Let’s learn about...
What is Neuron?
Structure of neuron
Central Nervous System
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Voluntary and Involuntary Actions
Types of Reflexes
Some common reflexes in human
Nervous pathway & Reflex Arc
Eye and Ear
Need for Nervous System
To be To
informed remember,
about think and
surrounding reason
Why we
require
Nervous
System
To regulate To control
involuntary all voluntary
muscle muscle
activity activity
What is neuron?
Structural and Functional unit of
Nervous System
3 parts of neuron
1. Cell body (Perikaryon or Cyton)
2. Dendrites
3. Axon
Transmission of Nerve Impulse
● The direction of transmission of nerve impulse
is unidirectional
● Impulse travels from Dendrites to Axon
Transmission of Nerve Impulse
Transmission of Nerve Impulse
(Change in Ion Channel)
● Polarized State - More Na+ outside axon
membrane - thus have positive charge
● Depolarized State - On stimulation axon
becomes more permeable to Na+ thus it
moves inward and caused loss of
polarization thus depolarization
Transmission of Nerve Impulse
(Change in Ion Channel)
Types of Neuron
● Sensory Neuron - From Receptor to CNS
● Motor Neuron - From CNS to Effector
● Association Neuron - Located in CNS and
connects sensory to motor neuron
Myelinated and Unmyelinated
neuron
Central Nervous System
Includes Brain contained in cranium and
Spinal Cord contained in Vertebral Column
Brain
Coverings of Brain
1. Dura mater - Outermost membrane
2. Arachnoid - Middle layer
3. Pia mater - Innermost membrane
Corpus callosum
Section of Brain
Grey matter - Outer portion (cortex) - cell body of neuron
White matter - Inner Portion (medulla) - axons of neuron
Cerebellum
● Smaller area of brain located at base.
● It has no convolution but numerous
furrows
● Maintains balance and coordinate
muscular activity
Medulla Oblongata
● Lowest portion of brain
● Roughly triangular
● Continues behind as spinal cord
● Controls activity of internal organs
● Injury of medulla can cause death
3 regions of brain
Forebrain
● Cerebrum - intelligence, memory, consciousness,
willpower, voluntary action
● Diencephalon
○ Thalamus - regulates all senses except
smell, and muscular & glandular activities
○ Hypothalamus - controls body temperature,
emotions and the pituitary gland
Midbrain
Small stalked part - reflexes involving eyes and ears
Hindbrain
● Cerebellum - coordinates muscular activity
● Pons - carries impulses from one hemisphere of
cerebellum to other and coordinate muscular
movement on both sides of body
● Medulla oblongata - controls activities of internal
organs, heart beat, breathing, etc.
Spinal cord
Spinal cord
Grey matter - Inner portion - cell body of motor and
association neuron
White matter - Outer Portion - axons of neuron running
to and from the brain
The Nervous System
Central Nervous Peripheral Nervous
System System
The body’s master control The body’s link to the
unit outside world
Brain Somatic Nervous
System
Spinal Cord Sends information to
skeletal muscles
Autonomic Nervous
System
Pair of chain of
ganglia to control
involuntary actions
Function of Spinal Cord
● Reflexes below the neck
● Conducts sensory impulses from the skin and
muscles to the brain
● Conducts motor responses from brain to muscles
of trunk and limbs
Nervous System
1. Central Nervous System
2. Peripheral Nervous System
3. Autonomous Nervous System
Central Nervous System
1. Brain
a. Brain controls other organ of body
b. It protected by cranium of the skull
c. The CSF which surrounds the brain
acts as shock absorber.
d. Brain has cranial nerves
2. Spinal cord
a. Spinal cord arises from the brain
and has spinal nerves
Peripheral Nervous System
Includes nerves that emerges from and enter
into brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
The body’s link to the outside world
Somatic Nervous System
Sends information to skeletal
muscles
Autonomic Nervous System
Pair of chain of ganglia to
control involuntary actions
Somatic Nervous System
Somatic nervous system contains two sets of
nerves
Cranial nerves Spinal nerves
Somatic Nervous System
Somatic nervous system contains two sets of
nerves
Cranial nerves Spinal nerves
1. Arises from brain
1. Total 31 pairs
2. 12 pairs
2. 8 pairs in neck
3. Sensory
region
a. Olfactory
3. 12 pairs in thorax
b. Optic
region
c. Auditory
4. 5 pairs in lumbar
4. Motor
region
a. To eye muscle
5. 5 pairs in sacral
5. Mixed
region
a. Going to and
6. 1 pair in coccygeal
coming from
region
face and
tongue Spinal nerve is a mixed nerves
and has both sensory and
motor fibres
2 parts of ANS
Autonomic Nervous System
Controls involuntary responses
Sympathetic system
“Fight or Flight”
Nerve of sympathetic arises from spinal
cord between neck and waist region
Parasympathetic system
“Rest or Digest”
Parasympathetic is located at two places
1. Anteriorly in head and neck
2. Posteriorly in sacral region
Reflex action
Reflexes or reflex actions are
involuntary, almost instantaneous
movements in response to a specific
stimulus.
