COMPUTING

notes
for
BASIC 7

Prepared By
Amoah Miracle
0275199306 / 0243816104
t.me/blue_falcon
 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
STRAND 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
SUB-STRAND 1: COMPONENTS OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEM

CONTENT STANDARD: B7.1.1.1: EXAMINE THE PARTS OF THE COMPUTER

INDICATOR: B7.1.1.1.1 Discuss the Fourth-Generation Computers

Exemplar(s):
1. Discuss features of fourth-generation computers
2. Identify a microchip
3. Explore the architecture of a processor

FEATURES OF FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS

The generation of computers refers to the evolution and advancement
of computing technology over time. Computers have undergone
several generations, each marked by significant technological
improvements.

1. First Generation (1940s-1950s):

The first generation of computers utilized vacuum tubes for
processing data. These early machines were large, expensive,
and consumed a considerable amount of electricity. Examples
include the ENIAC and UNIVAC I.
2. Second Generation (1950s-1960s):
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in second-generation
computers, leading to smaller, faster, and more reliable
machines. This generation saw the advent of high-level
programming languages and the introduction of magnetic core
memory.
3. Third Generation (1960s-1970s):
Integrated circuits became the norm in third-generation
computers, which resulted in even smaller sizes and increased
processing power. These advancements led to the development
of minicomputers and time-sharing systems.
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Features Fourth Generation Computers.

Fourth-generation (1971-1980) computers represent a significant

milestone in the history of computing, as they introduced
microprocessors, which revolutionized the way computers were
designed and operated. Here are some main features of the 4th-
generation computers:

1. Microprocessors: The defining feature of fourth-generation

computers was the introduction of microprocessors. A
microprocessor is a single chip that integrates the central
processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output controls. This
advancement led to smaller and more efficient computers
compared to previous generations.

2. VLSI Technology: Fourth-generation computers utilized Very

Large Scale Integration (VLSI) technology. VLSI allowed
thousands of transistors to be packed onto a single microchip,
enabling higher processing power and greater complexity within
a smaller physical space.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
3. Personal Computers (PCs): With the advent of microprocessors,
personal computers (PCs) became a reality. Companies like Apple
and IBM introduced popular PC models during this generation,
bringing computing power to individuals and small businesses.

4. Graphical User Interface (GUI): The graphical user interface

made its debut in fourth-generation computers. It provided a user-
friendly way to interact with the computer using icons, windows,
and menus, making computing more accessible to non-experts.

5. Operating Systems: Fourth-generation computers saw the

development of advanced operating systems like UNIX and
Microsoft's MS-DOS (later replaced by Windows). These
operating systems managed computer resources, improved
multitasking capabilities, and allowed for a wider range of
software applications.

6. Storage Advancements: Storage technology also improved

significantly in fourth-generation computers. Hard disk drives
(HDDs) became more common, offering larger storage capacities
compared to earlier magnetic tape and floppy disk storage
methods.

7. Networking and Communication: Local Area Networks (LANs)

and Wide Area Networks (WANs) started to gain popularity
during this generation. The ability to connect computers and share
resources laid the foundation for the interconnected world we
have today.

8. Software Development: High-level programming languages like

C and Pascal became more prevalent in fourth-generation
computers. These languages made software development more
accessible and allowed programmers to write code at a higher
level of abstraction.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
9. Gaming and Entertainment: Fourth-generation computers saw the
rise of video games and digital entertainment. Home gaming
consoles and computer games started to gain popularity, shaping
the gaming industry's future.

10. Advancements in Applications: With increased computing power,

various applications flourished, including word processing,
spreadsheet software, and graphics programs. These applications
improved productivity and creativity for businesses and
individuals alike.

Fourth-generation computers marked a significant shift towards

miniaturization (reducing the size), increased processing power, user-
friendly interfaces, and widespread adoption of computing technology
in both personal and professional settings. These advancements laid
the foundation for the rapid progress and innovation that continued in
subsequent generations of computers.

Identify A Microchip

A microchip is a tiny, complex electronic device

made up of semiconducting materials, usually
silicon. It contains thousands to billions of
transistors and other components, all integrated
onto a single chip.

The microchip was invented independently by Jack Kilby and Robert

Noyce in 1958. Their inventions laid the foundation for the modern
semiconductor industry.
The primary function of a microchip is to serve as the central
processing unit (CPU) of a computer or electronic device. It processes
instructions, performs calculations, and manages data flow within the
device.
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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
Microchips enable the integration of numerous electronic components
into a small package. This miniaturization has led to the development
of smaller, more powerful, and energy-efficient devices.
Microchips come in various types, including microprocessors for
general-purpose computing, microcontrollers for specialized tasks,
and memory chips for data storage.

Microchips are found in a wide range of applications, such as

computers, smartphones, tablets, home appliances, automobiles,
medical devices, and many more.

In summary, microchips are the backbone of modern electronics,

providing the computational power and functionality that drives our
interconnected world. Their continuous advancement has transformed
the way we live, work, and interact with technology.

Explore the architecture of a processor

Imagine a processor as the brain of a computer. It's like a super fast

thinker that can do lots of calculations and make decisions really
quickly. Let's break down its architecture in a simple way:

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1. Registers: Think of these as tiny, super fast pockets in the
processor's brain. They hold small pieces of information that the
processor needs to work on right away.

2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): This is like the math wizard in the
processor's brain. It does all the math, like adding numbers,
subtracting, multiplying, and even comparing them.

3. Control Unit: Imagine this as the conductor of an orchestra. It tells

the other parts of the processor what to do and when to do it, like
following a set of instructions.

4. Memory: This is like the processor's storage area, where it keeps

information it needs to remember. It can be thought of as the brain's
short-term memory.

5. Cache: This is like a super-fast storage area that helps the processor
remember things it needs often, so it doesn't have to keep going back
to the main memory all the time.

6. Clock: Imagine this as a heartbeat that keeps the processor's brain

ticking at a steady pace. It helps all the parts work together in a
synchronized way.

When you use a computer or play games, the processor takes care of
all the tasks to make everything happen. It's like a super smart helper
inside the computer that does all the thinking and helps you get things
done quickly!

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
Indicator: B7.1.1.1.2 Demonstrate understanding in the use of input
devices (barcode, scanner, etc.)
Exemplar(s):
1. Pictures of input devices e.g. wireless keyboard, mouse and
touchscreen.
2. Demonstrate the use of input devices in a computer
laboratory/classroom.
3. Distinguish manual (e.g. keyboard, etc.) and automatic (e.g.
barcode reader etc.) input devices.
4 Explore the advantages and disadvantages of input devices
5. Explore areas where different types of input devices are used.

Examples of input devices

Let's talk about wireless input devices, and I'll explain it in a way that's
easy to understand.

You know how you use a keyboard and mouse to control your
computer, right? Well, imagine if you didn't need any wires to connect
them to your computer. That's what wireless input devices are all
about!
With wireless input devices, like a wireless keyboard or mouse, you
can use them from a distance without any annoying cables. They work
through something called "radio waves." It's like magic signals that
travel through the air, just like how your favourite songs come from
the radio.
These devices have a little chip inside them that sends and receives
these special radio signals. When you press a key on the wireless
keyboard or move the mouse, the chip sends a signal to your computer,
telling it what you want to do. Your computer is like a friendly robot
that listens to these signals and does what you tell it to do.
So, you can sit comfortably on your couch or anywhere in the room,
and still control your computer using these cool wireless input devices.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
Here are some examples of Wireless Input Devices

Wireless QRCode
Touchscreen Wireless Mouse Reader

Wireless Barcode
Wireless Keyboard Wireless Microphone
Reader
& Receiver

The use of common input devices.

1. Keyboard: The keyboard is one of the most fundamental input
devices. It allows users to input alphanumeric characters, special
symbols, and commands into the computer. Keyboards come in
various layouts, such as QWERTY and AZERTY, and are widely used
for typing text and issuing commands.
2. Mouse: The mouse is a pointing device that enables users to control
the cursor on the computer screen. By moving the mouse and clicking
its buttons, users can interact with graphical user interfaces, select
items, and navigate through applications.
3. Touchpad: Commonly found on laptops, a touchpad serves the
same purpose as a mouse. Users can control the cursor and interact
with the computer by swiping, tapping, or using multi-finger gestures
on the touch-sensitive surface.

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4. Touchscreen: Touchscreen input devices are prevalent in
smartphones, tablets, and many modern laptops and monitors. Users
can directly interact with the screen by tapping, swiping, or using
gestures, making it convenient for various applications.
5. Graphics Tablet: Also known as a digitizer or drawing tablet, this
input device is popular among artists and designers. It allows for
precise pen or stylus input, enabling users to draw or sketch directly
on the tablet's surface.
6. Barcode Reader: Barcode readers are used to scan and decode
barcodes on products or documents. They are commonly employed in
retail, inventory management, and library systems for quick data entry.
7. QR Code Scanner: QR code scanners enable users to scan Quick
Response (QR) codes, which contain information that can be quickly
read and processed by the computer or mobile device.
8. Webcam: Webcams capture video and images and are commonly
used for video conferencing, online meetings, and live streaming.
9. Microphone: Microphones are input devices that capture audio,
enabling users to record voice, make voice commands, or participate
in voice communications.
10. Joystick and Gamepads: These devices are used primarily for
gaming. Joysticks are commonly used for flight simulation and certain
gaming genres, while gamepads are popular for various gaming
platforms.
11. Scanners: Scanners convert physical documents, photographs, or
images into digital format, allowing them to be stored, edited, or
shared electronically.

Distinguish manual (e.g. keyboard, etc.) and automatic (e.g.

barcode reader etc.) input devices.
Imagine your computer as a smart friend who can do lots of things, but
it needs instructions to understand what you want it to do. Manual and
automatic input devices are like ways to talk to your computer and give
it those instructions.
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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
Manual Input Devices are like tools that you can use with your hands
to tell the computer what to do. For example, the keyboard is like a set
of buttons with letters, numbers, and symbols on them. When you
press a button, it tells your computer which letter or number you want
it to type. The mouse is like a little gadget that you move on your desk.
When you move it, the arrow on the computer screen moves too. When
you click the mouse, it tells the computer to select something or open
a program. Touchscreens work like your tablet or smartphone. When
you touch the screen, it’s like tapping the buttons, and the computer
understands what you want to do.

Automatic Input Devices are like magical sensors that capture things
without you having to do anything. For example a webcam is like the
computer’s eyes. It can capture videos and pictures automatically. So,
when you use a video call or take a selfie, the webcam is capturing
your image and showing it on the screen. Microphones are like the
computer’s ears. They can listen to sounds, your voice, or music, and
the computer can understand what you’re saying or hear the music you
want to play. Sensors are like the computer’s senses. They can feel
things like temperature, light, or movement. For example, some
computers have sensors that can adjust the brightness of the screen
automatically based on how much light is around. A barcode reader is
like a special camera that can quickly read barcodes for you. When
you take a product with a barcode and put it in front of the barcode
reader, it automatically scans the lines on the barcode. The barcode
reader is super fast, and it translates the lines into numbers and letters
that the computer can understand. These numbers and letters tell the
computer what product it is, like the name and price of the item. So,
when you scan a product with a barcode reader at the store, the
computer knows what you want to buy and how much it costs. It makes
the shopping process much faster and more accurate!

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
So, manual input devices let you talk to your computer by pressing
buttons, moving the mouse, or touching the screen, while automatic
input devices capture things like videos, sounds, and other information
without you having to do anything special. Both types of input devices
help you interact with your computer.

Explore the Advantages and Disadvantages of Input Devices

Input devices play a crucial role in interacting with computers and
other digital devices. They have their own advantages and
disadvantages, which are important to consider:

Advantages of Input Devices:

1. Enhanced Communication: Input devices allow users to
communicate with computers and provide instructions easily.
They enable efficient data entry, making it possible to type,
click, touch, or scan information quickly and accurately.
2. User-Friendly Interaction: Many input devices are designed
to be user-friendly, making it easier for people of all ages to use
computers and access digital content. For example,
touchscreens and graphical interfaces simplify interactions,
especially for young children and individuals with limited
technical expertise.
3. Improved Productivity: Efficient input devices, like
keyboards and mice, enable faster data entry and navigation
through applications. This increased productivity is particularly
useful in professional settings, where time-saving interactions
lead to better efficiency.
4. Versatility: Different input devices cater to diverse needs and
preferences. Users can choose the most suitable input method
based on their tasks, comfort, and familiarity with the device.
This versatility enhances the overall user experience.
5. Accessibility: Input devices designed with accessibility
features, such as voice recognition for individuals with physical

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disabilities or assistive technologies for the visually impaired,
promote inclusivity and enable a wider range of users to interact
with computers.

Disadvantages of Input Devices:

1. Learning Curve: Some input devices may have a learning
curve, especially for those who are new to technology. For
example, touch typing on a keyboard or using complex gestures
on a touchpad may take time to master.
2. Physical Strain: Extended use of certain input devices, like
keyboards and mice, can lead to repetitive strain injuries or
discomfort, such as carpal tunnel syndrome. Proper ergonomic
setups and breaks are essential to minimize these issues.
3. Device Cost: Advanced input devices with special features,
such as high-quality graphics tablets or 3D input devices, can
be expensive, limiting their accessibility to all users.
4. Compatibility Issues: Not all input devices are universally
compatible with every device or software. Users may encounter
compatibility challenges, especially when using niche or
specialized input devices.
5. Sensitivity to Environmental Factors: Some input devices,
like touchscreens, can be affected by environmental conditions
such as dirt, moisture, or temperature, leading to potential
inaccuracies or malfunctions.

