SCIENCE ACTIVITY

HANDBOOK

Name of Student:- Batch:-

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

PART I

SR. NO. TOPIC PAGE

1. GRAVITATION 3-8

2. PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS 8-13

3. CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS 13-17

4. EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT 17-20

5. HEAT 21-24

6. REFRACTION OF LIGHT 24-27

7. LENSES 27-32
8. METALLURGY 33-39
9. CARBON COMPOUNDS 39-47
10. SPACE MISSIONS 47-50

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 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
PART II

SR. NO. TOPIC PAGE

1. HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION 51-57

2. LIFE PROCESS IN LIVING ORGANISMS PART - I 57-64

3. LIFE PROCESS IN LIVING ORGANISMS PART - II 64-71

4. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 72-79

5. TOWARDS GREEN ENERGY 79-85

6. ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION 85-91

7. INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY 91-98
8. CELL BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 99-104
9. SOCIAL HEALTH 104-109
10. DISASTER MANAGEMENT 109-112

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 ACTIVITY BASED QUESTIONS
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (PART-I)
1. GRAVITATION
1) A ball thrown vertically upwards with initial velocity u reaches a height ‘h’
before coming down. Find the time taken to go up & the time taken to come
down. Acceleration acting on object is only due to gravity of Earth
Sol:- Initial velocity:- u ; Height reached = h ; at topmost point, final velocity (v)=0 ; acc,
due to gravity = -g (as height for both motion is same , time required is independent of h)
For upward motion, v = u + at For downward motion, tup = tdown
Hence, 0 = u - gtup Hence tdown = u/g sec
tup = u/g sec

2) If the value of g suddenly become two twice its value, it will become two times
more difficult to pull a heavy object along the floor. Why?

3) Let the period of revolution of a planet at a distance R from a star be T. Prove

that if it was at a distance of 3R from the star, its period of revolution will
be√𝟐𝟕 𝑻.

Sol:- According to Kepler’s third law, T2 =k r3; T1=T ; r2 = 3 r1 & ( ) = ( )

4) Classify the following example into Kinetic energy and potential energy.

i) A compressed spring is released.

ii) One marble strike another in a game of marbles.
iii) The striker hits a coin on the carom board.
iv) An arrow is released from a stretched bow.

Kinetic Energy Potential Energy

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 5) Complete the following chart regarding the weight and mass of an object.

Sol:-

6Y

6) Observe the figure and explain the law related to it.

r
S P

Sol:- Statement of Kepler’s First law:- The orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the Sun
at one of the foci.
7) Observe the figure & answer to following question

.
a) What is the conclusion about the orbit of a planet.
b) What is the relation between velocity of planet and distance from sun
c) X1OY1, X2OY2 and X3OY3 relation between areas explain.
Sol:- a) orbit of planet is elliptical
b) velocity increases as the distance between sun & planet decreases
c) all areas are same
8) According to theory of Universal Gravity, every object in the universe attracts every
other object with the definite force. This force is directly proportional to the product
of the masses of the two objects and is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them.
Mathematically, the gravitational force of attraction between two is given by
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 F= G
Where, G is the constant of proportionality and is called the universal gravitational
constant. If the two objects are spherical, the direction of the force is always along the
line joining the centres of two objects and the distance between the centres is taken to
be d. When the objects are not spherical or have irregular shape, then the direction of
force is along the line joining the centres of mass and d is taken to be the distance
between the two centres of mass.
a) Is gravitational force a vector? Justify.
b) What will happen to value of G on the surface of Mars?
c) If two square plates of mass m each are kept distance d apart from each
other. What is the direction of gravitational force between the plates?
Sol:- a) Gravitational force is a vector quantity as it is represented by using magnitude as well
as direction. It is always attractive in nature.
b) Its value will remain same even on surface of Mars that is 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2
c) We know that F= Gmm / d2 ; F = Gm2 / d2
9) The value of gravitational acceleration is affected by following factors:
Shape of Earth: Due its rotation, the earth bulges at the equator and flattened at the
poles. Its radius is largest at the equator and smallest at the poles. This causes
variation in value of gravitational acceleration on the surface of the earth.
Height from the surface of the earth: As we go above the Earth surface, value of
gravitational acceleration decreases.
Change in depth: Value of gravitational acceleration decreases as we go inside the
earth.
a) How will value of gravitational acceleration changes with decreasing
altitude?
b) A packet of sugar is measured to be of 1.5 kg on the equator. It’s mass on
the poles?
c) Which among a flying aero plane or communication satellite will
experience minimum gravitational acceleration? Why?
d) What will be the value of gravitational acceleration at the centre of the
earth?
e) Does the direction of gravitational force changes as we go deep inside the
earth?
Sol:-a) We know that, g=GM/r2 , Hence g is inversely proportional to square of distance
from the centre of Earth. Therefor value of g increases as altitude increases
b) Mass on the pole is also equal to 1.5kg because mass is constant everywhere.
c) Communication satellite will experience minimum gravitational acceleration because it is
at greater distance from the centre of the Earth.
d) At the centre of the Earth , value of g is zero as mass of the Earth under consideration is
zero.
e) No, Gravitational force is always directed towards the centre of the Earth.

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 10) A basketball of mass half kg is released from the height of 78.4 m and falls freely
to the ground. Calculate
a) time taken by the ball to reach the ground.
b) velocity of the ball on the reaching the ground.
c) the height of the ball at half the time it takes to reach the ground.
Sol:- s= 78.4 m ; a= g=9.8 m/s2 ; t= ? ;v = ? ; h= ?
a) s = ut + ½ (at2) b) v = u + at c) s = ut + ½ (at2) where
78.4= 0 + ½ 9.8 t2 v = 9.8 x 4 = 39.2 m/s t=4/2 = 2 sec
s= ½ (9.8 x 2) = 9.8m
Hence, t= 78.4 𝑥 .
= 4 sec

11) The mass of planet ‘X” is four times that of the earth and its radius is double the
radius of the earth. The escape velocity of a body from the earth is 11.2 × 10 3 m/s. Find
the escape velocity of a body from the planet ‘X’.
Sol:-

12) Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions.
We know that the gravitational force of the earth is applied to all objects. This force was used
even when you were holding a stone in your hand. But the force you were pushing in the
opposite direction with your hand was balancing it so that the stone was stable. When you let
go of the hand ,only gravitational force is applied to the stone, so the stone falls under its
influence. When an object is moving only under the influence of gravitational motion, that
motion is called free fall that is the stone falls. In free fall, the initial velocity is zero and it is
increased due to gravitational acceleration over time. At the time of free fall on the earth , the
friction of the air opposes the motion of the object. So, in the true sense free fall cannot
happen in the air. It can happen only in vacuum.
A) Complete the following statement by choosing the right option. The stone held in the
hand is stable because on it ....
a) two unbalanced forces are exerted. b) only the gravitational force of the earth is
exerted. c) gravitational force of the earth is not exerted. d) two balanced forces are
exerted.
B)Why does free fall not happen on the earth?

