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 INDEX

S.No. Name Page No.

1. Heat Transfer 01-13

2. Process Calculation 14-21

3. Instrumentation and Process Control 22-36

4. Plant Design and Economics 37-44

5. Chemical Technology 45-56

6. Mass Transfer 57-76

7. Chemical Reaction Engineering 77-81

8. Fluid Mechanics & Mechanical Operations 82-85

9. Thermodynamics 86-88
 HEAT TRANSFER

Heat Transfer

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 1
 HEAT TRANSFER

CHAPTER - 1

HEAT TRANSFER
YEAR 2011 (c) alter the shell-side flow pattern
01. Consider two black bodies with surfaces S1 (d) help in increasing the shell-side heat
(area = 1 m²) and S2 (area = 4 m²). They transfer coefficient
exchange heat only by radiation, 40% of the
energy emitted by S1 is received by S2. The GATE-2009
fraction of energy emitted by S2 that is received
05. During the transient convective cooling of a solid
by S1 is
objects, Biot number  0 indicates
(a) 0.05 (b) 0.1
(a) uniform temperature throughout the object
(c) 0.4 (d) 0.6
(b) negligible convection at the surface of the
object
02. In film type condensation over a vertical tube, (c) significant thermal resistance within the
local heat transfer coefficient is object
(a) inversely proportional to local film (d) significant temperature gradient within the
thickness object
(b) directly proportional to local film thickness
(c) equal to local film thickness GATE-2008
(d) independent of local film thickness 06. Transient three-dimensional heat conduction is
governed by one of the following differential
GATE-2010 equations (  = thermal diffusivity, K = thermal
03. The ratio of Nusselt number to Biot number is conductivity and  = volumetric rate of heat
(a) conductive resistance of fluid/conductive generation)
resistance of solid 1 T
(a)  T   K
(b) conductive resistance of fluid/conductive  t
resistance of fluid
1 T 
(c) conductive resistance of solid/conductive (b)  T 
 t K
resistance of fluid
(d) unity 1 T
(c)   2T   K
 t
04. Which one of the following statements about 1 T 
baffles in a shell and tube heat exchanger is (d)   2T 
 t K
false? Baffles
(a) act as a support to the tube bundle
GATE-2006
(b) reduce the pressure drop on the shell-side
07. A stagnant liquid film of 0.4 mm thickness is
held between two parallel plates. The top plate

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2
 HEAT TRANSFER

is maintained at 40°C and the bottom plate is GATE-2004

maintained at 30°C. If the thermal conductivity 11. In forced convection, the Nusselt number Nu
of the liquid is 0.14 W/(m-K), then the steady is a function of
state heat flux (in W/m²) assuming one- (a) Re and Pr (b) Re and Gr
dimensional heat transfer, is
(c) Pr and Gr (d) Re and Sc
(a) 3.5 (b) 350
(c) 3500 (d) 7000
12. For and ideal black body,
(a) absorptivity = 1
GATE-2005
(b) reflectivity = 1
08. An electrically heated element is submerged in
(c) emissivity = zero
a pool of water at its saturation temperature.
As the temperature of the element increases, (d) transmissivity = 1
the maximum heat transfer coefficient is
observed GATE-2003
(a) in the free convection regime 13. Three solid objects of the same material and of
(b) between the nucleate boiling and partial equal masses—a sphere, a cylinder (length =
nucleate boiling mixed with unstable film diameter) and a cube are at 500°C initially.
boiling regimes These are dropped in a quenching bath
(c) in the incipient nucleate boiling regime containing a large volume of cooling oil each
attaining the bath temperature eventually. The
(d) in the stable film boiling regime without
time required for 90% change of temperature
significant radiation effects
is smallest for
(a) cube
09. Baffles are used in heat exhangers in order to
(b) cylinder
(a) increase the tube side fluid’s heat transfer
(c) sphere
coefficient
(d) equal for all the three
(b) promote vibration in the heat exchanger
(c) promote cross flow and turbulence in the
shell side fluid 14. A dilute aqueous solution is to be concentrated
in an evaporator system. High pressure steam
(d) prevent shell expansion due to thermal
is available. Multiple effect evaporator system
effects
is employed because
(a) total heat transfer area of all the effects is
10. In film type condensation of liquid along a less than that in a single effect evaporator
vertical tube, the thickness of the condensate system
layer increases towards the bottom. This implies
(b) total amount of vapour produced per kg
that the local heat transfer coefficient
of feed steam in a multi-effect system is
(a) increases from top to bottom much higher than in a single effect
(b) decreases from top to bottom (c) boiling point elevation in a single effect
(c) remains constant from top to bottom system is much higher than that in any effect
(d) first increases and then decreases from top in a multieffect system.
to bottom

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 3
 HEAT TRANSFER

(d) heat transfer coefficient in a single effect is radiative heat transfer of the outer sphere with
much lower than that in any effect in a respect to the inner sphere is
multi-effect system
R2
(a) zero (b) R1  R2
15. The unit of resistance to heat transfer is
2
(a) J/m²-K (b) J/(m-K)  R1 
(c) W/(m²-K) (d) m²-K/W (c) 1 (d)  R 
 2

GATE-2002 GATE-2011
16. If the baffle spacing in a shell and tube heat 20. Oil at 120°C is used to heat water at 30°C in a
exchanger increases, then the Reynolds number 1-1 cocurrent shell and tube heat exchanger.
of the shell side fluid The available heat exchange area is S1. The exit
(a) remains unchanged temperatures of the oil and the water streams
(b) increases are 90°C and 60°C respectively. The cocurrent
(c) increases or decreases depending on heat exchanger is replaced by a 1-1 counter
number of shells passes. current heat exchanger having heat exchange
(d) decreases area S2. If the exit temperatures and the overall
heat transfer coefficients are same, the ratio of
S1 to S2 is
GATE-2001 (a) infinite (b) 1.1
17. The heat transfer by radiation from a mild steel (c) 0.91 (d) zero
surface is to be reduced by reducing the
emissivity of the surface. This can be best
achieved by 21. Heat is generated uniformly within a solid slab.
(a) painting the surface black The slab separates fluid 1 from 2. The heat
transfer coefficients between the soild slab and
(b) painting the surface white the fluid are h1 and h2 (h2 > h1) respectively.
(c) giving the surface a mirror finish The steady state temperature profile (T vs x)
(d) roughening the surface for one-dimensional heat transfer is correctly
shown by.
18. Heat transfer by natural convection is enhanced (a)
in system with (b)
(a) high viscosity (c)
(b) high coefficient of thermal expansion (d)
(c) low temperature gradients
(d) low density change with temperature. GATE-210
22. The figure below shows steady state
GATE-2000 temperature profiles for one dimensional heat
19. A sphere of radius R1 is enclosed in a sphere of transfer within a solid slab for the following
radius R2. The view (or shape) factor for cases:

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 4
 HEAT TRANSFER

P. Uniform heat generation with left surface

perfectly insulated GATE-2009
Q. Uniform heat generation with right surface 26. A well-insulated hemispherical furnace (radius
perfectly insulated = 1 m) is shown below
R. Uniform heat consumption with left
surface perfectly insulated The self-view factor of radiation for the curved
S. Uniform heat consumption with right surface 2 is
surface perfectly insulated (a) 1/4 (b) 1/2
Match the profiles with appropriate cases. (c) 2/3 (d) 3/4
(a) P-I, Q-III, R-II, S-IV
(b) P-II, Q-III, R-I, S-IV 27. A double-pipe heat exchanger is to be designed
(c) P-I, Q-IV, R-II, S-III to heat 4 kg/s of a cold feed from 20 to 40°C
(d) P-II, Q-IV, R-I, S-III using a hot stream available at 160°C and a
flow rate of 1 kg/s. The two streams have equal
23. The view factor matrix for two infinitely long specific heat capacities and the overall heat
coaxial cylinders, shown in the figure below, is transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is 640
W/(m²-K). Then the ratio of the heat transfer
areas required for the co-current to counter-
 0 1  0 1  current modes of operations is
(a) 0.5 0.5 (b) 1 0  (a) 0.73 (b) 0.92
   
(c) 1.085 (d) 1.25
1 0   0.5 0.5
(c) 0 1  (d)  0 1 
   28. For the composite wall shown below (Case 1),
the steady state interface temperature is 180°C.
Common Data for Questions 24 and 25 If the thickness of layer P is doubled (Case 2),
then the rate of heat transfer (Assuming 1-
Hot oil at 150°C is used to pre-heat a cold
dimensional conduction) is reduced by
fluid at 30°C in a 1:1 shell and tube heat
exchanger. The exit temperature of the hot oil
is 110°C. Heat capacities (product of mass (a) 20% (b) 40%
flow rate and specific heat capacity) of both (c) 505 (d) 70%
the streams are equal. The heat duty is 2 kW.
24. Under co-current flow conditions, the overall Common Data for Questions 29 and 30
heat transfer resistance (1/UA) is
A slab of thickness t with one side (x = 0)
(a) 0.4° C/W (b) 0.04°C/W insulated and the other side (x = t) maintained
(c) 0.36° C/W (d) 0.036° C/W at a constant temperature T0 is shown below.

25. Under counter-current flow conditions, the A uniformly distributed internal heat source
overall heat transfer resistance (1/UA) is produces heat in the slab at the rate of S W/
(a) 0.4° C/W (b) 0.04° C/W m³. Assume the heat conduction to be steady
(c) 0.36° C/W (d) 0.036° C/W and 1-dimensional along the x-direction.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 5
 HEAT TRANSFER

29. The maximum temperature in the slab occurs The heat transfer coefficient [in kW/(m²-°C)]
at x equal to inside the tube is
(a) zero (b) t/4 (a) 222.22 (b) 111.11
(c) t/2 (d) t (c) 22.22 (d) 11.11

30. The heat flux at x = t is 34. The temperature profile for heat transfer from
(a) zero (b) St/4 one fluid to another separated by a solid wall is
(c) St/2 (d) St (a)
(b)
GATE-2008 (c)
31. Two plates of equal thickness (t) and cross- (d)
sectional area are joined together to form a
composite as shown in the figure. If the thermal 35. In a shell shell and tube heat exchanger, if the
conductivities of the plates are K and 2K, then shell length is ls, the baffle spacing is LB and the
the effective thermal conductivity of the thickness of baffle is tb, the number of baffles
composite is on the shell side, NB is
Ls Ls
(a) 3K/2 (b) 4K/3 (a) (b) 1
LB  tb LB  tb
(c) 3K/4 (d) 2K/3
Ls Ls
(c) 1 (d) 2
32. A metallic ball [  =2700 kg/m³] and Cp = 0.9 LB  tb LB  tb
kJ/(kg-°C)] of diameter 7.5 cm is allowed to
cool in air at 25°C. When the temperature of GATE-2007
the ball is 125°C, it is found to cool at the rate
36. For the two long concentric cylinders with
of 4°C/min. If thermal gradients inside the ball
surface areas A1 and A2, the view factor F22 is
are neglected, the heat transfer coefficient (in
given by
W/(m²-°C)) is
(a) zero (b) 1
(a) 2.034 (b) 20.34
(c) 81.36 (d) 203.4 1A A1
(c) 1  A (d) A2
2

33. Hot liquid is flowing at a velocity of 2 m/s through

a metallic pipe having an inner diameter of 3.5 37. The composite wall of an oven consists of three
cm and length of 20m. The temperature at the materials A, B and C. Under steady state
inlet of the pipe is 90°C. Following data is given operating conditions, the outer surface
for liquid at 90°C. temperature TSO is 20°C, the inner surface
Density = 950 kg/m³; temperature Tsi is 600°C and the oven air
Specific heat = 4.23 kJ/(kg-°C) temperature is T  800C . For the following
Viscosity = 2.55 × 10–4 kg/(m-s) data;
Thermal conductivity = 0.685 W/(m-°C)

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 6
 HEAT TRANSFER

Thermal conductivities KA= 20 W/(m-K) and (a) 1.82 (b) 2.1

KC = 50 W/(m-K); (c) 3 (d) 4.26
Thickness tA = 0.3 m, tB = 0.15 m and tC =
0.15 m; Inner-wall heat transfer coefficient h = 40. Consider a liquid stored in a container exposed
25 W/(m²-K), to its saturated vapour at constant temperature
The thermal conductivity KB in W/(m-K) of the Tsat. The bottom surface of the container is
material B, is calculated as maintained at a constant temperature Ts < Tsat
(a) 35 (b) 1.53 while its side walls are insulated. The thermal
(c) 0.66 (d) 0.03 conductivity is Kl of the liquid, its latent heat of
vaporisation  and density l are known.
38. Water enters a thin walled tube (L=1 m, D=3 Assuming a linear temperature distribution in
mm) at an inlet temperature of 97°C and mass the liquid, the expression for the growth of the
flow rate 0.015 kg/s. The tube wall is maintained liquid layer  as a function of time t is given by
at a constant temperature of 27°C. Given the
following data for water, 1

Density  = 1000 kg/m³  4 K T  T   2

(a)   t    l sat s t 
Viscosity =489 × 10–6 N-s/m²  l  
Specific heat Cp = 4184 J/(kg-K) 1
 K l  Tsat  Ts   2
Inside heat transfer coefficient h = 12978 W/ (b)   t    t
(m²-K), The outlet temperature of water in °C  2l  
is 1
(a) 28 (b) 37  2 K T  T   2

(c)   t    l sat s t 
(c) 62 (d) 96  l  
1

39. A hot fluid entering a well-stirred vessel is  K l  Tsat  Ts   2

(d)   t    t
cooled by feeding cold water through a jacket  l  
around the vessel. Assume the jacket is well-
mixed. For the following data:
41. The following list of options P, Q, R and S are
Mass flow-rate of the hot fluid = 0.25 kg/s some of the important considerations in the
Mass flow-rate of cold water = 0.4 kg/s design of a shell and tube heat exchanger.
Specific heat of oil = 6000 J/(kg-K) P. Square pitch permits the use of more tubes
Specific heat of cold water = 4184 J/(kg-K) in a given shell diameter.
The inlet and exit temperatures of the hot fluid Q. The tube side clearance should not be less
are 150°C and 100°C respectively, than one-fourth of the tube diameter.
Inlet temperature of cold water = 20°C R. Baffle spacing is not greater than the
The overall heat transfer coefficient is 500 W/ diameter of the shell or less, than one-fifth
(m²-K). of the shell diameter
The heat transfer area in m², is S. The pressure drop on the tube side is less
than 10 psi.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 7
 HEAT TRANSFER

Pick out the correct combination of true

statements from the following 45. A process fluid has to be cooled from 22°C to
(a) P, Q and R (b) Q, R and S 2°C using brine in a 2-4 shell and tube heat
(c) R, S and P (d) P, Q, R and S exchanger shown below. The brine enters at
–3°C and leaves at 7°C. The overall heat
transfer coefficient is 500 W/(m²-K). The
42. In a double pipe heat exchanger the ID and design heat load is 300 kW. The brine flows
OD of the outer pipe is 10 cm with a wall on the tube side and the process fluid on the
thickness of 1 cm. Then the equivalent diameters shell side. The heat transfer area in m² is
(in cm) of the annulus for heat transfer and
pressure drop respectively are t2  t1
P
(a) 15, 5 (b) 21, 6 T1  t1
(c) 6, 19 (d) 15, 21 T1  T2
R
t2  t1
GATE-2006
(a) 1.1 (b) 5.77
43. One dimensional steady state heat transfer
occurs from, a flat vertical wall of length 0.1 m (c) 6.59 (d) 7.53
into the adjacent fluid. The heat flux into this
fluid is 21 W/m². The wall thermal conductivity GATE-2005
is 1.73 W/(m-K). If the heat transfer coefficient 46. A black body at a higher temperature TH
is 30 W/(m²-K) and the Nusselt number based transfers energy by radiation to a black body
on the wall length is 20, then the magnitude of at a lower temperature TL. Initially TH =
the temperature gradient at the wall on the fluid 1850°C, TL = 500°C and the net rate of energy
side (in K/m) is transfer is 25 W. After some time, when TH =
(a) 0.7 (b) 12.14 1500°C and TL = 750°C, what is the net rate
(c) 120 (d) 140 of energy transfer ?
(a) 8.73 W (b) 9.60 W
44. An insulated cylindrical pipe of 0.2m diameter (c) 13.89 W (d) 11.01 W
has a surface temperature of 45°C. It is exposed
to black body surroundings at 25°C. The 47. A circular tube of outer diameter 5 cm and inner
emissivity and absorptivity of the insulation diameter 4cm is used to convey hot fluid. The
surface are 0.96 and 0.93, respectively. The inner surface of the wall of the tube is at a
convective heat transfer coefficient outside the temperature of 80°C while the outer surface of
insulation surface is 3.25 W/(m²-K). The the wall of the tube is a 25°C. What is the rate
Stefan-Boltzmann constant is 5.67 × 10–8 W/ of heat transport across the tube wall per metre
(m²-k4). The surrounding fluid may be assumed length of the tube at steady state, if the thermal
to be transparent. Find the percentage conductivity of the tube wall is 10 W/(m-K)?
contribution from radiation to the total heat (a) 13823 W/m (b) 15487 W/m
transfer rate to the surroundings.
(c) 17279 W/m (d) 27646 W/m
(a) 30.9 (b) 50.0
(c) 57.6 (d) 68.4

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 8
 HEAT TRANSFER

48. Consider the flow of a gas with density 1 kg/ flowing in the tube, what is the excess area
m³, viscosity 1.5 × 10–5 kg/(m-s), specific heat required with respect to the double pipe heat
Cp = 846 J/(kg-K) and thermal conductivity exchanger ?
K=0.01665 W/(m-K), in a pipe of diameter The correction factor, Ft for LMTD (Log Mean
D=0.01 m and length L=1 m and assume the Temperature Difference) based on the above
viscosity does not change with temperature. double pipe heat exchanger is 0.5. The heat
The Nusselt number for a pipe with (L/D) ratio transfer coefficient remains unchanged, and the
greater than 10 and Reynolds number greater same inlet and outlet conditions are maintained.
than 20000 is given by Nu=0.026 Re0.8 Pr1/3. Cp,water=4180 J/(kg-°C), Cp,oil = 2000 J/kg-°C)
While the Nusselt number for a laminar flow (a) zero (b) – 20.15 m²
for Reynolds number less than 2100 and (Re
(c) 22.6 m² (d) 9.69 m²
Pr D/L) < 10 is Nu = 1.86 [Re Pr (D/L)]1/3. If
the gas flows through the pipe with an average
velocity of 0.1 m/s, the heat transfer coefficient 51. Fluid flows in an annulus of inner diameter 0.8
is m and outer diameter 1m. Heat is transferred
(a) 0.68 W/(m²-K) (b) 1.14 W/(m²-K) to the fluid from inner tube surface of the
annulus. What is the equivalent diameter for heat
(c) 2.47 W/(m²-K) (d) 24.7 W/(m²-K)
transfer in metre ?
(a) 0.45 (b) 0.20
49. A semi-infinite slab occupying the region x = 0
(c) 1.64 (d) 0.90
and x   is at an initial temperature T0. At
time t=0, the surface of the slab at x=0 is brought
into contact with a heat bath at a temperature Statements for Linked Answer Questions
TH. The temperature T (x, t) of the slab rises 52 and 53
according to the equation A liquid of mass 7kg and specific heat 4 kJ/
(kg-°C) is contained in a cylindrical heater of
TH  T  x, t  2 x
2
  4 t e  d diameter 0.15 m and height 0.40 m. The
TH  T0  0
cylindrical surface of the heater is exposed to
where, x is position and it is time. The heat flux air at 25°C while the end caps are insulated. so
at the surface x = 0 is proportional to that the heat transfer takes place only thorugh
(a) t –1/2 (b) t1/2 the cylindrical surface.
(c) t (d) t3/2 The thickness of the wall of the heater = 2 mm
The wall thermal conductivity = 10 W/(m-K)
50. A counter-current flow double pipe heat The heat transfer coefficient in the liquid = 100
exchanger is used to heat water flowing at 1 W/(m²-K)
kg/s from 40°C to 80°C. Oil is used for heating The heat transfer coefficient in air = 10 W/(m²-
and its temperature changes from 100°C to K)
70°C. The overall heat transfer coefficient is The liquid is initially maintained at a temperature
300 W/(m²–°C). of 75°C.
If it is replaced by a 1-2 shell and tube heat At time t = 0, the heater is switched off and the
exchanger with count er-current flow temperature of the liquid in the heater decreases
configuration with water flowing in shell and oil due to heat loss across the cylindrical surface.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 9
 HEAT TRANSFER

52. What is the overall heat transfer coefficient in solution is 4 kJ/(kg-K). The rate at which heat
W/(m²-K) ? has to be supplied (in kJ/min) to the evaporator
(a) 1 (b) 4.04 is
(c) 9.07 (d) 10 (a) 3.06 × 105 (b) 6.12 × 105
(c) 7.24 × 105 (d) 9.08 × 105
53. What is the time required for the temperature
of the liquid to reduce to 50°C after the heater 57. Hot water (0.01 m³/min) enters the tube side
is switched off, assuming lumped system of a co-current shell and tube heat exchanger
analysis is valid ? at 80°C and leaves at 50°C. Cold oil (0.05
(a) 7.874 × 10³s (b) 11.346 × 10³s m³/min) of density 800 kg/m³ and specific heat
(c) 16.828 × 10³s (d) 23.213 × 10³s of 2 kJ/(kg-K) enters at 20°C. The log mean
temperature difference in °C is approximately.
(a) 32 (b) 37
GATE-2004
(c) 45 (d) 50
54. The left face of a one dimensional slab of
thickness 0.2m is maintained at 80°C and the
right face is exposed to air at 30°C. The thermal GATE-2003
conductivity of the slab is 1.2 W/(m-K) and 58. A process stream of dilute aqueous solution
the heat transfer coefficient from the right face flowing at the rate of 10 kg/s is to be heated.
is 10 W/(m²-K). At steady state, the Steam condensate at 95°C is available for
temperature of the right face in °C is heating purpose, also at a rate of 10 kg/s. A 1-
(a) 77.2 (b) 71.2 1 shell and tube heat exchanger is available.
(c) 63.8 (d) 48.7 The best arrangement is
(a) counter flow with process stream on shell
side
55. A metal ball of radius 0.1m at a uniform
temperature of 90°C is left in air at 30°C. The (b) counter flow with process stream on tube
density and the specific heat of the metal are side
3000 kg/m³ and 0.4 kJ/(kg-K), respectively. (c) parallel flow with process stream on shell
The heat transfer coefficient is 50 W/(m²-K). side
Neglecting the temperature gradient inside the (d) parallel flow with process stream on tube
ball, the time taken (in hour) for the ball to cool side
to 60°C is
(a) 555 (b) 55.5 59. The inner wall of a furnace is at a temperature
(c) 0.55 (d) 0.15 of 700°C. The composite wall is made of two
substances, 10 and 20 cm thick with thermal
56. It is desired to concentrate a 20% salt solution conductivities of 0.05 and 0.1 W/(m-°C)
(20 kg of salt in 100 kg of solution) to a 30% respectively. The ambient air is at 30°C and
salt solution in an evaporator. Consider a feed the heat transfer coefficient between the outer
of 300 kg/min at 30°C. The boiling point of the surface of wall and air is 20 W/(m²-°C). The
solution is 110°C, the latent heat of vaporization rate of heat loss from the outer surface in W/
is 2100 kJ/kg, and the specific heat of the m² is

