elements, are in the A groups (groups 1, 2, and 13 –
18).
•The transition elements are in the B groups
(groups 3 – 12).
•The inner transition elements are found below the
periodic table. They are also referred to as the rare
earth elements.
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38Picture: Periodic Table. Introductory Chemistry, 5th Edition; Nivaldo J. Tro, Santa Barbara City College, Pearson, 2015.

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Common Names of Families Groups and Periods Exercise

• Several columns of the periodic table have common, trivial
names. Determine the element symbol that fits each of the
• Group IA/1 are the alkali metals (most reactive metals). following descriptions:
• Group IIA/2 are the alkaline earth metals.
1. The alkali metal in the 6th period:
• Group VIIA/17 are the
halogens (most reactive 2. The actinide with the highest atomic mass:
non metals).
• Group VIIIA/18 are the 3. The metal in Group VIIB/7 and Period 4:
noble gases (unreactive).
4. The noble gas in the 3rd period:
• Group IIIA-VIA are the
Aluminum, Carbon,
Nitrogen and oxygen
groups respectively.
39Picture: Periodic Table. Introductory Chemistry, 5th Edition; Nivaldo J. Tro, Santa Barbara City College, Pearson, 2015. 39 40

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Ions Ions Cont’d

•Atoms are neutral because the # of electrons = the •The number of protons in an atom never changes,
# of protons. only the number of electrons can change.
•Sometimes these two numbers are not equal and •If we remove an electron from an atom, that atom
there is a difference in the total positive charges has an overall charge of +1 and is called a cation.
(protons) and total negative charges (electrons) in
the atom. •If we add an electron to an atom, that atom has an
overall charge of -1 and is called an anion.
•Any atom where the number of protons does not
equal the number of electrons is called an ion.
•Therefore, an ion is any atom with a net charge.

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Ions Cont’d Ion’s Continued

Ex) Ions of Silicon Ex) Ions of Hydrogen

H nucleus contains 1p+ and total (net) charge of atom is shown outside the brackets
this remains unchanged

+1 -1
1e- 1e- 2e-
1p+ 1p+ 1p+
1p+ - gain 1e-
lose 1e

+ + + H-
H - 1e- H+ H + 1e-
hydrogen atom hydrogen cation hydrogen atom hydride anion

for anion's name, change

cation name is same as atom's
ending to 'ide'

Picture: Example of cation and Anion of Silicon atom. Introductory Chemistry, 5th Edition; Nivaldo J. Tro, Santa Barbara City 43 44
College, Pearson, 2015.

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Ionic Charge Ion Formation Practice

Using the periodic table, draw a diagram, write the
•Metals tend to lose electrons (form cations). equation and name each ion formed.
1) A fluorine atom gains 1 electron.
•Nonmetals tend to gain electrons (form anions).
•Semi-metals (metalloids) can lose or gain electrons
depending on the circumstances.
•We will learn how to predict the charges of ions
2) A Magnesium atom loses 2 electrons.
later.

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Physical Properties of Metals Properties of Nonmetals

• Metals are typically solids (except Hg a liquid) with high • Nonmetals typically have low melting points and low densities
melting points and high densities and have a bright, metallic and have a dull appearance.
luster (silvery except Cu and Au).
• Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat (thermal insulators) and
• Metals are good conductors of heat and good conductors of poor conductors of electricity (electrical insulators) (except
electricity. graphite).
• Metals can be hammered into thin sheets and are said to be • Nonmetals are not malleable or ductile and crush into a powder
malleable. when hammered (brittle).
• Metals can be drawn into fine wires and are said to be ductile. • Noble gases are monoatomic and do not combine like other
• NOTE: 92 of the 118 elements are metals! nonmetals which form polyatomic molecules (Ex. H2, P4, S8 Cl2
etc.)
• 11 nonmetals occur naturally in the gaseous state, 6 are solids and
1 is a corrosive fuming liquid.
Silver Nickel Copper
• NOTE: 18 of the 118 elements are nonmetals. 48
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Properties of Semimetals (Metalloids) Practice Metals, Nonmetals and Semimetals

• All elements that touch 2 sides of the staircase are metalloids
(exception Al).
State whether each of the following properties is more
• They are solids. typical of a metal, nonmetal or a semimetal.
• Have metallic luster (silvery/shiny).
• Flexibility varies – some are flexible some are brittle. a) Shiny liquid at 500° C
b) Low melting point
• Electrical semiconductors – unlike metals electrical
conductivity increases when temperature increases. c) Ductile
metals
d) Semi-conductor
metalloids
e) Dull powder
electrical conductivity

electrical conductivity

f) Reddish liquid (at room temp)

g) High density

temperature (°C)
temperature (°C) 49 50

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Summary Summary Cont’d

• Atoms are the smallest identifiable unit of an element. • Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
• The protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus and the
• Each element in the periodic table is given a chemical electrons are outside the nucleus.
symbol.
• Atoms are mostly empty space.
• The elements in the periodic table are arranged by increasing
atomic number. • The number of protons is referred to as the atomic number for the
atom.
• The elements have, regular repeating chemical and physical
properties. • All atoms of the same element have the same number of protons.
• The periodic table can be broken down into: • Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but differing
numbers of neutrons.
• groups or families which are columns
• Ions are atoms with the same number of protons but differing
• periods or series which are rows numbers of electrons.
• Metals (left side), non-metals (right side) and metalloids (touch 2 • The mass number for an isotope is the total number of protons
sides of stair case).
plus neutrons.
• The ratio of protons to neutrons determines the stability of an
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Assigned Readings and Homework

•Read Chapter 1 of textbook (pages 1-35).
•Watch attached videos in textbook.
•Try attached links.
•Complete questions in slides and practice
questions at the end of Chapter 1.

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