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Sol:- Free fall only happen in vacuum , an object falling in air experiences air resistance due
to which free fall is not possible in air.
C)Why does the velocity of the object increase during the free fall?
Sol:- Object in free fall , falls under the influence of Earth’s gravity due to which object is in
accelerated motion & its velocity increases.
D)Which type of force exerts on the object during free fall?
Sol:- Gravitational force
E) Why does free fall happen only in vacuum?
Sol:- because air molecules are absent in vacuum due to which air resistance is not
experienced
13)

Sol:-

14) Complete the following table & for an object of mass m on the surface of the earth.
Position of object Kinetic Energy Potential Energy Total Energy
On the surface of the ½ mv2 _________________ ________________
earth
At infinity distance ________________ 0 0
from the earth

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Sol:-

Position of object Kinetic Energy Potential Energy Total Energy

On the surface of the ½ mv2 -GMm/r -GMm/2r
earth
At infinity distance 0 0 0
from the earth

2. PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

1) An element has its electron configuration as 2, 8, 2. Now answer the following
questions.
a) What is the atomic number of this element?
b) What is the group of this element?
c) To which period does this element belong?
d) With which of the following elements would this element resemble? (
Atomic numbers are in bracket N(7), Be(4), Ar(18), Cl(17))
Sol:- a) Atomic number:- 2+8+2 = 12
b) Outermost orbit contains 2 electrons so group of the element is 2.
c) There are three orbits present in this element , so the element belongs to group-3.
d) Be(4) because Be also has same valence electrons , hence it belongs to the same group &
shows same property
2) Write down the electronic configuration of the following elements from the given
atomic numbers. Answer the following questions.
a) Li(3), Si (14), He (2), Na(11), P(15) Which of these elements belong to the
period 3 ?
b) H(1), N(7), Ca(20), S(16), Be(4), Ar(18) Which of these elements belong to
group 2?
c) N(7), C(6), O(8), B(5), Al(13) Which is the most electronegative element
among these?
d) Na(11), P(15), Cl(17), Si(14), Mg(12) Which of these has largest atoms?
e) Al(13), Si (14), Na(11), Mg(12), S(16) Which of the above elements has
highest metallic character?
Sol:-a) Si(14){2,8,4} & P(15){2,8,5} belongs to period three as both of these elements are
having three orbits.
b) Ca(20) {2,8,8,2} & Be (4) {2,2} belongs to group 2 as both are having 2 electrons in their
outermost orbit.
c) O(8) is most electronegative element as its valency is 2 & have more tendency to complete
its octet.
d) Na(11) is largest atom because atomic size reduces along the period.
e) Greater the size of atom , greater is the metallic character, there for Na(11) has highest
metallic character.
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 3) Study the below given periodic table in which elements are indicated by alphabets:
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I
1 18
2 13 14 15 16 17
A D I
F 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 H E
G C
B

a) Identify metalloids. Which periods do they belong?

b) Which block elements are called transition elements? Identify elements
belonging to this block.
c) Among elements ‘D’ and ‘C’ which element is more electronegative? Why?
d) If element ‘A’ and element ‘I’ react, what will be the molecular formula of
the product formed? Explain.
e) Among elements ‘A’, ‘D’, and ‘I’, which element has the highest non-metallic
character? Explain.
Sol:- a) H & C are metalloids, they belong to period 3 & 4 respectively.
b) d block elements are called as transition elements. G & B belongs to d- block.
c) D is more electronegative , because down the group electronegativity decreases.
d) Valency of A:- 2 & Valency of I :- 1, when these elements react with each other, molecular
formula of compound becomes AI2.
e) is more non-metallic , because non-metallic character increases along the period as atomic
size decreases.
4) Write the name and symbol of the element from the description
a) The atom having smallest size. :- Helium (He)
b) The atom having smallest atomic mass. :- Hydrogen (H)
c) The most electronegative atom.:- Fluorine (F)
d) The noble gas with the smallest atomic radius. :- Helium (He)
e) The most reactive nonmetal. :- Fluorine (F)

5) Write the names from the description

a) The period with electrons in the shells K, L, and M. :- Period-3
b) The group with valency zero. :- Group 18
c) The family of non-metals having valency 1 :- Halogens
d) The family of metals having valency 1. :- Alkali Metals
e) The family of metals having valency 2. :- Alkaline Earth Metals
f) The metalloids in the second and third periods. :- Boron (B) & Silicon (Si)
g) Nonmetals in the third period. :- Sulphur (S) & Chlorine (Cl)
h) Two elements having valency 4. :- Carbon (C) & Silicon (Si)
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 6) Atoms of two different elements are represented in the following diagram.

B
A
a) Write the name and symbol each of elements A & B.
b) Do these elements belong to the same group? Justify your answer.
Mention their period numbers(s).
c) Explain chemical reactivity of group 2 elements
Sol:- a) A= Magnesium (Mg) & Beryllium (Be)
b) Yes , both belongs to same group because both are having same number of electrons in
their outermost orbit.
c) The reactivity increases down the group from Mg to Ba. This is because the further away
an electron is from the nucleus, the weaker its attraction and the more likely it is to react with
another atom.
7) Write the answers of the questions with reference to the structure of periodic
table.

a) Which points are considered for arrangement of the modern periodic table?
b) How are blocks indicated?
c) Which elements are present near the zig-zag line?
d) Draw the electronic configuration of the second row elements of first group in
the periodic table.
e) In a periodic table while going from left to right atomic radius decreases.
Explain.

Sol:- a)Atoms are arranged in increasing order of their atomic number. Element with same
properties are placed in same group

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b) Blocks are indicated with notation – s block, p block, d block & f block
c) Metalloids
d) First group elements have 1 outermost electron & second period means two orbits. SO
electronic configuration becomes 2,1. Element is Lithium (Li){no need to write name its
optional}
d) Textual question
8) Position of the elements in the periodic table…
a) How did the position of 35Cl17 & 37Cl17 get fixed in the modern periodic
table?
Sol:- Both 35Cl17 & 37Cl17 occupies same position as their atomic number is same.
b) What do you think? Should hydrogen be placed in the group 17 of
halogens or group 1 of alkali metals in the modern periodic table?
Sol:-

9)
Element K Na Rb Cs Li
Atomic radius 231 186 244 264 152
(pm)
Refer above table and answer the following questions:
a) To which group do above elements belong?
Sol:- Grp -1

b) Arrange the above elements vertically downwards in an increasing order

of atomic radii
Sol:- Li <Na<K<Rb<Cs
c) Which of the above elements have the biggest and the smallest atom?
Sol:- Biggest :- Cs Smallest:- Li

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10)

Sol:- s- block (Group 1,2) 2) p- block (Group 13-18) 3) d- block (Group 3-12)
4) f- block (lanthanides & actinides)
11)

Sol:- A=> Li (Lithium) Atomic No.:- 3 B=> Ne (Neon) Atomic Number:- 10

12)

A) A & B belongs to same row & Cand D belongs to same row. (Reason:- As both are having
same number of shells)
B) A & C belongs to same column & B and D belongs to same column. (Reason:- As number
of valence electrons are same)

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C) B & D are in 18th Column (Reason:- As their octet is complete)
D) C is more reactive than A (Reason:- Down the column reactivity increases & C is placed
below A)
E) A is found in its compounds, because B is chemically inactive as it is inert gas.

3. CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

1) Explain the following reaction giving its balanced chemical reaction:

a) Calcium oxide is mixed with water.
b) Hydrogen gas is passed over black copper oxide.
c) Dilute nitric acid was added to copper
d) Carbon dioxide gas was passed through KOH solution.
a) b)

c) d)

2) Balance the given chemical reaction as per the instructions below.

NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O
A)Write names of reactants and products of chemical reaction.
B) Make a list of the elements in the chemical equation.
C) write the number of atoms of reactants and products.
D) Balance the equation with proper coefficient and rewrite the equation.
E) Oxidation means losing electrons then what is reduction?
Sol:-
STEP I. Write the chemical equation from the given word equation.

NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O

STEP II. Check whether the equation (10) is balanced or not by comparing the number of atoms of the
various elements present on the two sides of the equation

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STEP III : It is convenient to start balancing an equation from the compound which contains the
maximum number of atoms. Moreover it is convenient to first consider that element in this
compound, which has unequal number of atoms on the two sides.

2NaOH+ H2SO4 Na2SO4 +2H2O

Step IV:- Write down the final balanced equation again.

2NaOH+ H2SO4 Na2SO4 +2H2O

3) Write chemical equations for the following processes

a) Iron nails react with solution of copper sulphate.
b) Reaction between ferric oxide and Aluminium
c) Anode and cathode reactions in electrolysis of alumina.
d) Dissolution of zinc oxide in dilute hydrochloric acid.
Sol:-

b)
c) d)

4) Observe the following figure and write the answer of the question.

A) Which process is shown in the figure?

B) Explain the chemical reaction shown in the figure. :-
C) Write the reactions on anode and cathode.

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 5) Four experiments to study the process of rusting are given below.

1 2 3 4

Oil layer on Salt solution Air Air and anhydrous

boiled water CaCl2

a) Why the nail in the test tube 1 is not rusted?

b) What happened in test tube 4? Explain.
c) Why is the rusting of the nail in test tube 2 faster than the nail in test tube 3?
d) Give some examples of corrosion that you observed in day to day life.
e) Why cannot we permanently prevent the rusting of an iron article by
applying layer of paint on its surface ?
a) because oil forms protective layer on nail b) anhydrous CaCl2 absorbs moisture from
test tube due to which rusting is prevented
c) because salt solution is corrosive in d) Silver articles becomes black on exposure
nature. to atmosphere
Green coloured layer forms over surface of
copper.
e) No, we cannot permanently prevent the rusting of an iron article by applying a layer of
paint on its surface because if there is a scratch on the paint and if a small portion of metal
comes in contact with the , then the rusting takes place below the layer of paint. Therefore,
it is a short term prevention method.

6) Importance of chemical reactions in our life

a) Enzymes increase the rate of biological reactions.
b) Chemical reactions are profitable in the chemical Industries if their rates are
fast.
c) The depletion or maintenance of the Ozone Layer depends on the rate of
production or destruction of ozone molecules.
d) Perishable food stuffs can be preserved for a longer duration in a refrigerator.

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 e) Vegetables cook quickly on oil than on water.
Now Answer the following questions:
I. Mention the factors that affect the rate of chemical reaction.
Sol:- 1) Nature of reaction 2) Size of particles of reactant
3) concentration of reactant 4) Temperature of the reaction
5) Catalyst
II. After best explain the statement 'a'? Give one more example.
The substance in whose presence the rate of a chemical reaction increases, without
causing any chemical change to it, is called a catalyst and Enzymes acts as a catalyst
in Biological reaction.

III. What do you conclude from statement 'd' and 'e' ? Explain.
Sol:- Refrigeration can substantially reduce the rate at which food will deteriorate. Low
temperatures slow down the growth of microorganisms and the rate of chemical (including
enzymic) changes in food.
The boiling point of oil is greater than water, this allows to cook vegetables at very high
temperature.
7) In the following two bins, some items are misplaced. place them in their respective
appropriate bins. (Homework)
Bin-1 Bin 2
Examples of physical change Examples of chemical change
Explosion of firework Formation of green coating on brass
vessel

Rusting of metal parts of bicycle Burning of wood

Heating of sugar Sublimation of camphor balls

Evaporation of rubbing alcohol Melting of an ice cube

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9) Explain the reaction given in figure?

Sol:-

4. EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

1) Study the diagram given below and answer the questions based on it.

Construction of which equipment is shown in the above diagram

a) Which Principle does the equipment work on ?
Sol:- Works on principle of electromagnetic induction
b) What does the equipment do?
Sol:- Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
c) According to which rule does the coil ABCD rotate?
Sol:- Faraday’s Law of Induction
d) What is the reason behind fixing slip ring to axle?
Sol:- Slip rings allows to generate alternating current.
e) Write the law in your own words
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Sol:- Whenever the number of magnetic lines of force passing through a coil changes ,
current is induced in the coil. The Current produced in the coil is called the induced current.

2) What is the use of earthing wire?

Sol:-

3) Identify the figures and explain their uses.

Sol:- a) cartridge fuse b) Miniature Circuit Breaker c) DC Generator

4) Observe the following figure. If the current in the coil A is changed, will some
current be induced in the coil B? Explain.

Sol:- According to right hand thumb rule whenever the current flowing through a coil results
in generation of magnetic field around it. Hence magnetic field around coil A changes as
current through coil A changes. Since effect of magnetic field on coil B also changes, this
will result in generation of Current in coil B as per Faraday’s Law.
5) Answer the following question related to alternating current:
a) What is an alternating current?
b) What is the value of frequency of AC in India?
c) What is the periodic time of AC in India?
d) State one advantage of AC over DC.
e) State any two uses of an AC generator.
Sol:- a) Current changing in magnitude and direction after equal intervals of time which is
called alternating current (AC).
b) Frequency of AC in India is 50 Hz.
c) f=1/T that is T= 1/50 => 0.02sec
d) When the electric power is transmitted over a long distance, it is beneficial to have it in
AC form as it results into minimum power loss during transmission.

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e) uses:- driving motors
power backup for household circuits

6) Draw a diagram of an electric motor and explain the structure and function of it
Sol:- Electric Motor is a device which converts electric energy into mechanical energy.
Construction:-

 The electric motor consists of

rectangular loop of copper wire having
resistive coating. As shown in the figure,
it is placed between the north pole and
south pole of a horse shoe magnet (such
as a horse shoe magnet) in such a way
that its branches AB and CD are
perpendicular to the direction of
magnetic field.
 The two ends of the loop are connected
to the two halves (X and Y) of the split
ring.
 The two halves of the ring have resistive coating on their inner surfaces and are
tightly fitted on the axle.
 The two halves of the split ring, X and Y, have their outer conducting surfaces in
contact with the two stationary carbon brushes, (E and F), respectively.
Working:-
 When the circuit is completed as shown in the figure, the current flows in the branch
AB of the loop from A to B through the carbon brushes E and F.
 The magnetic field is from north pole to south pole, according to the Fleming’s left
hand rule, a force is exerted on the branch AB and pushes it down.
 The current in the CD branch is in a opposite direction to that in the AB branch, and
therefore, a force is exerted on the branch CD in upward direction.
 Thus, the loop and the axle start rotating in an anticlockwise direction.
 After half rotation, the two halves of the split ring X and Y come in contact with
carbon brushes F and E, respectively, and the current in a loop starts flowing in the
direction DCBA.
 Therefore, a force is exerted on the branch DC in downward direction and on the
branch BA in the upward direction, and the loop continues to rotate in the
anticlockwise direction.
 Thus, the current in the loop is reversed after each half rotation and the loop and the
axle continue to rotate in the anticlockwise direction.

