Java – Basic programming

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CHINTAN A GAJJAR
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
DR S & S S GHANDHY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, SURAT
Naming Conventions in Java
 Naming conventions specify the rules to be followed by a Java programmer
while writing the names of packages, classes, methods, variables etc.
 A represents a sub directory that contains a group of classes and
interfaces. Names of packages in Java are written in small letters as:

 A is a model for creating objects. A class specifies the properties and

actions of objects. An interface is also similar to a class. Each word of class
and interface names start with a capital letter as:

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Naming Conventions in Java
 A class and interface contain methods and variables. The first word of a
method name is in small letters; then from second word onwards, each new
word starts with a capital letter as shown here:

 The naming convention for variables’ name is same as that for method as
given here:

 Constants represent fixed values that cannot be altered. Such constants

should be written by using all capital letters as show here:

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Data Types in Java
 We need variables to store the data. Internally, a variable represents a
memory location to hold data. To use a variable in a program, we have first
declare it with data type.
 In Java, there are two types of data:
1. Primitive data types:

2. Reference data types:

class, interface, array and String

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Integer Data Types
 These data types represent integer numbers, i.e. numbers without any
fractional parts or decimal points. For example, 124, -22943, 0, 1025 etc.
There are again sub divided into below given types.
Data type Memory size Minimum and Maximum values
1 byte
2 bytes
4 bytes
8 bytes

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Example

Output:
java.lang.Integer
java.lang.Long

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Float Data Types
 These data types are useful to represent numbers with decimal points. For
example, 3.14, 0.012, 1.0, -11.49 etc. These are again classified as
(single precision) and (double precision). The only difference is in the
essential number of digits accurately after the decimal point. This accuracy is
also called precision.
Data type Memory size Minimum and Maximum values

4 bytes
8 bytes

 By default 3.14 constant value considered by JVM is double (8 bytes). To

make it float constant 3.14F or 3.14f is required. For example:
float pi = 3.142F;
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Example

Output:
java.lang.Double
java.lang.Float

float can represent up to 7 digits accurately after decimal, whereas double can represent
up to 15 digits accurately after decimal point.
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Character Data Type
 This data type represents a single character like a, P, &, * etc.
Data type Memory size Minimum and Maximum values
2 bytes

 Here, a single character is stored into the variable ch. Here, is called
character literal (constant). Always, a character literals enclosed inside the
single quote.

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Boolean Data Type
 data type represent any of the two values – true or false. JVM uses
1 bit to represent a value internally.

 We should not enclose the boolean value or in any quotation

marks. In other language, 0 represents false and any other non-zero number
represents true. This is not valid in Java.

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String Data Type
 A represents a group of characters, like “Gujarat”, “AP-123” etc. The
simplest way to create a is by storing a group of characters into a
type variable as:

 Note that any string written directly in a program should be enclosed by

using double quotes.
 There is a class named in Java, where several methods are provided
to perform different operations on strings. Any string is considered as an
object of class.

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Reading Input from keyboard with Scanner class
 We can use class of package to read input from the
keyboard or a text file. When the class receives input, it breaks it
into several pieces, called tokens. These tokens can be retrieved from the
object using the following methods:
 – to read a string.
 – to read a single string till the end of the line.
 – to read a single char
 – to read byte value
 – to read an integer value
 – to read float value
 – to read long value
 – to read double value
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Example
 To read input from keyboard, we can use class as:

 Now, if user has given an integer value from the keyboard, it is stored into
the Scanner object (input) as a token. To retrieve that token, we can use the
method:

 The program in the next slide will make this concept clear.

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Example

Output:
Enter Your ID, Name and Salary:123 Chintan 20000.00
ID =123
Name :Chintan
Salary =20000.0
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Command Line Arguments
 During program execution, information passed following a program name in
the command line is called Command Line Arguments. In Java, an argument
passed in main( ) method is known as command line arguments.
 When we launch an application, we can pass command-line arguments to
the application’s main( ) method through an array of Strings:


 Both are valid syntax.
 Each element in the array "args" is one command-line argument.

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Command Line Arguments
Java command Arguments sent to main( )

args[0] = "word0"
args[1] = "word1“
args[2] = "word2“
and so on…

Here, to store arguments, we usually provide variable name as "args". We can assign any
arbitrary name for the command-line arguments.
For example, is valid.
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Command Line Arguments-Example

Here, stores total number of arguments passed at

run time as command-line arguments.

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Command Line Arguments
 Here, it is obvious that each argument (though it is a number like 1 2 3) is
stored as a String data type. To perform any operation based on the data
type (here, integer) we have to explicitly convert it. Otherwise, arguments
work as String only. For example,


Sum=12
 Here, 1 and 2 are treated as and so + operation concatenates them
and generates result 12 instead of 3.