Explore areas where different types of input devices are used

Input devices are used in various areas and industries to facilitate
communication and interaction with computers and other digital
devices. Here are some examples of different input devices and their
applications:

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1. Keyboard:
- Offices: Keyboards are extensively used for typing documents,
emails, and reports.
- Education: In schools and colleges, keyboards are employed for
writing essays and assignments.
- Programming: Programmers use keyboards to write code for
software development.
2. Mouse:
- Graphic Design: Graphic designers use the mouse to create digital
artwork and illustrations.
- Web Browsing: Users navigate websites and interact with web
elements using the mouse.
- Gaming: Gamers utilize mice for precise control and interaction in
computer games.
3. Touchscreen:
- Smartphones and Tablets: Touchscreens enable users to interact with
apps, games, and content directly using their fingers.
- Point-of-Sale Systems: In retail, touchscreens are used for cash
registers and product selection in self-checkout kiosks.
- Information Kiosks: Touchscreens facilitate user-friendly navigation
and information retrieval in public spaces.
4. Graphics Tablet:
- Digital Art: Artists and animators use graphics tablets to draw and
create digital art with precision.
- 3D Modelling: Designers and architects use graphics tablets for 3D
modelling and sculpting.

5. Barcode Reader:
- Retail: Barcode readers are used at checkout counters to scan product
barcodes for quick and accurate pricing.

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- Inventory Management: Barcode readers help track and manage
stock levels in warehouses and stores.
6. Webcam:
- Video Conferencing: Webcams are widely used for virtual meetings,
online classes, and remote collaboration.
- Video Streaming: Content creators use webcams for live streaming
videos on platforms like YouTube and Twitch.
7. Microphone:
- Voice Commands: Virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa use
microphones to recognize and respond to voice commands.
- Voice Recording: Musicians and podcasters use microphones for
audio recording and production.
8. Sensors:
- Smart Homes: Sensors in smart home devices detect motion,
temperature, and light to automate actions like turning lights on or
adjusting thermostats.
- Industrial Automation: Sensors are used in manufacturing to monitor
machinery and control processes.

9. Document Scanner:
- Document Digitization: Scanners convert physical documents into
digital format for easy storage and retrieval.
- Archiving: Scanners are used in libraries and archives to preserve
historical documents and books.

These examples show how different input devices find applications

across a wide range of industries, enhancing efficiency, creativity, and
ease of use in various aspects of modern life.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven

Indicator: B7.1.1.1.3. Examine the uses of the output devices:

graphing plotter, data and multimedia projectors as well as pico
projector

Exemplar(s):
1. Watch video or pictures of output devices in use.
2. Demonstrate the use of output devices in a computer
laboratory/classroom.
3. Explore the advantages and disadvantages of output devices.

Output Devices
Output devices are like the computer's way of showing or telling you
things. They are hardware components of a computer system that
display or present information generated by the computer to the user
in various formats They take information from the computer and turn
it into something you can see, hear, or feel. For example, your screen,
printer, and speakers are all output devices because they help you see
text, pictures, or hear sound that the computer wants to share with you.

1. Monitor/Display: Displays visual output, including text, images,

videos, and graphics, using technologies like LCD, LED, or
OLED.
2. Printer: Produces hard copies of digital documents, images, or
graphics on paper or other media.
3. Speaker: Produces audio output, allowing users to hear sounds,
music, speech, and other forms of auditory information.
4. Headphones/Earphones: Similar to speakers, these devices provide
personalized audio output for private listening.
5. Projector: Displays computer output on a larger screen or surface,
often used for presentations and entertainment purposes.
6. Plotter: Used for high-quality drawings, designs, and maps,
offering precise control over line and colour.

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7. Haptic Feedback Devices: Provide tactile sensations, such as
vibrations, to simulate touch or interaction in virtual environments
or games.
8. Braille Display: Converts digital text into Braille characters,
allowing visually impaired users to read using touch.
9. 3D Printer: Creates physical objects layer by layer based on
computer-generated designs, used in prototyping and
manufacturing.
10. Digital Photo Frame: Displays digital images in a rotating
slideshow, often used for personal photos or artwork.
11. Fax Machine: Transmits documents as electrical signals over
telephone lines, converting them into hard copies at the receiving
end.
12. LED Status Lights: Indicate system status, such as power, network
activity, or battery charge, using LED lights.
13. A Pico Projector, also known as a handheld projector or mini
projector, is a compact and portable device designed to project
digital content, such as images, videos, and presentations, onto a
screen or surface. Here's an overview of pico projectors:

Here are some examples Output Devices

Headphone Pico Projector

3D Printer

Speakers Monitor

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Printer
Brille Printer Electeonic
Whiteboard

Projector
Graphing Plotter
Plotter

The Use of some common Output devices in the classroom.

1. Projectors: Teachers can use projectors to display educational
content, presentations, videos, and interactive lessons on a larger
screen for the entire class to see. This enhances visual learning and
engagement.

2. Interactive Whiteboards: These combine display and touch input,

allowing teachers to draw diagrams, write notes, and interact with
digital content. Students can also participate by directly interacting
with the whiteboard.

3. Printers: Teachers can print worksheets, assignments, handouts, and

other materials for distribution to students. Students can also submit
physical copies of assignments.

4. Speakers: Audio output devices are used to play educational videos,

podcasts, music, and language learning materials. This enhances
auditory learning and language comprehension.

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5. Headphones: Students can use headphones for personalized
learning, listening to audio materials, language exercises, or watching
instructional videos without disturbing others.

Explore the Advantages and Disadvantages of Output Devices.

Output devices play a crucial role in interacting with computers and
other digital devices. They have their own advantages and
disadvantages, which are important to consider:

Advantages of Output Devices

1. Enhanced Communication: Output devices facilitate effective
communication by presenting information, data, and multimedia
in various formats, making it easier to convey ideas and concepts.
2. Visual Representation: Visual output devices like monitors and
projectors offer visual representations of data, making it easier to
understand complex information through graphs, charts, and
images.
3. Engagement and Interactivity: Interactive output devices, such
as touchscreens and interactive whiteboards, promote active
participation and engagement, enhancing the learning experience.
4. Multimedia Experience: Output devices like speakers and
headphones provide immersive audio experiences, enhancing
multimedia content such as videos, music, and interactive
simulations.
5. Accessibility: Output devices like Braille displays and screen
readers cater to individuals with disabilities, ensuring equal
access to information and technology.
6. Tactile Feedback: Haptic feedback devices provide tactile
sensations, enhancing immersion and interaction in virtual
environments and games.

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Disadvantages of Output Devices

1. Dependency on Technology: Overreliance on output devices can

lead to reduced human interaction, which is essential for social and
emotional development.
2. Health Concerns: Prolonged use of certain output devices, like
monitors, can lead to eye strain, fatigue, and other health issues if
not used with proper ergonomics.
3. Maintenance and Costs: Output devices, especially advanced
ones like projectors and 3D printers, require regular maintenance
and can be expensive to repair or replace.
4. Limited Access: Not all students or individuals may have access
to certain output devices, creating disparities in learning
experiences and access to information.
5. Distraction: In some cases, output devices like projectors or
screens can become distractions if not used appropriately, diverting
attention from the intended learning content.
6. Environmental Impact: Certain output devices, like printers,
consume resources such as paper and ink, contributing to
environmental issues like deforestation and waste.

It's important to carefully consider the advantages and disadvantages

of output devices and use them thoughtfully to maximize their benefits
while mitigating potential drawbacks.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
Indicator: B7.1.1.1.4 Examine full-sized external hard drives, hard
drive speed, disk caching, Storage portable hard drives, Optical Discs
and Drives. E. g.
Read-Only Optical Discs: CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, and BD-ROM Discs
Recordable Optical Discs: CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R and BD-R Discs
Rewritable Optical Discs: CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW and BD-RW Discs
Exemplar(s):
1. Identify magnetic storage devices, portable hard drives/Optical
Discs and Drives or pictures of these items to class.
2. Discuss the features of hard drives/Optical Disc storage media.
3. Explore the maximum capacities of these storage devices.
4. Explore the different write speeds of these storage devices.
5. Explore the differences in the various Hard Disk Drives (HDD).

Identify magnetic storage devices, portable hard drives/Optical

Discs and Drives or pictures of these items to class.

Magnetic storage devices use magnetic fields to store and retrieve data.
Examples include hard disk drives (HDDs) and magnetic tape drives.
These devices store data by magnetizing tiny regions on the storage
medium's surface, representing 0s and 1s. The magnetized areas can
be read by sensors, allowing data to be accessed and processed.

Read-Only Optical Discs, such as CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, and BD-

ROM, are widely used for storing and distributing data in a non-
rewriteable format. They offer a durable and long-lasting medium for
information storage. CD-ROMs (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory)
were one of the earliest forms, holding up to 700MB of data. DVD-
ROMs (Digital Versatile Disc Read-Only Memory) came next,
offering higher capacities of 4.7GB (single-layer) or 8.5GB (dual-
layer) for more extensive content. BD-ROMs (Blu-ray Disc Read-
Only Memory) provide even greater capacity, ranging from 25GB to
128GB, suitable for high-definition videos and large datasets. These
discs are popular for software distribution, movies, and archival
purposes due to their reliable read-only nature.

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Optical Discs with rewritable capabilities, such as CD-RW, DVD-RW,
DVD+RW, and BD-RE, have revolutionized data storage and sharing.
CD-RW (Compact Disc ReWritable) discs allow multiple writes and
erases, providing around 700MB of storage. DVD-RW (Digital
Versatile Disc ReWritable) and DVD+RW offer similar capabilities,
with capacities of 4.7GB or 8.5GB. BD-RE (Blu-ray Disc Rewritable)
discs take rewritability further, accommodating 25GB to 100GB of
data. These discs enable users to repeatedly record, modify, and delete
content, making them ideal for backup, multimedia, and data exchange
purposes. This flexibility, combined with expanding storage
capacities, has made rewritable optical discs a valuable tool in modern
information management.

Recordable Optical Discs, including CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, and

BD-R, play a crucial role in archiving and sharing digital content. CD-
R (Compact Disc Recordable) allows users to create a single-use disc
with a storage capacity of around 700MB. DVD-R (Digital Versatile
Disc Recordable) and DVD+R offer greater capacities of 4.7GB or
8.5GB, providing ample space for videos, documents, and multimedia.
BD-R (Blu-ray Disc Recordable) discs, with capacities ranging from
25GB to 128GB, are tailored for high-definition content and data
backup. These recordable discs allow users to permanently write data
onto them, ensuring a stable and long-lasting storage solution. They
have become indispensable tools for creating personal compilations,
distributing content, and safeguarding important information.

Pictures of Optical Disc.

CD-ROM CD-R CD-RW

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DVD-ROM DVD-R DVD+RW

BD-ROM BD-R BD+RE

Hard Disc Drive

The features of hard drives/Optical Disc storage media.

Hard Drives:
1. Capacity: Hard drives offer a wide range of storage capacities,
from a few hundred gigabytes (GB) to several terabytes (TB)
or more, making them suitable for storing vast amounts of data,
including files, applications, and operating systems.
2. Speed: Hard drives provide fast read and write speeds, enabling
quick access to data. However, the speed can vary based on the
type of hard drive (HDD or SSD) and other factors.

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3. Durability: HDDs are generally more susceptible to physical
damage due to their mechanical components, like spinning
platters and read/write heads. Solid State Drives (SSDs), a type
of hard drive, have no moving parts and are more durable.
4. Portability: Hard drives come in both external and internal
formats. External hard drives are portable and can be easily
connected to different devices via USB or other interfaces.
5. Cost: Traditional HDDs are generally more cost-effective in
terms of price per gigabyte compared to SSDs, making them a
popular choice for bulk storage.

Optical Disc Storage Media:

1. Variety: Optical discs come in different formats, such as CD,
DVD, and Blu-ray, offering varying capacities, from a few
hundred megabytes to over 100 gigabytes.
2. Read-Only and Recordable Options: Optical discs are available
in read-only (ROM) versions for permanent data distribution,
and recordable (R) or rewritable (RW) versions, allowing users
to write and rewrite data.
3. Portability: Optical discs are compact and easy to carry, making
them suitable for distributing content, sharing files, and
archiving data.
4. Longevity: When stored properly, optical discs can have a
relatively long lifespan, making them suitable for long-term
archival purposes.
5. Compatibility: Optical drives are commonly found in most
computers and laptops, ensuring broad compatibility for
reading discs. However, some newer laptops and devices may
not include optical drives.
6. Read Speed: Optical discs offer moderate read speeds, which
are sufficient for applications like watching movies or installing
software.

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Capacities of HDD and Optical Storage Medium.

Hard Drives:
HDD (Hard Disk Drive): Traditional hard drives have been
available in capacities ranging from a few gigabytes to multiple
terabytes.
SSD (Solid State Drive): SSDs have also seen significant
capacity growth. Consumer SSDs have reached capacities of up
to 16TB or more. Enterprise-grade SSDs can go even higher,
with capacities exceeding 100TB.

Optical Disc Storage Media:

CD (Compact Disc): Standard CDs have a maximum capacity
of around 700MB.
DVD (Digital Versatile Disc): DVDs come in different formats,
including single-layer DVDs with capacities of 4.7GB and
dual-layer DVDs with capacities of 8.5GB.
Blu-ray Disc (BD): Blu-ray discs offer the highest capacities
among optical media. Single-layer BDs can hold around 25GB,
while dual-layer BDs can store approximately 50GB. There are
even triple-layer and quadruple-layer BDs that can reach
capacities of up to 100GB or more.

Write Speed of HDD and Optical Storage Medium

What does it mean to write on a storage medium?

To "write unto a storage medium" means to save or store data,
information, or content onto a physical or digital storage device,
such as a hard drive, flash drive, optical disc, memory card, or
cloud storage. This action involves transferring data from a
source, like a computer or device, to the storage medium for
future retrieval and use.
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Hard Drives:
HDD (Hard Disk Drive): Traditional HDDs have write speeds
that can vary depending on the drive's rotational speed
(measured in revolutions per minute or RPM) and other factors.
Standard consumer HDDs often have write speeds in the range
of 80 to 160 megabytes per second (MB/s).
SSD (Solid State Drive): SSDs offer significantly faster write
speeds compared to HDDs. Consumer-grade SATA SSDs
typically have write speeds ranging from 200 MB/s to 550
MB/s. NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express) SSDs, which
use a faster interface, can provide much higher write speeds,
ranging from 1,000 MB/s to 7,000 MB/s or more, depending on
the model.