7) Explain the structure and function by drawing a diagram of an electric

generator.
Sol:- Electric generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

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  AC generator consist of a copper wire
coil ABCD, kept between the two
pole pieces of a magnet.
 The two ends of the coil are
connected to the conducting rings R1
and R2 via carbon brushes.
 Both the rings are fixed to the axle,
but there is a resistive coating in
between the ring and the axle.
 The axle is rotated with the help of a
machine from outside. Because of
this, the coil ABCD starts rotating.

 The stationary carbon brushes B1 and B2 are connected to a galvanometer, which

shows the direction of current in the circuit. Upon rotating the axle, the branch AB
goes up and the branch CD goes down
Working:-
 According to Fleming’s right hand rule, electric current is produced in the branches
AB and CD in the direction. A B and C D. Thus, the current flows in the direction A
B C D (as shown by arrows in the figure).
 In the external circuit, the current flows from B2 to B1 through the galvanometer. If
instead of one loop coil, a coil consisting of several turns is used, the current of
magnitude several times flows.
 After half rotation, the branch AB takes the place of branch CD and the branch CD
takes the position of the branch AB. Therefore, the induced current goes as D C B A .
 The branch BA is always in contact with the brush B1 and branch DC in the contact
with B2 . Hence, in the external circuit current flows from B1 to B2 i.e. opposite to
the previous half rotation. This repeats after every half rotation and alternating current
is produced.
8) Explain importance of fuse wire.
Sol:-

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 5. HEAT
1) How much heat will be required to raise the temperature of 5kg of water from
20˚Cto100˚C?
Sol:-

2) Find the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a silver container of
mass 100g by 10˚C.(c=0.056cal/g˚C)
Sol:-

3) Observe the following diagram & write down the answer of the following
questions:

(i) What is process called? (ii) Define it.

Ans:- i) Regelation
ii) The phenomenon in which the ice converts to liquid due to applied pressure and
then re-converts to ice once the pressure is removed is called regelation
4) A mountaineer climbing the Everest, experienced the following fact. Explain the
fact with the scientific reason:
He found fishes alive below the ice.

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Sol:-

5) Answer the following questions related to humidity:

(a) What is humidity? (b) State its unit.
Sol:- a) The vapour content in the air is measured using a physical quantity called absolute
humidity. The mass of vapour present in a unit volume of air is called absolute humidity
b) SI unit:- kg/m3
6) 'Geeta observed white trail at the back of the aeroplane in a clear sky to answer
the question from this incident given below.
i) what will be the effect of relative humidity of the air surrounding the plane?
ii) what will be the effect of relative humidity if the air surrounding the plane is
low?
iii) when the air is dry and humid?
Sol:-

7) Observe the given picture and answer the following questions.

a) Which property do you understand in this picture?

b) what is the temperature of the water at the surface?
c) what is the temperature below the layer of ice on the surface?
Sol:- a) Anomalous behaviour of water.
b) 00 C c) 40 C

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 8) Read this activity and answer the following questions.
1) Take three spheres of iron, copper and lead of equal mass.
2) Put all the three spheres in boiling water in the beaker for some time.
3) Take the three spheres out of the water.
4) All the spheres will be at temperature 100°C
5) Put them immediately on the thick slab of wax
6) Note, the depth that each of the sphere goes into the wax
Que: a) which property is determined from this activity?
b) give name to that property.
c) explain the term Principal of heat exchange with the help of this activity.
Sol:-

9) Heat exchange between two object A & B is studied.

(a) During heat exchange between objects A & B, if temperature of object A

starts rising, which of the two objects is cold?
(b) What special property should be associated with ‘C’?
(c) State the relation of heat exchange for given situation.
Sol:- a) A is cold , because heat always flows from higher temperature to lower temperature.
b) C is Heat resistant box
c) Heat released by hot object = Heat absorbed by cold object
10) Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
If heat is exchanged between a hot and cold object, the temperature of the cold object
goes on increasing due to gain of energy and the temperature of the hot object goes on
decreasing due to loss of energy.
The change in temperature continues till the temperature of both the objects attain
the same value. In this process, the cold object gains heat energy and the hot object loses
heat energy. If the system of both the objects is isolated from the environment by keeping it
inside a heat resistant box (meaning that the energy exchange takes place between the two
objects only) then no energy can flow from inside the box or come into the box.

23
 (i) Heat is transferred from where to where?
(ii) Which principle do we learn about from the process?
(iii) How will you state the principle briefly?
(iv) Property of the substance is measured using this principle?

Sol:- i) from hot object to cold object

ii) Principle of heat exchange

iii) Amount of heat absorbed by cold object is equal to amount of heat released by hot
object.

iv) specific heat is measured using this principle.

6. REFRACTION OF LIGHT
1) If the absolute refractive index of water is 1.36, find the speed of light in
water.(Speed of light in vacuum=3×10 8 m/s.)
Sol:-

2) Correct the following diagram and explain partial reflection, critical angle and
total internal reflection.

Sol:-

24
 3) Observe the given figure and write appropriate phenomena of light in the box.

Sol:- Total internal reflection Refraction of Light Dispersion of Light

4) Select the appropriate options and complete the following paragraph.
(Refractive index, velocity, same, direction, ratio, different, frequency, product)
The extent of change in the ________ of light ray is different for different media
and depends upon the_____ of the medium. The value of refractive index
depends on the___ of in the medium. The refractive index of second medium with
respect to the first is given by_____ of the magnitude of velocity a light in first
medium to that in second medium. Velocity of light in a medium depends on
the_______ of light and different colours travel with different velocity in a medium.
Therefore, refractive index of a medium is______ for different colours.
Sol:- The extent of change in the direction of light ray is different for different media and
depends upon the refractive index of the medium. The value of refractive index depends on the
velocity of light in the medium. The refractive index of second medium with respect to the first
is given by ratio of the magnitude of velocity a light in first medium to that in second medium.
Velocity of light in a medium depends on the frequency of light and different colours travel
with different velocity in a medium. Therefore, refractive index of a medium is different for
different colours.
5) Observe the given figure and answer the following questions.

a. Which colour light rays bends most? - Voilet

b. Which colour light rays bends least. - Red
c. What is the wavelength of violet light ray? -400 nm

25
 6) Complete the table.
Sr. No Condition Its effect Diagram
i. When a light ray passes from air to glass
----------- -----------------------
ii. When a light ray passes from glass to
water ----------- ----------------------
iii. When a light ray is incident normally at
the boundary between Air and glass i.e., ----------- ---------------------
i=0

Sol:-

Sr. No Condition Its effect Diagram

i. When a light ray passes from air to glass It moves
towards Textbook pg 75 fig
the 6.4
normal
ii. When a light ray passes from glass to water It moves Textbook pg 75 fig
away 6.4
from the
normal
iii. When a light ray is incident normally at the It passes Textbook pg 75 fig
boundary between Air and glass i.e., i=0 without 6.4
deviation
7) Velocity of light ray in two media A & B are v1 & v2 respectively.

a. if v2=1.5 v1, then which medium is denser?

b) what is the refractive index of A w.r.t. B?

c) what is the refractive index of B w..r.t. A?

Sol:-

a) Since v2>v1, velocity of light in A is lesser than its velocity in medium B so A is more
denser than B.
.
b) AnB= v1/v2 therefore , AnB = c) BnA= v2/v1 therefore , BnA =
.

