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The document discusses synonyms, antonyms, euphemisms, homonyms, neologisms, and archaisms in language. It defines each term, provides examples, and explains their significance in enhancing communication. Additionally, it categorizes types of antonyms, homonyms, and neologisms, highlighting their roles in language evolution.

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2 views2 pages

Hw

The document discusses synonyms, antonyms, euphemisms, homonyms, neologisms, and archaisms in language. It defines each term, provides examples, and explains their significance in enhancing communication. Additionally, it categorizes types of antonyms, homonyms, and neologisms, highlighting their roles in language evolution.

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Арай
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Tanzharbaeva Aray

1. Synonyms, Euphemisms, and Antonyms

• Synonyms: Words with the same or very similar meanings. Synonyms make language
more expressive and help avoid repetition. For example, “happy” and “joyful” are synonyms because
they mean almost the same thing.
• Antonyms:
• Traditional Definition: Antonyms are words with opposite meanings. For example,
“hot” and “cold” are opposites.
• Modern Types of Antonyms:
• Gradable Antonyms: Words that are opposites but have levels between them. For
example, “hot” and “cold” have “warm” in between.
• Complementary Antonyms: These are opposites with no middle ground. For
example, “alive” and “dead” don’t have a state in between.
• Relational (Conversive) Antonyms: These opposites depend on the relationship. For
example, “teacher” and “student” are opposites in their roles.
• Euphemism:
• Definition: A euphemism is a mild or polite word used to replace a harsh or
unpleasant word. For example, saying “passed away” instead of “died.”
• Why They’re Used: Euphemisms make language sound softer and more polite,
especially when talking about sensitive topics.

2. Homonymy of Words and Word Forms

• Homonyms: Words that have the same spelling or pronunciation but have different
meanings.
• Types of Homonyms:
• Homophones: Words that sound the same but have different spellings and meanings.
For example, “bare” (naked) and “bear” (the animal).
• Homographs: Words that are spelled the same but have different meanings, and
sometimes different pronunciations. For example, “lead” (a metal) and “lead” (to guide).
• Full Homonyms: Words that are both spelled and pronounced the same, but have
different meanings. For example, “bat” (an animal) and “bat” (used in sports).
• Sources of Homonyms: Homonyms come from changes in sound, borrowings from
other languages, or when a word’s meaning changes over time.

3. Neologisms and Archaisms

• Neologisms:
• Definition: Neologisms are new words that have recently entered the language.
• Types of Neologisms:
• Lexical Neologisms: Entirely new words, such as “selfie.”
• Semantic Neologisms: New meanings for old words, such as “cloud” in computing.
• Ways to Create New Words:
• Compounding: Putting two words together, like “cyberspace.”
• Blending: Combining parts of two words, like “brunch” (from “breakfast” and
“lunch”).
• Borrowing: Taking words from other languages, like “karaoke” from Japanese.
• Affixation: Adding prefixes or suffixes, like “micromanage” (adding “micro-” to
“manage”).
• Archaisms:
• Definition: Archaisms are old-fashioned words that are no longer common.
• Types of Archaisms:
• Lexical Archaisms: Words that are rarely used today, like “thou” (an old word for
“you”).
• Semantic Archaisms: Older meanings of words that are not used anymore. For
example, “meat” used to mean any kind of food.
• Orthographic Archaisms: Old spellings that we no longer use, like “olde” for “old.”

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