YANGON UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
MASTER OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES PROGRAMME

A STUDY ON CAUSES OF ELECTRICAL FIRE SAFETY

KNOWLEDGE, AWARENESS AND PRACTICES
AMONG FAMILIES IN YANGON REGION
(CASE STUDY: HLAING TOWNSHIP)

NANDAR WIN
EMDevS – 11 (18th BATCH)

OCTOBER, 2024
 YANGON UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
MASTER OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES PROGRAMME

A STUDY ON CAUSES OF ELECTRICAL FIRE SAFETY

KNOWLEDGE, AWARENESS AND PRACTICES
AMONG FAMILIES IN YANGON REGION
(CASE STUDY: HLAING TOWNSHIP)

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of

Development Studies (MDevS) Degree

Supervised by Submitted by

U Hla Aung Nandar Win

Associate Professor Roll No. 11
Department of Economics EMDevS-18th Batch
Yangon University of Economics (2022-2024)

October, 2024
 YANGON UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
MASTER OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES PROGRAMME

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “A STUDY ON CAUSES OF

ELECTRICAL FIRE SAFETY KNOWLEDGE, AWARENESS AND
PRACTICES AMONG FAMILIES IN YANGON REGION (CASE STUDY:
HLAING TOWNSHIP)” submitted as partial fulfillment towards the requirements for
the degree of Master of Development Studies has been accepted by the Board of
Examiners.
BOARD OF EXAMINERS

Dr. Tin Tin Wai

(Chairman)
Pro-Rector
Yangon University of Economics

Dr. Naw Htee Mue Loe Htoo Dr. Zin Zin Shwe
(Examiner) (Examiner)
Professor (Head) Professor
Programme Director Department of Economics
Department of Economics Yangon University of Economics
Yangon University of Economics

Daw Phyu Win Ei U Hla Aung

(Examiner) (Supervisor)
Associate Professor Associate Professor
Department of Economics Department of Economics
Yangon University of Economics Yangon University of Economics

OCTOBER, 2024
 ABSTRACT

This study investigates electrical fire safety knowledge, awareness, and

practices among families in Hlaing Township, Yangon Region. The objective is to
assess socio-demographic characteristics, understanding, and practices related to
electrical fire safety among 250 randomly selected households. A descriptive method
was used to analyze the respondents' knowledge and awareness levels, focusing on key
safety practices evaluated through Likert scale statements. The findings reveal a general
knowledge of electrical fire safety, with a solid mean score of 4.20 across various safety
practices. A mean score of 4.14 indicates a solid level of awareness regarding electrical
fire safety practices among respondents. However, notable differences were observed
in practices like routine inspection and maintenance of electrical wiring, with 14.8% of
households never conducting professional inspections. Additionally, only 38.4% have
a fire evacuation plan, and only 32.4% have smoke detectors, highlighting limited
preparedness for fire emergencies. The study concludes that while basic awareness
exists, there is a critical need for community initiatives and educational programs to
reinforce key safety practices and bridge knowledge gaps, particularly in regular
inspections, evacuation planning, and the use of smoke detectors and fire extinguishers.

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Professor Dr. Tin Tin Htwe,
Rector of Yangon University of Economics, along with Professor Dr. Khin Thida
Nyein, Pro-Rector of Yangon University of Economics, Professor Dr. Cho Cho Thein,
Pro-Rector of Yangon University of Economics, and Dr. Tin Tin Wai, Pro-Rector of
Yangon University of Economics, for their invaluable support and for providing me the
opportunity to pursue the Executive Master of Development Studies program.
My heartfelt thanks go especially to Professor Dr. Naw Htee Mue Loe Htoo,
Programme Director and Head of the Department of Economics at Yangon University
of Economics, for her insightful guidance and mentorship throughout the program. I
am also sincerely appreciative of Professor Dr. Zin Zin Shwe from the Department of
Economics for her diligent management and steadfast support from the program's outset
to its completion.
I would like to extend a special note of thanks to Daw Phyu Win Ei, Associate
Professor in the Department of Economics, for her ongoing support, expert advice, and
constructive feedback, which were instrumental during my research process. Her
extensive knowledge in economics significantly contributed to the successful
completion of this thesis.
I am profoundly grateful to all my lecturers and particularly to my thesis
supervisor, U Hla Aung, Associate Professor in the Department of Economics, for his
thoughtful guidance and encouragement, which were essential to completing this
research.
I am also deeply thankful to my family, especially my parents and elder brother,
for their unwavering support throughout my journey. Finally, I extend my sincere
gratitude to everyone who contributed to this study, including resource persons,
classmates, key contacts from the research areas, and respondents, for their invaluable
time and dedication.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
ABSTRACT i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Rationale of the Study 1
1.2 Objectives of the Study 2
1.3 Method of Study 2
1.4 Scope and Limitations of the Study 3
1.5 Organization of the Study 3

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 The Essential Role of Electricity in Daily Life 4
2.2 Fire Caused by Electricity 8
2.3 Electrical Fire Safety in Global 9
2.4 Review on Previous Studies 18

CHAPTER III CAUSES OF ELECTRICAL FIRE IN YANGON REGION

3.1 Conditions of Electrical Fire Cases 20
3.2 Electrical Usage and System in Yangon Region 22
3.3 Common Causes of Electrical Fires in Yangon Region 24
3.4 Public Awareness and Education of Electrical Fire Safety 26
3.5 Electrical Fire Cases in Yangon Region 28

CHAPTER IV SURVEY ANALYSIS

4.1 Survey Profile 33
4.2 Survey Design 33
4.3 Survey Results 34

iii
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION
5.1 Findings 47
5.2 Suggestions 49

REFERENCES
APPENDIXES

iv
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page

3.1 Cases of Fire by Electrical in Myanmar (2014-2023) 21
3.2 Number of Electrified Households from Power System in
Yangon Region 29
3.3 Total Number of Fire Cases in Yangon Region (2014-2023) 30
3.4 Cases of Electrical Fire in Hlaing Township 31
4.1 Socio-demographic Characteristics of the Respondents 35
4.2 Knowledge on Common Causes of Electrical Fires 38
4.3 Awareness of The Safety to Prevent Electrical Fires 40
4.4 Frequency of Professional Inspections of Home Electrical Wiring 42
4.5 Practices of Electrical Fire Safety by Families of Respondents 43
4.6 Electrical Fire Safety Practices for Preventing Hazards at Home 44
4.7 Sources of Information about Electrical Fire Safety 45

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank

IEA International Energy Agency
MFSD Myanmar Fire Services Department
NEC National Electric Code
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
SMEs Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
WEF World Economic Forum
WHO World Health Organization
YESC Yangon Electricity Supply Corporation
YFSD Yangon Fire Services Department

vi
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale of the Study

Electrical fires are a leading cause of property damage, loss of life, and financial
burdens in many parts of the world, including Myanmar. The rapid urbanization and
increase in household and industrial electricity use have made electrical fires a critical
public safety issue. Over the last decade, electrical fires have significantly contributed
to the overall number of fire incidents in Myanmar. According to data, approximately
26% of total fire incidents from 2014 to 2023 were caused by electrical faults, with
Yangon Region alone reporting a 41% rate for electrical fire incidents (Myanmar Fire
Service Department, 2023). The high proportion of fires attributed to electrical issues
highlights the need for in-depth research on causes, prevention, and public awareness
regarding electrical safety standards.
The damage caused by electrical fires is substantial, impacting homes,
businesses, and infrastructure. Electrical fires not only result in the destruction of
property but also disrupt essential services and lead to indirect costs such as
displacement and health impacts due to smoke inhalation and physical injuries. Fire
incidents in high-density urban areas, especially Yangon, have shown that electrical
fires can lead to cascading consequences, amplifying the disruption to everyday life and
economic productivity. The recurrent pattern of electrical fires in Myanmar has made
it increasingly important to identify specific risk factors, such as poor wiring,
overloaded circuits, and lack of maintenance, to develop a targeted approach for
prevention.
In Yangon Region, which is Myanmar's largest urban area and the most
electrified region, the electricity consumption has surged, contributing to the increasing
likelihood of electrical fires. Currently, 64.95% of households in Yangon are electrified,
with disparities in electrification rates across districts; for instance, the Western District
is fully electrified, while the Southern District has an electrification rate of only 37.56%
(Yangon Fire Service Department, 2023). These differences in access to electricity,

1
combined with varying levels of infrastructure, mean that some districts might be more
vulnerable to electrical fires due to outdated wiring or unsafe usage practices. In
addition, as electricity consumption rises, so does the load on the power systems, raising
the risk of electrical faults leading to fires.
A variety of factors contribute to the high incidence of electrical fires in
Myanmar. Poor-quality electrical installations, improper wiring, overloading of
electrical circuits, and outdated electrical systems are some of the primary causes.
Furthermore, limited public awareness of electrical safety, coupled with inadequate
inspection and maintenance. Additionally, inadequate public awareness and adherence
to electrical safety standards are significant contributors to the prevalence of electrical
fires. The combination of these factors increases the likelihood of fires caused by
electricity, particularly in densely populated urban areas where outdated electrical
systems are common (Myanmar Fire Service Department, 2023).
This study was conducted to gain a clearer understanding of the frequency and
causes of electrical fires in Myanmar. By analyzing the data and identifying
contributing factors, this study seeks to inform policies and safety practices that can
reduce the occurrence of electrical fires and minimize their damaging impact. The
findings aim to aid local authorities, policymakers, and the public in taking proactive
measures to improve electrical safety standards, ultimately decreasing the rate of
electrical fires and enhancing community resilience.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

The main objectives of this study are;
i. to describe the causes of electrical fire cases,
ii. to examine the knowledge, awareness and practices of electrical fire safety
among families in Hlaing Township, Yangon Region.

1.3 Method of Study

This study utilizes a descriptive method, utilizing both primary and secondary
data sources. This study employed a descriptive method to assess the knowledge,
awareness, and practices surrounding electrical fire safety among residents of Hlaing
Township, Yangon Region. The descriptive method was to provide a comprehensive
overview of current attitudes and behaviors related to electrical fire safety within the

2
community. Secondary data collection includes information from Electrical Inspection
Department, Myanmar Fire Service Department, Libraries, governmental websites and
pertinent web pages focusing on electrical safety.

1.4 Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study mainly focuses on public awareness concerning electrical safety and
hazards within households and their surroundings. This is based from causes of
electrical fire incidents, faulty wiring, overloaded circuits and improper installation
practices in Yangon Region. The total 250 numbers of households are selected from the
total of 14,023 households who are living in Hlaing Township, Yangon region. The
survey period is from May to July 2024.

1.5 Organization of the Study

There are five chapters in this study. Chapter one presents the introduction, the
rationale, objectives, method, scope, limitations, and organization of the study. Chapter
two presents the literature review. Chapter three states the causes of electrical fire in
Yangon Region. Chapter four examines survey analysis, and finally, Chapter five is the
conclusion.

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 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 The Essential Role of Electricity in Daily Life

Electricity plays a pivotal role in modern society, underpinning virtually every
aspect of daily life. It is a critical enabler of convenience, comfort, and efficiency,
transforming how individuals perform everyday tasks. According to Khan et al. (2020),
access to electricity significantly enhances quality of life by powering essential
appliances such as refrigerators, heating systems, and lighting, thereby promoting
health and safety in households. The availability of electricity has been linked to
improved educational outcomes, as it allows for the use of technology and electronic
devices in learning environments (World Bank, 2019). Furthermore, a study by Smith
and Lee (2021) emphasizes that reliable electricity supply is crucial for economic
productivity, as it supports industries, healthcare services, and communication systems,
contributing to overall economic growth.
Moreover, the impact of electricity on social interactions cannot be overstated.
Turner (2018) argues that electricity facilitates connectivity and communication,
allowing individuals to maintain relationships through various digital platforms. Social
media, online education, and telecommuting are all powered by electricity,
fundamentally changing how people interact and work. In addition, electricity plays a
significant role in emergency preparedness and response; Patel et al. (2017) highlights
that access to electricity is vital for operating emergency services, maintaining public
safety, and providing critical information during natural disasters.
The environmental implications of electricity generation also merit
consideration, as the sources of electricity can influence both ecological health and
social equity. As noted by Johnson (2022), the transition to renewable energy sources
not only addresses the urgent need for sustainable power but also promotes energy
independence and resilience in communities. This transition is particularly essential in
regions heavily reliant on fossil fuels, where energy access is often linked to socio-
economic disparities. Overall, the essential role of electricity extends beyond mere

4
functionality, impacting health, education, economy, and social cohesion, thereby
underscoring its significance in daily life.