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 10
 HEAT TRANSFER

(a) 165.4 (b) 167.5 (d) shell and tube heat exchanger with air on
(c) 172.5 (d) 175 shell side and stream inside tubes

60. Steam is to be condensed in a shell and tube 63. For a given ambient air temperature with
heat exchanger 5m long with a shell diameter increase in the thickness of insulation of a hot
of 1m. Cooling water is to be used for removing cylindrical pipe, the rate of heat loss from the
the heat. Heat transfer coefficient for the cooling surface would
water whether on shell side or tube side is same. (a) decrease
The best arrangement is (b) first decrease and then increase
(a) vertical heat exchanger with steam on tube (c) increase
side (d) first increase and then decrease
(b) vertical heat exchanger with steam on shell
side
GATE-2002
(c) horizontal heat exchanger with steam on
64. A 10 cm diameter steam pipe, carrying steam
tube side
at 180°C is covered with an insulation
(d) horizontal heat exchanger with steam on (conductivity = 0.6 W/(m-°C)). It loses heat
shell side to the surroundings at 30°C. Assume a heat
transfer coefficient of surroundings. Neglect wall
61. A fluid is flowing inside the inner tube of a double resistance of the pipe and film resistance of
pipe heat exchanger with diameter ‘D’. For a steam. If the insulation thickness is 2 cm, the
fixed mass flow rate, the tube side heat transfer rate of heat loss from this insulated pipe will be
coefficient for turbulent flow conditions is (a) greater than that of the uninsulated steam
proportional to pipe
(a) D0.8 (b) D–0.2 (b) less than that of the uninsulated steam pipe
(c) D–1 (d) D–1.8 (c) equal to that of the uninsulated steam pipe
(d) less than the steam pipe with 5 cm
62. Air is to be heated by condensing steam. Two insulation
heat exchangers are available
(i) a shell and tube heat exchanger, and 65. 1000 kg of liquid at 30°C in a well-stirred vessel
(ii) a finned tube heat exchanger, has to be heated to 120°C using immersed coils
Tube side heat transfer area if equal in both carrying condensing steam at 150°C. The area
cases. of the steam coils is 1.2 m² and overall heat
The recommended arrangement is transfer coefficient to the liquid is 1500 W/(m²-
°C). Assuming negligible heat loss to
(a) finned tube heat exchanger with air inside surrounding and specific heat capacity of the
and steam outside liquid to be 4 kJ/(kg-°C), the time taken for
(b) finned tube heat exchanger with air outside the liquid to reach desired temperature will be
and steam inside (a) 15 min (b) 22 min
(c) shell and tube heat exchanger with air (c) 44 min (d) 51 min
inside tubes and steam on shell side

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 11
 HEAT TRANSFER

66. A composite wall consists of two plates A and GATE-2000

B placed in series normal to the flow of heat. 70. A steel sphere of radius 0.1 m at 400 K is
The thermal conductivities and KA and KB and immersed in an oil at 300 K. If the centre of the
the specific heat capacities are CpA and CpB for sphere reaches 350 K in 20 min, how long will
plates A and B respectively. Plate B has twice it take for a 0.05 m radius steel sphere to reach
the thickness of plate A. At steady state, the the same temperature (at the centre) under
temperature difference across plate A is greater identical conditions ? Assume that the
than that across plate B, when convective heat transfer coefficient is infinitely
(a) CpA > CpB (b) CpA < CpB large.
(c) KA < 0.5 KB (d) KA > 2 kB (a) 5 min (b) 10 min
(c) 20 min (d) 40 min
GATE-2001
67. The Sieder-Tate correlation for heat transfer in 71. A composite flat wall of a furnace is made of
turbulent flow in a pipe gives Nu  Re0.8, where two materials A and B. The thermal conductivity
Nu is the Nusselt number and Re is the of A is twice of that of material B, while the
Reynolds number for the flow. Assuming that thickness of layer of A is half of that of B. If the
this relation is valid, the heat transfer coefficient temperatures at the two sides of the wall are
varies with pipe diameter D as 400 K and 1200 K, then the temperature drop
(a) D–1.8 (b) D–0.2 (in kelvin) across the layer of material A is
(c) D0.2 (d) D1.8 (a) 125 (b) 133
(c) 150 (d) 160
68. The overall heat transfer coefficient for a shell
and tube heat exchanger for clean surfaces are 72. For turbulent flow in a tube, the heat transfer
U0 = 400 W/(m²-K). The fouling factor after coefficient is obtained from the Dittus-Boelter
one year of operation is found to be hdo = 2000 equation. If the tube diameter is halved and the
W/(m²-K). The overall heat transfer coefficient flow rate is doubled, then the heat transfer
at this time is coefficient will change by a factor of
(a) 1200 W/(m²-K) (b) 894 W/(m²-K) (a) 1 (b) 1.74
(c) 333 W/(m²-K) (d) 287 W/(m²-K) (c) 6.1 (d) 37

69. The heat flux (from outside to inside) across an 73. A fluid flows through a cylindrical pipe under
insulating wall with thermal conductivity fully developed, steady state laminar flow
K=0.04 W/(m-K) and thickness 0.16 m is 10 conditions. The tube wall is maintained at
W/m². The temperature of the inside wall is – constant temperature. Assuming constant
5°C. The outside wall temperature is physical properties and negligible viscous heat
(a) 25°C (b) 30°C dissipation, the governing equation for the
(c) 35°C (d) 40°C temperature profile is (z-axial direction; r-radial
direction)

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 12
 HEAT TRANSFER

  r 2   T  k  1   T 2
  T
U
(a) max 1   R    z    C  r r  r r 
 z 2 
      p    

  r 2   T  k  1   T 2
  T
U
(b) max 1   R    r    C  r r  r z 
 r 2 
      p    

  r 2    2T  k  1   T 2
  T
U
(c) max 1   R    z 2
2   r   2 
     C p  r r  r  r 

  r 2   T  k  1   T   2T 
U
(d) max 1   R    z   C  z z  r z   r 2 

      p    

ANSEWER KEY
1. b 21. d 41. b 61. b
2. a 22. a 42. a 62. b
3. a 23. a 43. d 63. d
4. b 24. d 44. d 64. b
5. b 25. b 45. d 65. d
6. d 26. b 46. d 66. c
7. c 27. c 47. b 67. b
8. b 28. b 48. c 68. c
9. c 29. a 49. a 69. c
10. b 30. d 50. c 70. a
11. a 31. b 51. b 71. d
12. a 32. b 52. c 72. c
13. a 33. d 53. b 73. a
14. a 34. c 54. d
15. d 35. b 55. d
16. d 36. c 56. a
17. c 37. b 57. a
18. b 38. b 58. a
19. d 39. a 59. a
20. b 40. d 60. b

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 13
 PROCESS CALCULATION

Process
Calculation

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 14
 PROCESS CALCULATION

CHAPTER - 2

PROCESS CALCULATION
GATE 2010 (c) x1 m1  x2 m2 (d) x1 m1E  x2 m2E
01. An equimolar liquid mixture of species 1 and 2
is in equilibrium with its vapour at 400 K. At this
temperature, the vapour pressures of the species GATE-2006
are p1,sat = 180 kPa and p2,sat = 120 kPa. Assuming 05. At a given temperature and pressure, a liquid
that Raoult’s law is valid, the value of y1 is mixture of benzene and toluene is in equilibrium
(a) 0.3 (b) 0.41 with its vapour. The available degree(s) of
freedom is (are)
(c) 0.50 (d) 0.60
(a) zero (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
GATE-2009
02. A dehumidifier (shown below) is used to
completely remove water vapour from air. GATE-2005
06. A process flow sheet analysis results in the
degrees of freedom having a value of –2, which
Which one of the following satements is true ?
one of the following steps must be next carried
(a) Water is the only tie component out ?
(b) Air is the only tie component (a) Identify and add two new independent
(c) Both water and air are tie components equations from process model
(d) There are no tie components (b) Remove two equations that have been
wrongly assumed to be independent
03. Dehydrogenation of ethane, (c) Assign values of two variables in the
C2H6 (g)  C2H4(g) + H2(g), is carried out in a process
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR). The (d) Assign value of one variable and remove
feed is pure ethane. If the reactor exit stream one equation that was wrongly assumed to
contains unconverted ethane alonge with the be independent
products, then the number of degrees of freedom
for the CSTR is GATE-2004
(a) 1 (b) 2 07. The weight fraction of methanol in an aqueous
(c) 3 (d) 4 solution is 0.64. The mole fraction of methanol
xM satisfies
GATE-2007 (a) xM < 0.5 (b) xM = 0.5
04. If m1 , m1 , miR , miE are molar, partial molar,, (c) 0.5 < xM < 0.64 (d) xM  0.64
residual and excess properties respectively for
a pure species i, the mixture property M of a GATE-2002
binary non-ideal mixture of components 1 and 2, 08. Mathane is mixed with stoichiometric proportion
is given by of oxygen and completely combusted. The
number of additional specifications required to
(a) x1 m1  x2 m2 (b) x1 m1R  x2 m2R
determine the product flow rate and composition

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 15
 PROCESS CALCULATION

is  2 NH 3 . The
by the reaction N 2  3H 2 
(a) 0 (b) 1
yield of ammonia is 0.45 mol/mol of fresh feed.
(c) 2 (d) 3 Flow sheet for the process (along with available
compositions) is shown below.
09. The number of degrees of freedom for an The single pass conversion for H2 in the reactor
azeotropic mixture of ethanol and water in is 20%. The amount of H2 lost in the purge as a
vapour-liquid equilibrium is percentage of H2 in fresh feed is
(a) 3 (b) 1 (a) 10% (b) 20%
(c) 2 (d) 0 (c) 45% (d) 55%

GATE-2001 14. The following combustion reactions occur when

10. For the case of a fuel gas undergoing combustion methane is burnt.
with-air, if the air/fuel ratio is increased, the CH4 + 2O2 
 CO2 + 2H2O
adiabatic flame temperature will
2CH4 + 3O2   2CO2 + 4H2O
(a) increase
(b) decrease 20% excess air is supplied to the combustor. The
conversion of methane is 80% and the molar
(c) increase or decrease depending on the fuel
ratio of CO to CO2 in the flue gas is 1:3. Assume
type
air to have 80 nol% N2 and rest O2. The O2
(d) not change. consumed as a percentage of O2 entering the
combustor is
GATE-2000 (a) 20% (b) 62.5%
11. In a binary liquid solution of components A and (c) 80% (d) 83.3%
B, if component A exhibits positive deviation
from Raoult’s law then component B
GATE-2010
(a) exhibits positive deviation from Raoult’s
15. At constant T and p, the molar density of a binary
law
mixture is given by   1  x2 , where x2 is the
(b) exhibits negative deviation from Raoult’s
law mole fraction of component 2. The partial molar
(c) obeys Raoult’s law volume at infinite dilution for component 1, V1, 
(d) may exhibit either positive or negative is
deviation from Raoult’s law (a) 0.75 (b) 1.0
(c) 2.0 (d) 4.0
12. The molar composition of a gas is 10% H2, 10%
O2, 30% CO, and balance H2O. If 50% H2 O
16. A saturated solution at 30°C contains 5 mol of
condenses, the final mole per cent of H2 in the
solute (mol wt = 50 kg/kmol) per kg of solvent
gas on a dry basis will be
(mol wt = 20 kg/kmol). The solubility at 100°C
(a) 10% (b) 5% is 10 mol of the solute per kg of the solvent. If
(c) 18.18% (d) 20% 10 kg of the original solution is heated to 100°C,
then the weight of the additional solute that can
GATE-2001 be dissolved in it, is
13. Ammonia is synthesised at 200 bar and 773 K (a) 0.25 kg (b) 1 kg
(c) 2 kg (d) 3.34 kg

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 16
 PROCESS CALCULATION

17. The product of combustion of methane in

atmospheric air (21% O2 and 79% N2) have the 21. Air (79 mol % nitrogen and 21 mol % oxygen) is
following composition on a dry basis : passed over a catalyst at high temperature.
Product Mol% Oxygen completely reacts with nitrogen as
CO 2 10.00 shown ahead.
O2 2.37 0.5 N2 (g) + 0.5 O2 (g)  NO (g)
CO 0.53 0.5 N2 (g) + O2 (g)  NO2 (g)
N2 87.10 The molar ratio of NO to NO2 in the product
The ratio of the moles of CH4 to the moles of stream is 2:1. The fractional conversion of
O2 in the feed stream is nitrogen is
(a) 1.05 (b) 0.60 (a) 0.13 (b) 0.20
(c) 0.51 (d) 0.43 (c) 0.27 (d) 0.40

GATE-2009 22. A 35 wt% Na2SO4 solution in water, initially at

50°C is fed to crystallizer at 20°C. The product
18. Pure water (stream W) is to be obtained from a
stream contains hydrated crystals Na 2 SO 4 .
feed containing 5 wt% salt using a deslination
10H2O in equilibrium with a 20 wt% Na2SO4
until as shown below.
solution. The molecular weights of Na2SO4 and
Na2SO4.10H2O are 142 and 322 respectively.
If the overall recovery of pure water (through The feed rate of the 35% solution required to
stream W) is 0.75 kg/kg feed, then the recycle produce 500 kg/h of hydrated crystals is
ratio (R/F) is (a) 403 kg/h (b) 603 kg/h
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.5 (c) 803 kg/h (d) 1103 kg/h
(c) 0.75 (d) 1.0
23. Carbon black is produced by decomposition of
GATE-2008 methane
19. 600 kg/h of saturated steam at 1 bar (enthalpy CH4 (g)  C(s) + 2H2 (g)
2675.4 kJ/kg) is mixed adiabatically with The single pass conversion of methane is 60%.
superheated steam at 450°C and 1 bar (enthalpy If fresh feed is pure methane and 25% of the
3382.4 kJ/kg). The product is superheated steam methane exiting the reactor is recycled, then the
at 350°C and 1 bar (enthalpy 3175.6 kJ/kg). The molar ratio of fresh feed stream to recycle
flow rate of the product is stream is
(a) 711 kg/h (b) 1111 kg/h (a) 0.9 (b) 9
(c) 1451 kg/h (d) 2051 kg/h (c) 10 (d) 90

20. The molar volume (V) of a binary mixture of Common Data for Questions 24, 25 and 26
species 1 and 2 having mole fractions x1 and x2
Methane and steam are fed to a reactor in molar
respectively is given by V=200 x1 + 180 x2 + x1
ratio 1:2. The following reactions take place,
x2 (90 x1 + 50 x2). The partial molar volume of
species 2 at x2 = 0.3 is CH4 (g) + 2H2O (g)  CO2 (g) + 4H2 (g)
(a) 183.06 (b) 212.34 CH4 (g) + H2O (g)  CO (g) + 3H2 (g)
(c) 229.54 (d) 256.26 where, CO2 is the desired product, CO is the
undesired product and H2 is a by-product. The
exit stream has the following composition.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 17
 PROCESS CALCULATION

GATE-2006
24. The selectivity for desired product relative to 30. For a binary mixture of A and B at 400 K and 1
undesired product is atm, which one of the following equilibrium states
(a) 2.3 (b) 3.5 deviates significantly from ideality ?
(c) 7 (d) 8 2758
Given, ln  p A,sat   6.2 
T
25. The fractional yield of CO2 is (where fractional where,
yield is defined as the ratio of moles of the desired
PA,sat = vapour pressure of A (in atm)
product formed to the moles that would have
been formed, if there were no side reactions and T = temperature (in kelvin)
the limiting reactant had reacted completely). pA = partial pressure of A (in atm)
(a) 0.7 (b) 0.88 xA = mole fraction of A in liquid
(c) 1 (d) 3.5 yA = mole fraction of A in vapour
(a) xA = 0.5 ; yA = 0.25
26. The fractional conversion of methane is (b) xA = 0.5 ; pA = 0.25
(a) 0.4 (b) 0.5 (c) xA = 0.5 ; pA = 0.5
(c) 0.7 (d) 0.8 (d) xA = 0.6 ; yA = 0.3

GATE-2007 31. A Metal Recovery Unit (MRU) of intake

27. If the percentage humidity of air (30°C, total capacity 5000 kg/h treats a liquid product from
pressure 100 kPa) is 24% and the saturation a plant and recovers 90% of the metal in the
pressure of water vapour at that temperature is pure form. The unrecovered metal and its
4 kPa, the percent relative humidity and the associated liquid are sent to a disposal unit along
absolute humidity of air are with the untreated product from the plant (see
figure below). Find the flow rate (m6) and the
(a) 25.2, 0.0062 (b) 25,0.0035
weight fraction of the metal (w6). The liquid
(c) 20.7, 0.0055 (d) 18.2, 0.0035 product flow rate is 7500 kg/h of composition
0.1 (wt fraction), Assume steady state.
Statements for Linked Answer Questions
28 and 29 (a) m6 = 7500 kg/h, w6 = 0.0
44 kg of C2H8 is burnt with 1160 kg of air (mol (b) m6 = 7050 kg/h, w6 = 0.04255
wt = 29) to produce 88 kg of CO2 and 14 kg of
(c) m6 = 4500 kg/h, w6 = 0.1712
CO.
(d) m6 = 5600 kg/h, w6 = 0.0314
C3H8 + 5O2  3CO2 + 4H2O
28. What is the per cent excess air used ?
32. A feed stream (S1) at 100 kg/h and containing
(a) 55 (b) 60
only A mixes with recycle stream S 5 before
(c) 65 (d) 68 entering the reactor (see figure below), where
the reaction A  B takes place. The operation
29. What is the per cent carbon burnt ? is at steady state. The stream S 3 leaving the
(a) 63.3 (b) 73.3 reactor is separated, without either phase or
composition change into two streams S4 and s5.
(c) 83.3 (d) 93.3
If the mass fraction of B in S4 is 0.95 and total
flow rate of S5 is 10 kg/h, then the ratio of flow

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 18
 PROCESS CALCULATION

rates of streams (S3/S5), and the flow rate of A (a) 1225 (b) 1335
in S3 are respectively (c) 1525 (d) 1735

(a) 11 and 110 kg/h (b) 24 and 240 kg/h 37. A vessel of volume 1000 m³ contains air which
(c) 11 and 5.5 kg/h (d) 70 and 240 kg/h is saturated with water vapour. The total
pressure and temperature are 100 kPa and 20°C,
respectively. Assuming that the vapour pressure
33. A liquid mixture of benzene and toluene is in
of water at 20°C is 2.34 kPa, the amount of water
equilibrium with its vapour at 101 kPa and 373
vapour (in kg) in the vessel is approximately
K. The vapour pressure of benzene and toluene
at 373 K respectively are 156 and 63 kPa. (a) 17 (b) 20
Assuming that the system obeys Raoult’s law, (c) 25 (d) 34
the mole fraction of benzene in the liquid phase
is
38. The number of degrees of freedom for an
(a) 0.65 (b) 0.41 azeotropic mixture in a two component vapour-
(c) 0.065 (d) 0.04 liquid equilibrium is/are
(a) zero (b) one
GATE-2004 (c) two (d) three
34. 80 kg of Na2SO4 (mol wt = 142) is present in
330 kg of an aqueous solution. The solution is 39. The vapour pressure of water is given by
cooled such 80 kg of Na2SO4. 10 H2O crystals
separate out. The weight fraction of Na2SO4 in 5000
ln psat  A  , where A is a constant, psat
the remaining solution is T
(a) 0.00 (b) 0.18 is vapour pressure in atm and T is temperature
(c) 0.24 (d) 1.00 in kelvin. The vapour pressure of water in atm
at 50°C is approximately
(a) 0.07 (b) 0.09
Statements for Linked Answer Questions
35 and 36 (c) 0.11 (d) 0.13
1 mol of methane undergoes complete
combustion in a stoichiometric amount of air. The GATE-2003
reaction proceeds as CH4+ 2O2  CO2+ 2H2O. 40. 6g of carbon is burnt with an amount of air
Both the reactants and the products are in gas containing 18 g oxygen. The product contain 16.5
phase. g CO2 and 2.8 g CO besides other constituents.
o What is the degree of conversion on the basis of
H 298 = – 730 kJ/mol of methane
disappearance of the limiting reactant ?
35. Mole fraction of water vapour in the product (a) 100% (b) 95%
gases is about
(c) 75% (d) 20%
(a) 0.19 (b) 0.33
(c) 0.40 (d) 0.67
41. An aqueous solution of 2.45% by weight H2SO4
has a specific gravity of 1.011. The composition
36. If the average specific heat of all the gases/ expressed in normality is
vapour is 40 J/(mol-K), the maximum (a) 0.2500 (b) 0.2528
temperature rise of the exhaust gases in °C would
(c) 0.5000 (d) 0.5055
be approximately equal to