= =

A nB = BnA=

26
8) Complete the Table (Homework)

7. LENSES

1) In which type of microscope do you find the lens arrangement as shown in the
following diagram.

a) Where are the above types of lens construction used?

b) What type of image is formed by an objective lens?
c) What happens instead of placing at Fo if the object is placed in between O and Fo?
Sol:-

2) Aniket from Std. X uses spectacles. The power of the lenses in his spectacles is -
0.5 D
Answer the following.
a) State the type of the lenses used in his spectacles.
b) Name the defect of vision Aniket suffering from.
c) Find the focal length of the lenses used in his spectacles.
Sol:-

27
 3) In Std. X class, out of 40 students, 10 students use spectacles, 2 students have
positive power and 8 students have negative power of lenses in their spectacles.
Answer the following questions:

Sol:-

4) Explain with a ray diagram the position, size, and the nature of the various
images formed by convex lenses.
A) An object is at infinity. B) An object beyond 2F1. C) An object at 2F1 . D) An
object is in between F1 and 2 F2 E) An object is at focus F1 F) An object is in
between F1 and O

28
Sol:-

5) Complete the following table for the image formation by a convex lens.

Sr. Ray diagram Size of the Nature of the

No image image
.
i. Small

ii. Virtual and

erect

Sol:-
Sr. Ray diagram Size of the Nature of the
No image image
.
i. Small Real &
inverted

ii. Very large Virtual and

erect

6) Write the function of the human eye and label parts of the figure given below.

29
Sol:-

7) Write laws in given figure.

Sol:-

8) Observe the following figures and complete the table.

Points

(1) Name of
the defect
(2) Where will
the image
form?
(3) Focusing
power of
the lens
(4) Which
type of
lens is used
in the
spectacle

30
 to remove
the defect?
Sol:-
Points

(1) Name of Myopia Hypermetropia

the defect
(2) Where will In front of retina Behind the retina
the image
form?
(3) Focusing Large Less
power of
the lens
(4) Which Concave Convex
type of
lens is used
in the
spectacle
to remove
the defect?

9)

Sol:-

10) State the types of refracting telescopes and explain the one which works on
refraction of light with the help of a neat labelled diagram.

31
Sol:-

 Telescope is used to see distant objects clearly in their magnified form.

 The telescopes used to observe astronomical sources like the stars and the planets
are called astronomical telescopes.
 Telescopes are of two types. 1. Refracting telescope – This uses lenses 2.
Reflecting telescope – This uses mirrors and also lenses. In both of these, the
image formed by the objective acts as object for the eye piece which forms the
final image.
 Objective lens has large diameter and larger focal length because of which
maximum amount of light coming from the distant object can be collected.
 On the other hand the size of the eyepiece is smaller and its focal length is also
less. Both the lenses are fitted inside a metallic tube in such a way that the
distance between them can be changed.
 The principal axes of both the lenses are along the same straight line. Generally,
using the same objective but different eye pieces, different magnification can be
obtained.

32
 8. METALLURGY

1) Following the diagram represents one of the methods to concentrate ores.

Label ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’ and ‘D’ in the following diagram. Explain the diagram and
also give one example of an ore for which this method can be used.

Sol:-

2) Define oxidants and reductants and identify them in the following reactions.
Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2
(a)
4NH3 + (b)
5O2 (c) (d)

Sol:- Oxidant:- Substance which undergoes reduction during redox reaction is called as oxidant
Reductant:-Substance which undergoes oxidation during redox reaction is called as
reductant
A is Oxidant & B is reductant

33
 3) Metal ‘A’ has electronic configuration 2, 8, 1 and metal ‘B’ has electronic
configuration 2, 8, 8, 2. Out of these, which metal is more reactive? Write the
reaction of this metal with dilute HCl.

4. B(s) + HCl(aq) BCl2(aq) + H2(g)

4) Give two examples of alloys used in house with chemical composition.
Sol:- Bronze :- 90% Copper & 10% Tin
Stainless Steel:- 74% Iron 18% Chromium 8% Carbon
5) Classify the following metals based on their reactivity Cu, Zn, Ca, Mg, Fe, Na,
Li, Hg
Sol:-
More reactive Moderately reactive Less reactive
Ca, Na, Li Zn , Mg, Fe
6) Answer the following questions related to aluminium extraction:
a) Name the main ore of aluminium.
b) What is bauxite?
c) What are the main impurities found in bauxite?
d) What are the stages in its extraction?
e) Name the process for concentration of bauxite.
Sol:- a) Bauxite (Al2O3.nH2O)
b) Bauxite contains 30% to 70% of Al2 O3
c) sand, silica, iron oxide etc
d) I) Concentration by leaching(Bayer’s & Hall’s Process) II) Calcination of Aluminium
Hydroxide III) Electrolytic Reduction
7) Write the molecular formulas of the following compounds
Cryolite, fluorspar, sodium aluminate, copper pyrite, stannic oxide, ferrous
tungstate
Cryolite:- Flourspar:- CaF2 Sodium Copper Pyrite:-
Na3AlF6 Aluminate:- CuFeS2
NaAlO2
Stannic Oxide:- Ferrous Tungstate:-
SnO2 FeWO4

8) Observe the following diagram and identify the type of reaction and write
observation.

34
Sol:-

9) Observe the following diagram & answer to the following questions

A) Name the method of prevention of corrosion

B) For prevention of which metal this metal is used
C) What is use of Anode in this method
Sol:- A) Anodization
B) copper & aluminium
C) Anode is useful in prevention of the corrosion of the metal.
10)

Sol:- A) Electroplating
35
 B) In this method a less reactive metal is coated on a more reactive metal by electrolysis.
C) Silver plated spoons, gold plated ornaments are the examples of electroplating
11) Observe the following diagram and write answers

A) Name the method :-----------

B) Write Anode reaction and Cathode reaction .
C) Why are fluorspar and cryolite added in the mixture?
Sol:-

12) Write chemical equation for the following events.

a) Aluminium came in contact with air.
b) Iron filings are dropped in aqueous solution of copper sulphate.
c) A reaction was brought about between ferric oxide and aluminium.
d) Electrolysis of alumina is done.
e) Zinc oxide is dissolved is dilute hydrochloric acid.
Sol:- a) 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(s)
b) Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
c) Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) Al2O3(s) + 2Fe(l) + Heat
d)

e) ZnO(s) + HCl(aq) ZnCl2(s) + H2O(l)

36
 13) Complete the following statement using every given options.
During the extraction of aluminium……………
a) Ingredients and gangue in bauxite.
b) Use of leaching during the concentration of ore.
c) Chemical reaction of transformation of bauxite into alumina by Hall’s
process.
d) Heating the aluminium ore with concentrated caustic soda.
Sol:- a) During the extraction of aluminium , Bauxite (Al2O3.nH2O) contains 30% to 70% of
Al2O3 (Alumina) &Sand , silica & Iron oxide present as Gangue.
b) During the extraction of aluminium , leaching process using either Bayer’s method or
Hall’s method. In both these methods finally the Sodium Hydroxide is obtained.
c) Hall’s Process:-

d)

14) Identify the following method of concentration of ores and explain briefly

Sol:- Wilfley’s Table

 In this method of separation, the Wilfley table is made by fixing narrow and thin
wooden riffles on inclined surface.
 The table is kept vibrating continuously. Powdered ore obtained from lumps of the ore
using ball mill is poured on the table and a stream of water is also released from the
upper side.
 As a result, the lighter gangue particles are carried away along with the flowing water,
while the heavier particles in which proportion of minerals is more and proportion of
gangue is less, are blocked by the wooden riffles and get collected on the slits
between them.
15) Observe the following diagram and write answers.