Examples of Reflex action
Flushing of tears to Withdrawing hand on
remove particles touching hot object
Shivering when it's too
Dilation of pupil in Dark
cold
Natural vs. Conditioned Reflex
Natural Reflex Conditioned Reflex
Inborn, inherited Acquired as a result of
reactions “life experience”
Species-specific Individual
Related to stimulus Brought by condition
totally different from
initial stimulus
Can occur without brain Needs brain cortex
cortex
Most of these are for Temporary, can
life disappear
Common reflexes in human
Natural Conditioned
1. Knee-jerk 1. Standing up when
2. Closing of eyelids teacher enters
3. Withdrawal of hand classroom
4. Peristaltic reflexes 2. Tying shoelaces
5. Coughing reflexes 3. Playing on a
6. Sneezing reflexes musical instrument
4. Giving a hand
signal
5. Applying brakes
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Mechanism of reflexes
Nervous pathway in reflexes
Reflex arc
Components Functions
of reflex arc
Receptor Receives information and
generates impulses.
Sensory Carries information from the
neuron receptor to the interneurons in the
(Afferent) spinal cord
Interneuron Processes the information and
(Efferent) generates response
Motor neuron Carries the information from the
(Efferent) spinal cord to the effector organ
Effector organ Receives the information from the
efferent neuron and shows the
appropriate responses
Reflex arc
Stimulus
Receptor
Afferent/Sensory
neuron
Brain/Spinal cord
Efferent/Motor
neuron
Effector
muscle/Gland
Response
Sense organs have receptors
Receptor Stimulus
Mechanoreceptor Sensitive to deformation
Chemoreceptors Detects chemical in the
mouth (taste), nose (smell)
and body fluid
Photoreceptors Activated by photons
Thermoreceptors Detects change in
temperature
Phonoreceptors Detects sounds and helps
in hearing
Structure of Eye
Parts of the Eye Role/Description
Sclera
Conjunctiva Covers/protects sclera
Cornea Covers pupil and iris
Choroid Blood vessels for nourishment
Iris Coloured part
Pupil Aperture at centre of iris
Ciliary muscles Hold iris in place
Lens Biconvex
Parts of the Eye Role/Description
Retina Innermost & light-sensitive layer
(contains photoreceptor cells)
Fovea Point where resolution is greatest.
Yellow spot Area of best vision
Blind spot No vision
Aqueous humor Nourishment to lens
Vitreous humor Holds spherical shape of the eyeball
How do we see?
Accomodation of Eye
The ability of the eye to change its focus from distant to near
objects (and vice versa).
The Ear
Internal ear
External ear
Middle ear
Helps in body balance and hearing
The Ear
External Ear
Middle Ear
Contains 3 tiny bones or ear ossicles - Malleus
(hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup)
Inner Ear
Also called as membranous labyrinth. It has 3 parts
- Cochlea, Semicircular canals and vestibules
Inner Ear
Mechanism of Hearing
Pinna collects the vibrations, and
conducts them through the auditory
canal.
Vibrations strike on the eardrum
This vibrates the ear ossicles
The stirrup transmits vibrations to the
oval window
Fluid in cochlear canal receives
vibrations, and stimulates sensory cells
(in organ of corti) of the cochlea
Impulses picked up by auditory nerves -
sent to brain
Now you know...
What is Neuron?
Structure of neuron
Central Nervous System
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Voluntary and Involuntary Actions
Types of Reflexes
Some common reflexes in human
Nervous pathway & Reflex Arc
Eye and Ear
Just VISIT!
Link in the Description &
in the Pinned Comment
Coupon CODE!
AMBPRO
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