EEM 3223 – NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
CH 3 – Non-Linear System
A nonlinear system - its output is not directly proportional to its
input.
E.g.:
𝑥 + 𝑦 = −1 Mixture of linear & Non-Linear Equation = Non Linear
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 1 System
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 26
3𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 = 100 Non-Linear Equation = Non Linear System
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 − 0.5 = 0 Non-Linear Function = Non Linear System
There could be no solution, one solution, two solutions or more
for the unknown parameters
Non-Linear System
• For non-linear systems,
𝑥 − 𝑦 = −1
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 1
and
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 26
3𝑥 2 +25𝑦 2 = 100
the unknown parameters can be solved using
substitution and elimination method.
Substitution Method
• For the non-linear system with mixture of linear
equation.
• To solve the unknown parameters:
Step 1 - Solve the linear equation for one of the
variables.
Step 2 - Substitute the expression obtained in
step one into the parabola equation.
Step 3 - Solve for the remaining variable.
Step 4 - Check your solutions in both equations.
Example 1.1
Identify the x and y for :
𝑥 − 𝑦 = −1
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 1
Graphical representation
Exercise 1.1
Solve the non-linear equation below:
i)
3𝑥 − 𝑦 = −2
2𝑥 2 − y = 0
ii)
𝑦 = −4𝑥 + 1
𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 1
Answer
1 1
i) (- , ) ; (2,8) ii) (4,15);(0,1)
2 2
Elimination Method
• For the non-linear equation e.g.:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 26
3𝑥 2 +25𝑦 2 = 100
• To solve the unknown parameters:
Step 1 – Eliminate one unknown parameter
Step 2 – Substitute the parameter obtained
in Step 1 to the equation to solve
the unknown.
Example 1.2
• Find the possible value(s) of x and y.
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 26
3𝑥 2 +25𝑦 2 = 100
Graphical Representation
Exercise 1.2
Using elimination method, identify the unknown
parameters.
4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 13
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 10
Bisection Method
• Used to find the root of the non-linear function
𝑓 𝑥 =0
• Solution of such an equation lies in a range
For example:
If you are trying to identify the body mass of an adult
i. mass will never be negative
ii. physical constraint, almost impossible to be less than 20
kg and will not exceed 300 kg.
iii. good approximation would be the average human mass,
around 75 kg
iv. range of values in which the solution may be. This range
is called bracket.
Bisection Method
Also known as Bracketing Method
Bisection Method
• The root lies between two values, then the
best guess you have is the average of the two
values
• E.g.:
For 𝑓 𝑥1 * 𝑓 𝑥2 < 0
𝑥1 +𝑥2
the real root 𝑥3 =
2
Bisection Method
Bisection Method
• Ideally, it will not always be the case. The root
value(s) need to be identified manually that
involve iteration and termination process
• Iteration process – identify the value unknown
parameters that should be included in the next
iteration
• Termination process – the criteria to stop the
searching of the root. The searching is terminated
when a new value for the solution, is does not
change much from the previous value.
Bisection Method
• Termination criteria is determined by
evaluating the relative error:
Where ϵ is a small positive number called
tolerance.
Example 1.3
Solve the equation:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 − 0.5 = 0
Given that the root lies within [-1,5] with
tolerance 10−3 . Limit the number of iterations
to 20 and keep the answer to 3 decimal places
Newton- Raphson Method
• Identifying the root of a function by
approximating its graphical representation.
• It requires a graphical representation of the
function
• Identify the root using New-Raphson Equation
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓′(𝑥𝑛 )
Example 1.4
Find the real root to five decimal places of:
f(x)=x3 -x -1
Exercise 1.4
Find the real root to six decimal places of:
f(x)=x3+5x-3
The graphical representation of the function are:
Initial guess of x = 0.6
Example 1.5
Identify the root of the function up to 5 decimal
places (N.B: Keep your calculator in radian
mode)
f(x) = cos x – 2x