Optical Disc Storage Media:

CD (Compact Disc): CD write speeds are typically measured in
"X" values, with 1X corresponding to 150 KB/s. Common CD
write speeds include 16X, 32X, and 48X, which correspond to
approximately 2.4 MB/s, 4.8 MB/s, and 7.2 MB/s, respectively.
DVD (Digital Versatile Disc): DVD write speeds are also
measured in "X" values. Common DVD write speeds include
8X, 16X, and 24X, which correspond to approximately 11
MB/s, 22 MB/s, and 33 MB/s, respectively.
Blu-ray Disc (BD): Blu-ray disc write speeds are often
measured in multiples of 2X, with 2X corresponding to around
9 MB/s. Common BD write speeds include 6X, 10X, and 16X,
which correspond to approximately 54 MB/s, 90 MB/s, and 144
MB/s, respectively.

The differences in the various Hard Disk Drives (HDD)

Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) come in various types, each with its own
characteristics and use cases. Here are some of the main differences
among different types of HDDs:
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1. Form Factor: HDDs come in different form factors that determine

their physical size and compatibility with different devices. Common
form factors include 3.5-inch and 2.5-inch drives. The larger 3.5-inch
drives are often used in desktop computers, while the smaller 2.5-inch
drives are commonly found in laptops and portable devices.

2. Rotational Speed (RPM): The rotational speed of an HDD's platters

affects its performance. Faster RPM typically results in quicker data
access times. Common RPM options include 5,400 RPM, 7,200 RPM,
and 10,000 RPM, with higher RPM drives generally offering better
performance.

3. Cache Size: HDDs have a cache (buffer) that stores frequently

accessed data for quicker retrieval. A larger cache can improve
performance by reducing data access latency.

4. Interface: The interface of an HDD determines how it connects to a

computer or device. SATA (Serial ATA) is a common interface for
both consumer and enterprise HDDs. SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) is
used for enterprise-class drives, offering higher performance and
reliability.

5. Capacity: HDDs vary widely in terms of storage capacity.

Consumer drives typically range from a few hundred gigabytes (GB)
to several terabytes (TB), while enterprise-grade drives can reach even
higher capacities.

6. Usage: HDDs are categorized based on their intended use.

Consumer HDDs are suitable for general-purpose computing, while
enterprise HDDs are designed for data centers and server
environments, offering better reliability and performance.

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7. Technology: Advanced technologies like Shingled Magnetic
Recording (SMR) and Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording (HAMR)
have been introduced to increase HDD storage densities and
capacities.

8. Reliability and Durability: Enterprise-class HDDs often come with

features such as enhanced error correction, vibration resistance, and
improved cooling for better reliability and durability.

9. Power Consumption: HDDs consume varying amounts of power

based on factors like rotational speed and usage. Lower RPM drives
tend to consume less power, making them suitable for energy-efficient
systems.

10. Noise and Vibration: Higher RPM drives can generate more noise
and vibration due to the spinning platters and moving parts. Lower
RPM drives are generally quieter.

Disk Caching
Disk caching is a technique used in computer storage systems to
improve overall system performance by temporarily storing frequently
accessed data in a faster storage medium, such as RAM or solid-state
drives (SSDs). The purpose of disk caching is to reduce the time it
takes to retrieve data from slower storage devices like hard disk drives
(HDDs) or network storage.

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CONTENT STANDARD: B7.1.1.2. DEMONSTRATE THE USE OF THE
FEATURES OF THE WINDOWS DESKTOP

Indicator: B7.1.1.2.1 Discover the latest Windows Operating System

(Start screen, Use of tiles, Taskbar buttons, Preview thumbnails),
temporal peeking into a window on a taskbar

Exemplar(s):
1. Show the desktop, tiles, taskbar.
2. Demonstrate how to preview thumbnails
3. Explore the features of the taskbar.
4. Demonstrate how to preview windows on the taskbar.

Desktop

The desktop is the primary workspace and visual environment that you
see when you start up your Windows computer. It typically displays
your wallpaper or background image, icons for files, folders, and
shortcuts, as well as any open windows or applications. You can
customize the desktop by changing the background image, arranging
icons, and adding gadgets or widgets.
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Tiles (Modern UI / Start Screen, Windows 8 and 10)

A tile is an app's representation on the Start menu

In Windows 8 and Windows 10, Microsoft introduced a feature called
the "Start Screen" or "Modern UI." Instead of the traditional Start
Menu, this interface features tiles—colorful, dynamic squares or
rectangles that represent applications, shortcuts, and live updates from
certain apps. These tiles can display real-time information, such as the
latest news, weather, or email notifications. You can customize the
layout and size of tiles to your preference.

Features of a Taskbar:
1 3 4 5
2

The taskbar is a horizontal bar typically located at the bottom of the

screen. It serves as a central hub for accessing various functions and
applications in Windows. The taskbar contains several elements:

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1. Start Button: Located at the left end of the taskbar (except in
Windows 8 and 10 where it's more icon-like), clicking on the
Start button opens the Start Menu (or Start Screen in Windows
8/10) which provides access to applications, settings, and more.
2. Search Box: In Windows 10 and later versions, there's a search
box next to the Start button that allows you to quickly search
for files, apps, settings, and even perform web searches.
3. Task View: Also in Windows 10 and later, there's a button
called "Task View" that lets you view and manage open
windows, virtual desktops, and switch between different tasks.
4. Taskbar Icons: These icons represent applications currently
running on your computer. You can click these icons to switch
between open applications.
5. System Tray (Notification Area): Located at the right end of
the taskbar, this area displays system and application
notifications, such as Wi-Fi status, volume control, and
background processes. You can customize which icons are
shown here and their behaviour.
Parts of a Windows 11 Desktop

1
2

3
1. Is the Wallpaper or the Background Image
2. Is the Folders and Icons on the desktop
3. Is the Taskbar.

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Demonstrate how to preview thumbnails in Windows

To preview thumbnails in Windows, follow these steps:

1. Open File Explorer: Press the Win + E keys on your keyboard

or click on the File Explorer icon on your taskbar.
2. Navigate to the Folder: Use the left sidebar to navigate to the
folder that contains the images or files for which you want to
preview thumbnails.
3. Switch to Thumbnail View: In the File Explorer toolbar, click
on the "View" tab. Then, in the "Layout" group, click on the
"Medium icons" or "Large icons" button. This will switch the
view to thumbnail mode, displaying image previews for each file.
4. Adjust Thumbnail Size: If you want to adjust the size of the
thumbnails, you can use the "View" tab's "Zoom" group. Click on
the "Zoom Out" or "Zoom In" buttons to increase or decrease the
thumbnail size.
5. Preview Thumbnails: Once you're in thumbnail view, you can
see the preview of each image or file. Hover your mouse cursor
over a thumbnail to see a larger preview. You can also use the
arrow keys on your keyboard to navigate through the thumbnails.
6. Open or Access Files: To open or access a file, simply double-
click on its thumbnail. If it's an image, it will open in the default
image viewer. If it's another type of file, it will open in the
associated program.

Remember that thumbnail previews are only available for certain file
types, such as images, videos, and some document formats. If you
don't see thumbnails for a particular file type, it might be because the
associated program doesn't support thumbnail generation, or there
could be an issue with your system's thumbnail cache.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
Indicator: B7.1.1.2.2 Practise file management techniques (file & folder
management, Users & Accounts)
1. Explore different account levels for users of computer systems.
2. Explore different permission levels that are applied to files and folders.

Exemplar(s):
1. Demonstrate file management techniques by following the naming
conventions and organising files in folders and subfolders
2. Explore the types and importance of file extensions.
3. Explore different account levels for users of computer systems
4. Explore different permission levels that are applied to files and folders.

Exemplar(s):
1. Show
File the desktop,
management tiles, taskbar.
techniques by following the naming conventions and
2. Demonstrate how to preview thumbnails
organising files in folders and subfolders
3. Explore the features of the taskbar.
4. Demonstrate how to preview windows on the taskbar.
A file is a container for storing data, such as documents, images, or
programs.
A folder (also known as a directory) is a container for organizing and storing
multiple files and other folders in a hierarchical structure.
Files hold the actual content, while folders provide a way to categorize and
manage those files.

File Naming
When naming files in Windows, you should keep in mind a few rules. File
names can contain letters, numbers, spaces, and certain special characters
like hyphens and underscores. They cannot contain characters like \ / : * ? "
< > | Additionally, file names should not begin or end with a space or period,
and they shouldn't exceed 260 characters in length.

Demonstration of file management techniques using proper naming

conventions and organizing files in folders and subfolders.

Let’s consider this scenario;

Let's say we have a collection of digital photos that we want to organize.
We'll create a folder structure to store these photos, following a specific
naming convention.
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Naming Convention: We'll use the format YYYY-MM-DD_Description for
each photo, where:
• YYYY represents the year
• MM represents the month
• DD represents the day
• Description is a brief description of the photo
Steps:
1. Create Main Folder:
a. Create a new folder on your desktop or in a location of your
choice. Name it something like "MyPhotoCollection."
2. Organize by Year:
a. Inside the "MyPhotoCollection" folder, create subfolders for
each year. For example, create folders named "2023," "2022,"
"2021," and so on.
3. Organize by Month:
a. Within each year folder, create subfolders for each month. For
example, inside the "2023" folder, create folders named
"01_January," "02_February," and so on.
4. Organize Photos:
a. Open the "01_January" folder (or the appropriate month folder)
and copy or move photos taken in January 2023 to this folder.
b. Rename each photo using the naming convention: YYYY-MM-
DD_Description.jpg (e.g., "2023-01-15_BirthdayParty.jpg").
c. Continue organizing photos into their respective month folders
and renaming them accordingly.
5. Subfolders for Events:
a. Create subfolders within the month folders to further categorize
photos by events. For example, within the "01_January" folder,
create a subfolder named "NewYearsEve."
6. Organize Event Photos:
a. Open the "NewYearsEve" subfolder and copy or move photos
taken during the New Year's Eve event to this folder.
b. Rename each photo using the naming convention: YYYY-MM-
DD_Description.jpg. (e.g., "2023-01-
31_NewYearsEveFireworks.jpg").
7. Review and Repeat:
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a. Review your file structure periodically to ensure that all photos
are properly organized.
b. Continue organizing new photos by placing them in the
appropriate year and month folders, and if necessary, in event
subfolders.

Types of File Extensions

What are file extensions?
File extensions are short sequences of characters that are usually found at
the end of a filename and are separated from the rest of the filename by a
period (dot). They serve as identifiers for the type of file and help both users
and the operating system understand the format and purpose of a file.

Here are some common types of file extensions

1. Text Documents:
o .txt: Plain text file.
o .docx, .doc: Microsoft Word document.
o .pdf: Portable Document Format.
2. Spreadsheets:
o .xlsx, .xls: Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.
o .csv: Comma-Separated Values.
3. Presentations:
o .pptx, .ppt: Microsoft PowerPoint presentation.
4. Images:
o .jpg, .jpeg: JPEG image.
o .png: Portable Network Graphics image.
o .gif: Graphics Interchange Format image.
o .bmp: Bitmap image.
5. Audio:
o .mp3: MPEG Audio Layer III.
o .wav: Waveform Audio File Format.
o .flac: Free Lossless Audio Codec.
6. Video:
o .mp4: MPEG-4 video.
o .avi: Audio Video Interleave.
o .mkv: Matroska Video.

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7. Executable Programs:
o .exe: Executable program.
o .dll: Dynamic Link Library.
8. Archives and Compression:
o .zip: Compressed archive.
o .rar: RAR archive.
9. Web and Markup:
o .html, .htm: Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) file.
o .css: Cascading Style Sheet.
o .js: JavaScript file.
10. Database:
o .mdb: Microsoft Access database.
o .sqlite: SQLite database.
o .db: Generic database file.
11. Fonts:
o .ttf: TrueType Font.
o .otf: OpenType Font.
12. Documents and Ebooks:
o .pdf: Portable Document Format (also mentioned earlier).
o .epub: Electronic Publication format.
o .docx, .doc: Microsoft Word document (also mentioned
earlier).
13. Compressed Files and Archives:
o .zip: Compressed archive (also mentioned earlier).
o .7z: 7-Zip compressed archive.
o .tar: Tape Archive.
14. Data and Configuration Files:
o .json: JavaScript Object Notation.
o .xml: Extensible Markup Language.
o .yaml, .yml: YAML Ain't Markup Language.
15. CAD and Design Files:
o .dwg: AutoCAD drawing.
o .psd: Adobe Photoshop document.
16. Backup and Disk Image:
o .bak: Backup file.
o .iso: Disk image file.
17. System and Configuration Files:
o .ini: Initialization file.

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o .cfg: Configuration file.
18. Markup and Coding Files:
o .html, .htm: Hypertext Markup Language (also mentioned
earlier).
o .css: Cascading Style Sheet (also mentioned earlier).
o .js: JavaScript file (also mentioned earlier).

Importance Of File Extensions

1. File Identification: File extensions serve as a quick and reliable way

to identify the type of file and its associated format. They help users
and software applications recognize the nature of a file without
needing to open it.
2. Choosing the Right Software: Different types of files require
specific software to open and view/edit them. File extensions help
users select the appropriate software for working with a particular
file, ensuring compatibility and preventing errors.
3. Data Integrity: Knowing the file extension helps prevent data
corruption or misinterpretation. Opening a file with the wrong
software or format can lead to data loss or altered content.
4. System Functionality: Operating systems and software rely on file
extensions to determine how to handle files. For example, a
multimedia player uses the file extension to determine which codec
to use for playback.
5. Security: Malicious files often use deceptive file extensions to trick
users into opening them. Recognizing legitimate file extensions can
help users avoid potentially harmful files.
6. Searching and Organization: File extensions play a role in file
organization and searching. Users can sort, filter, and search for
specific file types based on their extensions.
7. Sharing and Interoperability: When sharing files with others, the
recipient's system needs to know how to interpret the file. Accurate
file extensions ensure that recipients can open and work with the files
correctly.
8. Metadata and Indexing: File extensions can be used to convey
additional metadata information about the file, such as its purpose,
source, and author. Some applications and systems use this metadata
for indexing and categorization.