2.1.1 The Role of Electricity in Households

Electricity plays a pivotal role in modern households, significantly transforming
daily living and enhancing the quality of life. The widespread adoption of electrical
appliances has revolutionized domestic environments, enabling convenience and
efficiency in various household activities. According to the International Energy
Agency (IEA, 2021), access to electricity is essential for achieving multiple aspects of
human development, including health, education, and economic productivity.
Households equipped with reliable electricity can engage in activities such as cooking,
heating, cooling, and entertainment, which contribute to overall well-being and
comfort.
One of the most significant impacts of electricity in households is its role in
improving health and sanitation. Electric lighting, for example, extends productive
hours beyond daylight, reducing accidents and enhancing safety within homes (World
Health Organization, 2020). Furthermore, access to electricity enables the use of
modern appliances such as refrigerators, which are crucial for food preservation and
storage, thus reducing the risk of foodborne illnesses. Additionally, electrical water
pumps facilitate access to clean water, improving sanitation and hygiene practices in
communities (Khandker et al., 2018).
In the educational sphere, electricity facilitates access to information and
learning resources. The availability of electronic devices, such as computers and tablets,
allows children and adults alike to access online educational materials, enhancing
learning opportunities and supporting educational attainment (Kirkpatrick et al., 2020).
Moreover, electric lighting in homes promotes a conducive study environment, helping
students perform better academically. The role of electricity in fostering educational
advancement underscores its importance in breaking the cycle of poverty and
facilitating socio-economic mobility.
Economically, electricity empowers households to engage in various income-
generating activities. For instance, the use of electrical tools and equipment in home-
based enterprises increases productivity and efficiency, enabling individuals to enhance
their livelihoods (Foster & Steinbuks, 2009). Moreover, access to electricity is a key
factor in attracting investments in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which

5
are vital for economic growth and job creation (World Bank, 2019). In rural areas,
electrification initiatives have been shown to contribute to agricultural productivity by
powering irrigation systems and processing facilities, further supporting local
economies.
However, the role of electricity in households is not without challenges. Issues
such as reliability, affordability, and safety remain critical concerns. In many
developing regions, electricity supply is often inconsistent, hindering its effective use
in households (Bhatia & Angelou, 2015). Additionally, the high costs of electricity can
be a barrier for low-income households, limiting their access to essential services and
appliances. Furthermore, the increase in electrical usage raises concerns regarding fire
safety, particularly in areas with outdated electrical infrastructure or insufficient public
awareness about electrical hazards (Zhou et al., 2020).
Therefore, electricity is a fundamental component of modern households,
profoundly influencing health, education, and economic activities. While its benefits
are substantial, addressing the challenges associated with access, affordability, and
safety is essential to maximize its potential. By promoting responsible electricity use
and enhancing public awareness of safety measures, households can harness the full
benefits of electricity while minimizing associated risks.

2.1.2 The Role of Electricity in Commercial and Public Sectors

Electricity serves as a vital engine for growth and efficiency in both commercial
and public sectors, driving economic development and enhancing the quality of services
provided to communities. The accessibility and reliability of electricity significantly
influence the operational capabilities of businesses and the functioning of public
services, thereby affecting overall productivity and service delivery.
In the commercial sector, electricity is indispensable for powering various
business operations, from manufacturing to retail. It supports a multitude of essential
activities, including lighting, heating, cooling, and the operation of machinery and
equipment. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA, 2020), industries that
rely heavily on electricity such as manufacturing, services, and telecommunications
represent a significant portion of economic activity. The availability of reliable
electricity enhances operational efficiency, allowing businesses to optimize production
processes and reduce costs (Foster & Steinbuks, 2009). Furthermore, electrification
facilitates the adoption of advanced technologies, enabling businesses to innovate and

6
improve service delivery. For instance, businesses that leverage digital technologies
can enhance their marketing strategies, optimize supply chains, and improve customer
engagement (World Bank, 2021).
In the retail sector, electricity is essential for creating an inviting shopping
environment through effective lighting and climate control. Research indicates that
well-lit stores with proper temperature regulation enhance customer experience and
encourage longer shopping durations, ultimately increasing sales (Baker et al., 1994).
Additionally, electricity enables the use of point-of-sale systems and inventory
management software, which streamline operations and enhance customer service. The
retail sector's reliance on electricity highlights its importance in facilitating commerce
and contributing to local and national economies.
The public sector also heavily depends on electricity to provide essential
services to citizens. From healthcare facilities and educational institutions to public
transportation systems, electricity plays a crucial role in ensuring the effective delivery
of services. In healthcare, reliable electricity is critical for powering medical equipment,
maintaining proper storage conditions for medications, and ensuring effective
communication systems (World Health Organization, 2021). Inadequate electrical
supply can jeopardize patient care and operational efficiency in hospitals and clinics,
particularly in emergencies.
Electricity enhances learning environments by enabling the use of electronic
teaching aids and providing adequate lighting for classrooms. Schools with access to
electricity can offer a broader range of educational resources, including computers and
the internet, which are vital for modern learning (Kirkpatrick et al., 2020). The
availability of electricity in schools can significantly improve educational outcomes and
bridge the digital divide, particularly in developing regions.
Moreover, the role of electricity in public infrastructure cannot be overstated.
Transportation systems, including trains, subways, and traffic lights, rely on electricity
for efficient operation. Well-functioning transportation systems improve accessibility
and reduce travel times, thereby contributing to economic growth and enhancing the
quality of life for residents (Morrison, 2020). Additionally, electricity is crucial for
public safety, powering streetlights, emergency services, and communication systems
that are essential during disasters and emergencies.
Despite its critical importance, challenges remain in ensuring reliable electricity
access in both commercial and public sectors, particularly in developing countries.

7
Issues such as aging infrastructure, regulatory hurdles, and financial constraints hinder
the provision of consistent electrical supply (Bhatia & Angelou, 2015). Additionally,
the rise in energy demand can strain existing electrical systems, leading to outages and
interruptions that disrupt business operations and public services.
Electricity is integral to the functioning of commercial and public sectors,
significantly influencing economic growth, service delivery, and overall quality of life.
Addressing the challenges of reliability, accessibility, and infrastructure is essential to
harness the full potential of electricity in driving sustainable development and
improving community welfare.

2.2 Fire Cause by Electricity

Electrical fires are a significant concern globally, accounting for a substantial
percentage of residential fires and associated injuries and fatalities. According to the
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), electrical failures or malfunctions
accounted for approximately 12% of reported home fires in the United States from 2017
to 2023. These incidents resulted in an estimated average of 410 deaths, 1,300 injuries,
and $1.2 billion in direct property damage annually during this period (NFPA, 2023).
These statistics highlight the pressing need for awareness and preventive measures
regarding electrical safety.
The mechanisms by which electrical fires occur can vary widely. Common
causes include faulty wiring, overloaded circuits, and the misuse of extension cords
(Miller et al., 2019). Faulty electrical systems, which may arise from age, deterioration,
or improper installation, often fail to handle the current flowing through them, leading
to overheating and subsequent fires (Suh et al., 2020). Overloaded circuits occur when
too many devices are connected to a single outlet, exceeding the circuit's capacity,
which can generate excessive heat and ignite surrounding materials (Bishop, 2021).
Moreover, the use of improper electrical devices and equipment significantly
contributes to electrical fire incidents. For instance, using extension cords as a substitute
for permanent wiring can increase fire risks, particularly when those cords are frayed
or damaged (Fisher et al., 2020). Inadequate maintenance and failure to adhere to safety
guidelines regarding electrical appliances and systems further exacerbate the risk of fire
(Parsons, 2018). Understanding these causes is essential for developing effective
educational programs aimed at reducing electrical fire incidents in residential settings.

8
 In addition to recognizing the causes of electrical fires, it is crucial to examine
the effectiveness of fire prevention measures. Research indicates that the installation of
smoke detectors, circuit breakers, and proper electrical wiring practices can
significantly reduce the risk of electrical fires (Koff & Gallo, 2019). The NFPA
recommends regular inspections of electrical systems and devices, emphasizing the
importance of proactive measures in identifying and mitigating risks before they lead
to fire outbreaks (NFPA, 2020). Such measures not only enhance household safety but
also contribute to broader community efforts to prevent electrical fires and their
devastating consequences.

2.3 Electrical Fire Safety in Global

Electrical fire safety is a critical concern in modern society, given the ubiquitous
use of electrical systems in homes, workplaces, and public infrastructures. According
to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), electrical fires account for
approximately 13% of all home structure fires, resulting in substantial property damage
and loss of life (NFPA, 2022). This highlights the urgent need for effective safety
measures and educational programs to mitigate electrical hazards. The importance of
understanding and adhering to electrical safety practices is further underscored by the
fact that electrical shock incidents, which can range from minor injuries to fatalities,
are often preventable through proper training and awareness (Brewster, 2017).
One of the primary hazards associated with electricity is electric shock, which
occurs when a person comes into contact with an electrical energy source, allowing
current to flow through the body. The severity of electric shock can vary significantly
based on factors such as the voltage, duration of exposure, and the path the current takes
through the body (Miller, 2021). Studies have shown that even low-voltage shocks can
lead to serious injuries or fatalities, particularly in vulnerable populations such as
children and the elderly (Schäfer et al., 2020). In this context, educational initiatives
focusing on the safe use of electrical appliances and the recognition of electrical hazards
can play a crucial role in preventing accidents.
Moreover, electrical burns represent another severe consequence of electrical
mishaps. These burns occur due to the intense heat generated by electric currents, which
can damage skin and underlying tissues (Kurtz et al., 2018). In industrial settings, where
high-voltage equipment is prevalent, the risk of electrical burns is significantly
heightened, underscoring the need for stringent safety protocols and training (Hoffman

9
et al., 2020). Proper installation and maintenance of electrical systems are essential for
preventing both electrical fires and burns, as faulty wiring and overloaded circuits are
common contributors to these hazards (International Electrotechnical Commission,
2019). Regular inspections of electrical systems, coupled with adherence to safety
standards, can significantly reduce the likelihood of accidents.
The role of regulations and safety standards in promoting electricity safety
cannot be overstated. Various organizations, including the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Electric Code (NEC), provide
guidelines for electrical safety in both residential and commercial settings (OSHA,
2021; NEC, 2020). These standards are designed to protect individuals from electrical
hazards and ensure the safe operation of electrical systems. Compliance with these
regulations not only enhances safety but also fosters a culture of awareness and
responsibility regarding electrical usage (Hawkes et al., 2022). The integration of safety
training programs into workplace protocols and community education initiatives is
essential for instilling safe practices and reducing the incidence of electrical accidents.