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 Command Line Arguments
 To convert String argument into integer, there are 2 methods of class:
1. Integer.parseInt(): e.g
Similarly, we can use parseFloat(), parseDouble() and other methods for
other data types.
2. Integer.valueOf(): e.g.

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Another Example of CLA

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Example of CLA with float arguments

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Write a program to find out maximum from array of 10 numbers using CLA
Summer-2024 GTU Exam
class CLA_MAX10{
public static void main(String args[]){
int Arr[] = new int[10];
int i, MAX;
MAX = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
for(i=1; i<10; i++){
Arr[i] = Integer.parseInt(args[i]);
if(Arr[i]>MAX)
MAX = Arr[i];
}
System.out.println("Maximum = "+MAX);
}
}
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OPERATORS in JAVA

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Operators
 Arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /, %
 Relational operators: <, >, >=, <=, !=, ==
 Logical operators: &&, ||, !
 Increment-Decrement operator: ++, --
 Assignment operator: =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, <<=, >>=, &=, ^=, |=
 Bitwise operators: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>, >>>
 Conditional Operator: ? :
 Cast operator: (type) e.g. (int), (float)
 Member operator: ( ).
 operator, operator
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Classification of Operators
 Unary operators: This operator works only on one operand. It appears as
prefix or suffix with its operand.

 Binary operators: This operator works with two operands. It appears

between its operands.
Arithmetic, Relational, &&, ||, &, |, ^, <<, >>, >>>, instanceof , all =
 Ternary operator: ? : There is only one operator in Java which needs three
operands to work. It is also known as "conditional operator".

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Arithmetic Operators

-14 % 4 = -2
-14 % -2 = -2
14 % -2 = 2
For modulo division, the sign of the result
Is always the sign of the first operand.

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Bitwise Operators
00001100
& 00011001
00001000 = 8 (In decimal)
00001100
| 00011001
00011101 = 29 (In decimal)
00001100
^ 00011001
00010101 = 21 (In decimal)
2'complement of
~N= -(~(~N)+1) = -(N+1)

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Bitwise Operators
12<<1
Left Shift by 1 = 24 1100 → 11000
12>>2
Right Shift by 2 = 3 1100 → 0110 → 0011
 >>> also shifts the bits of the number towards right a specified number of
positions. But, it stores 0 in the sign bit.
 If >>> is applied on a positive no, it gives same output as that of >>. But in
case of negative no, the output will be positive, since the sign bit is replaced
by a 0.
 The difference between >> and >>> is that >> will protect the sign bit
whereas the >>> operator will not protect the sign bit. It always fills 0 in the
sign bit.
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Increment – Decrement (++) (--) operators
The operator ++ adds 1 to the operand while – subtracts
1 from the operand. Both are unary operators.
++m and m++ means the same when they form statements
individually. They behave differently when they are used in
expressions on the right-hand side of an assignment
Statement.

++m is pre-increment. Here, operator first adds 1 to m

and then the value is assigned to the variable on left.
m++ is post-increment. Here, operator first assigns
the value to the variable on left adds 1 to m and then
increments the value of operand.

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Conditional Operator

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Casting Operation
 It is possible to convert one primitive data type into another primitive data
type. There are two ways:
1. Implicit Type conversion (widening)
2. Explicit Type conversion (narrowing)

Lower<------------------------------------------------------> Higher
 Thus, is lower data type than . is higher that .
 Here, is not included because it cannot be converted into any other
type.

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Widening casting
 Automatic casing done by the Java compiler internally is called implicit
casting. Implicit casting is done to convert a lower data type into higher data
type.
 For example,

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Explicit casting (narrowing)/Type-cast operator
 The casting done by a programmer is called explicit casting. Explicit casting is
compulsory while converting from a higher data type to a lower data type.
 For example,

 For example,
class TypeCast{
public static void main(String args[]){
int male=100, fem=93;
float ratio = (float)fem / male;
System.out.println("Ratio = "+ratio);
} Note:
Without (float) operation,
} the output is Ratio = 0.0

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Control Statements
 statement
 Nested statement
 ladder
 statement
 loop
 loop
 loop
 loop

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if statement needs Boolean expression
class Control{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a = 1, b;
if(a)
b = 1;
else b = 0;
System.out.print("Values="+ a + b);
}
}

F:\T232_Prac>javac Control.java
Control.java:87: error: incompatible types
if(a)
^
required: boolean
found: int
1 error

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Nested if Example
class Control{
public static void main(String args[]){
int n1=12, n2=5, n3=30;
if(n1>n2)
if(n1>n3)
System.out.println(n1+" is Maximum");
else System.out.println(n3+" is Maximum");
else
if(n2>n3)
System.out.println(n2+" is Maximum");
else System.out.println(n3+" is Maximum");
}
}