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9. Multimedia Content: In the case of multimedia files, different
extensions often indicate various audio, video, or image formats,
each with specific properties and characteristics.
10. Web Content: File extensions are essential for web content,
determining how browsers and servers handle files. For instance, a
.html extension indicates a web page that should be rendered in a
browser.

Explore different account levels for users of computer systems.

(Windows)

In Windows operating systems, there are different account levels that

determine the level of access and control a user has over the system. These
account levels help maintain security, privacy, and proper system
management. Here are the main types of user account levels in Windows:

1. Administrator Account:
o An administrator account has full control over the system and
can make changes to settings, install software, manage other
user accounts, and perform system maintenance.
o Administrators can create, modify, and delete user accounts,
change system settings, and access all files and folders on the
computer.
o It's important to use administrator accounts responsibly to
avoid unintended changes or security risks.
2. Standard User Account:
o A standard user account is more restricted than an
administrator account.
o Standard users can run installed applications and use the
computer normally, but they cannot make system-wide
changes or install software that affects the entire system.
o This account type helps prevent unauthorized or accidental
changes that could impact system stability or security
3. Guest Account:
o The guest account is a limited account designed for
temporary or occasional use by someone who doesn't have a
user account on the computer.

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o Guests can use the computer and access basic applications,
but they can't install software or make significant changes.
o The guest account is often disabled by default due to security
concerns.
4. Built-in Administrator Account:
o The built-in Administrator account is a hidden account that
exists on every Windows system.
o It has even higher privileges than a standard administrator
account and is often disabled by default for security reasons.
o This account is typically used only for system maintenance
and troubleshooting and should not be used for regular tasks.
5. Microsoft Account:
o A Microsoft account is an online account provided by
Microsoft that is linked to an email address.
o It can be used to log in to a Windows computer and provides
access to various Microsoft services such as OneDrive and
the Microsoft Store.
o Microsoft accounts can have either administrator or standard
user privileges, depending on how they are configured.
6. Local Account:
o A local account is specific to a single computer and is not
associated with an online service provider like Microsoft.
o Local accounts can have administrator or standard user
privileges and are useful for systems that are not connected
to the internet or for users who prefer not to use a Microsoft
account.

Different permission levels that are applied to files and folders

In Windows operating systems, different permission levels are applied to

files and folders to control access and determine what actions users and
groups can perform on them. These permission levels help maintain security,
privacy, and proper data management. Here are the main types of permission
levels that can be applied to files and folders:

1. Full Control:
o Users or groups with Full Control permission have complete
control over the file or folder.

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o They can view, modify, delete, change permissions, and take
ownership of the file or folder.
2. Modify:
o Users or groups with Modify permission can view and
modify the content of the file or folder.
o They can create, edit, and delete files and subfolders within
the folder.
3. Read & Execute:
o Users or groups with Read & Execute permission can view
the content of the file or folder and execute (run) applications.
o This permission level is often used for shared folders where
users need to access files but not modify them.
4. List Folder Contents:
o Users or groups with List Folder Contents permission can
view the names of files and subfolders within a folder.
o This permission is necessary to see the contents of a folder,
but it doesn't grant access to the actual files.
5. Read:
o Users or groups with Read permission can only view the
content of the file or folder.
o They cannot modify or delete files or folders.
6. Write:
o Users or groups with Write permission can create new files
and modify the content of existing files, but they cannot
delete files or folders.
7. Special Permissions:
o Special Permissions allow for fine-grained control over
specific actions on files and folders.
o They include permissions such as changing attributes,
deleting subfolders and files, taking ownership, and more.

It's important to note that these permission levels can be applied to both files
and folders. Additionally, permissions can be assigned to individual users,
groups, or special system accounts. When multiple permissions are assigned
to a user or group, the most restrictive permission takes precedence.

Permissions can be managed through the Security tab of a file or folder's

Properties window. Here's how you can access and modify permissions:

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1. Right-click on the file or folder and select "Properties."
2. Navigate to the "Security" tab.
3. Click on "Edit" to modify permissions.
4. Select a user or group, then check or uncheck the desired permission
levels.
5. Click "Apply" and then "OK" to save the changes.

It's important to carefully manage permissions to ensure that only authorized

users have access to sensitive files and folders. Incorrectly configured
permissions can lead to security vulnerabilities and unauthorized access to
data.

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STRAND 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

SUB-STRAND 2: TECHNOLOGY IN THE COMMUNITY

CONTENT STANDARD:
B7.1.2.1. DEMONSTRATE THE USE OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE COMMUNITY.

INDICATOR: B7.1.2.1.1. Describe and give examples of at least five

technology tools for learning in each subject (e.g. Spreadsheets,
Virtual Museum, Scrabble, Presentation, Scratch, etc.)
Exemplar(s):
1. Explore the various technology tools that can be used for
learning.
NB: Exploration can be done through learners surfing the internet
or the teacher guiding them to brainstorm the ICT tools.

TECHNOLOGY TOOLS FOR LEARNING.

Using technology tools for learning has become increasingly important in
today's digital age. These tools encompass a wide range of software and
hardware that can enhance the learning experience in various ways.
Embracing these tools can enhance the effectiveness and accessibility of
education for learners of all ages and backgrounds.

Using technology tools for learning ensures the following;

1. Access to Information: Technology tools provide easy access to vast

amounts of information through the internet, making it possible to
learn about virtually any topic from anywhere in the world.
2. Interactive Learning: Many tools offer interactive features, such as
videos, quizzes, and simulations, which engage learners and promote
active participation in the learning process.
3. Personalization: Technology allows for personalized learning
experiences, adapting content and pace to individual needs and
preferences, which can improve comprehension and retention.

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4. Collaboration: Online collaboration tools enable students to work
together on projects, share ideas, and receive feedback from peers
and instructors, fostering teamwork and communication skills.
5. Flexibility: Learning can take place at any time and location,
accommodating different schedules and lifestyles, which is
particularly beneficial for adult learners or those with busy lives.
6. Assessment and Feedback: Technology tools often include
automated assessment features that provide instant feedback on
performance, helping learners identify areas for improvement.
7. Multimedia Learning: The integration of multimedia elements like
videos, images, and audio can make complex concepts easier to
understand and remember.
8. Adaptive Learning: Some tools use artificial intelligence to adapt the
content to a learner's skill level, ensuring that the material remains
challenging but not overwhelming.
9. Cost-Efficiency: Online resources can be more cost-effective than
traditional textbooks and materials, making education more
accessible to a wider audience.
10. Stay Updated: Technology tools enable learners to stay current with
the latest developments in their field through online courses,
webinars, and digital publications.

Describe and give examples of at least five technology tools for

learning in each subject (e.g. Spreadsheets, Virtual Museum,
Scrabble, Presentation, Scratch)

Mathematics:
a. Spreadsheets (Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets): Used for data
analysis, graphing, and solving mathematical problems.
b. Desmos: An online graphing calculator and math tool for visualizing
functions and equations.
c. GeoGebra: Provides interactive tools for geometry, algebra,
calculus, and graphing.
d. Wolfram Alpha: A computational engine for solving equations,
performing calculations, and generating graphs.
e. Mathway: An app that solves math problems and provides step-by-
step explanations across various math topics.

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f. Photomath: An app that uses camera-based technology to solve math
problems and provide step-by-step explanations.

History and Social Studies:

a. Virtual Museum Tours (Google Arts & Culture): Offers virtual
tours of museums, historical sites, and artworks.
b. Timeline Tools (TimelineJS, Sutori): Used to create interactive
timelines to visualize historical events.
c. Google Earth: Allows exploration of historical maps, places, and
geographical changes over time.
d. iCivics: Provides educational games and resources for teaching
civics and government concepts.
e. National Geographic MapMaker Interactive: Allows students to
create custom maps with various layers of information.

Language Arts:
a. Scrabble: An online word game that enhances vocabulary and
language skills.
b. Book Creator: Enables students to create and publish their own
digital books, fostering creative writing.
c. Grammarly: A writing assistant tool that helps improve grammar,
spelling, and writing style.
d. Wordle: A word puzzle game that encourages word recognition
and spelling practice.
e. Vocabulary.com: Offers interactive vocabulary-building
exercises and quizzes.

Science:
a. Virtual Labs (Labster, PhET Interactive Simulations): Provides
virtual science labs for learning physics, chemistry, biology, and
more.
b. Anatomy Apps (Complete Anatomy, Visible Body): Offers
interactive 3D models and animations for learning human
anatomy.
c. NASA's Eyes on the Solar System: Allows exploration of space
missions and celestial bodies in real time.
d. ChemCollective: Offers virtual chemistry labs and simulations
for understanding chemical reactions.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
e. ExploreLearning Gizmos: Provides interactive math and science
simulations for understanding concepts.

Computing:
a. Scratch: A visual programming language that introduces coding
concepts through interactive projects.
b. Codecademy: Offers interactive coding lessons in various
programming languages.
c. Tinkercad: Enables students to create 3D designs and learn about
computer-aided design (CAD).
d. App Inventor: Allows students to create their own mobile apps
using a visual programming interface.
e. Blockly: A visual programming tool suitable for beginners,
helping them learn coding logic.

Remember, technology tools can be versatile and can often span multiple
subjects. For instance, tools like Google Earth or Google Arts & Culture can
be used for both history/social studies and geography/art exploration.
Similarly, virtual labs and simulations can be used across various science
subjects.

INDICATOR: B7.1.2.1.2. Demonstrate the use of at least three

technology tools identified in B7.1.2.1.1.

Exemplar(s):
1. Demonstrate the use of a technology tool in groups and present
to the whole class how that tool works.

We will be demonstrating the use of three technology tools: Desmos

for mathematics, Google Arts & Culture for history and social
studies, and Scratch for computing.

1. Desmos (Mathematics): Desmos is a powerful online graphing

calculator that can help visualize mathematical concepts. Let's say we
want to graph a quadratic function, such as 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
1. Go to the Desmos website (https://www.desmos.com/calculator)
2. In the input bar, type "y = x^2 + 2x - 3" and press Enter.
3. You'll see the graph of the quadratic function, and you can interact
with it by zooming, panning, and exploring different features.

2. Google Arts & Culture (History and Social Studies): Google Arts
& Culture offers virtual museum tours and historical insights. Let's
explore a virtual museum exhibit on ancient Egypt.
1. Go to the Google Arts & Culture website
(https://artsandculture.google.com/).
2. Search for "Ancient Egypt" in the search bar.
3. Explore various exhibits, virtual tours, and artifacts related to
ancient Egyptian history and culture.

3. Scratch (Computer Science): Scratch is a visual programming

language that's great for beginners to learn coding concepts. Let's
create a simple animation in Scratch.
1. Go to the Scratch website (https://scratch.mit.edu/).
2. Click "Create" to start a new project.
3. Drag and drop code blocks to create scripts. For example, to
animate a character:
o Drag an "Events" block and attach it to the "when green
flag clicked" block.
o Drag a "Motion" block to move the character.
o Drag a "Looks" block to change the character's costume.
4. Click the green flag to run your animation.

Remember that these demonstrations are just basic introductions to

these tools. They can be used for much more complex and engaging
projects based on your learning goals and creativity. Each of these
tools has extensive tutorials and resources available to help you dive
deeper into their capabilities

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
INDICATOR: B7.1.2.1.3. Discuss the benefits of using technology
tools in learning.

Exemplar(s):
1. Discuss in pairs the benefits of using technology tools in learning
(e.g. using spreadsheet to draw graphs).

DISCUSS THE BENEFITS OF USING TECHNOLOGY TOOLS

Using technology tools in education offers numerous benefits that
enhance the learning experience for students, educators, and
institutions alike. Here are some of the key advantages:

1. Engagement and Motivation:

a. Interactive and multimedia elements in technology tools capture
students' attention and make learning more engaging.
b. Gamification features, such as quizzes, challenges, and rewards,
motivate students to actively participate in their learning.
2. Personalized Learning:
a. Adaptive learning platforms tailor content and activities based on
individual students' strengths, weaknesses, and learning styles.
b. Students can progress at their own pace, which helps them grasp
concepts fully before moving forward.
3. Accessibility and Inclusivity:
a. Technology tools can provide accessible learning materials for
students with disabilities, ensuring equal educational opportunities.
b. Closed captioning, text-to-speech, and other features aid learners
with different needs.
4. Flexibility and Convenience:
a. Online tools and resources enable flexible learning schedules,
allowing students to learn at their preferred times and locations.
b. Remote learning becomes possible, making education accessible
during unforeseen circumstances like pandemics.
5. Rich Learning Resources:
a. Technology provides access to a vast array of digital resources,
including videos, simulations, ebooks, and interactive modules.
b. These resources complement traditional learning materials and cater
to various learning styles.
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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
6. Collaboration and Communication:
a. Virtual classrooms, discussion boards, and video conferencing tools
facilitate collaboration among students and teachers.
b. Online communication platforms promote interaction and
engagement, even in distance learning settings.
7. Real-world Application:
a. Technology tools can simulate real-world scenarios, making it
easier for students to grasp complex concepts in subjects like
science and engineering.
b. Coding and programming tools prepare students for the demands of
the digital age.
8. Immediate Feedback:
a. Technology tools often provide instant feedback on assignments and
assessments, helping students identify and correct mistakes
promptly.
b. This feedback loop accelerates the learning process and improves
retention.
9. Data-driven Insights:
a. Educational software generates data on student performance,
enabling educators to identify trends, adapt teaching strategies, and
provide targeted support.
b. Institutions can use data to make informed decisions about
curriculum and resource allocation.
10. Lifelong Learning:
a. Technology tools encourage self-directed learning and the
development of digital literacy skills, which are valuable in both
education and future careers.
b. Individuals can continue learning beyond formal education through
online courses and resources.

