CHAPTER 4

RESULTS

Analysis is the method of organizing sorting and scrutinizing data in such a way that research question
can be answered. This chapter represents the analysis and intepretation of data of 60 nursing studentsto
determine effectiveness of beetroot juice on serum iron, CBC, and clinical features among nursing
studentswith IDA.In the present study, Data is analyzed as per the objectives of the study by using
descriptive statistics such as mean, mean percentage, frequency percentage, median, standard deviation
and inferential statistics such as paired t-test, unpaired t- test and chi square test.

Objectives of the study

The objectives of the study were to:
1.1 The objectives of the study were to:

1. assess prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls

2. assess the pretest level of serum iron, CBC and clinical features among nursing students among control and
experimental group.

3. assess the posttest level of serum iron, CBC and clinical features among nursing students among control
and experimental group.

4. assess effectiveness of beetroot juice on serum iron, CBC and clinical features among nursing students
between control and experimental group.

5. find association between pretest level of serum iron with selected demographic variables among nursing
students between control and experimental group.
on
HYPOTHESES

H1: There will be significant difference between the level of serum iron, CBC and clinical features
before and after the administration of beetroot juice among nursing students in experimental group.

H2: There will be a significant association between the pretest level of serum iron, CBC and clinical
features with selected demographic variables among nursing students among control and experimental
group.

Organization of study findings

Based on the objectives, the data were presented under the following headings:

SECTION I : Description of demographic characteristics.

SECTION II: Prevalence of anaemia among adolescent girls
SECTION III: Assessment of pretest and posttest level of serum iron,CBC and clinical features.
SECTION IV: Effectiveness of beetroot juice on serum iron, CBC and clinical features
SECTION V: Association between pretest level of serum iron with selected demographic variables.
SECTION I: DESCRIPTION OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISICS
Table 1.1.1: Frequencies and Percentage Distribution of Sample Characteristics Based on Demographic
Variables

n=(23+23=46)
S. Experimental
Characteristics Control group
No. group
f % f %
1 Age (in years)
13-14
14-15
15-16
16-17
2 Educational class

8th
9th
10th
11th
3 Have you attained menarche Yes
No

4 Age at menarche 12
13
14
15
>15
Table 1.1.2.: Frequencies and Percentage Distribution of Sample Characteristic
Based on Demographic variables

n=(30+30=60)
S. Experimental group
Characteristics Control group
No.
f % f %
5 Menstrual regularity Regular
Irregular

6 Monthly family income

<5001
5001-10000
10001-15000
>15000
7 Type of family
Joint family
Nuclear family

8 Religion Hindu
Muslim
Christian
Others

9 Diet Vegetarian
Non vegetarian
Table 1.1.1 and 1.1.2 depicts the demographic characteristics of the sample.
SECTION II: PREVALENCE OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
Table 2.1.1: Frequencies and Percentage Distribution of Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia
among Nursing students
n=
Degree of Iron
Sr. Prevalence
Parameter Deficiency Frequency (f)
No. (%)
Anaemia
1. Haemoglobin
>11.9 gm/dl
11.0 to 11.9gm/dl
10.9 to 8gm/dl
<8gm/dl
2. Serum iron

3. Clinical features

Table 2.1.1 depicts the prevalence of anemia.

 SECTION III: ASSESSMENT OF PRETEST AND POSTTEST LEVEL OF SERUM
IRON,CBC AND CLINICAL FEATURES

Objective 2: To assess the pretest level of serum iron, CBC and clinical features among nursing
students among control and experimental group.

Table 3.1.1 Frequency and Percentage distribution of Pretest Sr. Iron and CBC of Nursing
studentswith Iron Deficiency Anemia

n=(23+23=46)
Level of
Control Group Experimental Group
Parameter
Below Above Below Above
Normal Total Normal Total
Normal Normal Normal Normal
f % f % f % f % f % f %
Sr. Iron
Hemoglobi
n
Hematocrit
MCH
MCV
MCHC
RDW

Table 3.1.1 depicts that,

Therefore it can be concluded that majority of nursing students in pretest of control and experimental
group had below normal levels of serum iron, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC and
RDW.
Table 3.1.2 Frequency and Percentage distribution of Clinical Features of Nursing studentswith
Iron Deficiency Anemia

n=(30+30=60)

Control Group Experimental Group

Level of Max.
Parameter Score Mild Moderate Severe Total Mild Moderate Severe Total
f % f % f % f % f % f %
Clinical
Features

Table 3.1.2 depicts the clinical features of samples in the form of frequency and Percentage distribution
of Clinical Features of Nursing studentswith Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pretest of Control and
Experimental group. The clinical features of nursing students in the control and experimental pretest
group
 Objective 3: To assess the posttest level of serum iron, CBC and clinical features among nursing
students among control and experimental group.
Table 3.1.3 Frequency and Percentage distribution of Posttest Sr. Iron and CBC of Nursing
students with Iron Deficiency Anemia

n=(23+23=46)
Level of
Control Group Experimental Group
Parameter
Below Above Below Above
Normal Total Normal Total
Normal Normal Normal Normal
f % f % f % f % f % f %
Sr. Iron
Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
MCH
MCV
MCHC
RDW