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else if ladder Example-1
class Control{
public static void main(String args[]){
int num = -3;
if(num == 0)
System.out.println("Zero");
else if(num>0)
System.out.println(num+" is Positive");
else System.out.println(num+" is Negative");
}
}

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else if ladder Example-2
class Control{
public static void main(String args[]){
int mark = 89;
String Grade;
if(mark>=70 && mark<=100)
Grade = "First";
else if(mark>=60 && mark<70)
Grade = "Second";
else if(mark>=59 && mark<60)
Grade = "Pass";
else Grade = "Fail";
System.out.println("Result = "+Grade);
}
}
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switch statement Example-1
import java.util.Scanner;
class Control{
public static void main(String args[]){
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter No-1:");
int n1 = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Enter No-2:");
int n2 = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Select Option + - * / :");
char opt = sc.next().charAt(0);
switch(opt){
case '+': System.out.println(n1+"+"+n2+"="+(n1+n2));
break;
case '-': System.out.println(n1+"-"+n2+"="+(n1-n2));
break;
case '*': System.out.println(n1+"*"+n2+"="+(n1*n2));
break;
case '/': System.out.println(n1+"/"+n2+"="+(n1/n2));
break;
default: System.out.println("Invalid Operation!!");
}
}
}

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switch statement Example-2
import java.util.Scanner;
class Control{
public static void main(String args[]){
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter No:");
String day = sc.next();
switch(day)
{
case "Sun": System.out.println("Sunday"); break;
case "Mon": System.out.println("Monday"); break;
case "Tue": System.out.println("Tuesday"); break;
case "Wed": System.out.println("Wednesday"); break;
case "Thu": System.out.println("Thursday"); break;
case "Fri": System.out.println("Friday"); break;
case "Sat": System.out.println("Saturday"); break;
default: System.out.println("Wrong Input");
}
}
}

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 while Loop Example
class WhileLoop{ import java.util.Scanner;
public static void main(String a[]){ class PalindromeWhileLoop{
int count = 101; public static void main(String args[]){
while(count <= 109){ Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print(count+" "); System.out.print("Enter Integer:");
count++; int num = sc.nextInt();
} int temp = num, Sum = 0;
} while(temp>0){
} Sum = Sum*10 + temp%10;
temp /= 10;
Output: }
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109
if(num==Sum) System.out.print(num+" is PAL");
else System.out.print(num+" is not PAL");
}
}
Output:
Enter Integer: 121
121 is PAL

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do…while Loop
class doWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
int count = 1;
do{
System.out.print(count+" ");
count++; import java.util.Scanner;
}while(count <= 10); class doWhile{
} public static void main(String args[]){
} Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
int num, Sum = 0;
Output:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 do{
System.out.print("Enter Integer:");
num = sc.nextInt();
Sum += num;
}while(num != -1);
System.out.print("Sum = "+(Sum+1));
}
}

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for Loop
class Loop{ class Loop{
public static void main(String args[]){ public static void main(String args[]){
int i; int i;
for(i = 1; i < 5; i++){ for(i = 1; i < 5; i++); {
System.out.print(i); System.out.print(i);
} }
} }
} }
Output: 1234 Output: 5
class Loop{ class Loop{
public static void main(String args[]){ public static void main(String args[]){
int i; int i;
for(i = 1; i < 5; i=i+1/2){ for(i = 1; i < 5; i++)
System.out.print(i); System.out.print(i);
} System.out.print(i);
} }
} }
Output: 111… Output: 12345

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for Loop
class Loop{ class Loop{
public static void main(String args[]){ public static void main(String args[]){
int i; int i, m;
for(i = 1; i ; i++){ for(i=1, m = 11; i<=5; i++, --m){
System.out.print(i); System.out.print(m+" ");
} }
} }
} } Output: 11 10 9 8 7

Loop.java:28: error: incompatible types

class Loop{
for(i = 1; i ; i++){
^
public static void main(String args[]){
required: boolean int m = 100;
found: int for( ; m<=125 ; ){
1 error System.out.print(m+" ");
m = m+5;
}
}
} Output: 100 105 110 115 120 125

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break and continue
class forLoop{ class forLoop{
public static void main(String arg[]){ public static void main(String arg[]){
int x = 1; int x;
for( ; ; ) for(x=1; x<=10 ; x++)
{ {
System.out.print(x+" "); if (x % 3 == 0)
x++; continue;
if (x > 10) break; System.out.print(x+" ");
} }
} }
} }

Output: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Output: 1 2 4 5 7 8 10

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Array
 An array is a collection of similar data type elements. It is an indexed
collection of fixed number of same data values. In java, there are three types
of array:
1. Single dimensional array
2. Multi dimensional array
3. Non-Rectangular array

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Single Dimensional Array (1D array)
 A list of items can be given one variable name using only one subscript(index)
and such a variable is called a one-dimensional array.
 Syntax:

data type Array name Array size

mark[0]

mark[1]
mark[2]
both are valid syntax. mark[3]
mark[4]

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Single Dimensional Array (1D array)



 Array can be initialized as shown above. We can initialize or modify specific
element in the array by specifying its index(subscript) within square brackets.
 An array index always starts from Zero.