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 19
 PROCESS CALCULATION

is
42. Air at a temperature of 20°C and 750 mm Hg (a) 0.4 (b) 0.25
pressure has a relative humidity of 80%. What (c) 0.2 (d) 0.175
is its percentage humidity ? Vapour pressure of
water at 20°C is 17.5 mm Hg.
GATE-2001
(a) 80.38 (b) 80
47. A butane isomerization process produces 70
(c) 79.62 (d) 78.51
kmol/h of pure isobutane. A purge stream
removed continuously contains 85% n-butane
43. Na2SO4. 10H2O crystals are formed by cooling and 15% impurity (mol %). The feed stream is
100 kg of 30% by weight aqueous solution of n-butane containing 1% impurity (mol %). The
Na2SO4. The final concentration of the solute in flow rate of the purge stream will be
the soluttion is 10%. The weight of crystal is (a) 3 kmol/h (b) 4 kmol/h
(a) 20 (b) 32.2 (c) 5 kmol/h (d) 6 kmol/h
(c) 45.35 (d) 58.65

44. A sample of natural gas containing 80% methane

(CH4) and the rest nitrogen (N2) is burnt with
20% excess air. With 80% of the combustibles
producing CO2 and the remainder going to CO,
the Orsat analysis in volume percent is
(a) CO2:6.26, CO:1.56, O2:3.91, H2O:15.66,
N2:72.60
(b) CO2:7.42, CO:1.86, O2:4.64, N2:72.60
(c) CO2:6.39, CO:1.60, O2:3.99, H2O:15.96,
N2:72.06
(d) CO2:7.60, CO:1.90, O2:4.75, N2:85.74

GATE-2002
45. Fresh orange juice contains 12% (by weight)
solids and the rest water. 90% of the fresh juice
is sent to an evaporator to remove water and
subsequently mixed with the remaining 10% of
fresh juice. The resultant product contains 40%
solids. The amount of water removed from ` kg
fresh juice is
(a) 0.4 (b) 0.5
(c) 0.6 (d) 0.7

46. 1 kg of saturated aqueous solution of a highly

soluble component A at 60°C is cooled to 25°C.
The solubility limits of A are (0.6 kg A) / (kg
water) at 60°C and (0.2 kg A) / (kg water) at
25°C. The amount in kg of the crystals formed

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 20
 PROCESS CALCULATION

ANSEWER KEY

1. d 13. a 25. a 37. a

2. b 14. d 26. d 38. b
3. d 15. a 27. a 39. d
4. a 16. c 28. d 40. b
5. a 17. d 29. c 41. d
6. b 18. b 30. c 42. c
7. b 19. d 31. b 43. d
8. b 20. b 32. c 44. b
9. b 21. b 33. b 45. d
10. b 22. c 34. b 46. c
11. a 23. b 35. a 47. c
12. d 24. c 36. d

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 21
 INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL

Instrumentation
and
Process Control

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 22
 INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL

CHAPTER - 3

INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL

GATE 2011 3. Unstable response
01. Match the process parameters in Group 1 with 4. Inverse response
the measuring instruments in Group II. (a) P-1, Q-2, R-3 (b) P-3, Q-4, R-1
Group-I (c) P-3, Q-2, R-4 (d) P-1, Q-4, R-3
P. Flame temperature
Q. Composition of LPB 04. Flow measuring instruments with different
R. Liquid air temperature specifications (zero and span) are available for
Group-II an application that requires flow rate
measurements in the large of 300 L/h to 400 L/
I. Thermocouple
h. The appropriate instrument for this application
II. Radiation pyrometer is the one whose specifications are
III. Gas chromatograph (a) zero = 175 L/h, span = 150 L/h
(a) P-III, Q-I, R-II (b) P-I, Q-III, R-II (b) zero = 375 L/h, span = 100 L/h
(c) P-II, Q-III, R-I (d) P-II, Q-I, R-III (c) zero = 275 L/h, span = 150 L/h
(d) zero = 475 L/h, span = 100 L/h
02. The range of standard current signal in process
instruments is 4 to 20 mA. Which one of the
05. The transfer function G(s) whose asymptotic
following is the reason for choosing the minimum
Bode diagram is shown below, is
signal as 4 mA instead of zero ?
(a) To minimum resistive heating in instruments
(a) 10s + 1 (b) s – 10
(b) To distinguish between signal failure and
minimum (c) s + 10 (d) 10s – 1
(c) To ensure a smaller difference between
maximum and minimum signals. GATE-2009
(d) To ensure compatibility with other 06. Which one of the following sensors is used for
instruments the measurement of temperature in a combustion
process (T > 1800°C) ?
03. Match the location of the poles / zeroes in the s- (a) Type J thermocouple
plane listed in Group-I with the system response (b) Thermistor
characteristics in Group-II. (c) Resistance temperature detector
Group-I (d) Pyrometer
P. Pole in the right half plane
Q. Pole at origin 07. The roots of the characteristic equation of an
R. Zero in the right half plane underdamped second order system are
Group-II (a) real, negative and equal
1. Stable response (b) real, negative and unequal
2. Integrating response (c) real, positive and unequal

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 23
 INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL

(d) complex conjugates (d) two non-interacting first order systems in

series
GATE-2007
08. An operator was told to control the temperature 12. The control valve characteristics is selected such
of a reactor at 60°C. The operator sets the set- that the product of process gain and the valve
point of the temperature controller at 60. The gain
scale actually indicated 0 to 100% of a (a) is a linearly increasing function of the
temperature range of 0 to 200°C. This caused a manipulated variable
runaway reaction by over pressurizing the vessel, (b) is a linearly decreasing function of the
which resulted in injury to the operator. The manipulated variable
actual set-point temperature was
(c) remains constant as the value of the
(a) 200°C (b) 60°C manipulated
(c) 120°C (d) 100°C (d) is an exponentially increasing function of
the manipulated variable
GATE-2006
09. The control valve characteristic for three types 13. Cascade control comes under the control
of control valves (P, Q and R) are given in the configuration which uses
figure below. Match the control valve with its (a) one measurement and one manipulated
characteristics. variable
(a) P-Quick opening, Q-Linear, R-Equal (b) more than one measurement and one
percentage manipulated variable
(b) P-LInear, Q-Square root, R-Equal (c) one measurement and more than one
percentage manipulated variables
(c) P-Equal percentage, Q-Linear, R-Quick (d) more than one measurements and more
opening than one manipulated variables
(d) P-Square root, Q-Quick opening, R-Linear
GATE-2004
GATE-2005 14. For the time domain function f(t)=t, the Laplace
10. The unit step response of a first order system t
with time constant  and steady state gain Kp is transform of  f t  dt
0
is given by
given by
1 2
(a) 
K p 1 e
 t
 (b) 
K p 1 e
 t
 (a)
2s 3
(b)
s3

t
1 2
(c) (d)
(c) 
K p 1 e
2t

 (d)
Kp e


s3 s2

GATE-2003
11. An example of an open-loop second order under- 15. Match the measured process variables with the
damping system is list of measuring devices given below.
(a) liquid level in a tank List-I (Measured process variable)
(b) U-tube manometer P. Temperature
(c) thermocouple in a thermo-well Q. Pressure

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 24
 INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL

R. Flow GATE-2002
S. Liquid level 18. The closed-loop poles of a stable second order
T. Composition system could be
List-II (Measuring device) (a) both real and positive
1. Bourdon tube element (b) complex conjugate with positive real parts
2. Orifice plates (c) both real and negative
3. Infrared anlyzer (d) one real positive and the other real negative
4. Displacer devices
5. Pyrometer 19. A first order system with unity gain and time
constant  is subjected to a sinusoidal input of
Code
P Q R S T 1
frequency.   The amplitude ratio for this
(a) 5 1 2 4 3 
(b) 3 1 4 2 5 system is
(c) 1 3 4 2 5 (a) 1 (b) 0.5
(d) 3 1 2 4 5 1
(c) (d) 0.25
2
16. Suppose that the gain, time constant, and dead
time of a process with the following transfer
GATE-2001
function
20. The calibration data of a thermocouple with its
Gc(s) = 10 exp (–0.1s)/(0.5s + 1)
cold junction at 0°C ar given below.
are known with a possible error of  20% of
their values. The largest permissible gain Kc of The hot junction of the thermocouple is placed
a proportional controller needs to be calculated in a bath at 80°C while its cold junction is at
by taking the values of process gain, time 20°C. What is the emf of the thermocouple ?
constant and dead time as
(a) 3.26 mV (b) 0.80 mV
(a) 8, 0.6, 0.08 (b) 12, 0.6, 0.12
(c) 2.46 mV (d) 2.43 mV
(c) 8, 0.6, 0.12 (d) 12, 0.4, 0.08

21. A process is initially at steady state with its ouput

17. Water is flowing through a series of four tanks v=1 for an input u=1. The input is suddenly
and getting heated as shown in figure. It is desired changed to 2 at time t=0. The output response is
to design a cascade control scheme for y(t)=1+2t. The transfer function of the process
controlling the temperature of a water leaving is
the Tank 4 as there is a disturbance in the
temperature of a second stream entering the Tank 2 2
(a) (b) 1 
2. Select the best place to take the secondary s s2
measurement for the secondary loop.
2 1 2 
(c) 1  (d) 1  
(a) Tank 1 (b) Tank 2 s s s 
(c) Tank 3 (d) Tank 4
22. The inherent characteristic of an equal
percentage valve relating flow rate q with valve
stem movement x are described by the equation

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 25
 INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL

dq dq plane
(a) k (b)  kq (c) Bode plots of the corresponding open-loop
dx dx
transfer function should monotonically
dq k dq decrease
(c)  (d)  kq 2
dx q dx (d) poles of the closed-loop transfer function
should lie in the right half of the complex
plane
GATE-2000
23. The unit step response of the transfer function GATE-2011
2s  1 27. The following diagram shows a CSTR will two
 1 4 s  1 reaches its final steady state
3 s  control loops. A liquid phase endothermic reaction
asymptotically after is taking place in the CSTR and the system is
initially at steady state. Assume that the changes
(a) a monotonic increase in physical properties of the system are
(b) a monotonic decrease negligible.
(c) initially increasing and then decreasing
(d) initially decreasing and then increasing TC = Temperature controller,
LC = Level controller
24. The unit step response of the transfer function TT = Temperature transmitter
1 LT = Level transmitter
2
s  2s  3 V1 and V2 = Control valves
(a) has a non-zero slope at the origin Which one of the following statements is true ?
(b) has a damped osciallatory characteristic (a) Changing the level controller set point
(c) is overdamped affects the opening of V2 only
(d) is unstable (b) Changing the temperature controller set
point affects the opening of V2 only
(c) Changing the temperature controller set
25. Select the correct statement from the following
point affects the opening of both V1 and
(a) The frequency response of a pure capacity V2
process is unbounded
(d) Changing the level controller set point
(b) The phase lag of a pure time delay system affects the opening of both V1 and V2
decreases with increasing frequency
(c) The amplitude ratio of a pure capacity
Statements for Linked Answer Questions
process is inversely proportional to the
28 and 29
frequency
A PID controller output p(t), in time domain is
(d) The amplitude ratio of a pure time delay
given by
system increases with frequency
t de  t 
p  t   30  5e  t   1.5  e  t  dt  15
26. For a feedback control system to be stable, the 0 dt
(a) roots of the characteristic equation should where, e(t) is the error at time t. The transfer
be real function of the process to be controlled is
(b) poles of the closed-loop transfer function 10
should lie in the left half of the complex Gp  s 
 200 s  1 .

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 26
 INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL

The measurement of the controlled variable is A constant head pump transfers a liquid flow, a
instantaneous and accurate. tank maintained at 20 psi to a reactor operating
at 100 psi, through a heat exchanger and a
control valve. At the design conditions, the liquid
28. The transfer function of the controller is
flow rate is 1000 L/min, while the pressure drop
5 12s 2  4 s  1 across the heat exchanger is 40 psi, and that
(a) across the control valve is 20 psi. Assume that
3s the pressure drop across the heat exchanger
varies as the square of the flow rate. If the flow
5 12s 2  3s  1
(b) is reduced to 500 L/min, then the pressure drop
3s across the control valve is
(a) 30 psi (b) 50 psi
5 12s 2  4 s  1
(c) (c) 80 psi (d) 150 psi
4s

5 12s 2  3s  1 GATE-2009
(d)
4s 1
33. The inverse Laplace transform of 2
2 s  3s  1
29. The characteristic equation of the closed-loop is is
(a) 6s² + 102s + 1 = 0 (a) e
t
2
 e t (b) 2e
t
2
 et
(b) 700s² + 102s + 25 = 0
t t
(c) 100s² + 196s – 25 = 0 (c) e  t  2e 2 (d) et  e 2

(d) 240s³ + 812s² + 204s + 1 = 0

34. The characteristic equation of a closed-loop
GATE-2010 system using a proportional controller with gain
Kc is
30. A block diagram for a control system is shown
below. 12s³ + 19s² + 8s + 1 + Kc = 0
At the onset of instability, the value of Kc is
The steady state gain of the closed-loop system, (a) 35/3 (b) 10
between output Y(s) and set point R(s), is (c) 25/3 (d) 20/3
(a) 5/9 (b) 4/9
(c) 1/3 (d) 2/9 35. The block diagram for a control system is shown
below.
31. Consider the cascade control configuration
shown in the figure below : For a unit step change in the set point, R(s), the
steady state offset in the output Y(s) is
The system is stable when Kc, 2 is (a) 0.2 (b) 0.3
(a) 3/4 (b) 1 (c) 0.4 (d) 0.5
(c) 5/4 (d) 3/2
36. For a tank of cross-sectional area 100 cm² and
inlet flow rate (Qi in cm³/s) is related to the liquid
32. Consider the process as shown below :
height (H in cm) as Q0  3 H (see figure

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 27
 INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL

below). corresponds to an inverse response process with

a positive gaint ?
Then the transfer function (overbar indicates 1 2 2 5
deviation variables) of the process around the (a)  (b) 
2 s  1 3s  1 s  1 s  10
steady state point, Qis = 18 cm³/s and Hs = 36
cm, is 3  0.5s  1 5 3
(c) (d) 
1 2  2s  1 s  1 s  1 2s  1
(a) (b)
100s  1 200s  1
3 4 41. Match the List-I with List-II and select the
(c) (d) correct answer using the codes given below the
300s  1 400s  1
lists.
List-I
GATE-2008
P. Temperature
37. The unit impulse response of a first order process
Q. Pressure
is given by 2e–0.5t. The gain and time constant of
the process are, respectively R. Flow
(a) 4 and 2 (b) 2 and 5 List-II
(c) 2 and 0.5 (d) 1 and 0.5 1. Hot wire anemometry
2. Strain gauge
38. A unit step input is given to a process that is 3. Chromatographic analyer
4. Pyrometer
 s  2
represented by the transfer function Codes :
 s  5 . P Q R
The initial value (t = 0+) of the response of the (a) 1 2 3
process to the step input is
(b) 4 1 3
(a) 0 (b) 2/5
(c) 1 2 4
(c) 1 (d) infinite
(d) 4 2 1

39. A tank of volume 0.25 m³ and height 1 m has

water flowing in at 0.05 m³/min. The outlet flow 42. Match the List-I with List-II and select the
rate is governed by the relation correct answer using the codes given below the
lists.
Fout = 0.1 h
List-I
where, h is the height of the water in the tank in
metre and Fout is the outlet flow rate in m³/min. P. Ziegler-Nichols
The inlet flow rate changes suddenly from its Q. Underdamped response
nominal value of 0.05 m³/min to 0.15 m³/min and R. Feed-forward control
remains there. The time (in min) at which the List-II
tank will begin to overflow is given by 1. Process reaction curve
(a) 0.28 (b) 1.01 2. Decay ratio
(c) 1.73 (d) infinite 3. Frequency response
4. Disturbance measurement
40. Which one of the following transfer functions

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 28
 INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL

Codes
P Q R The dynamic model for the tank is given as
(a) 3 2 4 dV dT
(b) 1 2 3 (a)  q1  q2  q3 , V  q1T0  q2Ts  q3T
dt dt
(c) 3 4 2
(d) 1 4 2 dV d VT 
(b)  q1  q4 ,  q1Ts  q4T
dt dt
Statement for linked answer questions 43 dV d VT 
and 44 (c)  q1  q2  q4 ,  q1T0  q2Ts  q4T
dt dt
The cross-over frequency associated with a
feedback loop employing a proportional controller dV
to control the process represented by the (d)  q1  q2  q3  q4 ,
dt
transfer function
d VT 
2e  s  q1 T0  T   q2 Ts  T 
Gp  s  2 (unit of time is minute) dt
 s  1
is found to be 0.6 rad/min. Assume that the 46. Match the transfer functions with the responses
measurement and valve transfer functions are to a unit step input shown in the figure.
unity.
43. The time constant  (in min) is
(a) 1.14 (b) 1.92 2.5  4 s  1
1.
(c) 3.23 (d) 5.39 4s 2  4 s  1

2e 10 s
2.
44. If the control loop is to operate at a gain margin 10s  1
of 2.0, the gain of the proportional controller must
equal 5
3.
(a) 0.85 (b) 2.87 20s  1
(c) 3.39 (d) 11.50 0.1
4.
s
GATE-2007
4s  3
45. The dynamic model for a mixing tank open to 5.
atmosphere at its top as shown below is to be 2s  1
written. The objective of mixing is to cool the Codes
hot water stream entering the tank at a flow rate 1 2 3 4 5
q2 and feed temperature of Ts with a cold water
(a) E C A D B
feed stream entering the tank at a flow rate q1
and feed temperature of T0. A water stream is (b) A B C D E
drawn from the tank bottom at a flow rate of q4 (c) B A C E D
by a pump and the level in the tank is proposed (d) E A C B D
to be controlled by drawing another water stream
at a flow rate q3. Neglect evaporation and other
47. Consider the following instrumentation diagram
heat losses from the tank.
for a chemical reactor. C SP represents a

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 29
 INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL

concentration setpoint. (d) The equation has two roots on the j-axis at
s=2j and –2j. The third root is in the right
half plane
Match the list-I with List-II and select the correct
answer using the codes given below the lists. Common Data for Questions 49, 50 and 51
List-I A cascade control system for pressure control
is shown in the figure given below. The pressure
P. Control strategy
transmitter has a range of 0 to 6 bar (g) and the
Q. Primary control variable flow transmitter range is 0 to 81 nm³/h. The
R. Slowest controller normal flow rate through the valve is 32.4 nm³/
S. Fastest controller h corresponding to the value of set point for
List-II pressure = 1 bar (g) and to give the flow, the
valve must be 40% opened. The control valve
1. Feed forward control
has linear characteristics and is fall-open (air to
2. Cascade control close). Error, set point and control variable are
3. Concentration in the reactor expressed in percentage transmitter output (%
4. Reactor temperature TO). Proportional gain is expressed in the units
5. Jacket temperature of per cent controller output (CO% TO).
6. Concentration controller
7. Reactor temperature controller 49. The types of action for the two controllers are
8. Jacket temperature controller (a) direct acting for the pressure control and
direct acting for the flow control
9. Flow controller
(b) indirect acting for the pressure control and
10. Selective control
indirect acting for the flow control
Codes:
(c) direct acting for the pressure control and
P Q R S indirect acting for the flow control
(a) 2 3 6 9 (d) indirect acting for the pressure control and
(b) 1 4 8 7 direct acting for the flow control
(c) 10 7 9 6
(d) 1 8 5 9 50. The bias values for the two controllers, so that
no offset occurs in either controller are
48. The first two rows of Routh’s tabulation of a (a) pressure controller : 40%, flow controller :
third order equation are 60%
s³ 2 2 (b) pressure controller : 40%, flow controller :
s² 4 4 60%
Select the correct answer from the following (c) pressure controller : 67%, flow controller :
choices. 33%
(a) The equation has one root in the right half (d) pressure controller : 60%, flow controller :
s-plane 40%
(b) The equation has two roots on the j-axis at
s = j and – j. The third root is in the left half 51. Given that the actual tank pressure is 4 bar (g)
plane and a proportional controller is employed for
(c) The equation has two roots on the j-axis at pressure control, the proportional band setting
s=2j and –2j. The third root is in the left of the pressure controller required to obtain a
half plane set point to the flow controller equal to 54 nm³/h

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 30
 INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL

is 55. A process is perturbed by a sinusoidal input

(a) 50% (b) 100% u(t)=A sin  t . The resulting process output is
(c) 150% (d) 187% KA
Y s 
 s  1  s 2   2  . If y(0) = 0, the
GATE-2006
differential equation representing the process is
52. The Laplace transform of the input function X
(t), given in the figure below, is given by dy  t 
(a)   y  t   Ku  t 
dt
1 1 dy  t 
2 
(a) 1  e 2 s  (b) 2 
1  e 2 s  (b)   y  t   KAu  t 
2s 2s dt
1 1 dy  t 
(c)
s2
1  e2 s  (d)
s2
1  e2 s  (c)   y  t   Ku  t 
dt

53. A liquid level control system is configured as  dy  t  

(d)    y  t    KAu  t 
show in the figure. If the Level Transmitter (LT)  dt 
is direct acting and the pneumatic control valve
is air to open, what kind of control action should
the controller (LC) have and why ? Common Data for Questions 56 and 57
The block diagram of a closed-loop control
(a) Direct acting since the control valve is direct system is shown in the figure. Y is the controlled
acting variable, D is disturbuance, YSP is the set point
G1, G2, and G3 are transfer functions, and Kc is
(b) Reverse acting since the control valve is the proportional controller.
reverse acting
(c) Direct acting since the control valve is
56. The closed-loop transfer function Y(s)/D(s) is
reverse acting
given by
(d) Reverse acting since the control valve is
direct acting G3 G1
(a) 1   G1G3  G2  K c
54. A 2-input, 2-output process can be described in
the Laplace transform domain as given below. G1
(b) 1   G1G3  G2  K c
 1 s  1 Y1  s   K tU1  s   K2U 2  s 
G3
 2 s  1 Y2  s   K3U 2  s   K 4U1  s  (c) 1   G1  G2  G3 K c
where U1 and U2 are the inputs and Y1 and Y2
are the outputs. The gains of the transfer G3
functions Y 1 (s) / U 2 (s) and Y 2 (s)/U 2 (s), (d) 1   G1G3  G2  K c
respectively are
(a) K2 and K3
(b) K1 and K3 + K2 K4 57. Let G1(s) = 1 and G2(s) = 1/(s+1). A step charge
(c) K2 and K3 + K1 K4 of magnitude M is made in the set point. The
steady state offset of the closed-loop response
(d) K2 and K3 + K2 K4