2.3.1 Preventive for Electrical Fires

Electrical fires pose a significant threat to residential and commercial properties,
leading to substantial economic losses and loss of life. The National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA) emphasizes that electrical failures or malfunctions are the second
leading cause of home fires in the United States, accounting for approximately 13% of
all residential fires (NFPA, 2022). Implementing preventive measures is critical in
mitigating the risk of these fires. This literature review explores five essential
preventive strategies that can significantly reduce the incidence of electrical fires.
First and foremost, ensuring proper installation and maintenance of electrical
systems is vital. Faulty wiring is a common cause of electrical fires, often resulting from
improper installation practices or aging electrical systems (Hoffman et al., 2020).
Regular inspections by qualified electricians can help identify potential hazards, such
as frayed wires or overloaded circuits, before they lead to dangerous situations
(International Electrotechnical Commission, 2019). Homeowners and businesses
should prioritize hiring licensed professionals for all electrical work and adhere to local
building codes and standards.
Secondly, the use of surge protectors is an effective way to safeguard electrical
devices against voltage spikes that can cause fires. Surge protectors can prevent damage

10
to appliances and reduce the risk of electrical fires resulting from surges caused by
lightning strikes or power outages (Miller, 2021). Installing surge protectors at critical
points in electrical systems, particularly for sensitive electronics, can offer an additional
layer of protection and prevent fires caused by equipment failure.
Third, employing the practice of avoiding the use of extension cords as
permanent wiring is crucial. Extension cords are often misused, leading to overheating
and increased fire risks (Smith & Taylor, 2019). The NFPA recommends using
permanent wiring for all fixed installations and ensuring that any extension cords used
are rated for the specific load they will carry. Educating individuals about the proper
use of extension cords and the dangers of overloading them is essential for reducing the
likelihood of electrical fires.
Fourth, the installation of smoke detectors and carbon monoxide alarms in
homes and commercial buildings is a key preventive measure. These devices provide
early warning in the event of a fire, allowing occupants to evacuate safely (Hawkes et
al., 2022). The NFPA advises that smoke alarms be installed on every level of a home,
particularly near sleeping areas, and that batteries be replaced regularly to ensure
functionality. Furthermore, educating the public about the importance of regular testing
and maintenance of these devices is crucial in enhancing fire safety.
Finally, promoting awareness and education regarding electrical safety
practices is paramount. Many electrical fires could be prevented through effective
public education campaigns that inform individuals about the risks associated with
improper electrical use and the importance of safety measures (Brewster, 2017).
Schools, community centers, and workplaces should implement training programs that
cover basic electrical safety principles, including recognizing electrical hazards and
responding appropriately to electrical emergencies. This proactive approach can
empower individuals to take responsibility for their safety and that of their
communities.

2.3.2 Knowledge of Electrical Fire Safety Among Families

Understanding the knowledge of electrical fire safety among families is crucial
for preventing electrical fires, which pose a significant threat to home safety. Research
indicates that a lack of awareness regarding electrical fire hazards contributes to the
high incidence of residential fires caused by electrical faults (O'Reilly et al., 2021). To
effectively mitigate these risks, it is essential to measure families' knowledge of

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electrical fire safety practices, which can provide insights into their preparedness and
potential areas for improvement.
One common method for assessing knowledge of electrical fire safety is through
structured questionnaires designed to evaluate awareness and understanding of key
safety concepts. For instance, a study by Broughton et al. (2020) utilized a survey to
gauge family knowledge regarding the proper use of electrical appliances, the
importance of smoke alarms, and the procedures to follow in case of an electrical fire.
The results highlighted a concerning gap in knowledge, with many participants unaware
of basic safety practices, such as the necessity of regular inspections of electrical
systems. Such findings underscore the need for targeted educational interventions to
enhance electrical fire safety awareness among families.
Furthermore, the effectiveness of educational programs in improving
knowledge of electrical fire safety has been documented in several studies. For
example, a randomized controlled trial by King et al. (2019) demonstrated that families
who participated in educational workshops on electrical safety exhibited a significant
increase in knowledge compared to a control group. The workshops included practical
demonstrations and discussions on electrical hazards, proper appliance usage, and the
importance of having an evacuation plan in case of a fire. This study highlights the
importance of not only measuring knowledge but also implementing educational
strategies to improve it, thereby reducing the likelihood of electrical fire incidents.
In addition to measuring knowledge through surveys and educational
interventions, qualitative research methods can provide deeper insights into family
attitudes and perceptions regarding electrical fire safety. A study by Thompson and
Regan (2021) employed focus group discussions to explore family perspectives on
electrical safety. The findings revealed that many families had misconceptions about
electrical fire risks, often underestimating the dangers posed by common household
appliances. This qualitative approach complements quantitative assessments by
uncovering underlying beliefs and practices that may hinder the adoption of safe
behaviors.
Measuring the knowledge of electrical fire safety among families is vital for
identifying knowledge gaps and informing educational initiatives aimed at reducing
electrical fire risks. By employing a combination of quantitative and qualitative
methods, researchers can obtain a comprehensive understanding of family knowledge

12
and attitudes toward electrical safety, ultimately contributing to more effective
prevention strategies.

2.3.3 Preventive for Electrical Fire Safety Among Families

The preventive for electrical fire safety among families serves as a critical to
enhance household safety and reduce the occurrence of electrical fires. Numerous
studies have demonstrated that increased awareness of electrical fire hazards can lead
to improved safety practices within the home (Thompson & Regan, 2021). Effective
preventive strategies involve not only assessing knowledge levels but also
implementing educational programs that reinforce safe practices and enhance
understanding of electrical safety.
A key component in evaluating families' knowledge of electrical fire safety is
the development of reliable assessment tools, such as structured questionnaires and
surveys. Research conducted by Broughton et al. (2020) highlights the importance of
creating culturally sensitive and accessible tools that accurately gauge understanding of
electrical safety practices. By identifying specific knowledge gaps through these
assessments, targeted educational interventions can be designed to address the
particular needs of families, thereby fostering safer environments.
Moreover, the role of community engagement in measuring and improving
knowledge of electrical fire safety cannot be overstated. Engaging families through
community workshops and educational campaigns has shown significant promise in
elevating awareness and promoting safer practices. For example, a study by King et al.
(2019) found that families participating in community-based educational initiatives
demonstrated a marked increase in knowledge regarding the proper use of electrical
appliances, the significance of smoke detectors, and the necessary steps to take in the
event of an electrical fire. These findings emphasize the effectiveness of preventive
measures that combine knowledge assessment with practical education.
In addition to direct assessments and educational programs, incorporating
technology into preventive strategies has emerged as a viable approach for measuring
and enhancing knowledge of electrical fire safety. Digital platforms and mobile
applications designed for electrical safety education can provide interactive resources
and real-time assessments for families. A study by O'Reilly et al. (2021) demonstrated
that families using a mobile application focused on electrical fire safety reported higher
levels of knowledge and awareness compared to those relying solely on traditional

13
educational materials. This innovative approach illustrates the potential for technology
to enhance preventive measures by making information more accessible and engaging
for families.
Therefore, measuring knowledge of electrical fire safety among families is a
fundamental preventive strategy that can significantly impact household safety. By
utilizing a combination of assessment tools, community engagement, and technological
resources, stakeholders can effectively address knowledge gaps and promote safer
electrical practices within homes.

2.3.4 Awareness of Electrical Fire Safety Among Families.

Awareness of electrical fire safety among families is crucial for enhancing
public safety and preventing electrical fires, which remain a significant risk to
households globally. Despite the advancements in electrical safety technology and
widespread educational campaigns, many families continue to underestimate the risks
associated with electrical fires. Research indicates that a significant proportion of
families lack essential knowledge regarding the causes of electrical fires, prevention
methods, and the importance of safety devices (Davis & Lee, 2019). Understanding
these awareness levels can help identify gaps in knowledge and inform targeted
interventions to improve safety practices.
(i) Awareness Gaps
Many studies have shown that awareness gaps exist within families concerning
electrical fire safety. For instance, a survey conducted by Nguyen et al. (2020) found
that over 60% of respondents were unaware of the specific risks posed by overloaded
circuits and the importance of regular inspections of electrical systems. This lack of
awareness often leads to complacency in safety practices, increasing the risk of
electrical fires. Additionally, educational initiatives that emphasize the importance of
fire safety measures have revealed a significant disparity between perceived and actual
risks, underscoring the need for more effective communication strategies to enhance
awareness (Smith et al., 2021).
(ii) Methodologies for Measuring Awareness
To effectively measure awareness levels, researchers have employed various
methodologies, including surveys, interviews, and observational studies. For example,
a study by Patel and Thomas (2022) utilized a mixed-methods approach, combining
quantitative surveys with qualitative interviews to gather comprehensive data on family

14
awareness of electrical fire safety. Their findings highlighted not only the level of
knowledge but also the attitudes and beliefs surrounding electrical safety, providing a
more nuanced understanding of how families approach fire prevention. Such
methodologies are essential for identifying specific areas where educational programs
can be improved.
(iii)The Role of Educational Interventions
Educational interventions play a critical role in enhancing awareness of
electrical fire safety among families. Programs designed to teach families about
common electrical hazards and the use of safety devices have been shown to improve
knowledge significantly (Johnson et al., 2020). A study by Chen and Williams (2019)
demonstrated that families participating in hands-on workshops, which included
demonstrations on the use of fire extinguishers and the importance of smoke alarms,
reported a notable increase in their understanding of electrical fire risks. These findings
indicate that interactive and practical training methods are particularly effective in
fostering awareness and encouraging proactive safety measures.
(iv) Importance of Accessibility to Safety Devices
In addition to education, the accessibility of safety devices significantly impacts
awareness levels. Research suggests that when families have easy access to safety
devices, such as smoke alarms and circuit breakers, their likelihood of adopting fire
safety practices increases (Garcia et al., 2021). Providing information on the proper
installation and maintenance of these devices is also critical, as many families lack the
knowledge necessary to utilize them effectively (Miller, 2020). Consequently,
enhancing access to safety devices alongside educational initiatives can create a more
comprehensive approach to improving electrical fire safety awareness.
(v) Community Involvement and Engagement
Community involvement is vital in promoting awareness of electrical fire
safety. Local organizations and fire departments can play an essential role in conducting
outreach programs and safety workshops aimed at families (Hernandez & Roberts,
2022). These initiatives often leverage community trust and familiarity to effectively
communicate safety information, leading to increased participation and awareness
among families. Studies have shown that community-led efforts, such as neighborhood
safety fairs, significantly improve knowledge levels and encourage families to adopt
safer electrical practices (Nguyen et al., 2020).

15
 Measuring the awareness of electrical fire safety among families is essential for
identifying knowledge gaps and developing effective interventions. Awareness gaps
persist despite existing educational initiatives, highlighting the need for targeted
communication strategies. Utilizing diverse methodologies to assess awareness levels,
implementing educational interventions, improving accessibility to safety devices, and
fostering community involvement are crucial steps toward enhancing electrical fire
safety. Continued research and action are necessary to ensure that families are well-
informed and equipped to prevent electrical fires, thereby protecting lives and property.

2.3.5 Practices of Electrical Fire Safety Among Families

The practices of electrical fire safety among families are vital for understanding
how well households implement safety measures designed to prevent electrical fires.
While awareness of fire risks is a necessary first step, the actual practices adopted by
families are critical in mitigating potential hazards. Research indicates a gap between
knowledge and practice, suggesting that despite increased awareness of electrical fire
safety, many families do not follow recommended safety practices (Smith et al., 2021).
This literature review will discuss methodologies for assessing these practices, identify
common safety behaviors, and highlight the significance of targeted interventions.
(i) Methodologies for Assessing Practices
Various methodologies can be employed to measure the practices of electrical
fire safety among families, including surveys, observational studies, and interviews.
For example, a study by Brown and Davis (2022) utilized a mixed-methods approach,
combining quantitative surveys with qualitative interviews to gain insights into
household practices regarding electrical fire safety. Their findings revealed that while
most families understood the importance of safety devices, such as smoke detectors and
circuit breakers, actual practices—like regular testing of these devices—were not
consistently followed. This underscores the importance of using diverse research
methods to capture a comprehensive view of family practices in electrical safety.
(ii) Common Practices and Compliance
A significant body of research has identified several common practices related
to electrical fire safety. According to Hernandez and Patel (2020), families that engage
in proactive behaviors, such as regular inspections of electrical appliances and avoiding
overloading outlets, significantly reduce their risk of electrical fires. However, their
study found that many families fail to conduct regular inspections or seek professional

16
help for outdated wiring, illustrating a gap between knowledge and practice.
Furthermore, a survey conducted by Johnson et al. (2021) revealed that while 80% of
families owned smoke alarms, less than half regularly tested them, indicating a critical
area for improvement in safety practices.
(iii) The Role of Educational Interventions
Educational interventions have proven effective in enhancing the practices of
electrical fire safety among families. For instance, Miller et al. (2019) implemented
community-based educational programs focused on practical safety measures,
including the correct use of electrical devices and emergency preparedness. Their study
demonstrated that families participating in these programs showed a marked
improvement in safety practices, such as checking for frayed wires and ensuring the
proper installation of safety devices. These findings emphasize that education plays a
crucial role in translating awareness into actionable practices.
(iv) Barriers to Safe Practices
Despite awareness and educational efforts, several barriers prevent families
from implementing effective electrical fire safety practices. Research by Garcia and
Smith (2020) identified common obstacles, including financial constraints, lack of
access to professional services, and misconceptions about electrical safety. For
example, many families believe that safety devices are too expensive to install or
maintain, leading to underutilization. Addressing these barriers is essential for
improving safety practices, as families need both the knowledge and the resources to
implement effective fire safety measures (Nguyen et al., 2022).
(v) Importance of Continuous Monitoring
Ongoing measurement of electrical fire safety practices is crucial for
understanding trends and improving safety outcomes. Longitudinal studies can provide
valuable insights into how practices evolve over time in response to educational
interventions and changes in household dynamics (Patel & Johnson, 2021). For
instance, a study examining families over a five-year period found that households that
received regular follow-ups and safety reminders demonstrated significant
improvements in their fire safety practices compared to those who did not receive such
support. This highlights the importance of continuous monitoring and engagement in
maintaining high safety standards.