While technology tools offer these benefits, it's important to remember

that effective integration requires thoughtful planning and pedagogical
considerations. A balance between technology and traditional methods
ensures a well-rounded and enriching learning experience.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
INDICATOR: B7.1.2.1.4. Examine the negative impact of computers
and computer use on the environment
Exemplar(s):
Observe people who use and work with computers in the
community.
2. Visit websites or watch videos/pictures of how computers,
including other electronic components, are disposed of.
Discuss the impact of computers and computer use on the
environment.

NEGATIVE IMPACT OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER USE ON THE

ENVIRONMENT.
Computers are everywhere today, and they've changed the way we live and
work. They help us with things like talking to our friends, watching movies,
running businesses, and doing important scientific work. But, there's a
problem. Using computers a lot can harm our environment. In this lesson,
we'll look at how computers can hurt the environment by making too much
electronic trash, using too much energy, and using up important natural stuff.
It's essential to know about these problems because we need to find a way
for technology and our planet to get along nicely.
1. Energy Use: Computers need a lot of electricity to work. When we use
them for a long time, they use up a lot of energy. Most of this energy
comes from power plants that burn fossil fuels like coal and gas. These
fuels release pollution and greenhouse gases into the air, which can harm
our planet and cause climate change.

2. E-Waste (Electronic Waste): Computers don't last forever, and when they
break or become outdated, people often throw them away. These old
computers end up as electronic waste, or e-waste. E-waste contains
harmful chemicals that can leak into the soil and water, hurting the
environment and the creatures that live in it.

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3. Mining for Materials: Making computers requires a lot of raw materials
like metals and minerals. Sometimes, these materials are mined in ways
that damage the environment and harm wildlife. Plus, getting these
materials out of the ground can be dangerous for the people who do the
mining.

4. Heat Generation: Computers can get hot when they run for a long time.
Cooling them down uses even more energy, and the heat they produce
can also warm up the room, making air conditioners work harder and use
more energy too.
Pictures of Electronic Waste Disposal Site in Ghana. (Agbogbloshie)

Picture of people burning wires to get

copper.

Picture of people sorting E-Waste

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
INDICATOR: B7.1.2.1.5. Propose environmentally responsible
practices that can be used to reduce the negative impact of
computers and computer use on the environment

Exemplar(s): Discuss how the negative effects identified can be

reduced. Evaluate environmentally responsible practices.

Environmentally responsible practices that can be used to reduce

the negative impact of computers and computer use on the
environment.

Managing e-waste effectively is very important to prevent

environmental contamination and promote responsible disposal. Here
are measures that can be proposed to manage e-waste in a specific
environment, such as a community or a workplace:

1. Public Awareness and Education:

• Conduct awareness campaigns to educate residents or
employees about the hazards of improper e-waste disposal and
the benefits of responsible recycling.
• Provide information on local e-waste recycling centers and
drop-off points.
2. Collection and Segregation:
• Set up designated e-waste collection points within the
community or workplace, making it convenient for people to
dispose of their electronic devices properly.
• Provide separate bins for different types of electronics to
facilitate proper sorting.
3. Establish E-waste Collection Centers:
• Collaborate with local authorities, recycling companies, or
NGOs to establish collection centers for e-waste.
• Ensure these centers have proper infrastructure and trained staff
to handle e-waste safely.
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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
4. Promote Reuse and Repair:
• Encourage residents or employees to consider repairing or
refurbishing their electronic devices before replacing them.
• Organize repair workshops or partner with local repair shops to
extend the lifespan of devices.
5. Organize E-waste Drives:
• Regularly host e-waste collection drives where residents or
employees can bring their old electronics for responsible
disposal.
• Publicize these events to maximize participation.
6. Collaboration with Manufacturers:
• Partner with electronics manufacturers to establish take-back
programs, where they collect and properly dispose of their
products at the end of their life cycle.
• Encourage manufacturers to design products with easy
disassembly for recycling.
7. Local Recycling Partnerships:
• Collaborate with certified e-waste recycling companies to
ensure that collected electronics are properly processed and
recycled.
• Verify that the recycling partners follow environmentally
friendly practices.
9. Tracking and Reporting:
• Keep track of the amount of e-waste collected and properly
disposed of over time.
• Share this information with the community or workplace to
showcase the positive impact of responsible e-waste
management.
10. Policy and Regulation Advocacy:
• Advocate for local policies that mandate proper e-waste
disposal and recycling practices.
• Engage with local authorities to ensure that e-waste
management is integrated into waste management regulations.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
STRAND 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING
SUB-STRAND 3: HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE USE OF ICT TOOLS

CONTENT STANDARD: B7.1.3.1. DEMONSTRATE HOW TO APPLY HEALTH

AND SAFETY MEASURES IN USING ICT TOOLS.

INDICATOR: B7.1.3.1.1 Describe health measures and current

regulatory requirements and potential computing-related disorders
Exemplar(s): Watch videos on the health hazards of prolonged use
of computing devices or show pictures of bad body postures and
other hazards in using computing devices e.g. hearing impairment
from loud Public Address (PA) Systems, vision impairment from
the monitor, repetitive strain injury, Carpal tunnel syndrome,
computer vision syndrome, etc.
2. Identify the health hazards associated with each device.
3. Provide preventive measures regarding the stated health and
safety risks.

HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES IN USING ICT TOOLS

Health and safety in using Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) tools is crucial to protect individuals from potential
physical and mental health risks associated with their use. Whether
you're using computers, smartphones, tablets, or other ICT devices,
you are at risk if you misuse or use any of these devices over a long
period of time.
For your well-being there are some important considerations for
maintaining a safe and healthy environment when using ICT tools.
Here are some of the common health hazards:

1. Eye Strain and Vision Impairment: Spending a lot of time staring at

screens can make your eyes tired and uncomfortable, leading to

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
computer vision syndrome. It might make your eyes feel dry, red, or
blurry, and sometimes it can even give you headaches. Staring at a
computer monitor for too long can also harm your vision over time.
2. Hand and Arm Pain: If you're on the computer a lot and type or use a
mouse a ton, your hands, wrists, and arms can start to hurt. This is
called repetitive strain injury (RSI). It's like when you do the same
movement over and over, like writing a lot, and your hand gets sore. In
some cases, it can even lead to a condition called carpal tunnel
syndrome, which can make your hand and wrist feel numb and tingly.
3. Neck and Back Pain: Sitting in a bad position while using your
devices can lead to pain in your neck and back. Imagine if you slouch
or hunch over your phone or computer for a long time; that's what
causes it.
4. Hearing Impairment: When you're exposed to very loud sounds, like
from loud Public Address (PA) Systems, it can harm your hearing. It's
like going to a super loud concert without ear protection. Over time,
this can lead to hearing problems, and you might have trouble hearing
things properly.
5. Being Too Inactive: If you spend too much time on devices without
moving around, it can make you less active. This can lead to problems
like gaining too much weight and having trouble with your heart and
muscles.
6. Sleep Problems: If you use screens a lot, especially at night, it can
mess with your sleep because your body gets confused about when it
should be awake and when it should be asleep.
7. Digital Addiction: Sometimes, we can get so into using our devices
that it's hard to stop. This can make you feel anxious or sad, and it might
even make it harder to spend time with friends and family in person.
8. Stress and Burnout: Always feeling like you have to be connected and
available can be really stressful. It can make you feel like you're always
"on," and that's not good for your mental health.
9. Radiation Worries: Some people worry about the energy that devices
give off, but it's usually not a big problem. Still, it's good to be careful
and not use devices too close to your body for too long.
10. Privacy and Security: Using devices a lot can sometimes put your
personal information at risk, and that can be stressful too. It's important
to be careful about what you share online.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
To stay healthy while using devices, remember to take breaks, sit up straight,
and give your eyes a rest every once in a while, (the 20-20-20 rule). Also,
try not to use devices too much before bedtime. And don't forget to balance
your screen time with physical activities and hanging out with friends and
family in person.
HEALTH HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH SOME ICT TOOLS

1. Monitors:
Eye Strain: Prolonged use of monitors can lead to eye strain,
which may cause symptoms like dry eyes, redness, blurred
vision, and headaches.
Blue Light Exposure: Monitors emit blue light, which can
disrupt sleep patterns if used excessively, especially before
bedtime.
2. Smartphones:
Eye Strain and Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS): Excessive
smartphone use can lead to eye strain, dry eyes, and CVS
symptoms, including blurred vision and headaches.
Text Neck: Holding smartphones at awkward angles can cause
neck and shoulder pain.
Digital Addiction: Overuse of smartphones can contribute to
addiction-like behaviors, impacting mental health and reducing
social interactions.
3. Speakers:
Hearing Damage: Listening to loud music through speakers at
high volumes for extended periods can lead to hearing
impairment or damage.
4. Earbuds and Headphones:
Hearing Damage: Listening to audio at high volumes through
earbuds or headphones can lead to hearing loss or damage.
Ear Infections: Extended use of earbuds or headphones may
increase the risk of ear infections if they are not kept clean.
5. Desktop Computers:
Musculoskeletal Problems: Poor ergonomic setup can lead to
repetitive strain injuries (RSI), causing discomfort and pain in
the hands, wrists, arms, neck, and back.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
Sedentary Lifestyle: Extended desktop computer use can
contribute to a sedentary lifestyle, increasing the risk of obesity
and cardiovascular issues.
6. Laptop Computers:
Poor Ergonomics: Laptops are not ergonomically designed for
long-term use, potentially leading to RSI and posture-related
problems.
Overheating: Laptops can become hot during prolonged use and
may cause discomfort or skin irritation if used directly on the lap.
7. Public Address (PA) Systems:
Hearing Damage: Exposure to loud PA systems without hearing
protection can lead to hearing impairment or damage, especially
for those close to the speakers.
Stress and Anxiety: Sudden loud noises from PA systems can
be stressful or anxiety-inducing.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES REGARDING THE STATED HEALTH AND SAFETY

RISKS
Monitors:
1. Ergonomics: Adjust your monitor's height and angle to ensure your
eyes are level with the top of the screen and the screen is at eye level.
This can reduce eye strain and neck discomfort.
2. Blue Light Filters: Use blue light filter software or glasses to reduce
the amount of blue light emitted by your monitor, especially when
working at night.
3. 20-20-20 Rule: Follow the 20-20-20 rule - every 20 minutes, take a
20-second break, and look at something 20 feet away to reduce eye
strain.
Smartphones:
1. Limit Screen Time: Set daily limits for smartphone use, especially
for non-essential activities. Use apps that track screen time if needed.
2. Eye Care: Adjust the screen brightness and font size to make it
comfortable for your eyes. Reduce screen time before bedtime to
improve sleep quality.
3. Good Posture: Hold your smartphone at eye level to reduce neck
and shoulder strain. Avoid prolonged periods of looking down at
your device.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
4. Digital Detox: Take regular breaks from your smartphone to engage
in physical activities, social interactions, or hobbies.
Speakers:
1. Volume Control: Keep the volume at a moderate level when using
speakers. Avoid blasting loud music for extended periods.
2. Hearing Protection: Use earplugs or noise-canceling headphones
when exposed to loud music or sounds from speakers for an extended
time.
Earbuds and Headphones:
1. Volume Control: Follow the "60/60" rule: listen at no more than
60% of the maximum volume for no more than 60 minutes at a time.
2. Noise Isolation: Use noise-isolating or noise-canceling headphones
to block out external noise, reducing the need for high volumes.
3. Cleanliness: Regularly clean earbuds and headphone cushions to
prevent ear infections. Avoid sharing earbuds.
Desktop Computers:
1. Ergonomics: Set up your desktop workstation ergonomically by
adjusting chair height, monitor position, and keyboard placement to
reduce the risk of RSI and musculoskeletal problems.
2. Regular Breaks: Take short breaks every hour to stretch and move
around to combat a sedentary lifestyle.
Laptop Computers:
1. External Accessories: Use external keyboards, mice, and laptop
stands to create a more ergonomic setup when using a laptop for
extended periods.
2. Lap Pads: If using a laptop on your lap, use a lap pad to reduce heat
and discomfort.
Public Address (PA) Systems:
1. Hearing Protection: When attending events with loud PA systems
or being close to speakers, use earplugs or noise-canceling
headphones to protect your hearing.
2. Stay at a Safe Distance: Keep a safe distance from the loudspeakers
at events to reduce the risk of hearing damage.
3. Awareness: Be aware of your surroundings and take action to move
away from excessively loud sounds if you find them uncomfortable.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
INDICATOR: B7.1.3.1.2 Describe Safety measures in using ICT
tools.
Exemplar(s):
1. Discuss the danger of spilling liquids on a computer device or
on the electronic circuit.
2. Discuss tripping over power cables and touching the negative
and positive terminals of electrical wires.

SAFETY MEASURES IN USING ICT TOOLS

When using ICT (Information and Communication Technology) tools and
devices, it's essential to prioritize safety to prevent accidents and ensure the
longevity of your equipment. Here are some safety measures:
Surge Protection: Use surge protectors or uninterruptible power
supplies (UPS) to safeguard devices from power surges and voltage
fluctuations.
Proper Ventilation: Ensure that ICT equipment, especially
computers and servers, have proper ventilation to prevent
overheating. Avoid blocking vents and keep devices in well-
ventilated areas.
Regular Maintenance: Schedule routine maintenance for your
devices to keep them in good working condition. Clean dust and
debris from equipment to prevent overheating.
Secure Cables: Arrange cables neatly to prevent tripping hazards
and reduce wear and tear. Cable management tools like cable clips
and organizers can help.
Backup Data: Regularly back up your data to prevent loss in case
of equipment failure or accidents.
Fire Safety: Place ICT equipment away from flammable materials,
and ensure smoke detectors and fire extinguishers are accessible.
Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS): Use UPS systems to provide
temporary power during outages, allowing you to safely shut down
equipment and prevent data loss.
Ergonomics: Set up workstations ergonomically to reduce the risk
of musculoskeletal problems, such as RSI (Repetitive Strain Injury).