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 31
 INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL

Y is (a) P-1, Q-2, R-3 (b) P-1, Q-3, R-2

(c) P-3, Q-1, R-2 (d) P-4, Q-2, R-1
M M
(a) 1  2 Kc (b) 1  Kc
61. Given the characteristic equation below, select
M  K c  1 the number of roots which will be located to the
(c) (d) zero right of the imaginary axis s4 + 5s³ – s² – 17s +
1  2 Kc
12 = 0
(a) One (b) Two
Statements for Linked answer Question 58 (c) Three (d) Zero
and 59
For the system shown below. 62. Given the process transfer function
1 1 2
G p  4 /  s  1 and the disturbance transfer
G1  s   , G2  s   and  2  2 1
1. s  1  2.s 1
function Gd  2 /  s  1 , select the correct
transfer function for the Feed Forward Controller
When the system is excited by the sinusoidal for perfect disturbance rejection.
input X  t   sin  t , the intermediate response (a) 2  s  1 (b) –1
Y is given by Y  A  sin  t    . 2
(c) 0.5  s  1 (d)   s  1
58. If the response of Y lags behind the input X by
45° and  1  1 , then the input frequency  is
63. Given the process transfer function Gp= 20/(s–
(a) 1 (b)  /4 2) and controller transfer function Gc = Kc and
(c) zero (d) –1 assuming the transfer functions of all other
elements in the control loop are unity, select the
range of Kc for which the closed-loop response
59. For the same input, the amplitude of the output
will be stable.
Z will be
(a) 1.00 (b) 0.62 1 1
(a) Kc  (b) Kc 
(c) 0.42 (d) 0.32 10 100
1 1 1
GATE-2005 (c)  Kc  (d) Kc 
100 10 10
60. Match the process variables in Group-I given
below with the measuring devices in Group-II.
64. The value of ultimate period of oscillation Pu is 3
Group-I
min, and their of the ultimate controller gain Kcu
P. High temperature is 2. Select the correct set of tuning parameters
Q. Flow (controller gain Kc, the derivative time constant
R. Composition  D in minute, and the integral time constant  I
Group-II in minute) for a PID controller using Ziegler-
1. Orifice meter Nichols controller settings.
2. Chromatograph (a) K c  1.1;  I  2.1,  D  1.31
3. Radiation pyrometer
(b) K c  1.5;  I  1.8,  D  0.51
4. Bi-metalic Thermometer

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 32
 INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL

(c) K c  1.5;  I  1.8,  D  0.51 Group-II

1. –5
(d) K c  1.2;  I  1.5,  D  0.38
2. –3
3. –2
GATE-2004 4. –1
65. Match first order system given in Group-I with 5. zero
the appropriate time constant in Group-II.
(a) P-5, Q-2 (b) P-4, Q-2
Group-I
(c) P-5, Q-3 (d) P-4, Q-1
P. Thermometer
Q. Mixing
68. The process and disturbance transfer function
Group-II for a system are given by
1. (mCp)/(hA)
2. q/V y s 2
Gp  s  
3. V/q m  s   2 s  1 5s  1 and
4. (hA)/(mCp )
y s 1
(a) P-4, Q-2 (b) P-4, Q-3 Gp  s  
d  s   2s  1 5s  1
(c) P-1, Q-2 (d)` P-1, Q-3
The feed forward controller transfer function that
66. The experimental response of the controlled will keep the process output constant for changes
variable y(t) for a step change of magnitude P, in disturbance is
in the manipulated variable x(t) is shown below. 2
(a) 2
 2s  1 5s  1
The appropriate transfer function of the process
is 2 2

(b)
 2s  1  5s  1

 Q / P  eQ / R s Q / R  e ds 2
(a) (b) (c) 1/2
d s 1  Q / P  s  1
(d) (2s+1) (5s+1)

Q / P  e ds
 Q / R  e P /Q  s
(c) (d) 69. For the block diagram shown below,
 Q / R  s  1 d s 1

the characteristic equation is

67. Consider a system with open-loop transfer

1 (a)  l s  p s  1  K c K p  l  1 e ds
0
function G  s   s  1 2s  1 5s  1 .
    
(b)  m s  1  p s  1  K m K p e ds
0
Match the range of  (frequency in Group-I
with the slope of the asymptote of the log AR (c)  l s  m s  1  p s  1
(amplitude ratio) versus log  plot in Group-II.

Group-I  K c K m K p  l s  1 e ds
0
P. 0 <  < 0.2 

Q.  > 1
(d)  m s  1  p s  1  K c K m K p e ds
0

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 33
 INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL

GATE-2003 Q. Distillation column pressure to be controlled

70. Water is entering a storage tank at a temperature by manipulating vapour flow from the top
T0 and flow rate Q0 and leaving at a flow rate Q plate
and temperature T. There are negligible heat R. Flow control of a liquid from a pump by
losses in the tank. The area of cross-section of positioning the valve in the line
the tank is Ac. The model that describes the S. Control of temperature of a CSTR with
dynamic variation of water temperature in the coolant flow in the jacket
tank with time is given as
Group-II
1. P control
dT 2. PI control
(a) Q0 T0  T   Ac h
dt 3. PID control
(a) P-1, Q-1, R-2, S-3
dT
(b) Q0 T0  QT  Ac h (b) P-2, Q-2, R-3, S-3
dt
(c) P-2, Q-2, R-1, S-1
dT (d) P-2, Q-3, R-2, S-3
(c) Q T0  T   Ac h
dt

d Th  73. In the case of a feed forward control scheme,

(d) Q T0  T   Ac h which of the following is not true ?
dt
1. It is insensitive to modeling errors.
2. It cannot cope with unmeasured
71. Find the ultimate gain and frequency for a
disturbances.
proportional controller in the case of process
having the following transfer function. 3. It waits until the effect of the disturbance
has been felt by the system before control
1 action is taken.
Gp  s 
 4s  1 2s  1 s  1 4. It required good knowledge of the process
model.
1 45 5. It requires identification of all possible
(a)   ; Kc 
14 7 14 disturbances and their direct measurement
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 1 and 4
7 46
(b)   ; Kc  (c) 2 and 5 (d) 3 and 4
6 3
(c)   1; K c  13 74. Temperature control of an exothermic chemical
reaction taking place in a CSTR is done with the
7 45 help of cooling water flowing in a jecket arround
(d)   ; Kc 
8 4 the reactor. The types of valve and controller
action to be recommended are
(a) air to open valve with the controller direct
72. Match the type of controller given in Group-II
acting
that is most suitable for each application given
in Group-I. (b) air to close valve with the controller indirect
acting
Group-I
(c) air to open valve with the controller indirect
P. Distillation column bottoms level to be
acting
controlled with bottom flow

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 34
 INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL

(d) air to close valve with the controller direct (a) > 1 (b) = 1
acting
(c) < 1 (c)  2 /  1

GATE-2002
GATE-2000
75. The frequency response of a first order system
has a phase shift with lower and upper bounds 79. The initial value (t = 0+) of the unit step response
given by  s  1
of the transfer function 2 s  1 is
      
(a)  , 2  (b)   2 , 2 
1
(a) zero (b)
     2
(c)   2 ,0  (d) 0, 2  (c) 1 (d) 2

GATE-2001 80. The time constant of a unit gain, first order plus
time delay process is 5 min. If the phase lag at a
76. An ideal PID controller has the transfer function
frequency of 0.2 rad/min is 60°C, then the dead
[1+1/(0.5s)+0.2s]. The frequency at which the
time (in min) is
Magnitude Ratio of the controller is 1, is
(a) 0.5/0.2 (b) 0.2/0.5 5 
(a) (b)
12 6
1
(c) 0.2 × 0.5 (d)  
0.2  0.5
(c) (d)
12 3
77. The block diagram of an integrating level process
is given below. For unit step change in the set
point hset  1 with d  1 , the offset exhibited
by the system is

Kc 1
(a) 1  Kc (b) 1  Kc

2Kc
(c) 0 (d)
1  Kc

78. A second order system can be obtained by

1
connecting two first order systems  s  1 and
1 
1
 2 s  1 in series. The damping ratio of the
resultant second order system for the case
1   2 will be

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 35
 INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL

ANSEWER KEY
1. c 21. c 41. d 61. b
2. b 22. a 42. a 62. c
3. c 23. c 43. d 63. d
4. c 24. b 44. b 64. d
5. c 25. c 45. d 65. d
6. d 26. b 46. a 66. c
7. d 27. d 47. a 67. c
8. c 28. c 48. b 68. c
9. a 29. b 49. d 69. c
10. a 30. b 50. d 70. b
11. b 31. d 51. b 71. d
12. d 32. b 52. a 72. c
13. b 33. a 53. a 73. a
14. c 34. a 54. d 74. c
15. a 35. a 55. c 75. c
16. b 36. d 56. d 76. d
17. c 37. a 57. a 77. c
18. a 38. c 58. a 78. a
19. c 39. c 59. d 79. b
20. d 40. * 60. c 80. a

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 36
 PLANT DESIGN AND ECONOMICS

Plant Design
and
Economics

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 37
 PLANT DESIGN AND ECONOMICS

CHAPTER - 4

PLANT DESIGN AND ECONOMICS

GATE-2011 GATE-2009
01. Two system are available for compressing 6 m³/ 04. The total fixed cost of a chemical plant is Rs.
h of ambient air to 10 bar. The first one uses a 10.0 lakh; the internal rate of return is 15% and
single stage compressor (K1) and the second one the annual operating cost is Rs. 2.0. The
uses a multistage compressor with inter-stage annualized cost of the plant. in lakh of Rs. is
cooling (K 2 ). Which one of the following (a) 1.8 (b) 2.6
statements is incorrect ?
(c) 3.5 (d) 4.3
(a) K2 will have knockout pots in between the
stages
GATE-2008
(b) Discharge temperature of K1 will be higher
than that of K2 05. For the case of single lump-sum capital
expenditure of Rs. 10 crore which generates a
(c) K2 will consume more power than K1
constant annual cash flow of Rs. 2 crore in each
(d) Cost of K2 will be more than that of K1 subsequent year, the payback period (in year), if
the scrap value of the capital outlay is zero, is
02. In a thin-walled cylindrical vessel of thickness t (a) 10 (b) 20
with inside radius r, the internal gauge pressure (c) 1 (d) 5
is p. The hoop stress and the longitudinal stress
in the shell are  h and  l , respectively. Which 06. The relation between capital rate of return ratio
one of the following statements is true ? (CRR), net present value (NPV) and maximum
cumulative expenditure (MCE) is
pr pr
(a)  h  , l 
t 4t NPV
(a) CRR 
MCE
pr pr
(b)  h  , l 
4t t MCE
(b) CRR 
NPV
pr pr
(c)  h  , l  (c) CRR  NPV  MCE
2t t
pr pr MCE
(d)  h  , l  (d) CRR 
t 2t  NPV  MCE 

GATE-2010 GATE-2008
03. The term kunckle radius is associated with 07. To determine the performance of a compressor,
(a) flat heads a standardized test is performed in the testing
(b) torispherical heads progress, when the compressor is under
operation, shut-off term signifies
(c) hemispherical heads
(a) maximum flow (b) zero flow
(d) conical heads
(c) steady flow (d) intermittent flow

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 38
 PLANT DESIGN AND ECONOMICS

GATE-2007 2
 520   480 
08. Select the most appropriate pump from Group- (a)   x (b)  x
II to handle each fluid flow given in Group-I.  480   520 
Group-I 0.6
 520   520 
P. Highly viscous fluid flow (c)  x (d)   x
 480   480 
Q. Fluid containing large amount of abrasive
solids
Group-II GATE-2003
I. Piston pump 13. Direct cost component of the fixed capital
consists of
II. Gear pump
(a) contingency
III. Plunger pump
(b) onsite and offsite costs
IV. Centrifugal pump
(c) labour costs
(a) P-II, Q-I (b) P-II, Q-VI
(d) raw material costs
(c) P-III, Q-IV (d) P-IV, Q-III

14. A series of equal payments (e.g. deposit or cost)

09. A cylindrical storage tank can have a self-
made at equal intervals of time is known as
supported conical roof.
(a) perpetuity
(a) If its diameter is less than 20 m
(b) capital charge factor
(b) If its diameter is more than 50 m
(c) annuity
(c) If the thickness of the roof is more than
that of the cylindrical shell (d) future worth
(d) whatever is the diameter
15. The variables required to be known in correlation
used for estimating the horse power of a
GATE-2005
centrifugal gas compressor and hence its cost
10. For a solid processing plant, the delivered are
equipment cost is Rs. 10 lakh. Using Lang
(a) inlet pressure
multiplication method, the total capital
investment, in lakh of Rs. is (b) compressor rpm
(a) 46 (b) 57 (c) delivery pressure
(c) 100 (d) 200 (d) volumetric flow rate at inlet

11. The cost of drum dryer is Rs. 10 lakh. The cost GATE-2002
of drum dryer with double the surface area in 16. The total investment in a project is Rs. 10 lakh
lakh of Rs. is and the annual profit is Rs. 1.5 lakh. If the project
(a) 2 × 10 (b) 30.6 × 10 life is 10 yr, then the simple rate of return on
investment is
(c) 50.6 × 10 (d) 20.6 × 10
(a) 15% (b) 10%
(c) 1.5% (d) 150%
12. The cost of distillation column in the year 2000
is Rs. x, what is the cost of the column in Rs. in
the year 2010, given the cost indices for the years GATE-2001
2000 and 2010 are 480 and 520 respectively ? 17. An investment of Rs. 100 lakh is to be made for

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 39
 PLANT DESIGN AND ECONOMICS

construction of a plant which will take 2 yr to the different layers are independent of each other.
start production. The annual profit from operation
of the plant is Rs. 20 lakh. What will be the
Which one of the following represents the
payback timer
(a) 5 yr (b) yr correct values of   stack ,  stack  for the overall
(c) 12 yr (d) 10 yr fuel cell stack width ?
(a) (51.35, 0.32) (b) (51.35, 1.09)
18. A perforated plate has holes of diameter dh (c) (5.15, 0.10) (d) (5.15, 0.11)
arranged in a pitch ph. Each hole has tube of
diameter dt passing through it. The ligament 22. A process plant has a life of 7 yr and its salvage
efficiency is given by value is 30%. For what minimum fixed
percentage factor will be depreciation amount
d d  for the second year, calculated by declining
ph  d h ph   h t 
(a) (b)  2  balance method be equal to that calculated by
ph ph the straight line depreciation method ?
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.113
ph  dt ph  d h (c) 0.527 (d) 0.887
(c) ph (d) ph
23. A continuous fractionator system is being
19. The ends of a cylindrical vessel can be closed designed. The following cost figures are
by a head, which can be one of the four shapes. estimated for a reflux ratio of 1.4.
For the same thickness, choose the one which Fixt cost including all accessories (Rs) for
can withstand the highest pressure.
column condenser reboiler
(a) Flat plate (b) Hemispherical
6  106 2  106 4  106
(c) Torispherical (d) Ellipsoidal
Operating cost (Rs/yr) for

GATE-2000 condenser cooling water reboiler heating steam

20. For a typical project, the cumulative cash flow 8  106 1  106
is zero at the The annualized fixed charge is 15% of the fixed
(a) end of the project life cost. The total annualized cost (in Rs) is
(b) breack-even point (a) 10.8 × 106 (b) 13.35 × 106
(c) start-up (c) 15.9 × 106 (d) 3.15 × 106
(d) end of the design stage
GATE-2010
GATE-2011 24. A reactor needs to be lined with a corrosion
21. Fuel cell stacks are made of nine Membrane resistant lining. One type of lining costs Rs. 5
Electrode Assemblies (MEAs) interleaved lakh, and is expected to last for 2 yr. Another
between ten Bipolar Plates (BPs) as illustrated type of lining lasts for 3 yr. If both choices have
below. The width of a membrane elecrode to be equally economical with the effective
assembly and a bipolar plate are normally interest rate being 18%, compounded annually,
the price one should pay for the second type of
distributed with  MEA  0.15 ,  MEA  0.01 and
lining is
 BP  5 ,  BP  0.1 , respectively. The widths of

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 40
 PLANT DESIGN AND ECONOMICS

(a) Rs. 6.1 lakh (b) Rs. 6.5 lakh GATE-2008

(c) Rs. 6.9 lakh (d) Rs. 7.6 lakh 29. A reactor has been installed at a cost of Rs.
50000 and is expected to have a working life or
10 yr with a scrap value of Rs. 10000. The
Common Data for Questions 25 and 26
capitalized cost (in Rs.) of the reactor based on
A plant produces phenol. The variable cost in an annual compound interest rate of 5% is
Rs./ton of phenol is related to the plant capacity
(a) 113600 (b) 42000
P (in ton/day) as 45000 + 5P. The fixed charges
are Rs. 100000 per day. The selling price of (c) 52500 (d) 10500
phenol is Rs. 50000 per ton.
25. The optimal plant capacity (in ton/day) for 30. A cylindrical vessel with hemispherical ends is
minimum cost per ton of phenol, is filled with water as shown in the figure. The
(a) 101 (b) 141 head space is pressurized to a gauge pressure
of 40 kN/m². The vertical force F (in kN) tending
(c) 283 (d) 422
to lift the top dome and the absolute P (in kN/
m²) at the bottom of the vessel are (g=9.8 m/s²,
26. The break even capacity in ton/day, is density of water = 1000 kg/m²)
(a) 50 (b) 40
(c) 30 (d) 20 (a) F = 83.6; p = 64.5
(b) F = 83.6; p = 165.8
GATE-2009 (c) F = 125.7; p = 64.5
27. A column costs Rs. 5 lakh and has a useful life (d) F = 125.7; p = 165.8
of 10 yr. Using the double declining balance
depreciation method, the book value of the unit
GATE-2007
at the end of 5 yr in lakh of Rs. is
31. A pump has an installed cost of Rs. 40000 and a
(a) 1.21 (b) 1.31
10 yr estimated life. The salvage value of the
(c) 1.64 (d) 2.05 pump is zero at the end of 10 yr. The pump value
(in Rs.), after depreciation by the double declining
28. Match the equipment in Group-I to the intervals balance method, at the end of 6 yr is
in Group-II (a) 4295 (b) 10486
Group-I (c) 21257 (d) 37600
P. Centrifugal pump
Q. Distillation column GATE-2006
R. Heat exchanger 32. In a desalination plant, an evaporator of area
Group-II 200 m² was purchased in 1996 at a cost of $
I. Baffle 300000. In 2000, another evaporator of area 50
m² was added. What was the cost of the second
II. Impeller
evaporator (in $) ? Assume that the cost of
III. Tray evaporators scales as (capacity) 0.54 . The
IV. Volute Marshall and Swift indices was 1048.5 in 1996
(a) P-II, Q-I, R-IV (b) P-II, Q-IV, R-III and 1116.9 in 2002.
(c) P-I, Q-III, R-IV (d) P-IV, Q-III, R-I (a) 130500 (b) 139100
(c) 141900 (d) 151200

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 41
 PLANT DESIGN AND ECONOMICS

33. The mixing of rubber latex solution was studied rate (interest rate) is 10%. The net present worth
in an unbaffled mixer in the laboratory. The mixer of the total cash flow, is Rs.
was equipped with a six blade turbine impeller. (a) 750000 (b) 683750
A tyre company scales this process up using a
(c) 621500 (d) 332750
baffled tank. The baffled tank has 3 times the
diameter of the lab scale mixer. It uses the same
type of impeller operated at the same speed. the GATE-2005
relevant shape factors are also the same. 37. The original value of an equipment is Rs. 10000.
Assuming that laminar conditions prevail in both The salvage value is Rs. 500 at the end of its
cases, the power requirement in the industrial useful like period of 5 yr. What is the asset value
scale mixer in rs. after 2 yr by textbook declining balance
(a) is 3 times that of the lab scale mixer method ?
(b) is 9 times that of the lab scale mixer (a) 3025 (b) 4010
(c) is 27 times that of the lab scale mixer (c) 5020 (d) 6050
(d) cannot be estimated reliably due to the
pressure of battles 38. The depreciable fixed cost is Rs. 100 lakh. The
average profit per year is Rs. 15 lakh. The
34. Due to a 20% drop in the product selling price, average depreciation cost per year is Rs. 10 lakh.
the pay-back period of a new plant increased to What is the payout period in years, if there is no
1.5 times that estimated initially. The production interest charges ?
cost and the production rate remaining (a) 8 (b) 4
unchanged. If the production cost is Cp and the (c) 10 (d) 20
Cp
new selling price is Cs, then is GATE-2004
Cs
Common Data for Questions 39 and 40
(a) 0.2 (b) 0.4
Fixed capital investment for a chemical plant is
(c) 0.5 (d) 0.5
Rs. 40 million with an estimated useful life of 6
yr and a salvage value of Rs. 4 million. The rate
35. Obtain the optimal diameter of a cylindrical of interest is 15%, tax is 25% of the annual
storage vessel of volume V. The curved shell taxable income. In the first year of operation,
costs Cs (in Rs/m²) and the flat top and bottom the income from sales is Rs. 20 million and
plates cost Cp (in Rs./m²) manufacturing expenses are Rs. 5 million. The
1
plant depreciates on a straight line basis.
1 3
C  4V  3  8VCs  39. The rate of return on investment is given by
(a) D s   (b) D 
Cp      Cp (a) 50% (b) 37.5%
 