17
2.4 Review on Previous Studies
This section reviews previous studies concerning electrical safety and fire
prevention, focusing on critical safety management aspects in construction and
residential environments. The findings from these studies highlight the importance of
safety awareness, effective practices, and systematic interventions to enhance electrical
safety and reduce fire incidents.
Zheng's (2019) investigates the underappreciated risk of electrical fires in
residential areas, particularly in uninspected secondary suites. The study analyzes data
from 28,160 residential fire incidents in British Columbia from 2004 to 2017, revealing
that 9.4% of these were electrical fires, which resulted in 150 casualties and over $150
million in damages. Zheng advocates for targeted inspections in higher-risk areas, such
as basements, to mitigate the risks associated with electrical fires. This research
underscores the importance of proactive safety inspections and risk assessments in
reducing fire hazards within residential settings.
The study by Alfalasi et al. (2022) addresses the critical role of fire safety
protocols in mitigating risks associated with fire incidents. Despite the UAE's advanced
infrastructure and fire safety systems, the authors note significant weaknesses in public
awareness regarding fire safety measures. The review proposes a quality awareness
model aimed at improving the effectiveness of fire safety equipment and practices. This
framework is intended to guide building owners and occupants in developing robust
fire safety measures, which can be particularly beneficial for developing countries
striving to enhance their fire safety protocols.
Nyein Nyein Htwe (2019) emphasizes the critical importance of electrical safety
awareness in modern society, given the integral role electricity plays in daily life. The
study highlights the urgent need for increased awareness of electrical hazards, noting
that many electricity users are poorly informed about the dangers associated with
electrical use. Although the study surveyed 200 households in South Dagon Township,
which collectively install electric meters, it found that a significant number of
participants lacked a clear understanding of electrical hazards and the safety measures
necessary to mitigate risks. Many users acknowledged that electricity can be lethal but
demonstrated limited knowledge regarding the specific voltage levels that could pose
dangers or the safe distances to maintain from power lines. Moreover, the findings
indicated that while awareness of risks related to electrical device installation was

18
relatively stronger, general knowledge about hazards stemming from home appliances
was only moderate.
A study conducted by Htet Aung and Khaing Kyaing (2021) investigated the
primary causes of electrical fires in urban households. The researchers identified that
faulty wiring and improper installation of electrical appliances were significant
contributors. Their findings indicated that many households often resort to unqualified
electricians for installations, leading to substandard work and increased risk of
electrical fires. Furthermore, the study emphasized the need for comprehensive training
programs for electricians and increased regulatory oversight to ensure safer installation
practices.
Another study by Win Htut (2022) focused on the level of safety knowledge and
awareness among families regarding electrical hazards. They utilized a mixed-methods
approach, combining quantitative surveys with qualitative interviews to gather data
from 300 households in Mandalay. The results showed that while most participants
recognized the dangers of electrical fires, many lacked knowledge of specific
preventive measures, such as the importance of circuit breakers and regular
maintenance checks of electrical systems. The study provided the necessity of
community awareness campaigns to educate families about electrical safety practices,
particularly in lower-income neighborhoods where the risk of electrical fires is
heightened.

19
 CHAPTER III
CAUSES OF ELECTRICAL FIRE IN YANGON REGION

3.1 Conditions of Electrical Fire Cases

Electrical fires represent a significant hazard in Myanmar, contributing to a
notable proportion of fire incidents across the nation. Defined as fires caused by
electrical faults or malfunctions, these incidents can lead to devastating consequences,
including loss of life, injuries, and extensive property damage. According to the
Myanmar Fire Services Department (2023), out of the 18,025 total fire cases reported
in 2022, approximately 4,606, or 26%, were attributed to electrical causes. This
alarming statistic underscores the urgent need for improved electrical safety standards
and practices, particularly as urbanization and industrialization continue to increase the
demand for electricity.
The prevalence of electrical fires in Myanmar can be traced to several factors,
including outdated infrastructure, inadequate regulatory enforcement, and a general
lack of public awareness regarding electrical safety. Many residential and commercial
buildings utilize aging wiring systems that do not meet contemporary safety standards.
A report by Asian Development Bank (2022) highlighted that inadequate maintenance
of electrical systems, compounded by insufficient technical expertise among
electricians, leads to frequent malfunctions that can result in fires. Moreover, informal
settlements, where construction practices often disregard safety protocols, have become
hotspots for electrical hazards (ADB, 2022).
The following Table 3.1 presents a comprehensive overview of fire incidents
attributed to electrical causes across various states and regions in Myanmar. It
highlights the total number of fire cases recorded, the specific number of electrical fires,
and the percentage of electrical fires relative to the total fire cases within each region.

20
Table (3.1) Cases of Fire by Electrical in Myanmar (2014-2023)
Total No. of Electrical Electrical Fire
No States and Regions
Fire Cases Fire Cases Cases (%)
Union 18025 4606 26%
1 Kachin State 850 306 36%
2 Kayah State 149 33 22%
3 Kayin State 480 110 23%
4 Chin State 246 56 23%
5 Sagaing Region 1905 392 21%
6 Taninthayi Region 587 130 22%
7 Nay Pyi Taw 973 179 18%
8 Bago Region 1565 313 20%
9 Magway Region 1628 235 14%
10 Mandalay Region 2254 738 33%
11 Mon State 794 188 24%
12 Rakhine State 890 110 12%
13 Yangon Region 2499 1016 41%
14 Shan State 1812 550 30%
15 Ayeyawady Region 1393 250 18%
Source: Myanmar Fire Service Department, 2023.

Table (3.1) highlights a total of 18,025 fire cases, of which 4,606 are attributed
to electrical causes. This equates to approximately 26% of all fire cases being related
to electricity. Notably, Yangon Region exhibits the highest percentage of electrical fires
at 41%, with 1,016 reported cases out of 2,499 total fires. This table provides the critical
fire safety challenges faced by Yangon, which is not only the largest city in Myanmar
but also its economic hub.
Electrical fires pose a significant threat to public safety and property in the
Yangon Region, reflecting a pressing issue in the context of rapid urbanization and
infrastructural challenges. In recent years, the frequency of electrical fires has surged
in Yangon, exacerbated by the region's aging electrical infrastructure and the growing
demand for electricity in residential and commercial sectors. According to the Yangon
Fire Department, electrical fires accounted for approximately 41% of all fire incidents
in the region in 2024, highlighting the urgent need for effective prevention and
intervention strategies (Yangon Fire Department, 2024).

21
 One of the critical factors contributing to the rising incidence of electrical fires
is the inadequate maintenance of electrical systems within households and businesses.
Many buildings in Yangon are equipped with outdated wiring and electrical equipment,
which often fail to meet modern safety standards (Ministry of Electric Power, 2021).
This situation is particularly pronounced in low-income neighborhoods where financial
constraints limit access to quality electrical installations and regular maintenance
services. Furthermore, with the increasing urban population, the strain on the existing
electrical grid has intensified, leading to a higher risk of overload and malfunction
(ADB, 2023). The combination of these factors creates a precarious environment for
electrical safety, making the community vulnerable to electrical fires.
To further understand the magnitude of the problem, a study conducted by the
Myanmar National Fire Brigade found that electrical fires are more prevalent during
peak consumption times, typically in the evening when residents return home and
power usage surges (Myanmar National Fire Brigade, 2023). This trend indicates that
the existing electrical infrastructure is not only outdated but also ill-equipped to handle
the growing demand for electricity. Additionally, the lack of public awareness
regarding electrical safety practices contributes to the problem, as many residents
remain uninformed about potential hazards associated with improper use of electrical
appliances and systems (UNDP, 2021). Thus, addressing the causes of electrical fires
in Yangon requires a multifaceted approach, including infrastructural improvements,
public education, and stricter enforcement of safety regulations.

3.2 Electrical Usage and System in Yangon Region

The electrical usage and system in the Yangon Region are expanding rapidly to
keep pace with the region's high energy demand. Yangon, Myanmar's economic hub,
relies on an extensive but aging electrical grid, managed primarily by the Yangon
Electricity Supply Corporation (YESC). This network faces frequent power losses and
inefficiencies due to outdated infrastructure, leading to regular blackouts and a need for
enhanced grid stability. Efforts to address these challenges include plans to modernize
the infrastructure and increase electricity production, particularly to meet urban
demands and the rising consumption driven by industrial growth (Ministry of Electric
Power, 2023).
In 2023, the Ministry of Electric Power outlined projects aimed at reducing
energy loss and improving system stability in Yangon. These projects include

22
expanding transmission capacities and bolstering distribution in township and district
areas, where demand has outpaced supply. Additionally, the Ministry has initiated the
installation of substations to mitigate blackouts and stabilize the network by balancing
energy loads across the grid (YESC, 2023).
Given the reliance on natural gas for electricity generation, efforts are underway
to diversify Yangon’s energy sources, including the introduction of more renewable
energy projects. This transition aims to reduce dependence on fossil fuels while
accommodating the high energy demand driven by rapid urbanization and economic
activity. These improvements are crucial for reducing frequent power disruptions and
supporting the region's sustainable development, given Yangon's role as Myanmar's
industrial and commercial core (UNDP, 2021).
In Yangon, the energy system struggles with high levels of technical and non-
technical losses, including infrastructure wear and inefficiencies from theft and billing
issues. Addressing these losses is essential, as they currently contribute to the energy
deficits experienced throughout the region, impacting both industrial and residential
sectors (YESC, 2023). To improve efficiency and reliability, YESC has implemented
new policies to address these losses, introducing stricter regulations on energy use,
enforcement against unauthorized connections, and modernization of metering systems.
Yangon's reliance on natural gas for nearly half of its electricity production
poses additional challenges due to fuel price volatility and limited domestic production.
Diversifying energy sources, including integrating renewables like solar and exploring
options for imported energy, has become a strategic focus. Myanmar's Ministry of
Electric Power has outlined renewable energy plans to reduce dependency on natural
gas and improve grid reliability. Solar initiatives are underway, including several pilot
solar farms outside Yangon, intended to provide an alternative, sustainable energy
supply for the region (UNDP, 2021).
Urban growth in Yangon has also led to rising peak demand, with residential,
commercial, and industrial sectors all contributing significantly to electricity
consumption. The city's infrastructure, however, is ill-equipped for such rapid
expansion, leading to substantial investment requirements for transmission and
distribution upgrades. According to local energy authorities, enhancing Yangon's
substations and transmission lines could allow for more reliable service and reduce the
frequency of blackouts, particularly in areas of concentrated industrial activity (YESC,
2023).

