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6. TRUE or FALSE? 147.134.2.84 is an example of an IP address.

TRUE

7. The Internet Society, an international non-profit organization, maintains and enforces

standards for the hardware and software of the Internet.

TRUE

3.1
download instant at www.easysemester.com

8. TRUE or FALSE? The World Wide Web was developed in the early 1970s, shortly after
the development of the Internet.

FALSE

9. TRUE or FALSE? Microsoft marketed the first commercial Web browser.

FALSE

10. TRUE or FALSE? In the URL http://balance3e.com/index.html, the part

balance3e.com identifies the Web server where the page is stored.

TRUE

11. The Internet of today evolved from the ARPANet of the 1960s and 70s. In what ways is
the Internet similar to the old ARPANet? In what ways is it different?

Following the initial design of the ARPANet, the Internet is a distributed network that
utilizes packet-switching. However, the number of users and variety of uses for the
Internet has far exceeded any expectations of the ARPANet, which was designed for use
by a small number of military researchers. To accommodate the large number of
computers on the Internet, it has evolved into a hierarchical network, with high-speed
backbones for transmission between central locations and slower communication lines for
local connections.

12. The Internet is often described as the "Information Superhighway." Describe how the
analogy of a highway system fits the structure of the Internet.

The backbone connections are analogous to interstate highways, providing fast

communications between principal destinations. Connected to the backbone are
transmission lines, which provided slower, more limited capabilities and linked
secondary destinations; these transmission lines could be compared to state highways.
Additional connections are required to reach individual computers, in the same way that
city and neighborhood roads are used to link individual houses.

13. Paul Baran proposed two groundbreaking design ideas for the structure and behavior of
the ARPANet. Describe these design ideas and the benefits they provide.

The first of Baran’s ideas adopted for the ARPANet was that of a distributed network,
where control is distributed across a large number of machines. This allows for
messages to be rerouted along alternate connections when a particular computer or
connection fails. Baran’s other idea central to the ARPANet architecture was that of
packet-switching, where messages to be sent over the network are first broken into small
pieces and then sent independently to their final destination. Advantages of this approach

3.2
download instant at www.easysemester.com

include a more efficient use of the connections, the ability to react to failures and
congestion, and improved reliability.

14. Describe how packet-switching can increase the reliability of a network.

In a packet-switching network, messages to be sent over the network are first broken into
small pieces known as packets, and these packets are sent independently to their final
destination. If a message is broken into packets and the packets are transmitted
independently, it is probable that at least part of the message will arrive at its destination,
even if some failures occur within the network. If the recipient receives only part of the
message, TCP software on his or her computer can acknowledge the partial message’s
receipt and request retransmission from the sender.

15. Internet communications are defined by a set of protocols called TCP/IP. What do TCP
and IP stand for, and what is the role of each protocol in transmitting and receiving
information?

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) controls the method by which messages are broken
down into packets and then reassembled when they reach their final destination. Internet
Protocol (IP), on the other hand, is concerned with labeling the packets for delivery and
controlling the packets’ paths from sender to recipient.

16. What is an IP address? What steps are involved in mapping a computer's domain name
(e.g., www.creighton.edu) to its IP address?

An IP address is a number, usually written as a dotted sequence such as 147.134.2.84.

Special-purpose computers called domain name servers are used to store mappings
between domain names and their corresponding IP addresses. When a computer sends a
message to a destination such as www.creighton.edu, the sending computer first
transmits a request to a domain name server, which matches the recipient’s domain name
to an IP address and returns that address.

17. Which has grown at a faster rate, the Internet or the Web? Justify your answer.

The data in Figure 3.15 gives somewhat mixed results. If you look at the period from
2006 to 2010, the Web has grown at a faster rate, with the number of Web servers
increasing by 133% compared with a 72% increase in Internet-connected computers.
Most recently, from 2008 to 2010, the number of Web servers has increased at a smaller
rate: 17% versus 33%. If you judge Web size by the number of pages, then the Web is
growing much faster (from 8 billion pages in 2005 to 40 billion pages in 2009).

18. What is hypertext? How are the key ideas of hypertext incorporated into the Web?

3.3
download instant at www.easysemester.com

The term hypertext refers to documents that interlink text and media, such as images,
sounds, and alternate story lines. The Web utilizes hypertext in that Web pages can
contain other media and links to other pages as well.

19. What specific features did the Mosaic browser include that were not available in earlier
browsers? How did these features help make the Web accessible to a larger audience?

Mosaic employed buttons and clickable links as navigational aids, making the Web easier
to traverse. The browser also supported the integration of images and media within pages,
which enabled developers to create more visually appealing Web documents.