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Security: Use strong, unique passwords and security measures to
protect sensitive data from unauthorized access.
Safety Labels: Follow manufacturer instructions and adhere to
safety labels on equipment for proper use and maintenance.
First Aid Kit: Maintain a basic first aid kit in the vicinity of ICT
equipment for minor injuries.

Danger of Spilling Liquids on Computer Devices or Electronic Circuits:

Spilling liquids on computer devices or electronic circuits can have severe

consequences, including damage to the equipment and potential safety
hazards:
Equipment Damage: Liquids can cause short circuits and damage
to electronic components, leading to equipment malfunction or
complete failure.
Data Loss: Liquid damage can result in data loss, which can be
costly and challenging to recover.
Fire Hazard: If the liquid is conductive, it can create a short circuit,
potentially leading to overheating and a fire hazard.
Electrical Shock: Wet electronic devices can pose an electrical
shock risk if touched during or after exposure to liquids.
To prevent these dangers, it's crucial to:
Keep liquids away from electronic devices and workspaces.
Use spill-resistant keyboards and protective covers where
appropriate.
Place devices on raised surfaces or use waterproof mats to protect
against spills.
Power off and disconnect electronic devices immediately if they
come into contact with liquids.

Tripping Over Power Cables and Touching Electrical Wires:

Tripping over power cables and touching electrical wires can lead to
accidents and electrical hazards:
Tripping Hazard: Loose or improperly managed power cables can
create tripping hazards, resulting in falls and injuries.

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Electrical Shock: Touching exposed electrical wires or terminals
can lead to electrical shocks, which can be severe or even fatal.
To mitigate these dangers:
Cable Management: Secure and manage power cables and cords
properly to prevent tripping hazards. Use cable organizers and
covers as needed.
Electrical Safety: Do not touch exposed electrical wires or
terminals. If you're not trained in electrical work, avoid attempting
to handle or fix electrical issues yourself. Contact a qualified
electrician for repairs or installations.
Safety Awareness: Educate yourself and others about the dangers
of exposed wires and tripping hazards, especially in areas with
heavy foot traffic.
Prioritizing safety in your ICT environment helps prevent accidents,
equipment damage, and electrical hazards, ensuring a secure and productive
working or living space.

INDICATOR: B7.1.3.1.4 Explore safety measures at workstations

Exemplar(s):
Identify measures that will help to eliminate workstation hazards
and where they cannot be eliminated, discuss how to minimise the
risk. (e.g. evaluating display screen, adjusting the chair for
comfort, avoiding potential slips and falls, re- positioning of
devices, etc.)

Creating a safe and ergonomic workstation is essential to minimize the risk

of workplace hazards and ensure the well-being and productivity of
employees or users. Here are several safety measures and strategies to
eliminate or minimize workstation hazards:

1. Ergonomic Workstation Setup:

o Risk: Musculoskeletal problems and discomfort.
o Measures:
▪ Evaluate and adjust the height and angle of the monitor
to ensure it is at eye level.

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▪ Position the keyboard and mouse so that wrists are in a
neutral, straight position.
▪ Use an ergonomic chair with proper lumbar support and
adjust it to a comfortable height.
▪ Ensure that the chair allows feet to rest flat on the floor
or on a footrest.
▪ Use an adjustable desk or keyboard tray to maintain a
proper height for typing.
2. Display Screen Evaluation:
o Risk: Eye strain, discomfort, and visual problems.
o Measures:
▪ Adjust screen brightness and contrast for optimal viewing
comfort.
▪ Ensure the monitor is clean and free of smudges or glare.
▪ Use an anti-glare screen or screen filter if needed.
▪ Position the monitor to minimize reflections and glare
from windows or lighting.
3. Cable Management:
o Risk: Tripping hazards and clutter.
o Measures:
▪ Secure cables and cords with cable clips, organizers, or
sleeves to prevent tripping.
▪ Keep cables organized and labeled for easy identification.
▪ Route cables away from walkways and areas prone to
foot traffic.
4. Proper Lighting:
o Risk: Inadequate or harsh lighting causing eye strain and
discomfort.
o Measures:
▪ Use task lighting to supplement ambient lighting for even
illumination.
▪ Position the light source to reduce shadows on the screen
and workspace.
▪ Choose lighting with adjustable brightness levels.
5. Chair Comfort and Posture:
o Risk: Poor posture leading to discomfort and musculoskeletal
issues.
o Measures:

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▪ Encourage users to sit back in the chair with their back
and buttocks against the backrest.
▪ Maintain a neutral and relaxed posture with arms and feet
supported.
▪ Use cushions or lumbar supports if needed to maintain
proper alignment.
6. Slips and Falls Prevention:
o Risk: Potential slips, trips, and falls around the workstation.
o Measures:
▪ Keep the workstation area clean and free of clutter.
▪ Use anti-slip mats or rugs to prevent slipping on smooth
floors.
▪ Ensure that power cables and cords are not obstructing
walkways.
7. Regular Breaks and Stretching:
o Risk: Prolonged sitting and static posture.
o Measures:
▪ Encourage regular breaks to stand, stretch, and move
around.
▪ Promote exercises and stretches to relieve muscle tension
and improve circulation.
8. Training and Awareness:
o Risk: Lack of knowledge about workstation ergonomics and
safety.
o Measures:
▪ Provide training and awareness programs to educate
employees or users about proper workstation setup and
safe practices.
▪ Encourage reporting of discomfort or ergonomic
concerns.
9. Equipment Maintenance:
o Risk: Malfunctioning equipment.
o Measures:
▪ Conduct regular maintenance and inspections of
equipment, including chairs, monitors, and peripherals.
▪ Promptly repair or replace faulty equipment to prevent
accidents.

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STRAND 2: PRODUCTIVITY SOFTWARE
SUB-STRAND 1: INTRODUCTION TO WORD PROCESSING

CONTENT STANDARD: B7.2.1.1 DEMONSTRATE HOW TO USE MICROSOFT

WORD (EDITING)

INDICATOR: B7.2.1.1.1. Explain the importance of word

processing software
Exemplar(s):
1. Discuss the meaning of word processors.
2. Brainstorm to elicit the importance of word processors
3. Brainstorm to elicit examples of some common word processing
software packages (e.g. MS-Word, Corel WordPerfect, AbiWord,
Google Docs, LibreOffice Writer, Notepad, WordPad, etc.)

WORD PROCESSING
A word processor is a software application or program designed for
creating, editing, formatting, and printing documents. It is a
fundamental tool for tasks such as writing letters, reports, essays, and
more. Here are some key features and functions of a word processor:
1. Text Editing: Word processors allow users to enter and
manipulate text. You can type, delete, copy, and paste text easily.
2. Formatting: Word processors offer various formatting options to
style your text. This includes changing fonts, text sizes, colors,
alignment, and applying styles like bold, italics, or underline.
3. Document Templates: Many word processors come with pre-
designed templates for different types of documents (e.g.,
resumes, newsletters, and flyers) to help users start with a
professionally formatted layout.

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4. Spell Check and Grammar Check: They have built-in spelling
and grammar checking tools to help users identify and correct
errors in their text.
5. Document Saving: Word processors allow you to save your
documents on a computer or in the cloud, making it easy to
retrieve and edit them later.
6. Inserting Images and Objects: You can embed images, tables,
charts, and other objects into your documents.
7. Page Layout: Word processors enable users to set page margins,
page size, and control the overall layout of the document.
8. Headers and Footers: You can add headers and footers to
include information like page numbers, document titles, or dates
on each page.
9. Tables of Contents: For longer documents, word processors can
generate automatic tables of contents based on headings and
subheadings.
10. Collaboration: Some word processors support real-time
collaboration, allowing multiple users to edit a document
simultaneously.

IMPORTANCE OF WORD PROCESSORS

Word processors are highly important for various reasons, both in
personal and professional contexts. Here are some of the key reasons
why word processors hold such significance:
1. Efficient Document Creation: Word processors streamline the
process of creating documents, making it quick and efficient to
produce text-based content. This is crucial for tasks like writing
reports, essays, letters, or any written communication.
2. Text Formatting: They enable users to format text easily,
ensuring that documents are visually appealing and well-
organized. This is especially important for professional
documents like resumes, business proposals, and academic
papers.
3. Editing and Revising: Word processors come equipped with
tools for spell checking, grammar checking, and tracking

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changes, making it simpler to review and revise documents,
reducing errors and improving quality.
4. Templates: Many word processors offer templates for various
document types, saving users time and effort in creating
documents from scratch. Templates ensure consistency and
professionalism in document design.
5. Digital Storage: Word processors allow for easy storage and
retrieval of documents on computers or in the cloud,
eliminating the need for physical paper copies and making it
simple to access past work.
6. Collaboration: They support collaboration by allowing
multiple users to work on the same document simultaneously,
facilitating teamwork and real-time feedback.
7. Document Organization: Word processors often include
features for creating folders and organizing documents, helping
users keep their digital files in order.
8. Accessibility: These tools offer accessibility features such as
text-to-speech, screen readers, and adjustable font sizes,
making documents more inclusive and accessible to a wider
audience.
9. Integration: Word processors can often be integrated with
other software and services, such as email, cloud storage, and
project management tools, enhancing productivity and
workflow.
10. Cross-Platform Compatibility: Many word processors are
available on various platforms (Windows, macOS, Android,
iOS), ensuring that users can access and edit their documents
on different devices.
11. Publishing and Sharing: They provide options to easily
publish and share documents in various formats, including
PDF, which is widely used for sharing professional documents.
12. Cost-Efficiency: Many word processors offer free or low-cost
alternatives to traditional office software, making them
accessible to individuals and small businesses.

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EXAMPLES OF SOME COMMON WORD PROCESSING SOFTWARE
PACKAGES
1. Microsoft Word: One of the most widely used word processors,
part of the Microsoft Office suite, known for its extensive features
and capabilities.
2. Google Docs: A cloud-based word processor from Google,
allowing real-time collaboration and easy access from various
devices.
3. LibreOffice Writer: An open-source word processor included in
the LibreOffice suite, offering a free alternative to commercial
software.
4. Apple Pages: A word processing application for macOS and iOS
devices, known for its intuitive interface and integration with
other Apple software.
5. Apache OpenOffice Writer: An open-source word processor
similar to LibreOffice Writer, providing various document
creation and editing tools.
6. AbiWord: A lightweight and free word processing software
available for multiple platforms, suitable for basic document
editing.
7. WordPerfect: Corel's word processing software with a long
history, popular in legal and academic circles for its formatting
precision.
8. Zoho Writer: A cloud-based word processor as part of the Zoho
Office Suite, known for its collaboration features and ease of use.
9. Notepad: A simple text editor included in Windows operating
systems, mainly for basic text editing tasks.
10. WordPad: Also included in Windows, WordPad is a more
advanced text editor compared to Notepad, offering basic word
processing features.
11. Scrivener: A specialized word processor designed for writers and
authors, offering tools for organizing and structuring long
documents.

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12. WPS Office Writer: Part of the WPS Office suite, it provides a
Microsoft Word-like experience with compatibility for various
document formats.
13. Quip: A collaborative word processing and productivity tool
designed for teams, offering features like chat and task
management.
14. OnlyOffice: An office suite that includes a word processor,
spreadsheet editor, and presentation software, suitable for both
personal and business use.
15. SoftMaker Office: A commercial office suite with a word
processor, spreadsheet, and presentation software, known for its
compatibility with Microsoft Office formats.

INDICATOR: B7.2.1.1.2. Demonstrate how to insert, select, delete and

move text

Exemplar(s):
1. Show projected examples of MS-Word interface with the aid of a
computer, projector or pictures.
2. Explore tools for editing in MS Word
3. Explore the use of the overtype or insert option by right-clicking the
status bar.

MICROSOFT WORD
Microsoft Word is a popular word processing software application
developed by Microsoft. It is part of the Microsoft Office suite of
productivity software. Microsoft Word allows users to create, edit, format,
and save documents for various purposes, including writing letters, reports,
essays, resumes, newsletters, and more. Here are some key features and
functions of Microsoft Word:

1. Word Processing: Microsoft Word is primarily used for word

processing tasks. Users can type, edit, and format text, making it
suitable for creating all kinds of documents.
2. Formatting Tools: Word provides a wide range of formatting
options, allowing users to change font styles, sizes, colours, and

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apply various text effects. You can also format paragraphs, adjust
line spacing, and control margins.
3. Templates: Word offers a variety of pre-designed templates for
different document types, making it easier to create professional-
looking documents quickly. Templates are available for resumes,
flyers, business letters, and more.
4. Spell and Grammar Check: Word includes a built-in spell checker
and grammar checker to help users identify and correct spelling and
grammatical errors in their documents.
5. Autosave and Recovery: Word automatically saves your work at
regular intervals, reducing the risk of data loss due to unexpected
crashes. You can also recover unsaved documents from the "File"
menu.
6. Tables and Charts: Word allows users to create tables, insert charts
and graphs, and organize data effectively. It's handy for creating
reports, invoices, and other structured documents.
7. Collaboration: Microsoft Word offers collaboration features that
enable multiple users to edit and comment on a document
simultaneously. Users can also track changes and accept or reject
revisions made by others.
8. Images and Graphics: You can insert images, clip art, and other
graphics into Word documents. Word provides basic image editing
tools as well.
9. Page Layout: Customize the layout of your documents by adjusting
page size, orientation, margins, and using headers and footers.
10. References and Citations: Word includes features for adding
footnotes, endnotes, citations, and creating bibliographies, making it
useful for academic and research work.
11. Mail Merge: Word supports mail merge functionality, allowing you
to create personalized documents such as letters and envelopes for
bulk mailings.
12. Integration: Word seamlessly integrates with other Microsoft
Office applications like Excel, PowerPoint, and Outlook, making it
easy to embed data and objects from other Office programs.
13. Export and Sharing: You can export Word documents to various
formats, including PDF. Sharing documents via email or cloud
storage services is also straightforward.