23
 Moving forward, long-term plans to create a robust energy policy in Yangon
Region emphasize collaboration with international organizations and private sector
partners. These partnerships aim to facilitate knowledge transfer, introduce advanced
technology, and fund large-scale infrastructure improvements. In particular, projects
supported by entities such as the Asian Development Bank focus on modernizing
energy infrastructure to meet growing needs while ensuring efficiency, affordability,
and sustainability in Yangon's energy future (ADB, 2023).
These measures indicate a strategic approach to electrical usage and system
upgrades, critical for the economic and social progress of the Yangon Region.

3.3 Common Causes of Electrical Fires in Yangon Region

Electrical fires pose a significant risk to public safety and property in the
Yangon Region, driven by a variety of underlying factors. As the demand for electricity
continues to rise in this rapidly urbanizing area, the existing electrical infrastructure
often struggles to meet safety standards and operational efficiency. A combination of
aging wiring systems, inadequate maintenance practices, and the widespread use of
substandard electrical equipment has created an environment where electrical fires can
easily ignite. Additionally, human error and environmental influences further
exacerbate these risks, making it essential to understand the common causes of
electrical fires to implement effective prevention strategies. This section delves into the
primary contributors to electrical fires in Yangon, highlighting the urgent need for
improved safety measures and public awareness to mitigate these dangers.
(i) Faulty Wiring
Faulty wiring remains one of the leading causes of electrical fires in the Yangon
Region, largely due to the prevalence of aging infrastructure and improper installation
practices. Many buildings, particularly in older neighborhoods, are equipped with
wiring systems that do not comply with current safety standards, making them
susceptible to overheating and short circuits (Yangon Fire Department, 2023). The
quality of materials used in electrical installations is often subpar, further exacerbating
the risks associated with faulty wiring. For instance, a study conducted by the Ministry
of Electric Power found that approximately 40% of fire incidents in Yangon were linked
to wiring issues, highlighting a critical area of concern (Ministry of Electric Power,
2021). Furthermore, the lack of regular inspections and maintenance contributes to the

24
deterioration of wiring systems, leading to increased vulnerabilities in households and
commercial buildings alike.
(ii) Overloaded Circuits
Overloaded circuits are another significant contributor to electrical fires in
Yangon, driven by the rising demand for electricity as urbanization accelerates. Many
residents rely heavily on multiple appliances simultaneously, particularly during peak
hours, which often exceeds the designed capacity of existing electrical circuits (World
Bank, 2021). The Yangon Fire Department reported that overloaded circuits accounted
for around 25% of electrical fire incidents in the region in 2022 (Yangon Fire
Department, 2022). Many households are not equipped with circuit breakers or fuses
that can prevent overload, making them particularly vulnerable to fires caused by
excessive electrical loads. Additionally, the cultural tendency to use high-power
appliances without consideration of the electrical system's limits significantly increases
the risk of overheating and subsequent fires.
(iii)Inadequate Electrical Equipment
The use of inadequate or substandard electrical equipment contributes
significantly to the incidence of electrical fires in Yangon. Many residents purchase
low-quality appliances that do not meet safety standards, leading to malfunctions and
potential fire hazards (Myanmar National Fire Brigade, 2023). For example, frayed
cords, malfunctioning plugs, and non-compliant appliances have been cited as direct
causes of numerous fire incidents. The lack of awareness regarding the importance of
using certified and reliable equipment further exacerbates this issue, as residents often
prioritize cost over safety when making purchasing decisions (UNDP, 2021). In an
analysis of fire incidents in 2022, it was revealed that at least 15% of electrical fires
were linked to the use of faulty appliances, emphasizing the need for greater public
education on the selection and maintenance of electrical equipment (Yangon Fire
Department, 2022).
(iv) Poor Maintenance Practices
Poor maintenance practices are a crucial factor contributing to electrical fires in
the Yangon Region. Many households do not engage in regular inspections or
maintenance of their electrical systems, leading to the accumulation of hazards that can
ignite fires (Myanmar National Fire Brigade, 2023). The Ministry of Electric Power has
reported that neglecting maintenance is particularly common among low-income
families who may lack the resources to conduct necessary upgrades or repairs (Ministry

25
of Electric Power, 2021). This negligence not only increases the likelihood of electrical
fires but also perpetuates a cycle of fear and economic loss, as families who experience
such incidents often face significant financial burdens due to property damage and
potential injuries. Community programs aimed at educating residents about the
importance of regular maintenance and safe electrical practices are essential to reducing
the frequency of these fires.
(v) Human Error
Human error plays a significant role in the occurrence of electrical fires, often
stemming from unsafe practices and lack of knowledge. Many residents in Yangon
engage in improper use of electrical appliances, such as leaving devices plugged in
when not in use or using them in ways not intended by manufacturers (ADB, 2023). A
survey conducted by the Yangon Fire Department revealed that nearly 30% of
respondents admitted to ignoring basic safety protocols when using electrical
equipment (Yangon Fire Department, 2023). This negligence is further exacerbated by
cultural factors, where traditional practices may overlook modern safety standards.
Education and awareness campaigns that focus on promoting safe electrical usage and
the dangers of negligence could help mitigate the risks posed by human error.

3.4 Public Awareness and Education of Electrical Fire Safety

Public awareness and education are essential in reducing electrical fire incidents
in the Yangon Region. A report from the Myanmar Fire Services Department (MFSD)
highlights that inadequate knowledge of fire safety practices remains a major
contributing factor to household and industrial fires in urban areas like Yangon, where
demand for electricity continues to grow alongside urbanization (Myanmar Fire
Services Department, 2022). Despite the known risks, a large portion of the population
lacks awareness of safe practices, such as avoiding overloaded circuits, performing
regular electrical maintenance, and understanding basic fire response protocols.
Various campaigns, often spearheaded by the MFSD and local organizations,
have sought to educate residents on these essential safety practices. One recent
initiative, in partnership with the Myanmar Engineering Society (MES), involved
community workshops on safe electrical practices, reaching out to at-risk
neighborhoods and industrial areas. These programs include practical demonstrations
on identifying faulty wiring, handling fire extinguishers, and preventing electrical
overloads (MES, 2021). However, research indicates that these programs face

26
significant limitations in their reach, with many lower-income communities remaining
underserved due to a lack of logistical support and resources (Nyein, 2023).
Consequently, a majority of residents in higher-risk areas still lack access to essential
fire safety information.
Schools and community centers have been identified as ideal venues for
promoting fire safety education, especially for young people, who can benefit from
learning these habits early in life. Implementing regular safety drills and electrical fire
safety modules in school curricula can significantly reduce fire risks as students carry
this knowledge into adulthood. Studies show that school-based fire safety programs in
other Southeast Asian cities have effectively reduced fire-related injuries and fatalities.
Therefore, adapting similar programs to Yangon’s context could lead to substantial
improvements in community safety. Community centers also provide critical support
by holding monthly safety talks and distributing informational leaflets on fire
prevention techniques to local residents, many of whom trust these centers as reliable
sources of information (Myanmar Community Safety Report, 2021).
Mass media, including radio, television, and social media, has proven to be an
effective platform for disseminating fire safety messages to a broader audience. A study
on the use of social media in public safety communication in Yangon found that
emergency response agencies, such as the MFSD, successfully reached urban audiences
with safety messages via Facebook, which remains the most widely used platform in
Myanmar. Regular radio and TV segments on fire prevention strategies, electrical
safety tips, and emergency response protocols have shown positive impacts on public
safety, especially when scheduled during high-viewership times (Asia Fire Safety
Study, 2021). By capitalizing on digital media, public safety campaigns in Yangon can
quickly reach diverse communities, empowering residents to take precautionary
measures in their homes and workplaces.
There remain significant challenges in reaching lower-income populations, who
may face greater fire risks due to outdated infrastructure and limited access to resources.
Studies have shown that informal settlements are particularly vulnerable to electrical
fires because residents often lack both the financial means and practical knowledge to
invest in safer electrical systems. Targeted outreach efforts are necessary to reach these
groups effectively, such as mobile fire safety units that provide on-site demonstrations
and engage with community members directly (Yangon Urban Safety Review, 2022).
Research emphasizes that collaborating with local leaders and training community

27
volunteers in fire safety protocols can help bridge the gap, ensuring that at-risk
populations receive reliable information from trusted sources within their communities.
Cultural perceptions surrounding electrical safety also influence the
effectiveness of public awareness campaigns. Many Yangon residents are reluctant to
invest in necessary electrical upgrades or repairs due to perceived high costs, even if
these changes could significantly reduce fire hazards. Behavioral studies indicate that
long-term awareness campaigns must not only educate residents on specific risks but
also work to change cultural attitudes towards fire prevention, demonstrating the
benefits of proactive safety measures (Myanmar Institute of Safety Studies, 2023). By
fostering a community-wide shift in perspectives on fire safety, Yangon can build a
more resilient population that prioritizes preventive action and mitigates the likelihood
of electrical fire incidents.
Ultimately, a coordinated and continuous effort from the public sector, media,
educational institutions, and community leaders is essential to promoting electrical fire
safety in Yangon. By investing in public education and awareness, the region can
empower citizens to make safer choices, creating a more resilient urban environment
with reduced risks of electrical fires.

3.5 Electrical Fire Cases in Yangon Region

Electrical fire cases have become increasingly concerning in Yangon, with the
city experiencing a significant portion of Myanmar's total fire incidents linked to
electrical causes. As Myanmar's largest urban center, Yangon faces challenges related
to both aging electrical systems and rising electricity demand due to rapid urbanization.
Overloaded circuits, improper wiring, and unauthorized modifications contribute
substantially to the frequency of electrical fires in the region (World Bank, 2022). This
risk is particularly high in older buildings, where outdated electrical installations
struggle to handle modern electrical loads, resulting in overheating and short-circuits
that can trigger fires (World Economic Forum, 2023).
Limited awareness of basic electrical safety practices further exacerbates fire
risks in many Yangon neighborhoods. Many residents are unfamiliar with the dangers
associated with overloaded sockets, exposed wiring, and unauthorized electrical
alterations, increasing the likelihood of fire incidents. The MFSD reports that fire
incidents tend to have more severe impacts in densely populated, lower-income
communities where fire can spread rapidly due to the close proximity of buildings

28
(MFSD, 2023). Financial barriers also limit residents’ ability to invest in safer electrical
systems or hire professional maintenance services, leading to makeshift repairs that
further increase fire risk. These socioeconomic challenges emphasize the need for
community education initiatives and more accessible fire safety resources in high-risk
areas.
The rapid growth of residential and commercial electrical consumption in
Yangon has heightened the risk of electrical fires across the region. New buildings,
constructed to accommodate Yangon’s growing population, often lack comprehensive
fire safety features and do not always comply with current electrical standards due to
insufficient regulatory enforcement (Asian Development Bank, 2023). Small
businesses and informal housing units, in particular, frequently cut costs by bypassing
safety regulations, resulting in unsafe electrical installations. Without stricter regulatory
oversight and improved public awareness, electrical fires will likely remain a persistent
hazard in Yangon, posing significant risks to residents and businesses alike (World
Bank, 2022).

Table (3.2) Number of Electrified Households from Power System in Yangon

Region
Total No. Total No. of Total No. of Total No. of
No Districts of Electrified Un-Electrified Electrified
Households Households Households Households%
1 Eastern 468607 416324 52265 88.85%
2 Western 179182 179182 - 100%
3 Southern 341770 128361 213409 37.56%
4 Northern 436077 202095 233982 46.34%
Total 1425636 925980 499656 64.95%
Source: Ministry of Electric Power (2023).

Table (3.2) presents the number of districts with electrified households from the
power system in the Yangon Region. The data indicates that in the Eastern District,
there are a total of 468,607 households, of which 416,324 are electrified, resulting in
an electrification percentage of 88.85%. The Western District boasts a complete
electrification rate, with all 179,182 households electrified, yielding a 100% rate. In
contrast, the Southern District has 341,770 households, with only 128,361 electrified,

29
leading to a significantly lower electrification percentage of 37.56%. The Northern
District has a total of 436,077 households, with 202,095 electrified, resulting in an
electrification rate of 46.34%. Overall, the total number of households in the Yangon
Region is 1,425,636, with 925,980 electrified and 499,656 un-electrified households,
culminating in an overall electrification percentage of 64.95%.
The following Table 3.3 presents data on the total number of fire cases in the
Yangon Region from 2014 to 2023, along with a breakdown of those caused by
electrical issues. This data provides valuable insight into the persistent role of electrical
causes in fire incidents, emphasizing the need for targeted safety measures to mitigate
such risks in Yangon Region.