20. Describe two factors that contributed to Microsoft’s dominance of the browser market.

Microsoft’s financial position was much stronger than Netscape’s — due to its success
with other software products, Microsoft possessed vast resources with which to develop
and market its browsers. Also, Microsoft was able to leverage its dominance in operating
systems by packaging Internet Explorer as part of Windows.

21. What does HTTP stand for, and what is its role in facilitating Web communications?

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the protocol that determines how messages
exchanged between browsers and servers are formatted.

22. The World Wide Web Consortium maintains and regulates Web-related standards and
oversees the design of Web-based technologies. Visit their Web site (www.w3.org) to
review the organization’s goals and list of technologies under active development.
Describe three technologies (other than HTML, HTTP, and XML) whose development is
managed by the World Wide Web Consortium.

Student answers will vary.

23. How does caching improve the performance of a Web browser? Does caching reduce the
number of interactions that take place between the browser and the Web server?

When a page or image is first downloaded, it is stored in a temporary directory on the

user's computer. The next time that page or image is requested, the browser first checks
to see if it has a copy stored locally in the cache, and, if so, whether the copy is up-to-date
(this is accomplished by contacting the server and asking how recently the page was
changed). If an up-to-date copy is stored locally, then the browser can display this copy,
instead of downloading the original. Caching can make downloading a new copy
unnecessary, but it still requires a check to see if the cached page is up-to-date.

3.4
Other documents randomly have
different content
 “QUITE
BALD.”

His height in feet is only four;

Around his waist is one foot more;
His mouth is wide; his eyes are twinkles
Half hidden in a net of wrinkles;
His beard is red; his hair is thin—
In fact, quite bald is good King Grin.

PRINCE
SS
GIGGLE
.

His family—beneath the sun

You never saw a happier one:
The good Queen Smile, so fair to see;
Prince Laugh, the heir-apparent he;
And Princess Giggle’s baby din—
Is life and joy to good King Grin.

Three ministers of state has he:

Prime Minister is Pleasantry;
In Foreign Matters, great and small,
Good-Nature ministers to all;
And Cheerfulness, when bills come in,
Is Treasurer to good King Grin.
His courser is a palfry stout,
And when the good king rides about,
The very babies crow for joy:
From peasant-man and peasant-boy,
From landed knight and all his kin,
Arise one cry: “Long live King Grin.”

Ralph Bergengren.
 A Funny Twin Brother

Last sum-mer when we were in the coun-try hav-ing a hap-py ho-li-

day, we of-ten went in-to the hay-field, and you lit-tle ones may fan-
cy the fun we had. John-ny and Lil-ly rolled in the sweet fresh hay,
and were bu-ried and came up a-gain ma-ny and ma-ny a time; and
just when we thought there was not a bit of chub-by child to be seen,
a round red laugh-ing face would peep out, fol-lowed by a sort of
wind-mill of arms and legs.
It was on a bright sum-mer’s day in that hay-field that we met Tim
and his lit-tle mis-tress. “Who was Tim?” you say. Well, Tim was a
don-key, and such a hap-py pet-ted don-key has sel-dom been seen
be-fore. Liz-zy—the lit-tle girl you see in the pic-ture—was the far-
mer’s daugh-ter, and as she led Tim round her fa-ther’s field, she
picked up the sweet hay and fed him with it.
When Tim and lit-tle Liz-zy came near us, we all went up to pat the
don-key: then the lit-tle girl told us how good and gen-tle her Tim
was. “We are very luc-ky to have such a good don-key,” said she.
“And I think he is luc-ky to have such a good lit-tle mis-tress,” said
I.
“Oh, but he be-longs to us all,” an-swered the child, “and there are
six of us; we all feed and pet him. My father bought him when he was
quite lit-tle. He is five years old now; just the same age as my lit-tle
bro-ther Willy. So he is his Twin Bro-ther you see,” ad-ded Liz-zy
grave-ly.
 Sam on the kitchen funnel blew

Sam on the kitchen funnel blew,

The dinner-bell Jane rang;
The bellows made a nice guitar,
Min played while Alice sang.

Tom came to hear us, Tabby too,

Who brought her kittens three;
And also Flora with her pup;
We let them all in—free!
TO
 WEE PEOPLE
WHO MAKE HOME
HAPPY WITH ARTLESS
PRATTLE AND MERRY
PLAY, THIS BOOK IS
LOVINGLY
DEDICATED.
 TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in
spelling.
2. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained
as printed.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OUR LITTLE TOT'S
OWN BOOK ***

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