 The index of an array can be int constant, variable of expression that yield
integers.

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1D Array Example
import java.util.Scanner;
class Array1D{
public static void main(String args[]){
int sub[] = new int[4], i;
int sum = 0;
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
for(i=0; i<4; i++){
System.out.print("Enter Marks for Sub-"+(i+1)+":");
sub[i]=sc.nextInt();
sum = sum + sub[i];
}
System.out.print("Percentage = "+(sum/4.0));
}
}
Enter Marks for Sub-1:75
Enter Marks for Sub-2:60
Enter Marks for Sub-3:65
Enter Marks for Sub-4:70
Percentage = 67.5
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Multi Dimensional Array (2D, 3D,… arrays)
 Two dimensional array represents several rows and columns of data. For
example, marks obtained by 3 students in five subjects can be represented
by a 2D array of 3×5.



col-0 col-1 col-2 col-3 col-4
row-0 [0][0] [0][1] [0][2] [0][3] [0][4]
row-1 [1][0] [1][1] [1][2] [1][3] [1][4]
row-2 [2][0] [2][1] [2][2] [2][3] [2][4]

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2D Array Example
import java.util.Scanner; Enter Rows & Columns:2 3
class Array2D{ Enter elements of
public static void main(String args[]){ Matrix:
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); 1 2 3
System.out.print("Enter Rows & Columns:");
int r = sc.nextInt(); 4 5 6
int c = sc.nextInt(); The transpose of Matrix:
int arr[][] = new int[r][c], i, j; 1 4
System.out.println("Enter elements of Matrix:"); 2 5
for(i=0; i<r; i++) 3 6
for(j=0; j<c; j++)
arr[i][j]=sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("The transpose of Matrix:");
for(i=0; i<c; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<r; j++)
{
System.out.print(arr[j][i]+" ");
}
System.out.print("\n");
}
}
}
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Non-Rectangular Array / Jagged Array
 In non-rectangular/jagged arrays, number of rows elements are fixed, but
number of columns for each row are different. Jagged arrays are useful when
dealing with a group of arrays of different sizes.

 We can allocate memory to second dimension afterwards. Here, ar is the

jagged array with size 3. So, its elements are ar[0], ar[1] and ar[2]. The last
pair of braces represents 1D array. So, ar[0], ar[1] and ar[2] can store three
1D arrays. Rectangular array Jagged array

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Jagged Array Example
class JaggedArray {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int x[][] = new int[3][];
//create 3 more 1D arrays as part of x
x[0]= new int[4];
x[1]= new int[2];
x[2]= new int[3];
//store 4 elements into 1st array
x[0][0]=11; x[0][1]=12; x[0][2]=23; x[0][3]=24;
//store 2 elements into 2nd array
x[1][0]=31; x[1][1]=32;
//store 3 elements into 3rd array
x[2][0]=41; x[2][1]=52; x[2][2]=63;
for(int i=0; i<4; i++) System.out.print(x[0][i]+",");
System.out.println();
for(int i=0; i<2; i++) System.out.print(x[1][i]+",");
System.out.println();
for(int i=0; i<3; i++) System.out.print(x[2][i]+",");
}
}
PREPARED BY: C A GAJJAR, IT DEPT, DR S & S S GHANDHY COLLEGE OF ENGG & TECH, SURAT 53
for-each Loop
 This loop is specially designed to handle the elements of a collection.
Collection represents a group of elements. For example, we can take an
array as a collection or any class in package can be
considered as a collection.
 The reason is that an array stores a group of elements like integer
values or strings. Similarly, package classes are developed to
handle a group of objects.
 The for-each lop repeatedly executes a group of statements for each
element of the collection. It executes as many times as there are
number of elements in the collection.

PREPARED BY: C A GAJJAR, IT DEPT, DR S & S S GHANDHY COLLEGE OF ENGG & TECH, SURAT 54
for-each Loop Example
class forEachLoop{ Output:
public static void main(String ar[]){ 11
23
int arr[] = {11, 23, 24, 12, 40, 32};
24
int Sum = 0; 12
for(int i : arr) 40
{ 32
System.out.println(i); Sum = 142
Sum = Sum + i;
}
System.out.print("Sum = "+Sum);
}
}

PREPARED BY: C A GAJJAR, IT DEPT, DR S & S S GHANDHY COLLEGE OF ENGG & TECH, SURAT 55