Table (3.3) Total Number of Fire Cases in Yangon Region (2014-2023)

Total No. of Fire Fire Caused by Fire Caused by
No. Year
Cases Electricity Electricity %
1 2014 266 101 38%
2 2015 224 99 44%
3 2016 220 88 40%
4 2017 240 88 37%
5 2018 235 83 35%
6 2019 295 125 42%
7 2020 233 92 39%
8 2021 310 101 33%
9 2022 244 111 45%
10 2023 232 128 55%
Total 2499 1016 41%
Source: Yangon Fire Service Department (2023).

Table (3.3) presents data on the total number of fire cases in Yangon Region
from 2014 to 2023, revealing a concerning trend in fire incidents caused by electricity.
Over this ten-year period, a total of 2,499 fire cases were reported, with 1,016 of these
attributed to electrical causes, representing an overall percentage of 41%. The data
indicates a fluctuating yet generally high incidence of electrical fires, peaking at 55%
in 2023, which is the highest recorded in the analyzed years. Notably, 2022 also saw a
significant rate of electrical fires at 45%. These figures suggest that while efforts may

30
have been made to address electrical fire risks, the issue remains persistent and is
worsening. The data highlights a need for urgent action to improve electrical safety
measures in the region. Increasing public awareness about safe electrical practices,
enhancing enforcement of electrical codes, and investing in infrastructure
improvements are critical steps to mitigate this growing concern. The upward trend in
the percentage of fires caused by electricity emphasizes the necessity for a coordinated
approach to fire prevention in Yangon, ensuring that both the public and regulatory
bodies prioritize fire safety as urbanization and electricity demands continue to rise.
According to the Yangon Fire Services Department (YFSD), electrical fires
constituted 66% of all fires reported in Hlaing Township from 2014 to 2023, illustrating
the impact of inadequate electrical infrastructure and limited maintenance practices
(Myanmar Fire Service Department, 2023).

Table (3.4) Cases of Electrical Fire in Hlaing Township

Total No. of Fire Caused by Fire Caused by
No Year
Fire Cases Electricity Electricity %
1 2014 5 3 60%
2 2015 4 4 100%
3 2016 13 9 69%
4 2017 2 2 100%
5 2018 5 1 20%
6 2019 12 9 75%
7 2020 4 3 75%
8 2021 6 3 50%
9 2022 4 4 100%
10 2023 7 3 43%
Total 62 41 66%
Source: Yangon Fire Service Department (2023).

Table (3.4) outlines the incidence of electrical fire cases in Hlaing Township
from 2014 to 2023, indicating a total of 62 fire cases during this period, with 41
attributed to electrical causes, resulting in an overall percentage of 66%. The data
reveals notable fluctuations in the annual percentage of electrical fires, with certain
years showing alarming trends. For instance, both 2015 and 2017 reported 100% of fire

31
cases caused by electricity, signifying that every fire incident in those years was linked
to electrical issues. Conversely, 2018 saw a sharp decline, with only 20% of fires
resulting from electrical causes. The year 2022 again reached a critical point, with all
reported fire cases being attributed to electrical sources. This fluctuation underscores
the inconsistent nature of electrical fire risks in Hlaing Township, indicating a need for
enhanced fire safety protocols. The high overall percentage of electrical fires
emphasizes the importance of investigating the root causes, such as outdated wiring,
improper usage of electrical appliances, and lack of awareness among residents. The
data indicates that a more proactive approach is necessary to safeguard residents and
mitigate risks associated with electrical fires.

32
 CHAPTER IV
SURVEY ANALYSIS

4.1 Survey Profile

Among the electrical hazards that people are most often aware of as dangerous
are electric shock and electrical fire. Electrical fire safety is crucial for preventing
accidents and ensuring the safety of families. Electrical fire safety knowledge,
awareness, and practices among families are crucial for preventing accidents and
ensuring a safe home environment. Therefore, this study focusses on electrical fire
safety knowledge, awareness and practices among families by selecting one of the
specific areas in Yangon region of Myanmar. There are four major districts of Yangon;
the Eastern, Western, Southern, and Northern districts. Hlaing Township is also one of
the townships in Yangon Western district where electrical fire occurs the most.
According to the General Administration Department, Hlaing Township has a
population of 125,375 and 14023 households in 2023.
In Hlaing Township, households primarily rely on electricity for cooking,
lighting, and various other uses. This survey gathered data from a random sample of
250 households within the township. Data collection involved interviewing selected
residents and administering a questionnaire focused on their knowledge, awareness, and
practices regarding electrical fire safety.

4.2 Survey Design

The study was conducted in a township that comprises 16 wards, with a sample
size of 250 respondents collected, consisting of 16 individuals from each ward. The
questionnaire utilized a 5-point Likert scale to gauge the degree of agreement or
awareness regarding various aspects of electrical fire safety, allowing for a nuanced
understanding of respondents' perceptions and practices. There are three main parts of
questionnaires. The first part is concerning demographic characteristics of respondents

33
and second part is electrical fire safety knowledge, awareness, and practices questions
among family. The third part is suggestion for proper safety management at home. A
structured questionnaire was used to gather primary data on households' knowledge,
awareness, and practices related to electrical fire safety. Secondary data were obtained
from sources such as the Electrical Inspection Department, Myanmar Fire Service
Department, official documents, government websites, and relevant web pages focused
on electrical safety. Numerous studies have examined public awareness of electrical
hazards. Employing a descriptive approach, this study analyzed the socio-demographic
characteristics of respondents and their general understanding of electricity, including
their knowledge of electrical hazard causes and risks, awareness of appropriate
responses to electrical shocks, and understanding of preventive measures.

4.3 Survey Results

This study applied quantitative methods to analyze electrical fire safety
knowledge, awareness, and practices questions among families in Hlaing Township,
Yangon. Finding of survey results are as follows.

4.3.1 Socio-demographic Characteristics of the Respondents

The first analysis is to describe demographic backgrounds of the respondents.
In this study, all the respondents were included to give some demographic
characteristics regarding to analyze electrical fire safety knowledge, awareness, and
practices questions among families in Hlaing Township, Yangon. The following Table
(4.1) represents demographic characteristics of the respondents.

34
Table (4.1) Socio-demographic Characteristics of the Respondents
No. Category Items Frequency Percent
1 Gender Female 113 45.2
Male 137 54.8
Total 250 100.0
2 Age under 16 years 9 3.6
16 to 25 years 32 12.8
26 to 35 years 47 18.8
36 to 45 years 68 27.2
46 to 55 years 76 30.4
above 55 years 18 7.2
Total 250 100.0
3 Education Primary Schooling 27 10.8
Diploma 34 13.6
Bachelor Degree 148 59.2
Master Degree 8 3.2
Vocational Training 16 6.4
Total 250 100.0
4 Occupation Government employee 58 23.2
Private sector employee 47 18.8
Self-employed 114 45.6
Unemployed 31 12.4
Total 250 100.0
5 Family members 1-2 8 3.2
3-4 130 52.0
5-6 87 34.8
More than 6 25 10.0
Total 250 100.0
6 Monthly Income No Income 31 12.4
under 1 lakhs Kyat 13 5.2
2 – 5 lakhs Kyat 122 48.8
5 – 10 lakhs Kyat 40 16.0
10 – 15 lakhs Kyat 21 8.4
15 lakhs above 23 9.2
Total 250 100.0
9 Type of housing Apartment 139 55.6
Brick house 31 12.4
Wooden/bamboo house 80 32.0
Total 250 100.0
Source: Survey Data, 2024.

35
 The above Table (4.1) provides a comprehensive snapshot of the demographic
characteristics of the sample population, highlighting key aspects such as gender
distribution, age groups, educational attainment, occupational status, family size,
income levels, and types of housing.
A demographic overview of a sample population of 250 respondents is shown
in the above table. Table (4.1) identifies 137 male respondents (54.8%) and 113 female
respondents (45.2%) among the respondents. In terms of gender distribution, there are
significantly more men (54.8%) than women (45.2%). This indicates a moderate
difference in gender among the respondents, with a larger percentage of men in this
study.
The age distribution of the respondents: 9 are under 16 years old, 32 are between
18 and 25 years old, 47 are between 26 and 35 years old, 68 are between 36 and 45
years old, 76 are between 46 and 55 years old, and 18 are over 55 years old. An older
population is represented by the largest age group, that ranges from 46 to 55 years
(30.4%). 3.6% of the group is under 16 years old. It would be expected that responders
with more age maturity will provide more accurate responses.
Regarding educational attainment, the basic education high school level of
respondents is 27 (10.8%), the diploma attainment of respondents is 34 (13.6%), the
bachelor degree of respondents is 148 (59.2%), the respondents with a master degree
are 8 (3.2%), the vocational training attainment of respondents is 16 (6.4%), and the
last of the other respondents is 17 (6.8%). A significant majority of the population holds
a bachelor’s degree (59.2%), and master’s degree holders constitute the smallest group
(3.2%). Respondents having higher degrees of education generally give greater quality
information.
According to the occupation distribution, 23.2% of respondents work for the
government, 18.8% for the private sector, 45.6% are self-employed, 12.4% are
unemployed. Self-employment accounts up the largest percentage of the respondents'
occupations (45.6%), while unemployment accounting up the smallest percentage
(12.4%).
The assessment of their family members indicates that, among the respondents,
8 have 1 to 2 family members (3.2%), 130 have 3 to 4 family members (52%), 5 have

36
5 to 6 family members (34.8%), and 10 have more than 6 family members. Only 3.2%
of households have one to two individuals, whereas the majority (52.0%) have 3–4
members.
The monthly income of the respondents indicates that 12.4% of them have no
income, 13 have incomes under 1 lakh kyat (5.2%), and the remaining respondents have
incomes between 2 and 5 lakhs. Of the respondents, 122 (48.8%) had incomes between
5 and 10 lakhs in kyat. 40 (16.0%) of the respondents have incomes between 10 and 15
lakh kyat. Twenty-one (8.4%) of the respondents had incomes in kyat, and twenty-three
(9.2%) had incomes exceeding 15 lakhs. 48.8% of the population earns between 2 and
5 lakh kyat a month. 5.2% of the population receives less than one lakh kyat. Regarding
the type of housing, apartment are 139 respondents (55.6%), brick house type of house
are 31 respondents (12.4%), wooden or bamboo type of house are 80 respondents
(32%). The majority live in apartments (55.6%).

4.3.2 Knowledge, Awareness and Practices of Electrical Fire Safety

The second section of this investigation highlights respondents' knowledge and
awareness of general electrical fire safety practices. To assess their understanding,
several questions regarding their knowledge, awareness, and practices related to
electrical fire safety were included in the questionnaire.
Table (4.2) analyzes their understanding of the common causes of electrical
fires. Each question was evaluated using a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5, where 1
indicates strong disagreement, 2 represents disagreement, 3 denotes neutrality, 4
signifies agreement, and 5 indicates strong agreement. The data collected from
respondents is summarized in Tables (4.2) as follows:

37
Table (4.2) Knowledge on Common Causes of Electrical Fires

Std.
No. Category Mean
Deviation
It should be not overloading electrical outlets and
1 4.08 0.097
circuits can reduce the risk of electrical fires.
It should be educating family members about
2 electrical fire safety can reduce the risk of electrical 4.29 0.06
fires.
It should be installing wire with contact metal frame
3 4.28 0.033
can cause electrical hazard.
It should be repairing the electrical device when
4 4.44 0.922
power off.
It should be having a fire extinguisher accessible and
5 knowing how to use it can prevent electrical fire 4.02 0.322
damage.
It should be before using electrical equipment, ensure
that the area around is clear and free from any
6 4.14 0.306
flammable materials. It can help prevent electrical
fires.
It should be hiring a licensed electrician to perform
7 electrical work in your home can prevent electrical 4.12 0.074
fires.
It should be first disconnecting the power source to
8 prevent further electrocution when seeing a victim of 4.26 0.892
electric shock, and then proceed to rescue him/her.
Overall mean 4.20
Source: Survey Data, 2024.

