⑲

eture
6

Cartesian
- Product Given two
non-empty
Sets X & Y ,
their cartesian product XxY
is the set
consisting of all ordered pair
elements from X and Y
of ,
namely
x Y x =

((x ,
4) : xex and yeY] .

Relation
-
A relation between non-empty
sets X and Y is a subset R of
X xY-
RY Cread
thated
we it as
say
x

" is to
y") if (x 8) +R.
,

Example : On R consider the relation

,

R =

<(x, y) ERxRR : +
y =

3 .

ER be such that 1x17 1,

If
·

then s is NOT related to

any
I GR ·
 Take xER such that
⑬
·
pul11 .

Then R Fir and xR truY .

Exercise : Let X= &190} 9 the set

of all
non-zero integers
->
.

Define ,
the relation R on x (that is
,

R = xxX) by the rule that muRn

if and only if m divides n .

Determine R .

also
Let us
a
denote a relation "R" on a nonempty
Set X by "

relation :
Equivalence
-
[
set X
A relation e on a non-empty
is said to be an nivalence relation if
eq
reflexive that is xvx
(i) ~ is , ,

for every xt X -

that is
(ii) is
symmetric , , if rvy
then
y ~x .

)
(III ~ is transitive , that is, whenever
and yvz then x ~I
x
~y
.

,
 ⑪
ample ·

· Given a matrix AtM(n , R) we

,

say that A is invertible

if there

exists BeM(
,
IR) such that

I
0

9100
...
o

0 10 -- -

00

1000-
BA =
= 001---00

. 01

Fas : 0
I If A is invertible with B
,

such that BA= I then

·
it also follows that AB =

I .

and such that

② If B
, By are

B A= I B
BA then =
Ba
=

, ,
, .

denote
So ,
we can the
(unique)
inverse of A
by At .
 -2
relation M(n 1)
·
Define a ~on ,

as follows : Given A, BEMCn R ,

A WB if and only if there exists

an invertible matrix P such that

B =
PAP .

Exercise: The above relation ~

-

is an
nivalence relation on

eq
M(n , R) ·

Example
->
Let f : x-Y be a function
Define ~ follows :
on X as Given

2 guzXy4rlg if and
only
if f(2) f(x)
=
·

reflexive
8

symmetric
·

A transitive /

Such a relation on X is said to be

the relation induced by f .
On M(2, R) , consider ⑤
f : M(2
, R) ->R
det A
defined by f(A) =

(for a =

[ 2 ] , detA=ad-bc)
- .

Consider the relation on M(2 , R)

induced two matrices
by f .
Then

A & B will be related precisely

when their determinants are
equal .