37
 A) Write the name of two
metals which react with water.
B) Write the name of two
moderately reactive metals .
C) Which is highly reactive and
less reactive metal?
Sol:-

16) Read the following passage and answer the questions.

According to the reactivity series Zinc is more reactive than Iron, Iron is more
reactive than silver. During study of this a student deeped the iron nails in
silver nitrate solution.
1. What is reactivity ?
2. What will happen when iron nails are dipped in silver nitrate solution ?
3. Which type of reaction happens when iron metal reacts with silver nitrate
solution ?
4. What will happen if a Zinc rod is used other than Iron nail ?

Sol:-

17) Answer the questions in the following passage.

The minerals from which the metal can be separated economically are called ores.
Ores contain many types of impurities such as soil, sand and rocky substances along
with the metal compounds. These impurities are called gangue. Metals can be
extracted from their ores by means of various methods of separation. The process
of extraction of metal in pure state from the ores is also a part of metallurgy. Ores
are taken out from the mines and the gangue is usually separated from the ore at the
site itself by various methods. Then the ores are carried out to the place where
metals are produced. Here metals are extracted in pure form. Then metals are further
purified by different methods of purification.this entire process is called metallurgy.
Most metals being reactive do not occur in nature in free state but are found in
combined state as their salts such as oxides, carbonates, sulphides and
nitrates.however, the most unreactive metals that are not affected by air,water and
other natural factors like silver,gold,platinum,generally occur in free state. The
compounds of metals that occur in nature along with the impurities are called
minerals.
38
 A) What are ores?
B) Which processes are involved in the branch of metallurgy? What is metallurgy?
C) Which metals are found in free state?
D) In what form are metals found in composite?
E) What is soil impurity?
Sol:-

9. Study Of Carbon Compounds

1) Carbon compounds with relatively lesser number of carbon atoms as compared to
hydrogen atoms, i.e., ethanol are saturated carbon compounds and they burn with
clean blue flame while carbon compounds with relatively higher number of carbon
atoms are compared to hydrogen atoms, i.e., naphthalene are unsaturated carbon
compounds and they burn with yellow sooty flame leaving behind some unburnt
carbon particles. When air supply is limited even saturated carbon compounds give
yellow sooty flame due to incomplete combustion. Based on the above information
answer the following questions.
a) Why do unsaturated carbon compounds give yellow sooty flame?
Sol:- Due to incomplete combustion & unburnt carbon atoms
b) Propane (C3H8) is one of the combustible component of L.P.G. What
type of flame will it give on combustion? Write down the combustion
reaction of propane (C3H8)
Sol:- burn with clean blue flame; C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
2) Complete: Homologous series of Alcohols

39
 Sol:-

3 3

4 4

3) Complete the given chart with writing the correct functional group of carbon
compounds. (Ester, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxylic acid, Alcohol, Ether)
Sol:-

4) Complete the following table with writing correct structural formula and
molecular formula.

40
Sol:-

5) Complete the following table with writing IUPAC name of carbon compounds.

41
 Sol:-

6) Draw the concept map and explain:

a) Classification of hydrocarbons based on carbon-carbon bonds.
Sol:-

Hydrocarbons

Saturated Unsaturated
Hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon

Alkanes
(CnH2n+2) Alkenes
(CnH2n)

Alkynes
(CnH2n)

42
  Hydrocarbon is the compound which contains just carbon & hydrogen. Based on
number of bonds between carbon & hydrogen all hydrocarbons are divided into two
parts Saturated Hydrocarbon & Unsaturated Hydrocarbon.
 Saturated Hydrocarbon contains only single bond between adjacent carbon atoms. So
the Hydrocarbon with single bond between carbon atoms & general formula CnH2n+2
are called as Alkanes. Examples of alkanes Methane (CH4) , Ethane (C2H6 )
 Unsaturated Hydrocarbon contains at least one double or triple bond between adjacent
carbon atoms. So this Hydrocarbon is further classified into Alkanes (C2nH2n), in which
there is at least double bond between carbon atoms and Alkynes (C2nH2n-2), in which
there is at least triple bond between carbon atoms

b) Classification of carbon compounds based on arrangement of carbon

atoms.
Sol:-

Carbon
Compounds

Straight chain Branched chain

Cyclic carbon
carbon carbon
compounds
compouns compounds

 Based on the arrangement of carbon atoms , carbon compounds are classified into three
categories as shown above.
 Straight Chain Carbon Compounds:- Carbon atoms are linked to form a continues
straight chain.
Example:- Propane, Butane, etc
 Branched Chain Carbon Compounds:- Carbon atoms are linked to form different
branches in the structure.
Example:- Isobutylene, Isopropane, etc
 Cyclic carbon compounds :- Carbon atoms are linked to form a ring structure.
Example:- Cyclohexane , Benzene

7) Complete the following activity. Write the names of the hydrocarbons for the
following structural formula. (Isobutylene, cyclohexane, propane, cyclohexene,
cyclopentane, benzene, propyne, isobutane, propene)

43
Sol:-

Propane
Propene

Propyne
Isobutane

Cyclohexane

Benzene

Isobutylene

Cyclohexene
Cyclopentane

44
 8) Recognize the Carbon chain type for each of the following.

Sol:- Straight chain Branched Chain

9) A unit monomer and its structural formula are given below. From this, write its
polymeric structural formula & write its applications.
Ethylene CH2=CH2 _________.
Sol:-

10) Classify into alkanes , alkenes & alkynes:

(i)Ethane (ii) Ethene (iii) Methane (iv) Ethyne (v) Propene (vi) Propyne
Sol:-
Alkane Alkene Alkyne
Ethane, Methane Ethene, Propene Ethyne, Propyne

11) Observe the structural formula and answer the following

questions.
1. Write the name of the given hydrocarbon.
2. The given hydrocarbon included in which
type of hydrocarbon?
3. What kind of compounds with the above
characteristic structure are called?
Sol:- 1. Benzene 2. Unsaturated Hydrocarbon 3. Aromatic Compounds

12) Complete the following chart by using examples given in brackets. (isobutylene,
cyclohexane, propene, cyclohexene, cyclopentane, benzene, propyne, isobutane,
propene)

45
Sol:-
Straight Chain Hydrocarbons Branched chain Hydrocarbons Cyclic Hydrocarbon
Propene, propyne, propane Isobutylene, isobutane Cyclohexane, cyclohexene,
cyclopentane, benzene

13) Complete the following sequence of hydrocarbon of hydrocarbons & explain the
chemical bond of any one hydrocarbon.
CH4 C2H6 C4H10

Sol:-
CH4 C3H8 C4H10 C5H10
C2H6

14) Molecular formula of water is H2O. Draw the electron-dot structure and line
structure of this triatomic molecule. (Use dots for electrons in oxygen atoms and
cross for electrons in hydrogen atoms
Sol:-

15) Write the answers to the questions by observing the following figure.