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A B C DEF G

H
I

J N
L

O P Q

Microsoft Word Interface

A. Quick Access Toolbar (QAT) I. Ribbon

B. Title Bar J. Navigation Pane*
C. Search Box K. Rulers
D. Ribbon Display Option L. Workspace
E. Minimize M. Scroll Bar
F. Maximize/ Restore N. Clipboard**
G. Close Button O. Status bar
H. Tabs P. View Buttons
Q. Zoom Slider

A. The Quick Access Toolbar (QAT) gives you access to frequently

used tools. This toolbar is customizable. This means that, new tools
can be added to or removed from the toolbar.
B. Title Bar displays the document and application name.
C. Search Box allows you to search for commands in the Word
application.

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D. Ribbon Display Option gives you the option to change the behaviour
of the Ribbon.
E. Minimize: Clicking the Minimize button (usually represented by an
icon with a horizontal line) reduces the application window to a
button or icon on the Windows taskbar. The application remains open
but is no longer visible on the desktop. You can restore the minimized
window by clicking its corresponding button on the taskbar.
F. Maximize / Restore: The Maximize button (often depicted as a
square or two overlapping squares) allows you to toggle between two
states. If the window is currently not maximized, clicking this button
will maximize the window, making it fill the entire screen (excluding
the taskbar). If the window is already maximized, clicking the same
button (which now typically appears as a Restore button, often an icon
with a single square or a double square icon with an arrow) will
restore the window to its previous size and position on the desktop.
G. The Close button (usually represented by an "X" icon) is used to exit
or close the application window. Clicking this button will terminate
the program or close the document, depending on the specific
application. It's essential to note that closing a window in this manner
will typically prompt you to save any unsaved changes or ask for
confirmation before closing the program entirely.
H. Tabs are the primary organizational units within the application's
ribbon interface. Each tab is named and grouped based on a specific
category or set of related functions.
I. The Ribbon is the horizontal toolbar-like interface that runs across
the top of Microsoft Office applications, such as Word. It contains a
series of tabs, each with its own set of tools, commands, and options.
J. The Navigation Pane in Microsoft Word is a handy tool that allows
you to navigate and manage the structure of your document more
efficiently. It provides an organized view of the document's headings,
pages, and other elements, making it easier to move around and
manage your content. * It can be turned on or of in the View Tab in
the Show group OR use the keyboard shortcut "Ctrl + F" to toggle the
Navigation Pane on and off.
K. The Rulers are horizontal and vertical lines or bars that provide a
visual reference for aligning and formatting text, graphics, and other
elements in your document.

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L. Workspace refers to the main area where you create and edit your
documents. It includes the page or document canvas where you type,
format text, insert graphics, and work on your content. The workspace
is where you interact with your document's content directly.
M. Scroll Bar allows you to navigate through the content of your
document, especially when it doesn't fit entirely on the screen. You
can use it to scroll up and down to view different parts of your
document.
N. The Clipboard is a temporary storage area in Word where you can
cut or copy text or objects from one location in your document and
paste them elsewhere. It enables you to move or duplicate content
within or between documents.
O. The Status Bar is located at the bottom of the Word window. It
provides valuable information and quick access to various settings,
including:
▪ Word count: Displays the total number of words in the
document.
▪ Page number: Displays the current page number and total pages.
▪ Language: Indicates the current proofing language.
▪ Track Changes: Shows the status of track changes and
comments.
P. View Buttons allow you to switch between different document
views. Common view options include:

▪ Print Layout: Displays your document as it will appear when

printed.
▪ Full Screen Reading: Optimizes the view for reading, similar
to a book or PDF reader.
▪ Web Layout: Shows your document as it would appear in a
web browser.
▪ Outline: Displays an outline view for structured documents.
▪ Draft: Provides a simplified, text-focused view for editing.

Q. The Zoom Slider is a tool in the bottom-right corner of the Word

window that lets you adjust the document's zoom level. You can
zoom in to make text and details larger or zoom out to see more
content on the screen. Dragging the slider left or right changes the
zoom percentage.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
Tools For Editing In MS Word
Microsoft Word offers a wide range of tools for editing and
proofreading documents. These tools can help you improve the quality
and accuracy of your text. Here are some of the key editing tools and
features in MS Word:
1. Spelling and Grammar Check: Word has a built-in spelling
and grammar checker that underlines misspelled words and
grammar errors in real-time. You can right-click on the
underlined words to see suggested corrections.
2. AutoCorrect: AutoCorrect automatically fixes common typing
errors and can be customized to add your own corrections or
shortcuts. For example, it can replace "teh" with "the."
3. Word Count: You can easily check the word count, character
count, and other document statistics by going to the "Review"
tab and selecting "Word Count."
4. Thesaurus: Word includes a thesaurus that provides synonyms
and antonyms for words. You can access it by right-clicking on
a word and selecting "Synonyms" or by going to the "Review"
tab.
5. Track Changes: If you're collaborating on a document, you
can enable "Track Changes." This feature highlights any
additions, deletions, or formatting changes made to the
document, allowing you to review and accept or reject them.
6. Comments: You can insert comments at specific points in the
document to provide feedback or ask questions. Comments are
useful for collaboration and can be managed in the "Review"
tab.
7. Find and Replace: Word allows you to search for specific
words or phrases and replace them with another word or phrase
throughout the document. This is handy for global edits.
8. AutoSummarize: The AutoSummarize feature can create a
summary of your document, highlighting the most important
sentences or paragraphs based on the percentage of the content
you specify.
9. Style and Formatting Tools: Word provides options for
applying consistent styles and formatting throughout your
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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
document. You can create and modify styles to ensure a
uniform look.
10. Navigation Pane: The Navigation Pane makes it easy to move
through your document quickly by displaying headings and
allowing you to jump to specific sections.
11. Document Comparison: Word can compare two documents
and highlight the differences between them, which is helpful
for version control.
12. Language and Translation: You can set the proofing language
for your document and use the translation tools to translate text
into different languages.
13. Read Aloud: Word has a Read Aloud feature that can read your
document aloud, helping you catch errors or awkward phrasing.

How To Insert, Select, Delete and Move Text

1. Insert Text:
- Open Microsoft Word.
- Click where you want to insert text.
- Start typing. The new text will be added at the cursor
location.

2. Select Text:
- To select a single word: Double-click on the word.
- To select a single line: Click to the left of the line.
- To select multiple words or lines: Click and drag your
mouse over the text you want to select.
- To select all text in the document: Press `Ctrl + A`

3. Delete Text:
- To delete selected text: Press the "Delete" key on your
keyboard.
- To delete text to the right of the cursor: Press the
"Delete" key.
- To delete text to the left of the cursor: Press the
"Backspace" key.
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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
4. Move Text:
- To move text within the same document:
- Select the text you want to move.
- Cut the text by pressing `Ctrl + X`.
- Place the cursor where you want to move the text.
- Paste the text by pressing `Ctrl + V`

Overtype and Insert

Using the Status Bar: In the status bar at the bottom of the Word
window, you should see an "OVR" (overtype) indicator and an "INS"
(insert) indicator. Clicking on these indicators toggles between the two
modes. Clicking "OVR" enables overtype mode, while clicking "INS"
enables insert mode.
In insert mode, you can add text without overwriting, while in overtype
mode, you replace existing text as you type.

INDICATOR: B7.2.1.1.3. Demonstrate how to find and replace content

and undo edited changes

Exemplar(s):
1. Make use of the Find and Replace tool in MS-Word under the Home
tab
2. Explore the use of the Editing group under the Home tab

Using the Find and Replace tool in MS-Word under the Home tab

The "Find and Replace" tool in Microsoft Word is a powerful feature

that allows you to quickly locate specific text in your document and
optionally replace it with different text. It's especially handy for
proofreading, making global changes, or finding instances of specific
words or phrases in lengthy documents.

Follow these steps to use the “Find and Replace”

1. Open Microsoft Word: Launch Microsoft Word and open the
document in which you want to use the "Find and Replace" tool.
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2. Navigate to the "Home" Tab: Click on the "Home" tab in the
Microsoft Word ribbon at the top of the window. This tab contains
various formatting and editing tools.
3. Locate "Find" on the Ribbon: In the "Editing" group on the
"Home" tab, you'll find the "Find" tool represented by a
Magnifying glass. Click on it to open the "Find and Replace"
dialog box.

The ‘Find & Replace’ dialog box with the Find tab opened

4. Use the "Find" Tab:

o In the "Find and Replace" dialog box that appears, you'll
start on the "Find" tab by default.
o In the "Find what:" field, type the word or phrase you want
to find in your document.
5. Optional: Adjust Search Options:
o Click the "More" button to reveal additional search
options.
o You can specify options like matching case (to find only
exact matches), whole words only, or use wildcards for
advanced searches.
o Adjust the options according to your search criteria.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
6. Start the Search: Click the "Find Next" button to start the search.
Word will locate the first instance of the word or phrase you
specified.
7. Review and Continue Searching:
o Word will highlight the found text in your document.
o Click "Find Next" again to locate the next instance of the
word or phrase.
o Continue clicking "Find Next" until you've found all
instances or the specific one you want to replace.
8. Using "Replace" (Optional):
o If you want to replace the found text with something else,
click the "Replace" tab in the "Find and Replace" dialog
box.
o In the "Replace with:" field, type the text you want to use
as the replacement.

The ‘Find & Replace’ dialog box with the Replace tab opened

9. Replace or Replace All:

o Click "Find Next" to locate the next instance and then click
"Replace" to replace it with your specified text.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
o If you want to replace all instances in the document, click
"Replace All."
10. Close the "Find and Replace" Dialog: When you're finished
using "Find and Replace," click the "Close" button on the dialog
box.
11. Save Changes: If you made replacements, remember to save your
document to keep the changes.

The Editing group under the Home tab

The "Editing" group in the "Home" tab provides

convenient access to a variety of editing and
formatting tools, making it easier to manage and
refine your documents in Microsoft Word. These
tools are essential for tasks such as proofreading,
formatting adjustments, collaboration, and
navigating large documents.
Here's an exploration of the common tools and functions you'll find in
the "Editing" group:
1. Find: This tool opens the "Find and Replace" dialog box,
allowing you to search for specific words or phrases in your
document and optionally replace them.
2. Replace: This button is used in conjunction with the "Find"
tool. After finding a word or phrase, you can click "Replace" to
replace the current instance with a different word or phrase.
3. Select: The "Select" tool provides options to quickly select
specific parts of your document:
o Select All: Selects the entire document.
o Select Text with Similar Formatting: Highlights text
with the same formatting (e.g., font, size, colour).
o Select Objects: Selects objects like images or shapes in
the document.
o Selection Pane: Opens the selection pane.
4. Find Select: Clicking the small arrow next to "Select" reveals
additional options for selecting text or objects based on criteria

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
such as formatting, comments, or specific elements in the
document.
5. Replace: This button allows you to replace selected text with a
specified formatting style or formatting from the clipboard.
6. Go To: The "Go To" tool opens a dialog that lets you navigate
to specific pages, sections, headings, or other elements within
your document.
7. Advanced Find: Clicking the small arrow next to "Find" opens
a menu with advanced search options, including finding
specific types of formatting, special characters, or wildcards in
your document.

INDICATOR: B7.2.1.1.4. Demonstrate how to spell check, carry out

content translation, language setting

Exemplar(s):
1. Demonstrate the use of the Proofing and Language group under the
Review tab
2. Show how to use the Language, Spelling & Grammar, Thesaurus
and other tools in MS-Word under the Home tab.
NB: This is to help learners gain software knowledge in office
applications (word processing) to grasp the concept better.

Demonstrate the use of the Proofing and Language group under

the Review tab.

The "Proofing" and "Language" group under the "Review" tab in

Microsoft Word offers tools for checking and adjusting the spelling,
grammar, and language settings in your document. Here's a
demonstration of how to use these tools:

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Using the Proofing Tools:
1. Open Microsoft Word: Launch Microsoft Word and open the
document you want to work on.
2. Navigate to the "Review" Tab: Click on the "Review" tab in
the Word ribbon at the top of the window. This tab contains
various proofing and language tools.
3. Spelling & Grammar Check:
o Click on the "Spelling & Grammar" button in the
"Proofing" group.
o Word will start checking your document for spelling and
grammar errors.
o If a mistake is found, a dialog box will appear with
suggestions. You can choose to accept or ignore the
suggested changes.

Using the Language Tools:

1. Language Preferences:
o Click the "Language" button in the "Language" group to
access language-related settings.
o From the dropdown menu, you can set the proofing
language for your document. This affects spelling and
grammar checking.
2. Set Proofing Language:
o Click "Set Proofing Language" in the language
dropdown menu.
o A dialog box will appear where you can select your
preferred language. Ensure that "Detect language
automatically" is checked if you want Word to
automatically detect the language.
3. Check Document Language:
o After setting the proofing language, you can use the
"Check Document" button in the language menu to
check the entire document for language-related issues.
4. Language Preferences (More Options):

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
o Click "Language Preferences" in the language
dropdown menu to access advanced language settings.
o Here, you can manage language-specific dictionaries,
choose how Word handles formatting, and set keyboard
shortcuts for switching between languages.
5. Custom Dictionary:
o Click "Custom Dictionaries" in the language preferences
to add or edit custom dictionaries for specific languages.
6. Research:
o In the "Proofing" group, you can also use the "Research"
tool to access the built-in thesaurus, dictionary, and
translation services for selected text.
7. Translation: The "Translate" option allows you to translate
selected text or the entire document into another language using
Microsoft's translation service.
8. Language Preferences (Word Options):
o For more advanced language settings, you can click
"Word Options" at the bottom of the language dropdown
menu. This opens a dialog box with extensive language
and proofing options.
These proofing and language tools in the "Review" tab help you ensure
that your documents are error-free, use the correct language settings,
and provide assistance with language-related tasks like translations
and thesaurus lookups. They are valuable for improving the overall
quality and correctness of your content.