Table (4.2) presents the respondents' perception of knowledge on the common

causes of electrical fires, showcasing various statements rated on a 5-point Likert scale.
The statement regarding overloading electrical outlets and circuits received a mean
score of 4.08, indicating general agreement among respondents that avoiding overloads
can reduce the risk of electrical fires. However, the relatively low mean indicates that
there may still be room for improvement in understanding this critical safety practice.
A stronger consensus is reflected in the statement about educating family members on
electrical fire safety, which garnered a mean score of 4.29, demonstrating that

38
respondents recognize the importance of education in preventing such incidents.
Additionally, the awareness of potential hazards associated with installing wires with
contact metal frames received a mean of 4.28, with a very low standard deviation,
indicating a uniform understanding of this risk among the participants.
The statement about repairing electrical devices only when power is off
achieved a mean score of 4.44, highlighting strong agreement; however, the higher
standard deviation (0.922) indicates variability in responses, pointing to some
misunderstanding that could be addressed through targeted educational initiatives.
Meanwhile, the importance of having a fire extinguisher accessible scored 4.02, with a
higher standard deviation (0.322), indicating inconsistencies in respondents' opinions
about fire extinguisher accessibility and usage knowledge. The mean score of 4.14 for
the statement regarding keeping areas around electrical equipment free of flammable
materials indicates moderate agreement, providing a need for further emphasis on
maintaining safe environments around electrical devices.
Respondents also largely agreed (mean of 4.12) on the necessity of hiring
licensed electricians for electrical work, as indicated by the low standard deviation
(0.074), which reflects a strong consensus on the value of professional expertise in
preventing hazards. Finally, the statement about disconnecting the power source in the
event of witnessing an electric shock received a mean score of 4.26, with a standard
deviation of 0.892, indicating some variability in understanding this emergency
procedure. The overall mean score of 4.20 indicates a solid level of awareness regarding
electrical fire safety among respondents, yet provides the potential for improvement
through targeted educational programs and community initiatives. Such efforts should
focus on reinforcing key safety practices, clarifying critical measures, and addressing
any existing knowledge gaps to enhance overall electrical fire safety in the region.
Table (4.3) analyzes the awareness of the safety to prevent electrical fires. Every
question on the questionnaire has been evaluated on a Likert scale from 1 to 5, where 1
represents strongly disagree, 2 disagree, 3 neither agree nor disagree, 4 represents agree,
and 5 represents strongly agree.

39
Table (4.3) Awareness of The Safety to Prevent Electrical Fires

Std.
No. Category Mean
Deviation
It should be noted that unplugging electrical
1 appliances when they are not in use can help prevent 4.08 0.648
electrical fires.
It should take care not to use too many powerful
2 appliances on one circuit creating excessive power 4.03 0.487
load.
Emergency contact numbers should be readily
3 4.26 0.950
available in the home.
It should be utilizing power strips with built-in
4 circuit breakers can further reduce the risk of 4.21 0.557
electrical fires.
It should be firstly repaired or replace and then use
5 the damaged plug, switch, socket and frayed wire, 4.00 0.624
cable etc.
It should be regularly inspecting and maintaining
6 4.42 0.367
electrical wiring can prevent electrical fires.
It should be using an electric stove or other cooking
appliances when you should not leave them
7 4.12 0.892
unattended. Ensure that you turn off the power
switch and unplug them before leaving.
It should be using light bulbs with the correct
8 wattage for the fixture can help prevent electrical 4.02 0.701
fires.

Overall mean 4.14

Source: Survey Data, 2024.

Table (4.3) presents the respondents' perception on awareness of specific

electrical fire safety practices, showcasing various statements rated on a Likert scale.
The statement regarding unplugging electrical appliances when not in use received a
mean score of 4.08, indicating a general agreement among respondents that this practice
can help prevent electrical fires. However, the standard deviation of 0.648 indicates
some variability in responses, indicating that while many participants understand this
practice, there are still those who may not consistently follow it.

40
 The importance of avoiding excessive power load on circuits was reflected in a
mean score of 4.03, which demonstrates awareness of the risks associated with using
too many powerful appliances on a single circuit. The statement about having
emergency contact numbers readily available in the home achieved a higher mean score
of 4.26, with a standard deviation of 0.950, indicating a strong consensus on the
importance of preparedness in case of electrical emergencies.
Utilizing power strips with built-in circuit breakers received a mean score of
4.21, indicating that respondents recognize this as a valuable safety measure to further
reduce the risk of electrical fires. In contrast, the statement about repairing or replacing
damaged plugs, switches, sockets, and frayed wires scored a mean of 4.00, which
reflects a solid understanding, though the standard deviation of 0.624 suggests
variability in awareness of this critical practice.
The statement that received the highest mean score of 4.42 pertains to the
regular inspection and maintenance of electrical wiring. This provides that respondents
recognize the importance of proactive measures in fire prevention, indicating a strong
understanding of the relationship between maintenance practices and electrical safety.
The importance of not leaving cooking appliances unattended while in use received a
mean score of 4.12, highlighting awareness of safe cooking practices. Finally, the
statement about using light bulbs with the correct wattage garnered a mean score of
4.02, indicating that respondents are generally aware of the risks associated with
improper bulb usage.
The overall mean score of 4.14 indicates a solid level of awareness regarding
electrical fire safety practices among respondents. However, the variations in standard
deviations across statements point to areas where further education and outreach could
enhance understanding and adherence to these safety measures. Community initiatives
should focus on reinforcing critical practices, such as regular wiring inspections and
safe appliance usage, to effectively reduce the risk of electrical fires in the region.
Table (4.4) represents practices related to electrical fire safety. The frequency
of home electrical wiring inspections, use of extension cords for permanent wiring, fire
evacuation plan, handling damaged electrical appliances, smoke detectors, fire
extinguishers, and family members trained to use fire extinguishers are listed in this
table.

41
Table (4.4) Frequency of Professional Inspections of Home Electrical Wiring

No. Category Frequency Percent

1 Never 37 14.80%
2 Once a year 56 22.40%
3 Twice a year 73 29.20%
4 More frequently 84 33.60%
Total 250 100%
Source: Survey Data, 2024.

Table (4.4) presents the frequency of professional inspections of home electrical

wiring among respondents. The data reveals that a significant portion of participants,
33.60%, reported having their electrical wiring inspected more frequently than once a
year, indicating a proactive approach to electrical safety. Additionally, 29.20% of
respondents have their wiring inspected twice a year, while 22.40% do so once a year.
However, 14.80% of participants indicated that they never have their electrical wiring
inspected by a qualified professional. This finding highlight a concerning difference in
electrical safety practices, as regular inspections are crucial for identifying potential
hazards and preventing electrical fires. To improve overall safety within the
community, it is essential to promote the importance of routine inspections and
encourage those who do not currently engage in this practice to seek professional
evaluations of their electrical systems. Educational campaigns and resources should
target these individuals to raise awareness about the benefits of regular inspections in
mitigating fire risks.

42
Table (4.5) Practices of Electrical Fire Safety by Families of Respondents

No. Category Frequency Percent

Use of Extension Cords for Permanent Wiring
1 Yes 135 54.00%
2 No 115 46.00%
Total 250 100%
Fire Evacuation Plan for the Home
1 Yes 96 38.40%
2 No 154 61.60%
Total 250 100%
Installation of Smoke Detectors in the Home
1 Yes 81 32.40%
2 No 169 67.60%
Total 250 100%
Availability of Fire Extinguishers in the Home

1 Yes 89 35.60%
2 No 161 64.40%
Total 250 100%
Training for Family Members on Fire Extinguisher Use

1 Yes 54 21.60%
2 No 196 78.40%
Total 250 100%
Source: Survey Data, 2024.

Table (4.5) illustrates the practices of electrical fire safety among families
surveyed, focusing on the use of extension cords, fire evacuation plans, smoke
detectors, fire extinguishers, and fire extinguisher training. Firstly, regarding the use of
extension cords for permanent wiring, 54% (135 families) reported using extension
cords in this manner, while 46% (115 families) indicated they do not. This indicates
that over half of the respondents potentially engage in a hazardous practice, which may
increase the risk of electrical fires.
Concerning fire evacuation plans, only 38.4% (96 families) have a plan in place,
whereas a significant 61.6% (154 families) do not. The lack of evacuation plans among
most families could be a major safety concern, as preparedness in emergency situations
is crucial for minimizing harm. In terms of smoke detector installation, 32.4% (81

43
families) have smoke detectors in their homes, while 67.6% (169 families) do not. This
low rate of smoke detector installation indicates limited preventative measures for early
fire detection, potentially exposing families to greater risk.
Availability of fire extinguishers in the home shows a similar trend, with 35.6%
(89 families) having fire extinguishers and 64.4% (161 families) without them. This
limited access to fire extinguishers suggests that most households may not be
adequately equipped to handle small fires independently. Lastly, only 21.6% (54
families) have received training on fire extinguisher use, compared to 78.4% (196
families) who have not. This indicates a knowledge gap in fire safety skills, implying
that even among households with fire extinguishers, many may lack the confidence or
ability to use them effectively in an emergency.
These findings reflect a need for increased fire safety awareness and training,
as many households appear unprepared for potential fire incidents. Implementing
educational initiatives on fire evacuation planning, smoke detector installation, and fire
extinguisher use could significantly enhance fire safety practices within the community.

Table (4.6) Electrical Fire Safety Practices for Preventing Hazards at Home

No. Category Frequency Percent

1 Regular inspection of wiring and electrical appliances 54 21.60%
2 Power off the main breaker, if you go out home 126 50.40%
3 Using appropriate fuses and circuit breakers 46 18.40%
Hiring a licensed electrician for installation of
4 electrical work in your home to prevent electrical 59 23.60%
fires.
Keeping flammable materials away from electrical
5 165 66.00%
appliances
The electrical wiring in your home is grounded, and
6 all electrical devices are also connected to this 54 21.60%
grounding system.
7 Avoiding overloading electrical circuits 36 14.40%
8 Using appropriate fuses and circuit breakers 46 18.40%
Keeping flammable materials away from electrical
9 99 39.60%
appliances
10 Unplugging appliances when not in use 141 56.40%
Source: Survey Data, 2024.

44
 Table (4.6) presents the various protective measures implemented by
respondents in their homes to safeguard against electrical fires. The data indicates that
keeping flammable materials away from electrical appliances is the most commonly
adopted practice, with 66% of respondents acknowledging this precaution. This
highlights a general awareness of the risks associated with flammable items in
proximity to electrical devices. Additionally, unplugging appliances when not in use is
another prevalent practice, with 56.4% of participants following this guideline, which
can significantly reduce the risk of accidental fires.
Another noteworthy finding is that powering off the main breaker when leaving
the home is adopted by 50.4% of respondents, indicating a proactive approach to fire
prevention during extended absences. However, practices such as regular inspection of
wiring and electrical appliances and hiring a licensed electrician for installation show
lower adoption rates at 21.6% and 23.6%, respectively.
The avoidance of overloading electrical circuits garnered only 14.4%, revealing
a concerning trend where many individuals not fully grasp the dangers of excessive
load on electrical systems. The data also reflects redundancy, with both using
appropriate fuses and circuit breakers and keeping flammable materials away from
electrical appliances being listed separately; the former received 18.4% while the latter
had two entries with differing frequencies (66% and 39.6%).
These findings point to a need for enhanced education and outreach regarding
comprehensive electrical safety measures. Encouraging the adoption of regular
inspections, professional installations, and better awareness of load management could
further mitigate the risks of electrical fires in households.

Table (4.7) Sources of Information about Electrical Fire Safety

No. Category Frequency Percent

1 Television 124 37.69%

2 Radio 14 4.26%
3 Internet 98 29.79%
4 Government campaigns 35 10.64%
5 Community programs 27 8.21%
6 Schools 31 9.42%
Total 100%
Source: Survey Data, 2024.