Table 3.1.3 depicts that,

Objective 3: To assess the posttest level of clinical features among nursing students among control and
experimental group.
Table 3.1.4 Frequency and Percentage distribution of Posttest Clinical Features of Nursing
students with Iron Deficiency Anemia

n=(23+23=46)

Level of Max.
Control Group Experimental Group
Parameter Score

No No
Mild Moderate Severe Total Mild Moderate Severe Total

f % f % f % f % f % f % f % f %
Clinical
Features

Table No 3.1.4 depicts the clinical features of samples in the form of frequency and Percentage
distribution of Clinical Features of Nursing students with Iron Deficiency Anemia in Posttest of
Control and Experimental group. The
Therefore it can be concluded that majority
SECTION IV: EFFECTIVENESS OF BEETROOT JUICE ON SERUM IRON, CBC AND
CLINICAL FEATURES

Objectives 5: To assess effectiveness of beetroot juice on serum iron, CBC and clinical features
among nursing students between control and experimental group.

Hypothesis:
H1: There will be significant difference between the level of serum iron, CBC and clinical features
before and after the administration of beetroot juice among nursing students in experimental group
 Table 4.1.1 Mean, Mean Difference, SD and Unpaired „t‟ Test of posttest of Control and
Experimental Group for Serum Iron and CBC among Nursing students with Iron Deficiency Anemia

n=(23+23=46)
Control Experimental
Mean „t‟-
Clinical Parameter posttest posttest P-value
value
Mean SD Mean SD difference
Serum iron

Hemoglobin

Hematocrit

Mean corpuscular
volume (MCV)
Mean corpuscular
haemoglobin(MCH)
Mean Corpuscular
haemoglobin
concentration(MCHC)
Red cell distribution
width(RDW)
*-P<0.05 significant and **-P<0.01 &***-P<0.001 , Highly significant

Table no 4.1.1 depicts the effectiveness between control and experimental posttest group on serum iron
and CBC. From the result of the table it is evident that, the posttest mean of control and experimental
group for serum iron was=---------- and ----------. The calculated„t‟-value found highly signifcant at the
level of p≤0.001. Hence research hypothesis is accepted. The posttest mean for hemoglobin of
control and
Therefore, it can be concluded that beetroot juice is effective in improving the levels of Sr. Iron and
CBC among nursing students with iron deficiency anemia.
Table 4.1.2 Mean, Mean difference, Standard Deviation and Unpaired „t‟ Test of posttest of Control
and Experimental Group for Clinical Features among Nursing students with Iron Deficiency Anemia

n=(23+23=46)
Control group Experimental
Mean
Clinical posttest group „t‟-
differenc p-value
Parameter posttest value
Mean SD Mean SD e
Clinical
features
*-P<0.05 significant and **-P<0.01 &***-P<0.001, Highly significant

Table no 4.1.2 depicts the effectiveness of beetroot juice on clinical features between nursing students
in control and experimental group. The result shows that posttest mean for clinical features of control
and experimental group was and respectively. The calculated„t‟-value is found highly significant at
the level of p≤0.001. Hence research hypothesis is accepted.

Therefore it can be concluded that beetroot juice is effective in improving the clinical features of iron
deficiency anemia among nursing students.
 SECTION V: ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PRE-TEST LEVEL OF SERUM IRON, CBC AND
CLINICAL FEATURES WITH SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES

Objective 5: To find association between pre-test level of serum iron, CBC and clinical features with
selected demographic variables among nursing students between control and experimental group.

H2: There will be a significant association between the pre-test level of serum iron with selected
demographic variables among nursing students among control and experimental group.
Table 5.1.1: Association between serum iron and demographic variables among control and
experimental group

n=( 23+23=46)
Control group Experimental group
Demographic ≤median >median χ2 p-value ≤median >median χ2 (df) p-value
Variable f % f % (df) f % f %
1.Age(in years)
13-14
14-15
15-16
16-17
2.Educational
status

9th
11th
3.Have you attained
menarche
Yes
4.Age at menarche
12
13
14
5.Menstrual
regularity
Regular
Irregular
*-P<0.05 significant and **-P<0.01 &***-P<0.001 , Highly significant
Table 5.1.2: Association between serum iron and demographic variables among control and
experimental group

n=( 30+30=60)
Control group Experimental group
Demographic ≤median >median χ2 p-value ≤median >median χ2 p-value
Variable f % f % (df) f % f % (df)

*-P<0.05 significant and **-P<0.01 &***-P<0.001 , Highly significant

The data depicted table 9.1.1and 9.1.2 shows in control pretest group there was no significant
association between serum iron
 CONCLUSION

This chapter deals explained the statistical analysis and interpretation of data.
The sample characteristics were analyzed using with frequency and percentage.
Descriptive statistics used were mean, mean percentage, SD .Inferential
statistics Unpaired„t‟ test used to find out effectiveness of beetroot juice. Chi
square test was used to find out the association of pretest serum iron with
selected demographic variables.