(c) 32% (d) 20%
1 1
3 3
 VC   4VCs 
(c) D s  (d) D  40. The net present value (NPV) in million Rs. at
 Cp    Cp
    the start and at the end of the first year of
operation is respectively given by
36. A sale contract signed by a chemical (a) zero and –28.9 (b) –40 and 28.9
manufacturer is expected to generate a net cash (c) –40 and 12.75 (d) zero and 12.75
flow of Rs. 250000 per year at the end of each
year for a period of 3 yr. The applicable discount

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 42
 PLANT DESIGN AND ECONOMICS

GATE-2003
R
n
41. Two pumps under consideration for installation (c) R 1  i  (d) n

at a plant have the following capital investments

1  i 
and salvage values.
Pump A: C1 = Rs. 40000 and Csat = Rs. 3900 45. A company has a depreciable investment of Rs.
Pump B: C1 = Rs. 50000 and Csat = Rs. 20000 36400 which is depreciated in equal instalments
Using capitalized cost, determine what should in 2 yr. Assume that the tax rate is 50% and
be the common life of the pumps for both to be interest rate is 10%. The net present value of
competitive (economically equivalent) has been tax that the company would have saved, if it had
given like this only. Interest rate is 10% per depreciated 2/3rd of the investment in the first
annum. Maintenance and Operational costs are year and the rest in the second year, is
negligible. (a) zero (b) 250
(a) 3 yr (b) 5 yr (c) 375 (d) 500
(c) 6 yr (d) 8 yr
46. A cylindrical pressure vessel of volume 6 m³
Common Data for Questions 42 and 43 has to be designed to withstand a maximum
A process has fixed capital investment of Rs. internal pressure of 10 atm. The allowable design
150 lakh, working capital Rs. 30 lakh and salvage stress of the material is 125 N/mm² and corrosion
value zero. Annual revenues from sales Rs. 250 allowance is 2 mm. The thickness of the vessel
lakh, manufacturing costs Rs. 145 lakh and other for a length/diameter ratio of 3 will be closed to
expenses 10% of the revenue. Assume project (a) 5 mm (b) 6 mm
life span of 11 yr. tak life of 5 yr and interest (c) 8 mm (d) 10 mm
rate to be 10%. Tax rate is 40% and straight line
depreciation, i.e., 20% per yr. is applicable.
GATE-2001
42. Discounted value (to present time) of the profit
before tax (for the total plant life period) in Rs. 47. An investment of Rs. 1000 is carrying on interest
is of 10% compounded quarterly. The value of the
investment at the end of yr will be
(a) 228 lakh (b) 400 lakh
20
(c) 520 lakh (d) 660 lakh  0.1  20
(a) 1000  1   (b) 1000 1  0.10 
 4 
43. Discounted value of the depreciation benefit over
5 5
the tax life in Rs. is  0.1   0.1 
(c) 1000  1   (d) 1000  1  
(a) 12 lakh (b) 24 lakh  4   2 
(c) 46 lakh (d) 60 lakh
48. P is the investment made on an equipment, S is
GATE-2002 its salvage value and n is the life of the equipment
44. If an amount R is paid at the end of every year in years. The depreciation for the mth year by
for n years, then the net present value of the the sum-of-years-digits method will be
annuity at an interest rate of i is PS
(a)
 1  i n  1   1  i n  1 n
(a) R  (b) R n

 i   i 1  i   P
m

(b) 1   
S

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 43
 PLANT DESIGN AND ECONOMICS

m
(c) P  S 
n

2  n  m  1
(d) P  S
n  n  1

49. In a cylindrical vessel subjected to internal

pressure, the longitudinal stress  L , and the
circumferential stress  H are related by
(a)  H  2 L (b)  H   L

L
(c)  H  (d) No relation exists
2

ANSEWER KEY
1. b 18. c 35. b
2. d 19. d 36. c
3. b 20. b 37. a
4. c 21. b 38. b
5. d 22. c 39. c
6. a 23. a 40. d
7. b 24. c 41. d
8. b 25. b 42. c
9. b 26. d 43. b
10. a 27. c 44. b
11. d 28. d 45. b
12. c 29. a 46. d
13. b 30. d 47. b
14. c 31. b 48. d
15. a 32. d 49. a
16. c 33. c
17. b 34. b

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Chemical
Technology

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CHAPTER - 5

CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
GATE-2011 04. Hydrotreating is used for
01. Match the polymerisation mechanism in Group- (a) removal of water from crude oil
I with the corresponding polymers in Group-II. (b) treatment of crude oil with water
Group-I (c) improving octance number of gasoline
P. Chain growth/addition polymerisation (d) removal of sulphur and nitrogen from
Q. Step growth/condensation polymerisation petroleum fractions
Group-II
I. Polyethylene 05. Zeolite ZSM-5 is added to commercial FCC
II. Polyvinyl chloride catalyst for
II. Polyethylene terephthalate (a) promoting SO2 reduction
(a) P-III; Q-I, II (b) P-I, III; Q-III (b) promoting CO oxidation
(c) P-II, III; Q-I (d) P-I; Q-II, III (c) improving tolerance to metal content in feed
(d) enhancing octane number
02. Which one of the following sequences is
arranged according to increasing calorific value? GATE-2010
(a) Producer gas, Natural gas, Water gas 06. In the manufacturing of caustic soda from brine,
(b) Natural gas, Producer gas, Water gas which one of the following statements is true ?
(c) Producer gas, Water gas, Natural gas (a) The membrane cell cannot produce
concentrated NaOH solution, and cannot
(d) Water gas, Natural gas, Producer gas
tolerate calcium and magnesium ions in the
feed brine
03. The correct sequence of process equipment used (b) The membrane cell cannot produce
in the production of sulphuric acid from sulphur concentrated naOH solution, and can
by contact process is tolerate calcium and magnesium ions in the
(a) burner, catalytic converter, 98% sulphuric feed brine
acid absorption tower, oleum absorption (c) The membrane cell can produce
column concentrated NaOH solution, and cannot
(b) catalytic converter, oleum absorption tolerate calcium and magnesium ions in the
column, 98% sulphuric acid absorption feed brine
tower, burner (d) The membrane cell can produce
(c) burner, catalytic converter, oleum concentrated NaOH solution, and can
absorption column, 98% sulphuric acid tolerate calcium and magnesium ions in the
absorption tower feed brine
(d) burner, oleum absorption column, catalytic
converter, 98% sulphuric acid absorption 07. For making superphosphate by acidulation of
tower phosphate rock, use of nitric acid is desirable
because

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(a) nitric acid is less expensive than sulphuric GATE-2008

acid 11. Which one of the following is not a major
(b) the availability of nitrogen enhances the constituent of crude oil ?
value of the superphosphate as a fertilizer (a) Paraffins (b) Olefins
(c) the process produces non-hygroscopic (c) Naphthenes (d) Aromatics
superphosphate
(d) the process produces superphosphate
GATE-2007
having higher phosphorus content then the
sulphuric acid 12. Which of the following is desirable in gasoline
but undesirable in kerosine ?
(a) Aromatic (b) Mercaptans
08. Match the processes in Group-I with the
products in Group-II. (c) Naphthenic acid (d) Paraffins
Group-I
P. Clause process 13. In the sulphite process for paper manufacturing,
the ‘cooking liquor’ is
Q. Linde process
(a) magnesium bisulphite and sulphur dioxide
R. Lurgi process
in acid medium
Group-II
(b) magnesium sulphite and magnesium
1. Syngas dicarbonate
2. Oxygen (c) sodium sulphite and magnesium sulphite
3. Sulphur (d) sodium sulphite and sodium bisulphite and
Codes: sulphur dioxide
P Q R
(a) 1 2 3 GATE 2006
(b) 2 1 3 14. The oxo-reaction is used for converting
(c) 3 1 1 (a) alcohol to aldehyde
(d) 3 2 1 (b) paraffins to olefin
(c) olefin to aldehyde
GATE-2009 (d) aldehyde to alcohol
09. In petroleum refining operations, the process
used for converting paraffins and naphthalenes 15. In a fluid catalytic cracking unit, the nature of
to aromatics is the reactions occuring in the reactor and the
(a) catalytic reforming regenerator is
(b) catalytic cracking (a) Reactor-Exothermic, Regenerator-
(c) hydrocracking Exothermic
(d) alkylation (b) Reactor-Exothermic, Regenerator-
Endothermic
(c) Reactor-Endothermic, Regenerator-
10. The active component of catalysts used in steam
Exothermic
reforming of methane to produce synthesis gas
is (d) Reactor-Endothermic, Regenerator-
Endothermic
(a) nickle (b) iron
(c) platinum (d) palladium

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GATE-2005 (c) the number of nitrogen atoms between two

16. Which of the following is not employed in the carbon atoms are 6
commercial production of linear polyvinyl (d) the polymer was first synthesized in 1966
chloride ?
(a) Emulsion polymerization 22. The catalytic converter for conversion of SO2
(b) Suspension polymerization to SO3 by contact process should have a feed
(c) Addition polymerization with SO2 content between
(d) Condensation polymerization (a) 2-5% (b) 7-10%
(c) 12-15% (d) 20-25%
17. Which of the following is a detergent ?
(a) Benzene hexachloride 23. The composition of fresh feed to the high
temperature high pressure urea autoclave is
(b) Cellulose nitrate
(a) excess liquid ammonia and liquified CO2
(c) Polyvinyl chloride
(b) excess liquid ammonia and compressed
(d) Alkyl benzene sulphon
CO2 gas
(c) excess liquid ammonia and excess
18. The chief raw material for the commercial compressed CO2 gas
production for methanol is
(d) compressed NH 3 gas and excess
(a) Synthesis gas (b) Formaldehyde compressed CO2
(c) Acetic acic (d) Ethanol
GATE-2002
GATE-2004 24. Among the following choose one that is not an
19. Prilling tower is found in the flow sheet for the exothermic process.
manufacturing of (a) Methanol synthesis
(a) ammonia (b) Catalytic cracking
(b) urea (c) Ammonia synthesis
(c) superphosphate (d) Oxidation of sulphur
(d) triple superphosphate
25. The commonly used solvent in supercritical
20. The proper arrangement of the petroleum extraction is
fractions in the order of their boiling points is (a) methyl - ethyl - ketone
(a) lubricating oil > diesel > petrol > LPG (b) water
(b) lubricating oil > petrol > diesel > LPG (c) carbon tetrachloride
(c) petrol > lubricating oil > diesel > LPG (d) carbon dioxide
(d) petrol > diesel > LPG > lubricating oil
26. The average boiling point of aviation turbine fuel
GATE-2003 is closest to that of
21. ‘Nylon 66’ is so named because (a) lubricating oils (b) LPG
(a) the average degree of polymerization of the (c) diesel (d) Kerosene
polymer is 1966
(b) the number of carbon between two nitrogen
atoms are 6

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GATE-2001 (a) phosphate rock with phosphoric acid

27. One of the steps during refining of cane sugar (b) phosphate rock with sulphuric acid
consists of addition of hydrated lime to the sugar (c) phosphate rock with nitric acid
syrup followed by carbonation of the resulting
(d) ammonium phosphate with phosphoric acid
solution. The purpose of this step is to
(a) adjust the pH of the syrup
GATE-2011
(b) remove the colouring matter from the syrup
33. Match the reactions in Group-I with the products
(c) reduce the viscosity of the syrup
in Group-II.
(d) improve the rate of crystallization of sugar
Group-I
P. Ammoxidation
28. Styrene is produced from ethylbenzene by the
Q. Nitration
process of
R. Dehydrogenation
(a) dehydrogenation (b) oxidation
S. Oxidation
(c) alkaylation (d) dehydration
Group-II
I. Aniline from benzene
29. In the Fluid Catalytic Cracker (FCC), the
cracking reaction is (A).............. and the II. Benzoic acid from toluene
regeneration is (B)................... III. Acrylonitrile from propylene
A B IV. Styrene from ethylbenzene
(a) exothermic endothermic (a) P-III, Q-I, R-IV, S-II
(b) exothermic exothermic (b) P-IV, Q-I, R-III, S-II
(c) endothermic endothermic (c) P-I, Q-III, R-IV, S-II
(d) endothermic exothermic (d) P-I, Q-II, R-III, S-IV

GATE-2000 GATE-2010
30. In petroleum refining, the process used for 34. Match each of the following techniques of
conversion of hydrocarbon to aromatics is polymerization in Group-I, with the corresponding
(a) catalytic cracking process characteristics in Group-II.
(b) catalytic reforming Group-I
(c) hydrotreating P. Bulk
(d) alkylation Q. Solution
R. Suspension
31. Commercially ethylene is produced from naphtha S. Emulsion
by Group-II
(a) catalytic cracking 1. Polymer with very high molecular weight
(b) catalytic dehydrogenation can be obtained
(c) pyrolysis 2. Heat removal is crucial but very difficult
(d) hydrocracking 3. Small amount of undesired low molecular
weight polymer is formed
4. Polymer concentration in the product
32. Triple superphosphate is manufactured by
stream is low
reacting

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Codes: Codes:
P Q R S P Q R
(a) 1 2 3 4 (a) 2 1 4
(b) 2 4 3 1 (b) 4 1 2
(c) 2 3 4 1 (c) 3 4 2
(d) 2 3 1 4 (d) 2 1 3

35. Match each of the polymers in Group-I with the 37. Match the products in Group-I with the material
raw material in Group-II, from which they are in Group-II.
made. Group-I
Group-I P. Ethylene
(a) Polyester Q. Methanol
(b) Polyamide R. Phthalic
(c) Viscose rayon Group-II
(d) Epoxy resin 1. Natural gas
Group-II 2. Synthesis gas
1. Ethylene glycol 3. Naphtha
2. Adipic acid 4. Naphthalene
3. Cellulose Codes:
4. Bisphenol P Q R
Codes: (a) 1 2 3
P Q R S (b) 2 1 4
(a) 1 2 3 4 (c) 3 1 4
(b) 2 1 3 4 (d) 3 2 4
(c) 1 2 4 3
(d) 3 2 4 1 38. Match the unit processes in Group-I with the
industries in Group-II.
GATE-2009 Group-I
36. Match the products in Group-I with the name of P. Steam cracking
the processes in Group-II. Q. Hydrocracking
Group-I R. Condensation
P. Sodium Group-II
Q. Ammonia 1. Petroleum refining
R. Sulphuric acid 2. Petrochemicals
Group-II 3. Polymers
1. Haber 4. Soaps and detergents
2. Solvay Codes
3. Fischer-Tropsch P Q R
4. Contact (a) 1 2 3

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(b) 2 3 3 (c) Crushing  Crystallization  Ca2HPO4/

(c) 1 2 4 Lime treatment
(d) 2 1 3 (d) Multiple stage evaporation 
Crystallization  Ca 2 HPO 4 /Lime
treatment
GATE-2008
39. Match the unit processes in Group-I with
industries in Group-II. GATE-2007
Group-I 42. Match the chemicals in Group-I with their
functions in Group-II.
P. Saponification
Group-I
Q. Calcination
P. Styrene
R. Alkylation
Q. Teri-dodecyl mercapton
Group-II
R. Potassium pyrophosphate
1. Petroleum refining
Group-II
2. Synthetic fibres
1. Buffer
3. Cement
2. Catalyst
4. Soaps and detergents
3. Modifier
Codes:
4. Monomer
P Q R
Codes:
(a) 1 3 4
P Q R
(b) 2 3 4
(a) 1 3 4
(c) 4 2 1
(b) 2 3 4
(d) 4 3 1
(c) 4 2 1
(d) 4 3 1
40. Which one of the following process sequences
is used in the production of synthesis gas ?
(a) Desulphurization  Steam reforming 43. Match the products in Group-I with the its
applications in the industries of Group-II.
 Hot K2CO3cycle
Group-I
(b) Steam reforming  Desulphurization
P. Lithium stearate
 Hot K2CO3cycle
Q. Magnesium stearate
(c) Hot K2CO3cycle  Steam reforming
R. Aluminium sulphate
 Desulphurization
Group-II
(d) Hot K2CO3cycle  Desulphurization
1. Cosmetics
 Steam reforming 2. Paper
3. Dry cleaning
41. Which one of the following process sequences
4. Greases
is used in the sugar industry ?
Codes:
(a) Ca 2 HPO 4 /Lime treatment 
Crystallization  Crushing P Q R
(a) 2 3 1
(b) Ca 2HPO 4 /Lime treatment  Multiple
stage evaporation  Crystallization (b) 3 4 2

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(c) 4 2 3 GATE-2006
(d) 4 1 2 46. Pair the following industrial processes in Group-
I with the catalysts used in Group-II
44. Match the synthetic fibres in Group-I with their Group-I
classifications in Group-II. P. Oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride
Group-I Q. Oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde
P. Rayon R. Oxidation of ammonia to oxides of nitrogen
Q. Orlon Group-II
R. Dacron 1. V2 O5
Group-II 2. Pd
1. Polyamide 3. Ag
2. Polyester 4. Pt
3. Cellulose (a) P-1, Q-3, R-4 (b) P-2, Q-1, R-4
4. Acrylic (c) P-4, Q-3, R-1 (d) P-1, Q-3, R-2
Codes:
P Q R 47. Pair the following reactors in Group-I with their
(a) 2 3 1 products in Group-II.
(b) 3 4 2 Group-I
(c) 3 1 3 P. Arc furnance
(d) 3 3 4 Q. Fermenter
R. Hydrogenator
45. Match the petrochemical derivatives in Group-I Group-II
with the raw materials in Group-II. 1. Citric acid
Group-I 2. Calcium carbide
P. Acrylonitrile 3. Saturated fats
Q. Ammonia 4. Alum
R. Dodecene (a) P-4, Q-1, R-3 (b) P-2, Q-1, R-3
Group-II (c) P-4, Q-3, R-1 (d) P-2, Q-3, R-1
1. Methane
2. Ethane 48. Pair the following polymers in Group-I with their
3. Ethylene chain characteristics in Group-II
4. Propylene Group-I
Codes: P. HDPE
P Q R Q. LDPE
(a) 1 2 1 R. LLDPE
(b) 2 1 2 Group-II
(c) 3 4 3 1. Very few branches
(d) 4 1 4 2. Short and regular branches
3. High branching with both short and long
chain branches

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(a) P-1, Q-2, R-3 (b) P-2, Q-1, R-3 Group-II

(c) P-1, Q-3, R-2 (d) P-2, Q-3, R-1 1. Chlorodifluoro methane
2. Dimethyl terephthalate and ethylene glycol
49. Choose the most appropriate pairs from Group- 3. Acetylene and hydrogen cyanide
I and Group-II 4. Hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid
Group-I (a) P-3, Q-4 (b) P-4, Q-3
P. Nitrogen (c) P-4, Q-2 (d) P-1, Q-2
Q. Sulphonation
R. Carbonation 52. Match the products in Group-I with the catalysts
Group-II used for its production in Group-II.
1. Detergent Group-I
2. Pulp and paper P. Nitric acid
3. Explosives Q. Formaldehyde
4. Sugar Group-II
(a) P-1, Q-2, R-4 (b) P-3, Q-1, R-2 1. Silver oxide
(c) P-3, Q-1, R-4 (d) P-3, Q-2, R-4 2. Raney nickel
3. Activated carbon
50. Match the appropriate pairs from Group-I and 4. Platinum Rhodium
Group-II. (a) P-1, Q-4 (b) P-4, Q-3
Group-I (c) P-4, Q-2 (d) P-1, Q-2
P. Carbon disulphide
Q. Caprolactum 53. Match the products in Group-I with the raw
R. Gypsum materials in Group-II.
Group-II Group-Il
1. Nylon-6 P. Caustic soda
2. Nylon-66 Q. Soda ash
3. Phosphoric acid Group-I
4. Viscose rayon 1. Ammonia and sulphuric acid
(a) P-4, Q-2, R-3 (b) P-2, Q-1, R-3 2. Sodium carbonate and slaked line
(c) P-3, Q-1, R-4 (d) P-4, Q-1, R-3 3. Salt and limestone
4. Salt and limestone
GATE-2005 5. Salt and sulphuric acid
51. Match the products in Group-I, with the raw (a) P-2, Q-3 (b) P-1, Q-2
materials in Group-II. (c) P-3, Q-4 (d) P-4, Q-1
Group-I
P. Nylon-66 54. Match the feeds in Group-I with the processes
Q. Terylene in Group-II
Group-I
P. Gas oil
Q. Residual crude

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1. Acetylene production (a) P-1, Q-4 (b) P-3, Q-2

2. Ethylene production (c) P-3, Q-2 (d) P-1, Q-2
3. Coking
4. Cracking 58. Match the products in Group-I with the nature
(a) P-3, Q-4 (b) P-4, Q-3 of reactions in Group-II
(c) P-2, Q-3 (d) P-1, Q-4 Group-I
P. Polyethylene
GATE-2004 Q. Nylon
55. Multiple effect evaporators are commonly used R. Polystyrene
in the manufacturing of Group-I
P. paper 1. Condensation polymerization
Q. superphosphate 2. Addition polymerization
R. sugar (a) P-1, Q-1, R-2 (b) P-2, Q-2, R-1
S. fats (c) P-1, Q-2, R-1 (d) P-2, Q-1, R-2
(a) P and Q (b) P and R
(c) P and S (d) R and S 59. Match the process in Group-I with the catalysts
used in Group-II.
56. Match the process in Group-I with the products Group-I
in Group-II. P. Sulphuric acid manufacture
Group-I Q. Vegetable oil hydrogenation
P. DCDA process Group-II
Q. Mercury cell 1. Platinum
Group-II 2. Vanadium pentoxide
1. Sodium hydroxide 3. Iron
2. Sulphuric acid 4. Raney nickel
3. Sodium carbonate (a) P-3, Q-1 (b) P-2, Q-1
4. Nitric acid (c) P-2, Q-4 (d) P-4, Q-2
(a) P-1, Q-4 (b) P-1, Q-3
(c) P-2, Q-3 (d) P-2, Q-1 GATE-2003
60. Identify the group in which all the polymers
57. Match the products in Group-I with the raw mentioned can be used to make fibres.
materials in Group-II (a) Butadiene copolymers, Polyamides, Urea
Group-I aldehydes
P. Urea (b) Cellulose derivatives, Polyisoprene,
Polyethylene
Q. Polyester
(c) Cellulose derivatives, Polyamides,
Group-II
Polyethanes.
1. Ammonia and carbon dioxide
(d) Polypropylenes, Polyvinylchloride, Silicones
2. Dimethyl terephthalate and ethylene glycol
3. Ammonia and carbon monoxide
61. The preferred reacting system for oxidation of
4. Hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid o-xylene to phthalic anhydride is