45
 The table illustrates the various sources through which respondents receive
information about electrical fire safety. Television emerges as the most common source,
with 37.69% (124 respondents) relying on it for fire safety information. This indicates
that television is an effective medium for disseminating safety messages, likely due to
its wide accessibility and reach within the community.
The internet follows, with 29.79% (98 respondents) indicating it as their primary
source. This reflects the increasing role of digital platforms in providing safety
information, especially for those with easy internet access. Government campaigns,
accounting for 10.64% (35 respondents), play a smaller but noteworthy role, suggesting
that while these campaigns contribute, their reach could be expanded to cover more
households. Community programs (8.21%) and schools (9.42%) provide information
to a smaller portion of the population. This indicates some community-based and
educational initiatives are in place but may have limited coverage or resources. Radio,
at only 4.26% (14 respondents), is the least used source, possibly due to declining radio
listenership or fewer dedicated safety programs in this medium. These findings indicate
that television and internet are the most impactful channels for sharing electrical fire
safety information. To improve reach and effectiveness, authorities could consider
increasing support for government campaigns, community programs, and school-based
initiatives, ensuring that more comprehensive fire safety information is accessible to
the entire community.

46
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION

5.1 Findings
Electrical safety is a very important factor that needs urgent attention. This study
focusses on electrical fire safety knowledge, awareness and practices among families
by selecting one of the specific areas Yangon Region. The data were collected from
Hlaing Township in Yangon and the sample of 250 numbers of household who are
randomly selected from that township. Using a descriptive method, this study examined
the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents and their general
understanding of electrical fire safety knowledge, awareness, and practices questions
among families.
Regarding specific knowledge of electrical fire safety practices, several
statements were evaluated using a Likert scale, with mean scores indicating varying
degrees of agreement among respondents. The statement about avoiding overloading
electrical outlets received a mean score of 4.08, showing some understanding but also
room for improvement. In contrast, the statement emphasizing the importance of
educating family members on electrical fire safety garnered a higher mean score of
4.29, reflecting strong recognition of education's role in prevention. Participants
demonstrated a solid understanding of hazards related to installing wires with contact
metal frames (mean score of 4.28) and a strong agreement regarding the necessity of
repairing electrical devices only when the power is off (mean score of 4.44), despite
some variability in responses indicated by a higher standard deviation.
The importance of accessible fire extinguishers received a mean score of 4.02,
highlighting inconsistencies in respondents' knowledge about fire extinguisher usage.
Additionally, a mean score of 4.14 indicated moderate agreement on maintaining clear
areas around electrical equipment. Respondents strongly agreed (mean of 4.12) on the
value of hiring licensed electricians, indicating a consensus on the importance of
professional expertise. The statement regarding disconnecting the power source in the
event of witnessing an electric shock received a mean score of 4.26, showing some

47
variability in understanding emergency procedures. Overall, the average mean score of
4.20 indicates a solid level of awareness regarding electrical fire safety, but highlights
the potential for targeted educational programs and community initiatives to reinforce
key safety practices, clarify critical measures, and address existing knowledge gaps to
improve electrical fire safety in the region.
Examining specific electrical fire safety practices reveals varying levels of
awareness based on statements rated on a Likert scale. The statement regarding
unplugging electrical appliances when not in use received a mean score of 4.08,
indicating general agreement that this practice can help prevent electrical fires. The
awareness of the risks associated with excessive power loads on circuits is reflected in
a mean score of 4.03. The statement about having emergency contact numbers readily
available achieved a higher mean score of 4.26, providing strong consensus on the
importance of preparedness for electrical emergencies. Respondents also recognize the
value of using power strips with built-in circuit breakers, as demonstrated by a mean
score of 4.21.
Conversely, the statement regarding repairing or replacing damaged electrical
components received a mean score of 4.00, indicating a solid understanding but also
variability in awareness. Notably, the statement about regular inspection and
maintenance of electrical wiring had the lowest mean score of 3.42, revealing a
significant gap in knowledge regarding ongoing maintenance to prevent electrical fires.
Furthermore, awareness of safe cooking practices is reflected in a mean score of 4.12
for not leaving cooking appliances unattended, while the importance of using light
bulbs with the correct wattage garnered a mean score of 4.02. The overall mean score
of 4.02 indicates a solid level of awareness among respondents regarding electrical fire
safety practices.
The findings indicate a concerning frequency of professional inspections of
home electrical wiring among respondents. A notable 33.60% reported having their
electrical wiring inspected more than once a year, reflecting a proactive approach to
electrical safety. Additionally, 29.20% have their wiring inspected twice a year, while
22.40% do so once a year. However, the 14.80% of participants who never have their
electrical wiring inspected by a qualified professional highlight a significant gap in
electrical safety practices. This discrepancy underscores the importance of promoting
routine inspections, as regular evaluations are crucial for identifying potential hazards
and preventing electrical fires.

48
 The findings reveal significant differences in electrical fire safety practices
among surveyed families, highlighting areas of concern in fire preparedness and
prevention. Over half of the families (54%) use extension cords as permanent wiring, a
practice that can increase fire risks. Additionally, only 38.4% have a fire evacuation
plan, and an even lower 32.4% have smoke detectors, indicating limited preparedness
for early detection and safe evacuation in case of a fire. Fire extinguishers are present
in 35.6% of homes, but most families (64.4%) lack access to this basic fire-fighting
tool. Moreover, only 21.6% have received training on using fire extinguishers,
underscoring a knowledge gap in fire safety skills. These findings indicate an urgent
need to improve fire safety awareness and training within the community. Educational
initiatives focusing on evacuation planning, smoke detector installation, and fire
extinguisher use could substantially improve overall safety.

5.2 Suggestions
Based on the findings, it is essential to develop and implement targeted
educational initiatives to improve awareness and adherence to electrical safety practices
among community members. One effective approach would be to organize workshops
and seminars that focus on the importance of regular professional inspections of
electrical wiring. These sessions should highlight the benefits of proactive safety
measures, such as identifying potential hazards and preventing electrical fires. By
providing clear, accessible information and engaging community members through
interactive discussions, participants may be encouraged to prioritize routine
inspections, thus enhancing overall electrical safety in their homes.
In addition to promoting inspections, it is vital to address the identified gaps in
fire prevention safety practices. Community outreach programs can be established to
educate residents on the proper use of extension cords, the necessity of having a fire
evacuation plan, and the importance of installing smoke detectors. Moreover, local fire
departments should collaborate with community organizations to conduct drills and
training sessions, ensuring that families not only understand fire safety principles but
also feel equipped to act effectively in emergency situations.
Lastly, addressing the deficiencies in fire safety training, particularly regarding
the use of fire extinguishers, is crucial for enhancing community preparedness. It is
recommended to develop training sessions that teach family members how to properly
use fire extinguishers and respond to various types of fires. These training sessions

49
should include hands-on practice, allowing participants to become familiar with
equipment and procedures. Furthermore, creating a community resource center where
residents can access information, receive guidance, and participate in ongoing safety
training can help reinforce the importance of fire safety measures, ultimately leading to
a more informed and prepared community.

50
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 APPENDIX

Survey Questionnaire
Dear Sir/ Madam,
I am Nandar Win, a student from Executive Master of Development Studies
(EMDevS) program at Yangon University of Economics. I am preparing a master thesis
on “A Study of Electrical Fire Safety Knowledge, Awareness and Practices among
Families in Hlaing Township, Yangon”. Your input is highly valued, and your
responses will be kept confidential. Your honest opinions will provide valuable insights
to help enhance the implementation of this dissertation. Thank you for taking the time
to participate.

Part (A): Respondents’ Profile

1. Gender
☐ Male ☐ Female

2. Age
☐ under 16 years ☐ 16 to 25 years ☐ 26 to 35 years

☐ 36 to 45 years ☐ 46 to 55 years ☐ above 55 years

3. Education
☐ Master Degree ☐ Bachelor Degree ☐ Diploma

☐ Primary Schooling ☐ Vocational Training ☐ Others

4. Occupation
☐ Unemployed ☐ Self-employed ☐ Government employee

☐ Private sector employee

5. Number of family members living in your household

☐ 1-2 ☐ 3-4 ☐ 5-6 ☐ More than 6
6. Monthly Income
☐ under 1 lakhs Kyat ☐ 2 – 5 lakhs Kyat ☐ 5–10 lakhs Kyat

☐ 10 – 15 lakhs Kyat ☐ 16 lakhs Kyat above

7. Type of housing
☐ Apartment ☐ Wooden/bamboo house

☐ Brick house ☐ Other _____________________

Questionnaire for Knowledge of Electrical Fire Safety

1. Please indicate the most appropriate response with the scale given below;
1=Strongly Disagree, 2=Disagree, 3=Neutral, 4=Agree, 5=Strongly Agree
No. Statements 1 2 3 4 5
1 It should be not overloading electrical outlets
and circuits can reduce the risk of electrical
fires.
2 It should be educating family members about
electrical fire safety can reduce the risk of
electrical fires.
3 It should be installing wire with contact metal
frame can cause electrical hazard.
4 It should be repairing the electrical device when
power off.
5 It should be having a fire extinguisher
accessible and knowing how to use it can
prevent electrical fire damage.
6 It should be before using electrical equipment,
ensure that the area around is clear and free from
any flammable materials. It can help prevent
electrical fires.
7 It should be hiring a licensed electrician to
perform electrical work in your home can
prevent electrical fires.
8 It should be first disconnecting the power
source to prevent further electrocution when
seeing a victim of electric shock, and then
proceed to rescue him/her.
Questionnaire for Awareness of Electrical Fire Safety Measures
2. Please indicate the most appropriate response with the scale given below;
1=Strongly Disagree, 2=Disagree, 3=Neutral, 4=Agree, 5=Strongly Agree

No. Statements 1 2 3 4 5
1 It should be noted that unplugging electrical
appliances when they are not in use can help
prevent electrical fires.
2 It should take care not to use too many powerful
appliances on one circuit creating excessive
power load.
3 Emergency contact numbers should be readily
available in the home.
4 It should be utilizing power strips with built-in
circuit breakers can further reduce the risk of
electrical fires.
5 It should be firstly repaired or replace and then
use the damaged plug, switch, socket and frayed
wire, cable etc.
6 It should be regularly inspecting and
maintaining electrical wiring can prevent
electrical fires.
7 It should be using an electric stove or other
cooking appliances when you should not leave
them unattended. Ensure that you turn off the
power switch and unplug them before leaving.
8 It should be using light bulbs with the correct
wattage for the fixture can help prevent
electrical fires.
Questionnaire for Practices Related to Electrical Fire Safety
3. How often do you have your home's electrical wiring inspected by a qualified
professional?
a) Never
b) Once a year
c) Twice a year
d) More frequently

4. Please indicate the most appropriate response with the scale given below;
1 = No, 2 = Yes.
No. Statements 1 2
1 Do you use extension cords for permanent wiring?
2 It should take care not to use too many powerful appliances
on one circuit creating excessive power load.
3 Do you have a plan in place for evacuating your home in case
of a fire?
4 Do you have smoke detectors installed in your home?
5 Do you have a fire extinguisher in your home?

5. What safety practices should be followed at home to prevent electrical

hazards?
a) Regular inspection of wiring and electrical appliances
b) Power off the main breaker, if you go out home
c) Using appropriate fuses and circuit breakers
d) Hiring a licensed electrician for installation of electrical work in your home to
prevent electrical fires.
e) Keeping flammable materials away from electrical appliances
f) The electrical wiring in your home is grounded, and all electrical devices are
also connected to this grounding system.
g) Avoiding overloading electrical circuits
h) Using appropriate fuses and circuit breakers
i) Keeping flammable materials away from electrical appliances
j) Unplugging appliances when not in use
Questionnaire for Sources of Information
6. Where do you get information about electrical fire safety? (Select all that apply)
(1) Television (4) Community programs
(2) Radio (5) Government campaigns
(3) Internet (6) Schools
(7) Other ____________________