A) Write the chemical reaction shown in the figure above in the form of a
balanced equation.
B) Write the name of the gas coming out of the large test tube in the above
chemical reaction.
C) Why do small bubbles of lime appear in the small test tube?

46
 D) What is the change in colour of lime net?
Sol:-

10. SPACE MISSION

1) Complete the following table:
Indian Satellites Functions Satellite Launcher

IRS Monitoring and management of (a)

natural resources and disaster
management ………….…………
EDUSAT Used in the field of education (b)

……………………
IRNSS (c) PSLV

…………………………………..
(d) Establish Communication between GSLV
different locations in the world
…………………………
Sol:-
Indian Satellites Functions Satellite Launcher

IRS Monitoring and management of (a)

natural resources and disaster PSLV
management ………….…………
EDUSAT Used in the field of education (b)
PSLV
……………………
IRNSS (c) PSLV
Fix the location of any place on the
earth’s surface in terms of its very
precise latitude and longitude.
…………………………………..
(d) Establish Communication between GSLV
Communication Satellite different locations in the world
…………………………

47
 2) Explain the following statement.
A geostationary satellite is not useful in the study of polar regions.
Sol:-

3) Why it is beneficial to use a satellite launch vehicle made up of more than one
stage?
Sol:-

4) Complete the table:

Type of Satellite Function of the Satellite
Weather Satellite -------------------------------------------------
Military Satellite -------------------------------------------------
Sol:-
Type of Satellite Function of the Satellite
Weather Satellite Study and prediction of weather
Military Satellite Collect information for security aspects

5) Observe the figure and write the answers.

A) Name the outer orbit.
B) Which satellites revolve in low earth orbits?
C) Which various orbits are given in the figure?
D) Give an example of a launch vehicle based
on Newton’s third law
Sol:-

6) Explain why spacecraft take longer to reach the moon than light?

48
Sol:-

7) Explain : Escape velocity on the moon is less than escape velocity on the earth
Sol:-

8) Write the names of India's satellite series and launchers?

Sol:-

9) What is a satellite launcher? Explain the external layout of a satellite launcher

made by ISRO (I.S.R.O.) with diagrams.
Sol:-

10) Read the following paragraphs and write the answers.

Mars is the second closest celestial object to Earth after the Moon. It was sent to Mars
by many nations. But since the campaign was difficult, almost half of the campaigns
were not successful. But we have done something that we should be proud of.
Launched by ISRO in November 2013 at a very low cost, the Mars rover was
launched into Mars orbit in September 2014 and gained important information about
the surface and atmosphere of Mars.
A) After the moon, which is the closest celestial object to the earth?
B) When did ISRO launch Mars spacecraft?

49
 C) What important information did ISRO's Mars rover get?
D) Explain that specific velocity does not depend on the mass of the satellite.
Sol:- A) Mars
B) November 2013
C) about the surface & atmosphere of the mars
D)

50
 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (PART-II)
1. HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION
1) Identify the animal in the following diagrams. How can these be evidences
regarding evolution.

Ans:-(i) The following animals are :-

a. Peripatus. b. Duckbilled Platypus. c. Lungfish.
(ii) a. Peripatus is a connecting link between Phylum Annelida and Arthropoda with
segmented body, parapodia – like appendages and thin cuticle (Annelida) and
breathes through trachea with open circulatory system (Arthropoda).
b. Duck-billed Platypus lays eggs like birds and has hair and mammary glands like
mammals.
c. Lungfish is a fish but breathes with lungs therefore it is a link between amphibian
and pisces.

2) Observe the following figure and answer the questions.

a) How did the human brain go on changing?

b) Give examples of human progress.
c) Complete the table given below.
Ans:- a. (i) The human brains went on developing to increase its cranial capacity.
(ii) The cranial capacity was increased by enlarging the volume and surface area of
brain.
(iii) An increase in surface area and volume led to the accommodation of more
neurons, thus resulting in a faster brain.
b. (i) Evolution of the upright man continued in the direction in the direction of
developing its brain 20 lakh years ago upto this age
(ii) Many discoveries were made like fire, practice of agriculture, rearing of cattle-
herds, establishing cities etc. about 10000 years ago.
(iii) Cultural development and art of writing developed out 5000 years ago.
(iv) Modern sciences and industrial societies developed in recent 200-400 years.

3) Complete the diagram and answer the following questions.

a) Label the parts in the given diagram.

b) What does it depict?
c) Name the different types, stating the basic point of differences in them.

51
Ans:- a)

b) The following diagram depicts a chromosome. The major function of chromosome

is to carry the hereditary information from one cell generation to the next.
c) The type of chromosome based on position of centromere are of the following four
types :-
i) Metacentric chromosome – Centromere in the middle forming two equal arms.
ii) Sub-metacentric chromosome – Centromere placed near to one end resulting in
one shorter and in one longer arm.
iii) Acrocentric chromosome – Centromere placed close to one end forming one
extreme short and one extreme long arm.
iv) Telocentric chromosome – Terminally placed centromere.

4) Study the diagram and answers the questions based on diagram.

a) In which era did the invertebrates evolve?

b) Which era is called as the ‘Age of reptiles’?
c) With reference to the above figure, can we say that vertebrates have evolved
from invertebrates? How?
Ans:- a) Invertebrates appeared and evolved in Paleozoic era
b) Mesozoic era was called as age of reptiles.
c) (i) The Cenozoic era showed the presence of mammals and birds.
(ii) Their fossils were seen in the upper surface of the earth’s crust.
(iii) It was also observed that vertebrates are more complex than invertebrates.
(iv) Therefore, it can be said that vertebrates have slowly originated from
invertebrates.

5) Complete the paragraph using the words from the brackets.

(carbon dating, anthropology, C-14, Carbon, C-14 to C-12, vertebrates, invertebrates)
____________ consumption of animals and plants stops after their death, and after
that only decay of___________ takes place. As time passes after the death of a plant,
or animal, ratio of__________ present in their body changed continuously.
The time passed since death of plant or animal can be calculated by measuring
radioactivity of C-14 and ratio of C-14 to C-12 present in their body. This is _______
method. It is used in palaeontology and _______. The study showed that______ have
been slowly originated from invertebrates.
Ans:- Carbon consumption of animals and plants stops after their death, and after that only
decay of C-14 takes place. As time passes after the death of the plant, or animal, ratio
of C-14 to C-12 present in their body changed continuously. The time passed since

52
 death of plant or animal can be calculated by measuring radioactivity of C-14 and
ratio of C-14 to C-12 present in their body. This is carbon dating method. It is used in
paleontology and anthropology. The study showed that vertebrates have slowly
originated from invertebrates.

6) Observe the following diagram and answer the following questions.

a) What is the sequence of nucleotides present on one strand of the DNA.

b) According to the above sequence on DNA, what will be the transcribed sequence
on the m-RNA molecule?
c) Which enzymes is taking part in the above processes of transcription?
Ans:-a. Sequence of nucleotides present on one strand of DNA IS 3` TAGGTTAACC 5`.
b. The transcribed sequence will be 5` AUGCAAUUGG 3`.
c. The enzyme taking part in above process of transcription is RNA Polymerase.