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(a) jacketed liquid phase CSTR 65. The order of preference for feedstock to a
(b) jacketed steam heated multitubular reactor catalytic reformer is
(c) multitubular reactor with cooling (a) Catalytic naphtha-coking naphtha-virgin
naphtha
(d) multistage multitubular reactor with
interstage cooling (b) coking naphtha-virgin naphtha-catalytic
naphtha
(c) virgin naphtha-catalytic naphtha-coking
62. Match the items in Group-I with the items in
naphtha
Group-II.
(d) virgin naphtha - coking naphtha - catalytic
Group-I
naphtha
P. Calcium ammonium nitrate
Q. CaCl2-NaCl liquior
GATE-2002
Group-II
66. In the manufacturing of sulphuric acid from
1. Fertilizer industry elemental sulphur, which of the following
2. Paper and pulp industry sequences of major operations is followed ?
3. Soda ash industry (a) France  Convert  Absorber
(a) P-1, Q-3 (b) P-1, Q-2 (b) Furnace  Evaporator  Absorber
(c) P-3, Q-1 (d) P-2, Q-3 (c) Furnace  Converter  Evaporator
(d) Converter  Furnace  Absorber
63. Match the items in Group-I with the items in
Group-II.
67. Consider the production of ammonia from
Group-I methane and air as raw materials. The catalyasts
P. Black liquor used are ..... (A)..... for steam reforming of
Q. Activated silica alumina methane and .....(B)..... for ammonia synthesis.
R. Press mud A B
Group-II (a) Ni/Al2O3 Cu-ZnO/Al2O3
1. Petroleum refining (b) Fe/Al2 O3 Cu-ZnO/Al2O3
2. Sugar factor (c) Ni/Al2O3 Fe/Al2 O3
(a) P-1, R-2 (b) P-2, Q-1 (d) Fe/Al2 O3 Ni/Al2O3
(c) Q-1, R-2 (d) Q-2, R-1
GATE-2001
64. In a refinery, petroleum crude is fractionated into 68. In the converter of the contact process for the
gas fraction, light ends, intermediate distillates, manufacturing of H 2 SO 4 , the equilibrium
heavy distillates, residues and by products. The conversion of SO2 .... (A)..... with increase in
group of products including gas oil, diesel oil and the temperature and ......(B)...... with increase
heavy fuel oil belongs to the fraction in mole ratio of SO2 to air.
(a) heavy distillates A B
(b) intermediate distillates (a) increases decreases
(c) light ends (b) decreases increases
(d) residues (c) increases increases
(d) decreases decreases

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69. For the hydrogenation of oils, .....(A)..... is

commonly used at catalyst, and ......(B)...... is a
catalyst poison.
A B
(a) platinum sulphur
(b) palladium oxygen
(c) nickel sulphur
(d) nickel oxygen

ANSEWER KEY
1. b 21. b 41. b 61. a
2. c 22. b 42. d 62. b
3. c 23. b 43. d 63. b
4. d 24. b 44. b 64. a
5. d 25. d 45. d 65. b
6. d 26. d 46. a 66. a
7. d 27. a 47. b 67. c
8. d 28. a 48. a 68. b
9. a 29. d 49. b 69. c
10. a 30. b 50. d
11. c 31. d 51. c
12. a 32. a 52. d
13. a 33. a 53. a
14. c 34. b 54. b
15. c 35. a 55. c
16. c 36. a 56. d
17. d 37. d 57. d
18. a 38. d 58. b
19. b 39. d 59. c
20. a 40. d 60. b

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 56
 MASS TRANSFER

Mass Transfer

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 57
 MASS TRANSFER

CHAPTER - 6

MASS TRANSFER
GATE-2011
01. Minimum input required to calculate the ‘blank 05. The flooding velocity in a plate column, operating
diameter’ for a torispherical head is at 1 atm pressure is 3 m/s. If the column is
(a) crown radius operated at 2 atm pressure under otherwise
identical conditions, the flooding velocity will be
(b) crown radius, knuckle radius and length of
straight flange 3 3
(c) knucle radius and length of straight flange (a) (b)
2 2
(d) cown radius and knuckle
3
(c) 1 (d)
4
02. Ammonia (component 1) is evaporating from a
partially filled bottle into surrounding air
(component 2). The liquid level in the bottle and GATE-2009
the concentration of ammonia at the top of the 06. The Prandtl number of a fluid is the ratio of
bottle are maintained constant, N1 is the molar
(a) thermal diffusivity to momentum diffusivity
flux relative to a fixed location is space and J1 is
the molar flux with respect to the average molar (b) momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity
velocity of the constituent species in the gas (c) conductive resistance to convective
phase. Assume that air in the bottle is stagnant. resistance
Which one of the following is correct ? (d) thermal diffusivity to kinematic viscosity
(a) N1 = constant, N2 = 0, J1 + J2 = 0
(b) N1 + N2 = 0, J1 + J2 = 0 07. According to the penetration theory of mass
(c) N1 + N2 = 0, J1 = constant J2 = 0 transfer, the mass transfer coefficient (k) varies
with diffusion coefficient (D) of the diffusing
(d) N1 = constant, N2 = 0, J1 = constant J2=0
species as
(a) D (b) D –1/2
03. Simultaneous heat and mass transfer are
(c) D 1/2 (d) D 3/2
occurring in a fluid flowing over a flat plate. The
flow is laminar. The concentration boundary layer
will coincide with the thermal boundary layer, 08. The ratio of the liquid to gas flow rate in a
when countercurrent gas absorption column is
(a) Sc = Nu (b) Sh = Nu increased at otherwise identical conditions.
Which one of the following statements is true ?
(c) Sh = Pr (d) Sc = Pr
(a) The operating line shifts towards the
equilibrium curve
GATE-2010
(b) The operating line shifts away from the
04. The ratio of the thermal boundary layer thickness equilibrium curve
to the concentration boundary layer thickness is
(c) The concentration of the absorbed species
proportional to
increases in the exit liquid stream
(a) Nu (b) Le
(d) The operating line does not shift
(c) Sh (d) Pr

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GATE-2008 by which one of the following ? ( ref is the fluid

09. In a countercurrent gas absorber, both the
operating and equilibrium relations are linear. The density at the reference temperature Tref and 
inlet liquid composition and the exit gas is the thermal coefficient of volume expansion
composition are maintained constant. In order at Tref)
to increase the absorption factor
(a)   ref  Tref      ref 
(a) the liquid flow rate should decrease
(b) the gas flow rate should increase (b)   ref  Tref      ref 
(c) the slope of the equilibrium line should
increase (c)   ref   ref  T  Tref 
(d) the slope of the equilibrium line should
increase (d)   ref  Tref      ref 
  ref  T  Tref  / Tref
10. For a system containing species P, Q and R, the
composition at point k on the ternary plot is
14. An ideal single stage extraction process is used
(a) 62.5% P, 12.5% Q, 25% R to treat 100 mol/s of an organic feed solution.
(b) 25% P, 62.5% Q, 12.5% R The solute concentration in this solution is to be
reduced from 0.5 mol% to 0.1 mol%. A pure
(c) 12.5% P, 62.5% Q, 25% R
solvent S is used. To reduce the solvent
(d) 12.5% P, 25% Q, 62.5% R requirement by half for the same separation.
(a) add one more ideal co-current stage
GATE-2007 (b) use another pure solvent S* whose partition
11. The Grashof number is coefficient is twice that of S
(a) thermal diffusivity / mass diffusivity (c) use solvent S containing 0.02 mole fraction
(b) internal force / surface tension force of the solute
(c) sensible heat / latent heat (d) double the residence time of the solvent S
(d) buoyancy force / viscous force in the contactor

GATE-2006 GATE-2005
12. Let dh be the hydrodynamic entrance length for 15. A distillation column at a pilot plant is scaled up
mercury in laminar flow in a pipe under isothermal by 3 times for industrial use at steady state. After
conditions. Let dt be its thermal entrance length scaling up
under fully developed hydrodynamic conditions. (a) the number of theoretical trays increases
Which one of the following is true ? by 3 times
(a) dh > dt (b) the minimum reflux ratio is increased by
(b) dh < dt three times.
(c) dh = dt (c) the feed flow rate and product flow rates
are increased by three times.
(d) dh < dt , only if the pipe is vertical
(d) the feed composition and product
compositions are increased by three times
13. The Boussinesq approximation for the fluid
density in the gravitational force term is given

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 59
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16. The thermal boundary layer is significantly thicker aniline at 300 K is 0.1 kPa. The total molar
than the hydrodynamic boundary layer for concentration under these conditions is 40.1 mol/
(a) Newtonian liquids (b) polymeric liquids m³. The diffusivity of aniline in air is 0.74 × 10–
5 m²/s.
(c) liquid metals (d) gases
21. The numerical value of the mass transfer
coefficient is 7.4 × 10–3. Its units are
17. In a tray column, separating a binary mixture,
(a) m/s (b) cm/s
with non-ideal stages, which one of the following
statements is true ? (c) mol/(m²-s-Pa) (d) kmol/(m²-s-Pa)
(a) Point efficiency can exceed 100%
(b) Murphree efficiency cannot exceed 100% 22. The rate of evaporation of aniline is 2.97 × 10–4.
Its units are
(c) Murphree efficiency can exceed 100%
(a) mol/s (b) mol/(m²-s)
(d) Both Murphree and point efficiencies can
exceed 100% (c) mol/(cm²-s) (d) kmol/(m²-s)

18. The ratio of the diffusion coefficients in a gas to Statements for Linked Answer Questions
that in a liquid is of the order of 23 and 24
(a) 105 (b) 10–5 An air-what vapour mixture has a dry bulb
temperature of 60°C and a dew point
(c) 10–2 (d) 10²
temperature of 40°C. The total pressure is 101.3
kPa and the vapour pressures of water at 40°C
19. For turbulent flow past a flat plant, when no form and 60°C are 7.30 kPa and 19.91 kPa.
drag is present, the friction factor f and the respectively.
Chilton-Colbum factor jD are related as 23. The humidity of air sample expressed as kg of
(a) f and jD cannot be related water vapour/kg of dry air is
(b) f is equal to jD (a) 0.048 (b) 0.079
(c) f is greater than jD (b) 0.122 (d) 0.152
(d) f is less than jD
24. The wet bulb temperature T w for the above
GATE-2004 mixture would be
20. A distillation column separates 10000 kg/h of a (a) less than 40°C
benzene-toluence mixture as shown in the figure (b) 40°C
below in the figure, xF, xD and xW represent the (c) 40°C < Tw < 60°C
weight fraction of benzene in the feed, distillate
(d) 60°C
and residue respectively. The reflux ratio is.

25. Acetone is to be removed from air in an

(a) 0.5 (b) 0.6
isothermal dilute absorber using pure water as
(c) (d) (d) 2.0 solvent. The incoming air contains 5 mol% of
acetone (yin= 0.05). The design equation to be
Statements for Linked Answer Questions used for obtaining the number of trays (N) of
21 and 22 the absorber is
Pure aniline is evaporating through a stagnant
 y 
air film of 1 mm thickness at 300 K and a total N  2  6 log  in  . For 98% recovery of
pressure of 100 kPa. The vapour pressure of  yout 

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 60
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acetone, the number of trays required is/are GATE-2001

(a) 1 (b) 8 31. The surface renewal frequency in Danckwerts’
(c) 9 (d) 10 model of mass transfer is given by (kL= mass
transfer coefficient in m/s)
GATE-2003 (a) k L2 DA (b) kL2 DA
26. The diffusion coefficient, in m²/s, of acetic acid
in benzene (liquid in liquid) is k L2 kL
(c) (d)
(a) 2.00 × 10–4 (b) 2.09 × 10–5 DA DA2
(c) 2.09 × 10–9 (d) 2.09 × 10–12
32. For gas absorption the height of a transfer unit,
27. Component A is diffusing in a medium B. The based on the gaa phase, is given by
flux NA relative to a stationary point is equal to (G=superficial molar gas velocity; L = superficial
the flux due to molecular diffusion if molar liquid velocity F c = mass transfer
(a) diffusion of a is in stagnant medium B coefficient in mol/m²-s; a=interfacial area per
(b) mass transfer is accompanied by reaction unit volume of tower).
(c) molecular mean free path is high G FG
(d) there is equimolar counter diffusion (a) FG a (b) Ga

Ga L
28. Minimum reflux ratio in a distillation column (c) (d)
results in FG FG G
(a) optimum number of trays
(b) minimum reboiler size 33. The lewis relation for air-water humidification
(c) maximum condenser size is given by (ky = mass transfer coefficient of
(d) minimum number of trays moisture in air, hG = heat transfer coefficient; Cs
= heat capacity of vapour gas mixture)

GATE-2002 hC2 k y CS2

(a) 1 (b) 1
29. The dimensionless group in mass transfer that is k y Cs hG
equivalent to Prandtl number in heat transfer is
(a) Nusselt number hG K y2 hG
(c) 1 (d) 1
(b) Sherwood number k y CS CS
(c) Schmidt number
(d) Stanton number
GATE-2000
34. The Grashof number is defined as the ratio of
30. The Reynolds analogy for momentum, heat and
(a) buoyancy to inertial forces
mass transfer is best applicable for
(b) buoyancy to viscous forces
(a) gases in turbulent flow
(c) inertial to viscous forces
(b) gases in laminar flow
(d) buoyancy to surface tension forces
(c) liquids in turbulent flow
(d) liquids and gases in laminar flow
35. The absorption factor is defined as

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 61
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L G 40. A gas mixture is in contact with a liquid.

(a) (b) Component P in the gas mixture is highly soluble
mG mL in the liquid. Possible concentration profiles
mL LG during absorption of P are shown in the choices,
(c) (d) where
G m
x = mole fraction of P in bulk liquid
where, L=liquid flow rate, G=gas flow rate and
m=slope of the equilibrium line y = mole fraction of P in bulk gas
xi = mole fraction of P at the interface in liquid
36. At 750 K and 1 atm, the approximate value of yi = mole fraction of P at the the interface in
the Schmidt number for air is gas
(a) 0.01 (b) 0.1 y* = equilibrium gas phase mole fraction
corresponding to xi
(c) 1 (d) 10
(a)
(b)
37. For the nth tray (counted from the bottom of a
distillation colukn), the Murphree efficiency is (c)
given by (d)

Yn 1  Yn Yn  Yn 1
(a) (b) 41. A batch of 120 kg wet solid has initial moisture
Yn*  Yn 1 Yn*  Yn 1
content of 0.2 kg water/kg dry solid. The
exposed area for drying is 0.05 m²/kg dry solid.
Yn 1  Yn Yn*  Yn 1
(c) (d) The rate of drying follows the curve given below.
Yn 1  Yn Yn*  Yn 1

The time required (in hour) for drying this batch

38. The McCabe L law states that the to a moisture content of 0.1 kg water/kg dry solid
(a) molar heat of vaporization of components is
are nearly equal (a) 0.033 (b) 0.43
(b) linear crystal growth rate depends on the (c) 0.6 (d) 2.31
degree of super saturation
(c) linear crystal growth rate does not depend Common Data for Questions 42 and 43
on the crystal size A binary feed mixture containing equimolar
(d) linear crystal growth rate depends on the quantities of components S and T is to be distilled
crystal size in a fractionating tower at atmospheric pressure.
The distillate contains 96 mol% S. The q-line
GATE-2011 (feed line) intersects the equilibrium line at
x’=0.46 and y’=0.66, where x’ and y’ are mole
39. An aqueous sodium chloride solution (10 wt%)
fractions. Assume that the McCabe-Thiele
is fed into a single effect evaporator at a rate of
method is applicable and the relative is constant.
10000 kg/h. It is concentrated to a 20 wt%
sodium chloride solution. The rate of 42. The minimum reflux ratio is
consumption of steam in the evaporator is 8000 (a) 1.6 (b) 1.5
kg/h. The evaporator capacity (kg/h) and (c) 0.66 (d) 0.6
economy are, respectively
(a) 5000, 0.625 (b) 100000. 0.625 43. The feed is
(c) 5000, 1.6 (d) 10000, 1.6

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(a) at dew point The molar gas and liquid flow rates, and the inlet
(b) at bubble point mole fractions are given in the figure. Both the
liquid and the gas phases are well mixed, and
(c) superheated vapour
the equilibrium relation between y and x is given
(d) partially vapour by y* = x.
46. If the stage is ideal, then the value of y is
GATE-2010 (a) 1/15 (b) 1/10
44. At 25°C and 90% relative humidity, water (c) 2/15 (d) 1/6
evaporates from the surface of a lake at the rate
of 1.0 kg/m²/h. The relative humidity that will
lead to an evaporation rate of 3.0 kg/m²/h, with 47. If the stage efficiency is 50%, then the value of
other conditions remaining the same, is y is
(a) 30% (b) 50% (a) 1/12 (b) 1/6
(c) 60% (d) 70% (c) 1/4 (d) 1/3

45. A liquid flows over a flat naphthalene plant of GATE-2009

length L, at a Reynolds number 48. For an incompressible flow, the x and y
( Re L  L  u /  ) of 1500, as shown in the components of the velocity vector are
shown in the figure. The surface concentration vx = 2(x + y); vy = 3(y + z);
of naphthalene is C As  C A , and the surface where x, y, z are in metre and velocities are in
m/s. Then the z component of the velocity vector
temperature is Ts  T Assume Pr = Sc = 1. (vz) of the flow for the boundary condition vz=0
at z=0 is
(a) 5 z (b) –5 z
C A*
If, at x  L,  10 , where (c) 2x + 3z (d) –2x – 3z
y * y * 0

C A  C As y 49. Species A is diffusing at steady state from the

C *A  y*  surface of a sphere (radius=1 cm) into a stagnant
C A  C As and L
then the Nusselt
fluid. If the diffusive flux at a distance r = 3 cm
number and the friction coefficient at x = L, are from the centre of the sphere is 27 mol/cm²-s,
1 the diffusive flux (in mol/cm²-s) at a distance
(a) 10, (b) 10, 10 r=9 cm is
75
(a) 1 (b) 3
1 (c) 9 (d) 27
(c) 20, 10 (d) ,5
75
50. The feed to a binary distillation column has 40
Statements for Linked Answer Questions mol% vapour and 60 mol% liquid. Then, the slope
46 and 47 of the q-line in the McCabe-Thiele plot is
Water is used to absorb ammonia from a gas (a) –1.5 (b) –0.6
mixture in a single separation stage contactor. (c) 0.6 (d) 1.5
The process is schematically represented in the
figure below.
51. The equilibrium moisture curve for a solid is
shown on next page:

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The total moisture content of the solid is X and it mole fraction of methanol in the feed is 0.5 and
is exposed to air of humidity H. In the table the feed flow rate is 1000 kmol/h. The feed is
below, Group-I lists the types of moisture, and preheated in a heater with heat duty Qh and is
Group-II represents the regions in the graph. subsequently flashed in the drum. The flash drum
Group-I can be assumed to be an equilibrium stage,
operating adiabatically. The equilibrium relation
P. Equilibrium moisture
between the mole fractions of methanol in the
Q. Bound moisture vapour and liquid phases is y* = 4x. The ratio of
R. Unbound moisture distillate to feed flow rate is 0.5.
S. Free moisture
Group-II 53. The mole fraction of methanol in the distillate is
Region 1 (a) 0.2 (b) 0.7
Region 2 (c) 0.8 (d) 0.9
Region 3
Region 4 54. If the enthalpy of the distillate with reference to
Which one of the following is the correct match? the feed is 3000 kj/kmol, and the enthalpy of the
(a) P-1, Q-2, R-3, S-4 bottom with reference to the feed is –1000 kj/
kmol, the heat duty of the preheater (Qh in kj/h)
(b) P-1, Q-3, R-4, S-2
is
(c) P-1, Q-4, R-2, S-3
(a) –2 × 106 (b) –1 × 106
(d) P-1, Q-2, R-4, S-3
(c) 1 × 106 (d) 2 × 106

52. An equi-molar mixture of four hydrocarbons (1,

GATE-2008
2, 3, 4) is to be separated into high purity
individual components using a sequence of simple 55. A rectangular slab of thickness 2b along the X-
distillation columns (one overhead and one axis and extending to infinity along the other
bottom stream). Four possible schemes are direction is initially at concentration CA0. At time
shown below. t=0, both surfaces of the slab ( x   b ) have
their concentrations increased to C AW and
Component Ki maintained at that value. Solute A diffuses into
the solid. The dimensionless concentration C is
1 6
defined as
2 3
3 2.5 C A  CA 0
C
4 1.1 C AW  C A0
The diffusivity of A inside the solid is assumed
Using the K i   yi / xi  values given above, the
*
constant. At a certain time instant, which one of
optimal scheme is the following is the correct representation of the
(a) P (b) Q concentration profile ?
(c) R (d) S (a)
(b)
Common Data for Questions 53 and 54 (c)
A flash distillation drum (see figure below) is (d)
used to separate a methanol-water mixture. The

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56. In a binary mixture containing components A increased.

and B, the relative volatility of A with respect to (a) the void fraction available for the gas to
B is 2.5 when mole fractions are used. The flow will decrease beyond the loading point
molecular weights of A and B are 78 92
(b) the gas pressure drop will decrease
respectively. If the compositions are, however,
expressed in mass fractions, then the relative (c) liquid will continue to flow freely down the
volatility will be tower beyond the loading point
(a) 1.18 (b) 2.12 (d) the entrainment of liquid in the gas will
considerably decrease near the flooding
(c) 2.5 (d) 2.95
point

