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The document discusses the presentation of numerical data using various tables and charts, including frequency distributions and histograms. It provides examples of constructing frequency and percentage distributions from data sets, as well as instructions for creating histograms in Excel. Key terms related to frequency and relative frequency are also defined.

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Lynette Jae Molina
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6 views

Copy of Lesson_3-_Presentation_of_Numerical_Data(2)

The document discusses the presentation of numerical data using various tables and charts, including frequency distributions and histograms. It provides examples of constructing frequency and percentage distributions from data sets, as well as instructions for creating histograms in Excel. Key terms related to frequency and relative frequency are also defined.

Uploaded by

Lynette Jae Molina
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Lesson 3
Presentation of Numerical Data

When you have a data set that contains a large number of values, reaching conclusions
from an ordered array can be difficult. In such circumstances, you need to use tables and
charts. There are many types of tables and charts that you can use to visually present
numerical data.
 Frequency and percentage distributions
 Histogram
 Polygon
 Cumulative percentage polygon (ogive)
Frequency Distribution

Frequency distribution
 summary table
 data are arranged into numerically ordered class groupings.

In constructing a frequency distribution for grouped data, you must give attention to…
 number of class groupings for the table (5 ≤ n ≤ 15)
 width of a class grouping divide the range (highest value - lowest value) of the data by the
number of class groupings desired
 boundaries of each class grouping
Frequency and Percentage Distributions – Example 1

The following are the scores obtained by the Accountancy students in Statistical Analysis
examination.

55 54 76 70 77 80 84 66 80 61
62 64 80 85 78 42 72 63 85 50
72 53 54 76 90 66 85 82 79 83
78 55 69 80 72 74 74 54 54 54
81 86 58 72 92 78 38 85 69 82

Construct a group frequency and percentage distribution. Use classes 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, etc.
Frequency and Percentage Distributions - Example

SOLUTION:

Score Interval Tally No. of Students (f) Percentage (%)


30-39 / 1 2
40-49 / 1 2
50-59 //// //// 10 20
60-69 //// /// 8 16 Interpretation:

70-79 //// //// //// 14 28 The table shows


that the scores of
80-89 //// //// //// 14 28 the students are
concentrated
90-99 // 2 4 between 70-89.
50 100
Frequency and Percentage Distribution – Example 2

The GMAT scores from a sample of 50 applicants to an MBA program indicate that none
of the applicants scored below 450. A frequency distribution was formed by choosing
class intervals 450 to 499, 500 to 549, and so on, with the last class grouping being 700
to 749. Two applicants scored in the interval 450 to 499, and 16 applicants scored in the
interval 500 to 549. Construct a frequency distribution table.
a. What percentage of applicants scored below 500?
b. What percentage of applicants scored between 500 and 549?
c. What percentage of applicants scored below 550?
d. What percentage of applicants scored below 750?
Frequency Distribution – Example 2
GMAT Scores Frequency Percentage
450 - 499 2 4
500 - 549 16 32
550 - 599
600 - 649
650 - 699
700 - 749
a. What percentage of applicants scored below 500? 4%
b. What percentage of applicants scored between 500 and 549? 32%
c. What percentage of applicants scored below 550? 36%
d. What percentage of applicants scored below 750? 100%
The Histogram

A histogram is a bar chart for grouped numerical data in which the


frequencies or percentages of each group of numerical data are represented
as individual vertical bars. In a histogram, there are no gaps between adjacent
bars as there are in a bar chart of categorical data. You display the variable of
interest along the horizontal (X) axis. The vertical (Y ) axis represents either
the frequency or the percentage of values per class interval.
Creating Histogram in Excel 2016

STEPS:
1. Select the entire data set 3. In the Charts group, click on the
‘Insert Static Chart’ option
2. Click the insert tab
Creating Histogram in Excel 2016

4. In the HIstogram group, click on the The above steps would insert a
Histogram chart histogram chart based on your data
set (as shown below).
Creating Histogram in Excel 2016

Now you can customize this chart by This will open a pane on the right
right-clicking on the vertical axis and with all the relevant axis options.
selecting Format Axis.
Creating Histogram in Excel 2016

Here are some of the things you can do to customize this histogram chart:
1. By Category: This option is used when you have text categories. This could be
useful when you have repetitions in categories and you want to know the sum or
count of the categories.

2. Automatic: This option automatically decides what bins to create in the Histogram.
For example, in our chart, it decided that there should be six bins. You can change
this by using the ‘Bin Width/Number of Bins’ options (covered below).
Creating Histogram in Excel 2016

3. Bin Width: Here you can define how 4. Number of Bins: Here you can specify
big the bin should be. If I enter 12 here, how many bins you want. It will automatically
it will create bins such as 38-50, 50-62, create a chart with that many bins. For
62-74, 74-86, 86-98. example, if I specify 6 here, it will create a
chart as shown below. At a given point, you
can either specify Bin Width or Number of
Bins (not both).
Other Key Terms

Frequency (freq. or f)
 The number of times an answer occurs

Relative Frequency (rel. freq. or rf)


 The proportion of times an answer occurs
 Can be interpreted as a fraction, decimal, or percent

Cumulative (cum. freq. or cf)


 An accumulation of the previous frequencies

Cumulative Relative Frequencies (cum. rel. freq. or cum rf)


 An accumulation of the previous relative frequencies

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