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INDICATOR: B7.2.1.1.4.5 Demonstrate how to use text-decoration,

change
text case, text size and colour

Exemplar(s):
1. Explore the use of the Font group under the Home tab
2. Demonstrate the use of sentence case, font size, colour and font
decoration features in MS-Word
3. Project examples of MS-Word interface to learners with the aid of a
projector or pictures.

Explore the use of the Font group under the Home tab

THE FONT GROUP

1 2 4 5 This is the
3 Font
second group
dialog box
launcheron the Home
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 tab. It is made
up of Font, Font size,
Grow and Shrink font, Change case, Clear formatting, Bold, Italic,
Underline, Strikethrough, Subscript, Superscript, Text Effect, Text
Highlight Colour and Text Colour.
1. The Font is used to change the font face.
To change the font;
▪ Highlight the text you wish to change the font.
▪ Click on the small arrow in the font box.
▪ From the drop down is a list of font installed on your
computer. Click the font you want to select it.
2. The Font Size is used to change the size of the font.
To change the font size;
▪ Highlight the text you wish to change the size
▪ Click the small arrow in the font size box.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
▪ Click your preferred number. The size of the selected text
will increase or decrease depending on the chosen number.
3. Grow & Shrink Font is used to decrease and increase the font
size respectively.
4. Case Change is used to change the selected text into
UPPERCASE, lowercase, and other common capitalization.
5. Clear Formatting is used to clear the formatting of a selected text
living a plain text.
6. Bold is used to bold a selected text.
7. Italic is used to italicize a selected text.
8. Underline is used to underline a selected text.
9. Strikethrough is used to draw a line through the middle of the
selected text. This is often used to indicate deleted or outdated
information
10. Superscript is used to create a small letter above the text line.
Commonly used for footnotes or exponents.
11. Subscript is used to create a small letter below the text line.
Useful for chemical formulas or mathematical equations.
12. Text Effect is used to apply visual effect to the selected text such
as shadow, glow and reflection.
13. Text Highlight Colour is used to highlight a selected text. Text
looks like it has been marked with a highlighting pen.
14. Font Colour is used to change the colour of a selected text.
Note: Before any of the above-mentioned commands will take effect
on a text, the text must first be highlighted.
Open Font Dialog Box Launcher: Click the small arrow at the corner
of the Font group to open the Font dialog box. Here, you can fine-tune
font settings, such as character spacing, scaling, and more.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
Demonstrate the use of sentence case, font size, colour and font
decoration features in MS-Word
Let's walk through how to use sentence case, font size, font color, and
font decoration features in Microsoft Word:
1. Sentence Case:
• Open Microsoft Word and create a new document or open an
existing one.
• Type or select the text you want to change to sentence case.
• Go to the "Home" tab in the Word ribbon.
• In the "Font" group, locate the "Change Case" button (it looks
like "Aa") and click it.
• In the dropdown menu that appears, select "Sentence case."
• The selected text will now be converted to sentence case, where
the first letter of each sentence is capitalized, and the rest of the
text is in lowercase.
2. Font Size:
• Again, open Microsoft Word and create a new document or
open an existing one.
• Select the text you want to change the font size for.
• In the "Font" group under the "Home" tab, you'll see a font size
dropdown menu.
• Click the font size dropdown to reveal a list of available font
sizes.
• Select the desired font size from the list, and the selected text
will change accordingly.
3. Font Color:
• Follow the same steps to open Word and select the text you
want to change the font color for.
• In the "Font" group under the "Home" tab, locate the "Font
Color" button (it looks like a letter "A" with a colored
underline).
• Click the dropdown arrow next to the "Font Color" button to
access a palette of colors.
• Choose a color from the palette, and the selected text will
change to the selected color.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
4. Font Decoration (Bold, Italic, and Underline):
• Once again, open Microsoft Word and select or type the text
you want to format.
• In the "Font" group under the "Home" tab, you'll find buttons
for Bold (B), Italic (I), and Underline (U).
• To make text bold, click the "B" button. The selected text will
become bold.
• To make text italic, click the "I" button. The selected text will
be italicized.
• To underline text, click the "U" button. The selected text will
be underlined.
• You can also combine these formatting options. For example,
you can make text bold and italicized simultaneously.

INDICATOR: B7.2.1.1.4.6 Demonstrate how to align text, indent

paragraphs, bullet, line space and shade

EXEMPLAR(S):
1. Explore the use of the Paragraph group, using the align left, centre,
align right and justified in MS-Word under the Home tab.
2. Explore the use of Bullets, Decrease and Increase Indentation under
the Home tab.
3. Identify the use of the Border Button and set line spacing using the
dialogue Box Launcher button under the Home tab.

The Paragraph Group

1 2 3 4 5 6
The
Paragraph paragraph
dialog box
group is the third
launcher
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 group on the Home
tab. It consists of
Bullet, Numbering, Multilevel List, Decrease & Increase Indent, Sort,

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
Show/Hide, Text Alignment, Line and Paragraph Spacing, Shading
and Borders.
1. Bullet is used to create a bulleted list.
2. Numbering is used to crest a numbered list.
3. Note: To create a bulleted or numbered list, select your
preferred bullet or numbering format by clicking the arrow in
front of it. Word automatically inserts the next bullet or number
when you press enter. To stop using the bullet, click the bullet
again.
4. The same applies for Multilevel List.
5. Decrease & Increase Indent is used to move the paragraph
closer to or farther away from the margin.
6. Sort is used arrange the current selection in alphabetical or
numerical order. This is especially useful if you are trying to
organize data in a table.
7. Show/Hide is used to show/ hide paragraph marks and other
hidden symbols. It is especially useful in advance layout tasks.
Note: These marks will not be printed when you print your
document.
8. Align Text Left allows you to align your content with the left
margin. It is commonly used for body text and makes the
document easier to read.
9. Centre allows you to center your document on the page. Center
alignment gives documents a formal appearance and it’s often
used for cover pages, quotes and sometimes headings.
10. Align Text Right allows you to align your content with the
right margin. It is used for small section of content, such as text
in your header or footer.
11. Justify allows you to distribute you text evenly between the
margins. Justified text gives your document clean, crisp edges
so it looks more polished.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
12. Line and Paragraph Spacing: Line spacing determines the
amount of vertical space between the lines of text in a
paragraph. Paragraph spacing determines the amount of space
above or below a paragraph.
13. Shading: Change the colour behind a selected text, paragraph
or table cell.
14. Borders: Add or remove borders from your selection.
Here's how to use the "Align Left," "Center," "Align Right," and
"Justified" options:
1. Align Left:
o Open Microsoft Word and create a new document or
open an existing one.
o Type or select the text you want to align to the left.
o In the "Paragraph" group under the "Home" tab, locate
the "Align Left" button (it looks like a line of text
aligning to the left).
o Click the "Align Left" button.
o The selected text will now be aligned along the left
margin of the page, creating a ragged right edge.
2. Center:
o Select the text you want to center.
o In the "Paragraph" group, click the "Center" button (it
looks like a line of text centered between the margins).
o The selected text will be centered on the page.
3. Align Right:
o Select the text you want to align to the right.
o In the "Paragraph" group, click the "Align Right" button
(it looks like a line of text aligning to the right).
o The selected text will be aligned along the right margin,
creating a ragged left edge.
4. Justified:
o To justify text means to align it both on the left and right
margins, creating a block-like appearance.
o Select the text you want to justify.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
o In the "Paragraph" group, click the "Justify" button (it
looks like a line of text aligned to both the left and right
margins).
o The selected text will be justified, with each line
stretching to reach both the left and right margins.

Explore the use of Bullets, Decrease and Increase Indentation

under the Home tab.

The "Bullets," "Decrease Indent," and "Increase Indent" options under

the "Home" tab in Microsoft Word are tools that allow you to format
and organize lists and paragraphs. Here's how to use them:
1. Bullets:
• Open Microsoft Word and create a new document or open an
existing one.
• To create a bulleted list, simply type your list items one after
the other, pressing "Enter" after each item.
• Select the list items you want to turn into a bulleted list.
• In the "Paragraph" group under the "Home" tab, locate the
"Bullets" button (it looks like a small dot or bullet point).
• Click the "Bullets" button.
• The selected list items will now have bullet points in front of
them, creating a bulleted list.
2. Decrease Indent:
• After creating a bulleted list or if you have indented text that
you want to move back to the left margin, follow these steps:
• Select the bulleted list items or indented text that you want to
adjust.
• In the "Paragraph" group, locate the "Decrease Indent" button
(it looks like a left-pointing arrow).
• Click the "Decrease Indent" button.
• The selected text will move closer to the left margin, reducing
the level of indentation.
3. Increase Indent:

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
• To increase the level of indentation for bulleted list items or
text, follow these steps:
• Select the list items or text you want to indent further.
• In the "Paragraph" group, locate the "Increase Indent" button (it
looks like a right-pointing arrow).
• Click the "Increase Indent" button.
• The selected text will move to the right, creating a deeper level
of indentation.
These tools are useful for creating and formatting lists, outlines, or
structured content in your documents. You can use bullets to make lists
more visually appealing and use indenting to create hierarchical
structures or sublists. The "Decrease Indent" and "Increase Indent"
options help you control the level of indentation precisely.

Identify the use of the Border Button and set line spacing using the
dialogue Box Launcher button under the Home tab.

The "Border" button and the "Line Spacing" settings can be found
under the "Home" tab in Microsoft Word and are essential for
formatting and enhancing the appearance of your text and paragraphs.
1. Border Button:
• Open Microsoft Word and create a new document or open an
existing one.
• Select the text or paragraph to which you want to add a border.
• In the "Paragraph" group under the "Home" tab, you'll find the
"Border" button (it looks like a square divided into four
sections).
• Click the "Border" button to reveal a dropdown menu with
options for adding different types of borders:
o "Top Border": Adds a border to the top of the selected
text or paragraph.
o "Bottom Border": Adds a border to the bottom of the
selected text or paragraph.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
o "Left Border": Adds a border to the left side of the
selected text or paragraph.
o "Right Border": Adds a border to the right side of the
selected text or paragraph.
o "No Border": Removes any borders from the selected
text or paragraph.
o "Outside Borders": Adds borders to the outside of the
selected text or paragraph.
o "All Borders": Adds borders to all sides of the selected
text or paragraph.
o "Custom Borders": Opens a dialog box that allows you
to customize border styles, line thickness, and color.
2. Line Spacing Using the Dialogue Box Launcher:
• Line spacing controls the vertical space between lines of text
within a paragraph. To adjust line spacing using the "Line
Spacing" settings via the "Dialogue Box Launcher" button:
• Open your Word document and select the paragraph or
paragraphs for which you want to change the line spacing.
• In the "Paragraph" group under the "Home" tab, find the small
square icon in the bottom-right corner of the "Paragraph" group.
This is the "Dialogue Box Launcher" button.
• Click the "Dialogue Box Launcher" button to open the
"Paragraph" dialog box.
• In the "Paragraph" dialog box, go to the "Indents and Spacing"
tab.
• In the "Spacing" section, find the "Line spacing" dropdown
menu. You can select various options, including:
o "Single": Default single line spacing.
o "1.5 lines": One-and-a-half line spacing.
o "Double": Double line spacing.
o "At least": Allows you to set a specific minimum line
spacing value.
o "Exactly": Allows you to set a specific fixed line spacing
value.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
o "Multiple": Allows you to specify a custom line spacing
value by multiplying the font size (e.g., 1.5x, 2x, etc.).
• Choose the line spacing option that suits your needs.
• Click the "OK" button to apply the selected line spacing to the
chosen paragraphs.
These tools are helpful for formatting text and paragraphs in your
Word documents, allowing you to add borders for emphasis and
control the spacing between lines to improve readability and document
presentation.

INDICATOR: B7.2.1.1.3. Demonstrate how to set tabs and apply

formatting

Exemplar(s):
1. Explore the Tab button to set the centre and right tabs
NB: This is to help learners with software knowledge in office
applications (word processing) to grasp the concept better.

In Microsoft Word, you can use the "Tab" button to set center and right
tabs, which are specific points where text aligns differently within a
line or paragraph. Here's how to set center and right tabs using the Tab
button:
Setting a Center Tab:
1. Open Microsoft Word and create a new document or open an
existing one.
2. Click in the paragraph or line where you want to set a center
tab.
3. To set a center tab, locate the horizontal ruler at the top of the
document window. If you don't see the ruler, you can enable it
by going to the "View" tab and checking the "Ruler" option.
4. Click on the ruler at the position where you want the center tab
to be placed. You'll notice a small "L" shape indicating a left
tab, which is the default tab type.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Seven
5. Click on the tab marker (the "L") once, and it will change to a
center tab marker (a "->" symbol). This means that text aligned
at this tab position will be centered.
6. To use the center tab, press the "Tab" key on your keyboard
when typing or positioning text. The text will align at the center
tab position.
Setting a Right Tab:
1. Follow steps 1 to 4 above to position the cursor where you want
to set a right tab.
2. Click on the tab marker (the "L") twice, and it will change to a
right tab marker (a "<-" symbol). This signifies that text aligned
at this tab position will be right-aligned.
3. To use the right tab, press the "Tab" key on your keyboard when
typing or positioning text. The text will align at the right tab
position.
Remember that you can set multiple tabs within a single line or
paragraph. To remove a tab marker, simply click and drag it off the
ruler. To clear all tab settings within a paragraph, select the paragraph
and choose "Clear All" from the tab settings on the ruler.
Using tabs is a useful way to align text elements precisely within your
document, whether you're creating tables, formatting addresses, or
organizing content with different alignments.

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