57. An ideal flash vaporization is carried out with a

60. A sparingly soluble solute in the form of a circular
binary mixture at constant temperature and
disk is dissolved in an organic solvent as shown
pressure. A process upset leads to an increase
in the figure. The area vailable for mass transfer
in the mole fraction of the heavy component in
from the disk is A and the volume of the initially
the feed. The flash vessel continuous to operate
pure organic solvent is V. The disk is rotated
at the previous temperature and pressure and
along the horizontal plane at a fixed rpm to
still produces liquid and vapour. After the steady
produce a uniform concentration of the dissolving
state is re-established.
solute in the liquid. The convective mass transfer
(a) the amount of vapour produced will increase coefficient under these conditions is kc. The
(b) the amount of liquid produced will decrease equilibrium concentration of the solute in the
(c) the new equilibrium compositions of the solvent is C *. The time required for the
vapour and liquid products will be different concentration to reach 1% of the saturation value
is given by
(d) the new equilibrium compositions of the
vapour and liquid products will remain as
they were before the upset occurred
 kc A 
(a) exp   t   0.99
 V 
58. A batch distillation operation is carried out to
separate a feed containing 100 mol of a binary  k A 
mixture of A and B. The mole fraction of A in (b) exp   c t   0.01
 V 
the feed is 0.7. The distillation progresses until
the mole fraction of A in the residue decreases V
to 0.6. The equilibrium cure in this composition (c) exp  0.99   t
Akc
range may be linearized to y* = 0.7353x + 0.3088.
Here, x and y are the mole fractions of the more
V
volatile component A in the liquid and vapour (d) exp  0.01  t
phases respectively. The number of moles of Akc
residue is
(a) 73.53 (b) 48.02 61. Air concentrated with solute P is brought in cntact
(c) 40 (d) 30.24 with water. At steady state, the bulk
concentrations of P in air and water are 0.3 and
0.02 respectively. The equilibrium equation
59. A packed tower containing Berl saddles is
relating the interface composition is yP,i = 0.25
operated with a gas-liquid system in the
xP,i.
countercurrent mode. Keeping the gas flow rate
constant, if the liquid flow rate is continuously Assume that the mass transfer coefficients FG
and FL are identical. The gas phase mole fraction

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 65
 MASS TRANSFER

of P at the interface (yP,i) is 64. The mass transfer coefficient kc,av (in m/s),
(a) 0.0663 (b) 0.075 averaged along the length of the vertical surface
is
(c) 0.16 (d) 0.3
(a) 2.94 × 10–6 (b) 2.27 × 10–6
(c) 1.94 × 10–6 (d) 1.65 × 10–6
62. A feed (F) containing a solute is contacted with
a solvent (S) in an ideal stage as shown in the
figure below. Only the solute transfers into the GATE-2007
solvent. The flows rates of all the streams are 65. The following figure depicts steady one-
shown on a solute free basis and indicated by dimensional diffusion of water vapour from the
the subscript S. The compositions of the streams surface of water taken in a conical flask at room
are expressed on a mole ratio basis. The extract temperature. Derive the governing equation for
leaving the contactor is divided into two equal determining the concentration profile of water
parts, one part collected as the product (P) and vapour in the gas medium. Neglect change of
the other stream is recycled to join the solvent. level or water due to condensation. The
The equilibrium relationship is Y* = 2x. temperature of the gas and the liquid media are
identical and constant.
The product flow rate (Ps) and composition (Yout)
are d  2 CDWA dxw 
(a) r  0
(a) PS = 50 mol/s Yout = 0.3
dz  1  xw dz 
(b) PS = 100 mol/s Yout = 0.2
d  CDWA dxw 
(c) PS = 200 mol/s Yout = 0.1 (b)   0
dz 1  xw dz 
(d) PS = 100 mol/s Yout = 0.4
d  CDWA dxw 
Statements for Linked Answer Questions (c) r  0
dz  1  xw dz 
63 and 64
A thin liquid film flows at steady state along a d  dx 
vertical surface as shown in the figure. The (d)  r CDWA w   0
dz  dz 
average velocity of the liquid film is 0.05 m/s.
The viscosity of the liquid is 1 CP and its density
is 1000 kg/m³. The initially pure liquid absorbs a 66. In a distillation operation, it is desired to have a
sparingly soluble gas from air as it flows down. very high purity bottom product. Initially, a kettle-
The length of the wall is 2m and its width is 0.5m. type reboiler is used at the bottom of the column
The solubility of the gas in the liquid is 3.4×10–2 and the following analytical equation is used to
kmol/m³ and isothermal conditions may be obtain the equilibrium trays in the exhausting
assumed. section of the column

63. If the exit average concentration in the liquid is  x   xw /   

log  m 1  A  A
measured to be 1.4 × 10–2 kmol/m³, the total mass
Np  m 1  xw   xw /   
transfer rate (in kmol/s) of the sparingly soluble log 1 / A 
gas into the liquid is
(a) 0.133 × 10–4 (b) 0.434 × 10–7 where, xm is the composition of the liquid leaving
(c) 3.4 × 10–2 (d) 17 × 10–2 tray m. Tray m is the last equilibrium tray
obtained by a McCabe-Thiele graph of the
exhausting section. If the kettle-type reboiler is

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replaced by a thermo-syphon reboiler, the (a) 607 (b) 639

analytical equation for the exhausting section will (c) 931 (d) 1501
be

 x   xw /    69. Benzene in an air-benzene mixture is to be

log  m 1  A  A reduced from 5.2 mol% in the feed to 0.5 mol%
(a) Np  m 1  xw   xw /    by contacting with wash oil in a multistage
log 1 / A  countercurrent gas absorber. The inlet flow rate
of air benzene mixture is 10 mol/s while benzene
free wash oil comes in at 9.5 mol/s. If the
 x   xw /   
log  m 1  A   A equilibrium curve is given as Y* = X, where Y*
(b) N p 1   xw   xw /    and X and equilibrium mole ratios of benzene in
log 1 / A  air and benzene in oil, the number of equilibrium
stages required to achieve the above separation
will be
 x   xw /   
log  m 1  A   A
(c) Np  m   xw   xw /    (a) 12 (b) 10
log 1 / A  (c) 8 (d) 6

 x   xw /    70. Given the following statements listed from (P)

log  m 1  A   A
(d) Np  m  2   xw   xw /    to (T), select the correct combination of true
statements from the choices that follow this list.
log 1 / A 
(P) Plate column are preferred when the
operation involves liquids containing
67. A 50cm × 50cm × 1cm flat wet sheet weighing suspended solids.
2 kg, initially was dried from both the sides under (Q) Packed towers are preferred if the liquids
constant drying rate period. It took 10000 s for have a large foaming tendency.
the weight of the sheet to reduce to 1.75 kg. (R) The pressure drop through packed towers
Another 1m × 1m × 1cm flat sheet is to be dried is more than the pressure drop through plate
from one side only. Under the same drying rate columns designed for the same duty.
and other conditions, time required for drying (in (S) Packed columns are preferred when large
sec) from initial weight of 4 kg to 3 kg is temperature changes are involved in
(a) 1000 (b) 1500 distillation operations.
(c) 2000 (d) 2500 (T) Packed towers are cheaper than plate
towers if highly corrosive fluids are handled.
68. It is desired to reduce the concentration of (a) T, S, P (b) P, Q, T
pyridine in 500 kg of aqueous solution from 20 (c) S, R, T (d) R, Q, S
wt % to 5 wt % in a single batch extraction using
chlorobenzene as solvent . Equilibrium
Statements for Linked Answer Questions
compositions (end points of the tie line) in terms
71 and 72
of weight percent of pyridine-water.
Chlorobenzene are (5, 95, 0) and (11, 0, 89). A simplified flowsheet is shown in the figure for
production of ethanol from ethylene. The
The amount of pure solvent required in kg for
conversion of ethylene in the reactor is 30% and
the operation is
the scrubber following the reactor completely

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 MASS TRANSFER

separates ethylene (as top stream) and ethanol Assuming the applicability of the chilton-Colbum
and water as bottoms. The last (distillation) analogy, the corresponding correlation for heat
column gives an ethanol-water azeotrope (90 transfer is
mol% ethanol) as the final product and water as (a) St = 0.023 (Gr)0.83 (Pr)1/3
waste. The recycle to purge ratio is 34.
(b) Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.83 (Pr)1/3
(c) Jh = 0.023 (Re)0.83 (Pr)2/3
The reaction is
(d) Nu = 0.069 (We)0.5 (Pr)4/3
C2H4 (g) + H2O (g)  C2H5OH (g)
71. For an azeotrope product rate of 500 mol/h, the 75. In a multistage countercurrent isothermal
recycle gas flow rate in mol/h is stripping column, the feed containing 0.05 mol
(a) 30 (b) 420 of solute free oil is treated with steam. The
(c) 1020 (d) 1500 absorption factor A = 0.65. The equilibrium
relation is given by Y* = 2X, where Y* and X
refer to the equilibrium mole ratio in the steam
72. For the same process, if fresh H2O feed to the
and oil phases respectively. The Kremser
reactor is 600 mol/h and wash water for
equation is given as follows (‘0’ refers to liquid
scrubbing is 20% of the condensables coming
inlet at the top, Np refers to the last stage at the
out of the reactor, the water flow rate in mol/h
bottom).
from the distillation column as bottoms is
(a) 170 (b) 220
 YN P 1  
(c) 270 (d) 430  X 0   
log   m  1  A  A
  X  YN P 1  
GATE-2006   N P m  
Np 
73. A fluid obeying the constitutive equation 1
log  
 dv 
1/2
 A
   0  K  x  ;    0 is held between two
 dy  If the steam is initially free of solute and its exit
parallel plates at a distance d apart. If the stress mole ratio (mol solute/mol steam) is 0.0624, then
applied to the top plate is 3  0 , then the velocity the number of equilibrium stages required is
with which the top plate moves relative to the (a) 4.2 (b) 5.2
bottom plate would be (c) 7.2 (d) 8.2
2 2
   
(a) 2 0  d (b) 3 0  d 76. 100 mol of a binary mixture F containing 60 mol%
K K A (more volatile) and 40 mol% B is treated in a
2 2 batch distillation still. After 1 h, 70 mol of the
    distillate D are collected leaving behind the
(c) 4 0  d (d) 9 0  d
K K residue W. Relative volatility  is 2. The
governing equation is
74. Experiments conducted with a sparingly  FX   F 1  X F  
dissolving cylinder wall in a flowing liquid yielded log  F    log  
 WX 
the following correlation for the Sherwood  W   W 1  X W  
number
The average mole fraction of A in the distillate
Sh = 0.023 (Re)0.83 (Sc)1/3 is

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(a) 0.43 (b) 0.61 are

(c) 0.69 (d) 0.73 (a) D = 48.4, W = 51.6
(b) D = 51.6, W = 48.4
77. A drug tablet of mass M0 administered orally at (c) D = 54.7, W = 45.3
time t=0 reaches the intenstine at time t=T (d) D = 45.3, W = 54.7
without losing any mass. From the intestine, the
drug is absorbed into blood. The rate of
absorption is found to be proportional to the mass 80. The ratio of liquid to vapour molar flow rates in
of the drug in the intestine with the proportionality the rectifying section is
constant k. Assuming no drug is lost from the (a) 0.64 (b) 1.00
blood, the total mass of the drug in the blood Mb, (c) 1.55 (d) 1.80
at time t   is given by

(a) M b  M 0 1  exp  k  t    81. The minimum number of theoretical stages
(inclusive of reboiler) for this process is
(b) M b  M 0 1  exp  k  (a) 5.2 (b) 6.1
(c) 7.8 (d) infinite
(c) M b  M 0  exp k  t   
Satements for Linked Answer Questions 82
(d) M b  M 0 1  exp  k  t    and 83
Solvent C is used to extract solute B selectively
78. A saturated vapour is fed to a distillation column from 100 kg/h feed mixture A + B in a steady
at 180 kmol/h. Both the rectifying and stripping state continuous process shown below. The
sections of the column operate at 60% of their solubility of C in the raffinate and the solubility
respective flooding velocities. The flooding of A in the extract are negligible. The extract is
velocity of the rectifying section is twice that of distilled to recover B in the bottom product. The
the stripping section. The assumptions of constant overhead product is recycled to the extractor.
molar overflow and constant molar vapour The loss of solvent in the bottom is compensated
density throughout the column are valid. If the by make up solvent Sd. The total flow rate of
boil-up rate is 60 kmol/h, then the relationship rate of the solvent stream S going to the extractor
between the diameters of the rectifying section is 50 kg/h. The mass fractions (Xi’s) of some
(dr) and the stripping section (ds) is selected streams are indicated in the figure
below.
(a) dr  2 ds (b) dr  3 d s
(c) dr  2 ds (d) dr  3 d s 82. Distillation bottom flow rate W and solvent dosing
rate Sd in kg/h are
(a) W = 50, Sd = 50 (b) W = 100, Sd = 20
Common Data for Questions 79, 80 and 81
(c) W = 10, Sd = 50 (d) W = 50, Sd = 10
A binary distillation column separates 100 mol/h
of afeed mixture into distillate D and residue
W. The McCabe-Thiele diagram for this process 83. Feed rate E to the distillation column and
in given below. The relative volatility for the overhead product rate T in kg/h are
binary system is constant at 2.4. (a) E = 90, T = 40 (b) E = 80, T = 40
(c) E = 90, T = 50 (d) E = 45, T = 20
79. The distillate and residue flow rates (in mol/h)

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Statements for Linked Answer Questions 86. The mass flow rate of the condensate m(x)
84 and 85 through any axial position x per unit width of the
Consider the diffusion of a reactant A through a plate is given by
cylindrical catalyst pore of radius R and length
g  l  l   v   3
L >> R. Reactant A undergoes a zero order (a) m x 
reaction on the cylindrical surface of the pore. 3 l
The following equation describes changes in the
concentration of A within the pre due to the axial g  l  v   3
(b) m x 
diffusion of A and the disapearance of A due to 3 l
d 2CA
reaction  K , where C A is the g v2  3
dx 2 (c) m x 
l
concentration of A at a distance x from the pore
entrance and K is a constant.
g l  v  3
84. If the concentration of A at the pore entrance (d) m x 
3 l
(x=0) is CA0, and x=L is a dead end where no
reaction occurs, the concentration profile of A
in the pore is given by 87. Differentiate m(x) with respect to  to get the
Kx 2 differential increase in condensate mass dm with
(a) CA  x    KLx  C A 0 film thickness ie, dm/d  . Then obtain dm/dx
2
assuming heat flux through the film to be due to
K x x  L x conduction based on a linear temperature profile
(b) CA  x    C A 0  C A0 between the vapour and wall. Hence, determine
2 L
d  / dx . Here l is liquid viscosity,, K l is
(c) C A  x   C A0
thermal conductivity, and  is latent heat of
 Lx condensation. Tv is the vapour temperature and
(d) C A  x   C A0   Tw is the wall temperature.
 L 
d  l Kl Tv  Tw  1
(a) 
85. The minimum pore length for A to be completely dx g l  l   v    2
converted within the pore is
1/2 1/2
d  l Kl Tv  Tw  1
 C A0   C A0  (b) 
(a)   (b)   dx g  v  l   v    3
 K   2K 
1/ 2 d l Tv  Tw  1
 2C A 0   2C A 0  (c) 
(c)  K  (d)   dx g l Kl  l  v    2
   K 
d  l Kl Tv  Tw  1
(d) 
Statements for Linked Answer Questions dx g l  l   v    3
86 and 87
In film condensation on a vertical plane surface,
GATE-2005
g  l   v   1 2
the u  y     y  y  , where  88. In the triangular diagram represented below for
l  2  a batch separation process, a stream F is mixed
is the film thickness at any x.

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with a solvent 8 to produce R and E. Substance 3. 1/2

 DAB
A is the carrier liquid and C is the solute to be
extracted. The amounts of B and E are 1 kg and (a) P-1, Q-2, R-3 (b) P-2, Q-1, R-3
1.20 kg respectivley. The length FM is 3.1 and (c) P-1, Q-3, R-2 (d) P-3, Q-2, R-1
length FB is 8.5 unit on the figure. The ratio R/E
is estimated to be
92. A filter cake is dried with air at wet and dry bulb
temperatures of 300 K and 323 K respectively.
(a) 1.285 (b) 2 The heat transfer coefficient is 11W/m²-K and
(c) 0.751 (d) 2.5 the latent heat of vaporization of water is 2500
kJ/kg. Mass transfer does not limit the process .
Select the drying rate during constant rate period.
89. For a two phase feed, where 80% of the feed is Neglect condition through the solid and radiation
vaporized under column conditions, the feed line effects.
slope in the McCabe-Thiele method for
(a) 1.32 × 10–2 kg/m²-s
distillation column design, is
(b) 0.71 × 10–2 kg/m²-s
(a) –1/4 (b) + 1/4
(c) 4.53 × 10–2 kg/m²-s
(c) + 4 (d) – 4
(d) 0.10 × 10–3 kg/m²-s
90. Two solid discs of benzoic acid (molecular weight
= 122) of equal dimensions are spinning 93. A separation column for vapour-liquid contact
separately in large volumes of water and air at processes 200 kmol/h of vapour. The flooding
300 K. The mass transfer coefficients for velocity is m/s. If the column operates at 85%
benzoic acid in water and air are 0.9 × 10–5 and of flooding velocity and the downcomer area is
0.47 × 10–2 m/s respectively. The solubility of 10% of the total cross-sectional area, what is
benzoic acid in water is 3 kg/m³ and the the diameter of the column ? Average density of
equilibrium vapour pressure of benzoic acid in vapour = 2 kg/m³ and its molecular weight = 44.
air is 0.04 kPa. Then the disc. (a) 0.82 m (b) 0.72 m
(a) dissolves faster in air than in water (c) 0.78 m (d) 1 m
(b) dissolves faster in water than in air
(c) dissolves at the same rate in both air and Statements for Linked Answer Questions
water 94 and 95
(d) does not dissolve either in water or in air A binary gas mixture of a solute and a carrier
gas is treated in a countercurrent gas absorption
column, containing ideal trays, using a solvent.
91. Match the variation of mass transfer coefficient
The compositions Y and x (see figure below)
given by the theory in Group-I with the
are the mole fractions of the solute in the gas
appropriate variation in Group-II
and in the liquid respectively. Also, V and L are
Group-I the molar flow rates of the gas and liquid
P. Film theory respectively. Assume that the carrier gas is
Q. Penetration theory insoluble in the solvent and that the vapour
R. Boundary layer theory pressure of the solvent is very low at the given
conditions of the column. Further, the gas and
Group-II
liquid streams are sufficiently dilute that L and
1.  DAB V may be assumed to be constant throughout
2/3
the column. The equilibrium relation is given by
2.  DAB y*=mx, where m is a positive constant.

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94. For any value of m, the change in liquid material. The flat ends of cylinder are sealed.
composition across a tray is independent of the Both the cylinder and sphere are saturated with
tray location if the same solution of sodium chloride. Later, both
(a) L/V = 1 (b) m L/V = 1 the objects are immersed for a short and equal
interval of time in a large tank of water, which is
(c) m/(LV) = 1 (d) L/(mV) = 1
well agitated. The fractions of salt remaining in
the cylinder and the sphere are X c and X s
95. Under the correct condition corresponding to Q. respectively. Which of the following statements
84, the number of ideal trays in the column is is correct ?
given by (a) Xc > Xs
x0  xN (b) Xc = Xs
N
(a)

x0  y N 1
m  (c) Xc < Xs
(d) Xc is greater/less than Xs depending on the
length of the cylinder
(b) N

x0  y N 1
m 
x0  xN 98. In liquid-liquid extraction 10 kg of a solution
containing 2 kg of solute C and 8 kg of solvent A
xN  x0 is brought into contact with 10 kg of solvent B.
N
(c)
y N 1 m  x N
Solvents A and B are completelyimmiscible in
each other whereas solute C is soluble in both
the solvents. The extraction process attains
(d) N
y N 1 m 
 xN equilibrium. The equilibrium relationship between
xN  x0 the two phases is Y* = 0.9X, where Y* is kg of
C/kg of B and X is kg of C/kg of a. Choose the
correct answer.
GATE-2004 (a) The entire amount of C is transferred to
96. In a distillation operation, what is the effect of solvent B
the temperature of the reflux stream (given (b) Less than 2 kg but more than 1 kg of C is
below) on the condenser and reboiler loads ? transferred to solvent B
Reflux conditions (c) Less than 1 kg of C is transferred to B
1. Reflux stream is completely liquid and is at (d) No amount of C is transferred to B
its bubble point.
2. Reflux stream is below its bubble point. 99. At equilibrium, the concentration of water in
(a) Condenser and reboiler loads are the same vapour phase (C*) in kg/m³ of air space and the
in both the cases amount of water (m) adsorbed per kg of dry
(b) Reboiler load is the same in both the case silica gel are related by C* = 0.0667 m. To
but condenser load is higher in case 2 maintain dry conditions in a room of air space
(c) Condenser load is same in both the cases 100 m³ containing 2.2 kg of water vapour initially,
but reboiler load is higher in case 2 10 kg of dry silica gel is kept in the room. The
fraction of initial water remaining in the air space
(d) Both condenser and reboiler loads are
after a long time (during which the temperature
higher in case 2 as compared to case 1
is maintained constant) is
(a) 0.0 (b) 0.2
97. A long cylinder and a sphere both of 5 cm
(c) 0.4 (d) 1.0
diameter are made from the same porous

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residue composition is more dilute in

100. A 25cm × 25cm ×1cm flat sheet weighing 1.2 methanol
kg initially was dried from both sides under
constant drying rate conditions. It took 1500s for GATE-2003
the weight of the sheet to reduce to 1.05 kg.
103. The equilibrium data of component A in the two
Another 1m × 1m × 1cm flat sheet of the same
phases B and C are given below.
material is to be dried from one side only. Under
the same constant drying rate conditions, the time x(mole of A/ y(mole of A/
required for drying (in sec) from its initial weight mole of B) mole of C)
of 19.2 kg to 17.6 kg is 1 0.5
(a) 1000 (b) 1500 2 4.125
(c) 2000 (d) 2500 The estimate of y for x=4 by fitting a quadratic
expression of a form y=mx² for the above data
101. A distillation column with N plates is being is
operated under normal conditions. At some point (a) 15.5 (b) 16
in time, the operation is shifted to total reflux (c) 16.5 (d) 17
condition (i.e., no product and residue are being
withdrawn and feed to the column is stopped).
104. Match the following dimensionless numbers with
At the new steady state,
the appropriate ratio of forces.
(a) composition of vapours and that of liquid
Dimensionless number
do not vary throughout the column
P. Froude number
(b) reboiler load and condenser load are
minimum Q. Reynolds number
(c) the top and bottom compositions are R. Friction factor
unchanged with and without total reflux S. Nusselt number
(d) the top and bottom compositions correspond Ratio of forces
to the maximum enrichment achievable 1. Shear force/inertial force
2. Convective heat transfer / conductive heat
102. An aqueous solution of methanol is to be distilled transfer
in tray column. High-pressure steam is available 3. Gravitational force / viscous force
as a source of heat. For a given reflux ratio and 4. Inertial force / viscous force
overhead composition, two options are being
5. Inertial force / gravitational force
explored.
P Q R S
1. a reboiler is used, and
(a) 1 2 5 3
2. no reboiler is used but steam is fed directly
to the bottom of the column. (b) 5 4 3 2
As compared to option 1 in option 2, (c) 5 4 1 2
(a) less number of trays are required, (d) 3 4 5 1
(b) composition of the residue remains
unchanged 105. Experiments were conducted to determine the
(c) more number of trays are required but the flux of a species A in a stagnant medium across
residue composition remains unchanged a gas-liquid interface. The overall mass transfer
coefficient based on the liquid side for dilute
(d) more number of trays are required and the
systems for the above was estimated to be 4 ×

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10–3 kg-mol/m²-s. The equilibrium data for the where Ls = total mass of dry solids, A = total
system is given as y=2x. The flux across the surface area for drying, Rc = constant maximum
interface (in kg-mol/m²-s) for bulk concentrations drying rate per unit area, and X = moisture
of A in gas phase and liquid phase as y=0.4 and content (in mass of water / mass of dry solids)
x=0.01, respectively is
(a) 5.6 × 10–4 (b) 8.5 × 10–4 110. The following plot gives the saturated humidity
(c) 5.6 × 10–3 (d) 8.5 × 10–3 (H) versus temperature (T).

