SQL

SQL is a database language designed for the retrieval and management of data in a relational
database.

It helps users to access data in the RDBMS system

In the year 1974, the term Structured Query Language appeared

Five types of SQL queries are 1) Data Definition Language (DDL) 2) Data Manipulation
Language (DML) 3) Data Control Language(DCL) 4) Transaction Control Language(TCL) and,
5) Data Query Language (DQL)

Data Definition Language(DDL) helps you to define the database structure or schema.

Data Manipulation Language (DML) allows you to modify the database instance by inserting,
modifying, and deleting its data.

DCL (Data Control Language) includes commands like GRANT and REVOKE, which are
useful to give "rights & permissions."

Transaction control language or TCL commands deal with the transaction within the database.

Data Query Language (DQL) is used to fetch the data from the database.

Thus, SQL is a database language designed for the retrieval and management of data in a
relational database.

SQL is the standard language for database management. All the RDBMS systems like MySQL,
MS Access, Oracle, Sybase, Postgres, and SQL Server use SQL as their standard database
language. SQL programming language uses various commands for different operations.

Why Use SQL?

Here, are important reasons for using SQL

 It helps users to access data in the RDBMS system.

 It helps you to describe the data.

 It allows you to define the data in a database and manipulate that specific data.

 With the help of SQL commands in DBMS, you can create and drop databases and
tables.

 SQL offers you to use the function in a database, create a view, and stored procedure.

 You can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views.

Brief History of SQL

Here, are important landmarks from the history of SQL:

 1974 - Structured Query Language appeared.

 1978 - IBM released a product called System/R.

 1986 - IBM developed the prototype of a relational database, which is standardized by

 1989- First ever version launched of SQL

 1999 - SQL 3 launched with features like triggers, object-orientation, etc.

 SQL2003- window functions, XML-related features, etc.

 SQL2006- Support for XML Query Language

 SQL2011-improved support for temporal databases

Types of SQL

Here are five types of widely used SQL queries.

 Data Definition Language (DDL)

 Data Manipulation Language (DML)

 Data Control Language(DCL)

 Transaction Control Language(TCL)

 Data Query Language (DQL)

Types of SQL

DDL
Data Definition Language helps you to define the database structure or schema. Let's learn about
DDL commands with syntax.

Five types of DDL commands in SQL are:

CREATE

CREATE statements is used to define the database structure schema:

Syntax:

CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME (COLUMN_NAME DATATYPES[,....]);

For example:

Create database university;

Create table students;

Create view for_students;

DROP

Drops commands remove tables and databases from RDBMS.

Syntax

DROP TABLE ;

For example:

Drop object_type object_name;

Drop database university;

Drop table student;

ALTER

Alters command allows you to alter the structure of the database.

Syntax:

To add a new column in the table

ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name COLUMN-definition;

To modify an existing column in the table:

ALTER TABLE MODIFY(COLUMN DEFINITION....);

Alter table guru99 add subject varchar;

TRUNCATE:

This command used to delete all the rows from the table and free the space containing the table.

Syntax:

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

Example:

TRUNCATE table students;

Data Manipulation Language?

Data Manipulation Language (DML) allows to modify the database instance by inserting,
modifying, and deleting its data. It is responsible for performing all types of data modification in
a database.

There are three basic constructs which allow database program and user to enter data and
information are:

Here are some important DML commands in SQL:

 INSERT

 UPDATE

 DELETE

INSERT:

This is a statement is a SQL query. This command is used to insert data into the row of a table.

Syntax:

INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME (col1, col2, col3,.... col N)

VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);

Or

INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME

VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);

For example:

INSERT INTO students (RollNo, FIrstName, LastName) VALUES ('60', 'Tom', Erichsen');

UPDATE:
This command is used to update or modify the value of a column in the table.

Syntax:

UPDATE table_name SET [column_name1= value1,...column_nameN = valueN] [WHERE

For example:

UPDATE students

SET FirstName = 'Jhon', LastName= 'Wick'

WHERE StudID = 3;

DELETE:

This command is used to remove one or more rows from a table.

Syntax:

DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition];

For example:

DELETE FROM students

WHERE FirstName = 'Jhon';

DCL

DCL (Data Control Language) includes commands like GRANT and REVOKE, which are
useful to give "rights & permissions." Other permission controls parameters of the database
system.

Examples of DCL commands:

Commands that come under DCL:

 Grant

 Revoke

Grant:

This command is use to give user access privileges to a database.

Syntax:

GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE TO SOME_USER, ANOTHER_USER;

For example:

GRANT SELECT ON Users TO'Tom'@'localhost;

It is useful to back permissions from the user.

Syntax:

REVOKE privilege_nameON object_nameFROM {user_name |PUBLIC |role_name}

For example:

REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON student FROM BCA, MCA;

TCL

Transaction control language or TCL commands deal with the transaction within the database.

Commit

This command is used to save all the transactions to the database.

Syntax:

Commit;

For example:

DELETE FROM Students

WHERE RollNo =25;

COMMIT;

Rollback

Rollback command allows you to undo transactions that have not already been saved to the
database.

Syntax:

ROLLBACK;

Example:

DELETE FROM Students

WHERE RollNo =25;

SAVEPOINT

This command helps you to sets a savepoint within a transaction.

Syntax:
SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT_NAME;

Example:

SAVEPOINT RollNo;

DQL

Data Query Language (DQL) is used to fetch the data from the database. It uses only one
command:

SELECT:

This command helps you to select the attribute based on the condition described by the WHERE
clause.

Syntax:

SELECT expressions

FROM TABLES

WHERE conditions;

For example:

SELECT FirstName

FROM Student

WHERE RollNo > 15;

Oracle SQL Data Types

Oracle database provide built-in SQL data types also you can make user define types for letter
use as data types. Every database define a column data type for each and every tables.

SQL data types are two type scaler type or non scalar type. Scalar SQL data types haven't
internal components. It's like linear data types. Whereas non scalar SQL data types have internal
component to store multiple values and easily you can manipulate the data.

Oracle SQL Data types

Built-in Oracle SQL data types are following,

1. Numeric Datatypes
2. Character Datatypes
3. LONG and ROW Datatypes
4. ROWID Datatypes
5. Datetime Datatypes
6. Large Object Datatypes
Number Datatypes

Following are numeric data types in SQL.

Character Datatypes

Character Data type use to store alphabetic/alphanumeric, following are character data
types in Oracle SQL.