106. H2S is being absorbed in a gas absorbed unit. Line joining (H1, T1) and (H2, T2) is the constant
The height of the transfer unit based on the enthalpy line. Choose the correct one from the
overall mass transfer coefficient on the gas side following options.
is 0.4 m. The equilibrium data given by y=1.5x. (a) T1 = Dew point temp; T2 = Dry bulb temp;
The bulk concentration of H2S has to be reduced T3 = Wet bulb temp
from 0.05 to 0.001 mole fraction in the gas side.
(b) T1 = Dew point temp; T2 = Wet bulb temp;
The height of the tower (in metre) corresponding
T3 = Dry bulb temp
to an operating line given by y=5x+0.001 is
(c) T1 = Wet bulb temp; T2 = Dry bulb temp;
(a) 2.0 (b) 1.56
T3 = Dew point temp
(c) 1.0 (d) 0.56
(4) T1 = Dry bulb temp; T2 = Wet bulb temp;
T3 = Dew point temp
107. The Reynolds number of the liquid was increased
100 fold for a laminar falling film used for gas-
111. Compound A is extracted from a solution of A +
liquid contacting. Assuming the penetration
B into a pure solvent S. A co-current unit is used
theory is applicable, the fold-increase in the mass
for the liquid-liquid extraction. The inlet rate of
transfer coefficient (kc) for the same system is
the solution containing A is 200 mol of B/h-m²
(a) 100 (b) 10 and the solvent flow rate is 400 mol of S/h-m².
(c) 5 (d) 1 The equilibrium data is represented by Y=3 X²,
where Y is in mol of A/mol of B and X is in mol
of A/mol of S. The maximum percentage
108. A pure drug is administered as a sphere and as
extraction achieved in the unit is
a cube. The amount of drug is the same in the
two tablets. Assuming that the shape and size (a) 25% (b) 50%
do not influence the mass transfer, the ratio of (c) 70% (d) 90%
rate of dissolution in water at t=0 for the cubic
to spherical tablet is
112. In distillation column sizing calculations by short
(a) 0.54 (b) 1.04 cut methods, match the following.
(c) 1.24 (d) 1.94 P. Underwood’s equation
Q. Fenske’s equation
109. A solid is being dried in the linear drying rate R. Gilliland’s equation
regime from moisture content X0 to XF. The
S. Vapour velocity at flooding
drying rate is zero at X=0 and the critical moisture
content is the same as the initial moisture. X0. 1. Number of real trays
The drying time for m=(Ls/ARc) is 2. Column diameter
(a) m (X0 – XF) (b) m (X0 / XF) 3. Minimum number of ideal trays
(c) m ln (X0 / XF) (d) mX0 ln (X0 / XF) 4. Actual number of ideal tryas

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5. Minimum reflux ratio drying is 4 m²/100 kg of dry solid. The moisture

6. Tray efficiency content at the end of the drying period is (in kg
moisture/kg dry solid)
(a) P-1, Q-3, R-4, S-6
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.05
(b) P-2, Q-5, R-1, S-3
(c) 0.1 (d) 0.15
(c) P-5, Q-3, R-6, S-2
(d) P-5, Q-3, R-4, S-2
117. In a single stage extraction process, 10 kg of
pure solvent S (containing no solute A) is mixed
GATE-2002 with 30 kg of feed F containing A at a mass
113. According to the Fenske equation, what will be fraction XF = 0.2. The mixture splits into an
the minimum number of plates required in a extract phase E and a raffinate phase R,
distillation column to separate an equimolar containing A at X E = 0.5 and X R = 0.05
binary mixture of components A and B into an respectively. The total mass of the extract phase
overhead fraction containing 99 mol% A and a is (in kg)
bottoms fraction containing 98 mol% B ? (a) 6.89 (b) 8.89
[Assume that the relative volatility (  AB  2 ) (c) 10 (d) 8.25
does not change appreciably in the column]
(a) 5 (b) 9 GATE-2000
(c) 12 (d) 28 118. The individual mass transfer coefficients (mol/
m²-s) for absorption of a solute from a gas
114. It takes 6 h to dry a wet solid from 50% moisture mixture into a liquid solvent are KL = 4.5 and
content to the critical moisture content of 15%. KG=1.5. The slope of the equilibrium line is 3.
How much longer will it take to dry the solid to Which of the following resistance(s) is/are
10% moisture content under the same drying controlling ?
conditions (the equilibrium moisture content of (a) liquid side
the solid is 5%). (b) gas side
(a) 15 min (b) 51 min (c) interfacial
(c) 71 min (d) 94 min (d) both liquid and gas sides

GATE-2001 119. In a laboratory test run, the rate of drying was

115. The interfacial area per unit volume of dispersion, found to be 0.5 × 10–3 kg/m²-s when the moisture
in a gas-liquid contractor, for fractional hold-up content reduced from 0.4 to 0.1 on a dry basis.
of gas=0.1 and gas bubble diameter = 0.5 mm is The critical moisture content of the material is
given by (in m²/m³) 0.08 on a dry basis. A tray dryer is used to dry
(a) 500 (b) 1200 100 kg (dry basis) of the same material under
identical conditions. The surface area of the
(c) 900 (d) 800
material is 0.04 m²/kg of dry solid. The time
required (in second) to reduce the moisture
116. 200 kg of solid (on dry basis) is subjected to a content of the solids from 0.3 t o 0.2 (dry basis)
drying process for a period of 5000s. The drying is
occurs in the constant rate period with the drying (a) 2000 (b) 4000
rate as Nc = 0.5 × 10–3 kg/m²-s. The initial
(c) 5000 (d) 6000
moisture content of the solid is 0.2 kg moisture/
kg dry solid. The interfacial area available for

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ANSEWER KEY
1. d 31. c 61. a 91. c
2. d 32. a 62. b 92. d
3. d 33. c 63. b 93. a
4. b 34. b 64. d 94. d
5. a 35. a 65. a 95. c
6. b 36. b 66. c 96. d
7. c 37. b 67. c 97. c
8. b 38. a 68. b 98. b
9. d 39. a 69. b 99. c
10. a 40. a 70. b 100. c
11. d 41. d 71. c 101. d
12. b 42. b 72. b 102. a
13. c 43. d 73. c 103. c
14. b 44. d 74. b 104. c
15. c 45. a 75. b 105. b
16. c 46. a 76. c 106. a
17. c 47. a 77. c 107. b
18. a 48. b 78. a 108. c
19. c 49. b 79. a 109. d
20. b 50. a 80. a 110. d
21. a 51. b 81. c 111. b
22. d 52. d 82. d 112. c
23. a 53. c 83. a 113. c
24. c 54. c 84. b 114. c
25. b 55. c 85. d 115. b
26. c 56. c 86. a 116. c
27. d 57. d 87. d 117. b
28. c 58. b 88. a 118. d
29. c 59. a 89. a 119. d
30. c 60. a 90. b

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 CHEMICAL REACTION ENIGNEERING

Chemical Reaction
Enigneering

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 CHEMICAL REACTION ENIGNEERING

CHAPTER - 7

CHEMICAL REACTION ENIGNEERING

GATE-2011 1
01. Reactant R forms three products X, Y and Z (c)   1 (d) 

irreversibly, as shown below.

GATE-2009
The reaction rates are given by
04. For a homogeneous reaction system, where
rx  k x C R , ry  k y C R1.5 and rz  k z CR . The
Cj is the concentration of j at time t
activation energies for formation of X, Y and Z
Nj is the number of moles of j at time t
are 40, 40 and 5 kJ/mol respectively. The pre-
exponential factors for all reactions are nearly V is the reaction volume a time t
same. The desired conditions for maximizing the t is the reaction time.
yield of X are The rate of reaction for species j is defined as
(a) high temperature, high concentration of R
dC j  dC j 
(b) high temperature, low concentration of R (a) (b)  
(c) low temperature, high concentration of R dt  dt 
(d) low temperature, low concentration of R
1 dN j  1 dN j 
(c)  (d)  
V dt  V dt 
02. Consider an irreversible, solid catalysed, liquid
phase first order reaction. The diffusion and the
reaction resistances are comparable. The overall 05. The half-life of a first order liquid phase equation
rate constant (kc) is related to the overall mass is 30s. Then the rate constant in min–1, is
transfer coefficient (km) and the reaction rate (a) 0.0231 (b) 0.602
constant (k) as
(c) 1.386 (d) 2.0
k km k  km
(a) kc  (b) kc 
k  km k km 06. For a solid-catalyzed reaction, the Thiele modulus
is proportional to
k  km
(c) kc  (d) kc  k  km
2 Intrinsic reaction rate
(a)
Diffusion rate
GATE-2010
Diffusion rate
03. For a first order isothermal catalytic reaction (b)
Intrinsic reaction rate
A  P , occurring in an infinitely long cylindrical
pore, the relationship between effectiveness  , Intrinsic reaction rate
(c)
and Thiele modulus  , is Diffusion rate

1 Diffusion rate
(a)   (b)   (d)
2 Intrinsic reaction rate

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 CHEMICAL REACTION ENIGNEERING

GATE-2008
1 1
07. A species (A) reacts on a solid catalyst to produce (c) k1  k 2 (d) k1  k 2
R and S as follows
1. A R rR  k1 C A2
GATE 2005
2
2. AS rS  k2 C A 11. For the reaction 2R  S  T , the rates of
Assume film resistance to mass transfer is formation rg, rs, and rT of the substances R, S
negligible. The ratio of instantaneous fractional and T respectively, are related by
yield of R in the presence of pore diffusion to (a) 2rg  rS  rT (b) 2rg  rS   rT
that in the absence of pore diffusion is
(a) 1 (b) > 1 (c) rg  2rS  2rT (d) 2rg  2rS  2rT
(c) < 1 (d) zero
12. For the liquid phase reaction A  P , in a series
GATE-2006 of experiments in a batch reactor, the half-life
08. The reaction 2A + B  2C occurs on a catalyst (t1/2) was found to be inversely proportional to
surface. The reactants A and B diffuse to the the square root of the initial concentration of A.
catalyst surface and get converted completely The order of the reaction is
to the product C, which diffuses back. The
3
steady state molar fluxes of A, B and C are (a) (b) 1
related by 2
(a) NA = 2NB = NC 1 1
(b) NA = – (1/2) NB = – NC (c)  (d) 
2 2
(c) NA = 2NB = – NC
(d) NA = (1/2) NB = NC 13. Which is the correct statement from the following
statements on the Arrhenius model of the rate
09. An irreversible gas phase reaction A  5 B is constant k  Ae  E/RT ?
conducted in an isothermal batch reactor at (a) A is always dimensionless
constant pressure in the presence of an inert.
(b) For two reactions 1 and 2, if A1 = A2 and
The feed contains no B. If the volume of the
E1 > E2, then k1(T) > k2(T)
gas at complete conversion must not exceed
three times the initial volume, the minimum mol (c) For a given reaction, the percentage change
% of the inert in the feed must be of k with respect to temperature is higher
at lower temperatures
(a) zero (b) 20
(d) The percentage change of k with respect
(c) 33 (d) 50
to temperature is higher for higher A


A first order reversible reaction A  Bk
GATE 2004
k2 
1
10.
14. The rate expression for the gaseous phase
occurs in a batch reactor. The exponential decay
of the concentration of A has the time constant  CH 3OH is given by
reaction CO  2H 2 
1 1 r  k1pco p H 2  k 2 p CH3 OH
(a) k1 ` (b) k2
Which of the following is not possible ?

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 CHEMICAL REACTION ENIGNEERING

(a)   1,   1,   1
(b)   1,   2,   1
(c)   1 / 3,   2 / 3,   1 / 3
(d)   1 / 2,   1,   1 / 2

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 80
 CHEMICAL REACTION ENIGNEERING

ANSWER KEY

1. (b) 8. (c)
2. (a) 9. (d)
3. (c) 10. (d)
4. (c) 11. (d)
5. (c) 12. (a)
6. (a) 13. (c)
7.` (c) 14. (a)

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 81
 FLUID MECHANICS & MECHANICAL OPERATIONS

Fluid Mechanics
&
Mechanical Operations

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 82
 FLUID MECHANICS & MECHANICAL OPERATIONS

CHAPTER - 8

FLUID MECHANICS & MECHANICAL OPERATIONS

GATE 2011 GATE 2008
01. In an orifice meter, if the pressure drop across 06. Losses for flow through valves and fittings are
the orifice is over estimated by 5%, then the expressed in terms of
percentage error in the measured flow rate is (a) drag coefficient
(a) + 2.47 (b) +5 (b) equivalent length of a straight pipe
(c) –2.47 (d) –5 (c) shape factor
(d) roughness factor
GATE 2010
02. The height of a fluidized bed at incipient 07. Given a pipe of diameter D, the entrance length
fluidization is 0.075 m and the corresponding necessary; to achieve fully developed laminar
voidage is 0.38, if the voidage of the bed flow is proportional to (NRe is Reynolds number)
increases to 0.5, then the height of the bed would
be D
(a) DN ge (b)
(a) 0.058 m (b) 0.061 m Nge
(c) 0.075 m (d) 0.093 m
D
(c) DN 2Re (d) N 2Re
03. In Hagen-Poiseuille flow through a cylindrical
tube, the radial profile of shear stress is
(a) constant (b) cubic GATE 2007
(c) parabolic (d) linear 08. In Tyler series, the ratio of the aperture size of a
screen to that of the next smaller screen is
GATE 2009 1
04. Under fully turbulent flow conditions, the (a) (b) 2
2
frictional pressure drop across a packed bed
(c) 1.5 (d) 2
varies with the superficial velocity (v) of the fluid
as
(a) v–1 (b) v 09. Size reduction of coarse heard solids using a
3/2 crusher is accomplished by
(c) v (d) v2
(a) attrition (b) compression
(c) cutting (d) impact
05. For a mixing tank operating in the laminar
regime, the power number varies with the
Reynolds number (Re) as 10. Sticky materials are transported by
(a) Re–1/2 (b) Re 1/2 (a) apron conveyor
(c) Re (d) Re–1 (b) screw conveyor
(c) belt conveyour
(d) hydraulic conveyor

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 83
 FLUID MECHANICS & MECHANICAL OPERATIONS

GATE 2006 0.1 g h 0.04 g H

11. Match the following for a centrifugal pump with (c) (d)
8 3
impeller speed n.
P. Capacity
16. For a cyclone of diameter 0.2m with a tangential
Q. Head
velocity of 15 m/s at the wall, the separation
factor is
1. Proportional to n (a) 2250 (b) 1125
2. Proportional to n² (c) 460 (d) 230
3. Proportional to n³
(a) P-2, Q-1 (b) P-1, Q-3 17. In constant pressure filtration,
(c) P-2, Q-3 (d) P-1, Q-2 (a) resistance decreases with time
(b) rate of filtration is constant
12. The magnitude of the force (in newton) required (c) rate of filtration increases with time
to) hold a body of volume 0.05 m³ and mass 40
(d) rate of filtration decreases with time
kg in water (density 1000 kg/m³) at a depth of
0.1 m is (g=9.81 m/s²).
(a) Zero (b) 98.1 GATE 2003
(c) 490.5 (d) 882.9 18. A lubricant 100 times more viscous than water
would have a viscosity (in pa-s)
(a) 0.01 (b) 0.1
GATE 2005
(c) 1 (d) 10
13. The critical speed of the ball mill of radius R,
which contains balls of radius r is proportional to
(a) (R – r)–0.5 (b) (R – r)–1 19. The velocity profile for a bingham plastic fluid
flowing (under laminar conditions) in a pipe is
(c) (R – r) (d) (R – r)2
(a) parabolic
(b) flat
14. If the frequency of the stirrer in a mixing tank is
increased by a factor of 2 while all other (c) flat near the wall and parabolic in the middle
parameters are kept constant, by what factor is (d) parabolic near the wall and flat in the middle
the power requirement increased at high
Reynolds number ? 20. Energy requirment (per unit mass of material
(a) 4 (b) 8 crushed/ground) is highest for
(c) 16 (d) 32 (a) jaw crusher
(b) rod mill
GATE 2004 (c) ball mill
15. What is the force required (in newton) to hold a (d) fluid energy mill
spherical ballon stationary in water at a depth of
H from the air-water interface? The balloon is
of radius 0.1m and is filled with air.
4 g 0.1 g h
(a) (b)
3 4

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 FLUID MECHANICS & MECHANICAL OPERATIONS

ANSWER KEY

01. a
02. d
03. d
04. d
05. d
06. b
07. a
08. b
09. c
10. b
11. d
12. b
13. a
14. b
15. a
16. d
17. d
18. b
19. d
20. d

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 85
 THERMODYNAMICS

Thermodynamics

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 86
 THERMODYNAMICS

CHAPTER - 9

THERMODYNAMICS
GATE 2011 GATE 2006
01. 1 mol of methane is contained in a leak proof 05. A heat engine operates at 75% of the maximum
piston cylinder assembly at 8 bar and 1000 K. possible efficiency. The ratio of the heat source
The gas undergoes isothermal expansion to 4 temperature (in kelvin) to the heat sink
bar under reversible conditions. Methane can be temperature (in kelvin) is 5/3. The fraction of
considered as an ideal gas under these conditions. the heat supplied that is converted to work is
The value of universal gas constant is 8.314 J/ (a) 0.2 (b) 0.3
mol-K. The heat transferred (in kJ) during the
(c) 0.4 (d) 0.6
process is
(a) 11.52 (b) 5.76
GATE 2005
(c) 4.15 (d) 2.38
06. Which one of the following statements is true ?
(a) Heat can be fully converted into work
GATE 2010
(b) Work cannot be fully converted into heat
02. A new linear temperature scale, denoted by °S,
has been developed, where the freezing point of (c) The efficiency of heat engine increases as
water is 200 °S and the boiling point is 400°S. the temperature of the heat source is
On this scale, 500 °S corresponds, in degree increased while keeping the temperature
celsius to of the heat sink fixed
(a) 100°C (b) 125°C (d) A cyclic process can be devised whose sole
effect is to transfer heat from a lower
(c) 150°C (d) 300°C
temperature to a higher temperature

GATE 2008
GATE 2004
03. For a Carnot refrigeration operating between
07. As pressure approaches zero, the ratio of
40°C and 25°C, the coefficient of performance
fugacity to pressure (f/p) for a gas approaches
is
(a) zero
(a) 1 (b) 1.67
(b) unity
(c) 19.88 (d) 39.74
(c) infinity
(d) an indeterminate value
GATE 2007
04. The change in entropy of the system Ssys GATE 2003
undergoing a cyclic irreversible process is 08. For estimation of heat capacity of a solid
(a) greater than zero compound, one can use
(b) less than zero (a) Clapeyron equation
(c) equal to zero (b) Gibb’s equation
(d) equal to the Ssurrounding (c) Kopp’s rule
(d) Trouton’s rule

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 87
 THERMODYNAMICS

09. For organic compounds, Group Contribution GATE 2002

Method can be used for estimation of 11. The partial molar enthalpy of a component in an
(a) critical properties ideal binary gas mixture of composition z, at a
(b) specific gravity temperature T and pressure p, is a function only
of
(c) specific volume
(a) T (b) T and p,
(d) thermal conductivity
(c) T, p and Z (d) T and Z
10. When dilute aqueous solution of two salts are
mixed, the process is associated with GATE 2006
(a) decrease in temperature 12. The molar density of water vapour at the normal
boiling point of water is 33 mol/m³. The
(b) increase in temperature
compressibility factor under these conditions is
(c) no change in temperature close to which one of the following R=8.314 J/
(d) change in temperature which is a function mol-K
of composition (a) 0.75 (b) 1
(c) 1.25 (d) 1.5

ANSWER KEY

01. b
02. c
03. c
04. a
05. b
06. c
07. b
08. c
09. a
10. b
11. b
12. b

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 88
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