7) Answer the following.

a. Explain the mechanism of heredity changes.
Ans:- (i) The genetic information is stored in molecules called DNA.
(ii) During the process of reproduction the offspring receives genetic information
from both the parents in the form of DNA.
(iii) 50% of genetic information is passed on from the paternal DNA whereas the rest
50% information is passed on by the maternal DNA.
(iv) This causes genetic changes in the offspring as it shows traits which are similar to
mother and father.
b. Define heredity
Ans:- Heredity is the transfer of biological characters from one generation to other via genes.
c. In which ways is science of heredity useful these days.
Ans:- (i) Heredity can be helpful in the prevention of genetically transmitted diseases like
color blindness, haemophilia, etc.
(ii) It can also be helpful in the development of new hybrid of animals and plants
which are resistant to insects, changing water and temperature levels by process of
cross breeding.

8) Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y’ in the given diagram and write a short note on transcription.

Ans:-a. X – RNA Polymerase

Y – m-RNA
b. (i) Information about protein synthesis is stored in DNA.
(ii) m RNA is produced as per the sequence of nucleotides on DNA
(iii) Only one of the two strands of the DNA is used in the process.
53
 (iv) The sequence of nucleotides in m RNA being produced is always complementary to
the DNA strand for photosynthesis.
(v) This process of RNA synthesis is called as transcription.

9) a) Identify the types of RNA given below.

b) Write the function of each type of RNA.

Ans:- a) (i) Fig. a: m-RNA

(ii) Fig. b: r-RNA
(iii) Fig. c: t-RNA
b) Function of each type of RNA
(i) m-RNA carries information of protein synthesis from gene to the ribosomes.
(ii) r-RNA is a component of ribosome organelle and helps in protein synthesis
(iii) t-RNA carries amino acid up to ribosomes.

10) Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y’ in the given chart and explain their meaning.
Speciation

(X) (Y)

Ans:- a. X – Geographical barrier.

Y – Natural selection.
b. (i) Formation of new species of plants and animals through the effect of evolution.
(ii) Species is the group of organisms that can produce fertile individuals through
natural reproduction.
(iii) Each species grow in specific geographical conditions. Their food, habitat,
reproductive ability and period is different.
(iv) Genetic variations are responsible for formation of new species from earlier one.
(v) Besides, geographical and reproductive changes are also responsible.
(vi) Similarly, geographical or reproductive isolation also leads to speciation.

11) Complete the paragraph using proper words:

(Cytoplasm, nucleus, double codon, triplet codon, 20, 18, translation, transportation,
transcription, mutation, tRNA, mRNA)
The mRNA formed in nucleus comes in _______. It brings in the coded message from
DNA. The message contains the codes for amino acids. The code for each amino acid
consists of three nucleotides. It is called _______'. Dr. Har Govind Khorana, a
scientist of Indian origin has made an important contribution in discovery of triplet
codons for _______ amino acids. For this work, he has been awarded with the Nobel
Prize in 1968, along with two other scientists. Each mRNA is made up of thousands of
triplet codons. As per the message on mRNA, amino acids are supplied by the
_______. For this purpose, tRNA has 'anticodon' having complementary sequence to
the codon on mRNA. This is called as '_______'. The amino acids brought in by
tRNA are bonded together by peptide bonds with the help of rRNA. During this
54
 process, the ribosome keeps on moving from one end of mRNA to the other end by
the distance of one triplet codon. This is called as '_______'. Such many chains come
together to form complex proteins. These proteins control various functions in the
body of living organisms and their appearance too.
Ans:- The mRNA formed in nucleus comes in cytoplasm. It brings in the coded message from
DNA. The message contains the codes for amino acids. The code for each amino acid
consists of three nucleotides. It is called 'triplet codon'. Dr. Har Govind Khorana, a
scientist of Indian origin has made an important contribution in discovery of triplet
codons for 20 amino acids. For this work, he has been awarded with the Nobel Prize in
1968, along with two other scientists. Each mRNA is made up of thousands of triplet
codons. As per the message on mRNA, amino acids are supplied by the tRNA. For this
purpose, tRNA has 'anticodon' having complementary sequence to the codon on mRNA.
This is called as 'translation'. The amino acids brought in by tRNA are bonded together
by peptide bonds with the help of rRNA. During this process, the ribosome keeps on
moving from one end of mRNA to the other end by the distance of one triplet codon. This
is called as 'translocation'. Such many chains come together to form complex proteins.
These proteins control various functions in the body of living organisms and
their appearance too.

12) Observe the following figure and answer the questions

A) Which evidence of evolution is shown in the picture?

B) What can be proven with this proof?
C) Give one more example of evidence of evolution.
Ans:-A) Embryological evidence of evolution has been shown in the picture.
B) Similarities between all embryos in early stages indicates that all those animals may
have common ancestor.
C) Vestigial organs, Connecting link, etc.

13) Observe the given images and answer the questions given below.

A) Which evolutionary evidence does it indicate?

B) What does it prove?
55
 C) State another example of evolutionary evidence.
Ans:- A) The given picture indicates the morphological evidence of evolution.
B) Morphological evidence is based on the similarity of size, shape or structure of
organs among a group of organisms proving that they evolved from the same ancestor.
C) Other examples of evolutionary evidence: Anatomical evidence, paleontological
evidence, vestigial organs, embryological evidence, connecting links.

13) Which evidence of evolution is shown in the given picture? Explain the importance
of this evidence.

Ans:- The given diagrams depict anatomical similarities between the human hand, foreleg of
the ox, forelimb of the bat, and flipper of the whale.
i. Anatomical evidence are the similarities in structures and anatomy between different
organisms.
ii. The hand of human, foreleg of ox, flipper of the whale, and forelimb of bat appear
different superficially or morphologically.
iii. Also, the function of these structures is different in different animals.
iv. However, there is a similarity in the structure of bones and bony joints in the organs
of these animals.
v. These similarities indicate that the animals evolved from a common ancestor thus
providing proof of evolution.

14) Observe the following images and answer the questions.

a. Which evolutionary evidences are indicated in the given picture?

b. How are they formed?
c. Which method is used to measure their age or their time?
Ans:- a. The given pictures indicate paleontological evidences of evolution.
b. Large number of organisms get buried due to disasters like flood, earthquake, volcano,
etc. Remnants and impressions of such organisms remain preserved underground and form
fossils.
56
 c. Carbon dating is a method used to measure the age of fossils.

15) Observe the picture and answer the following questions.

a. The given picture indicates which principle?

b. Explain that principle in your language.
c. What is the meaning of acquired characteristics?
Ans:-a. The given picture indicates Lamarckism or inheritance of acquired characters.
b. Lamarckism or inheritance of acquired characters:
i. Lamarckism is the theory of inheritance of acquired characters from one generation
to another, given by Jean- Baptiste Lamarck.
ii. It states that the morphological changes occurring in living organisms are responsible
for evolution. This concept was based on the principle of use and disuse of organs.
iii. Morphological changes may occur gradually, either due to specific activities or
laziness of a particular organism. iv. For e.g. Browsing on leaves of tall plants caused the
neck of the giraffe to become long: frequent hammering movements cause the shoulders
of ironsmith to become strong; inactivity caused weakening of the wings of birds like
emu; legs of swans and ducks have become useful for swimming due to living in water;
due to burrowing habits, snakes have lost their legs; etc.
c. Modification in structure or function acquired by an organism during its life, caused by
environmental factors is known as acquired character.

2. LIFE PROCESSES IN LIVING ORGANISMS PART-I

1) Correct the given flowchart and rewrite, and answer the questions.
a) Which process is indicated by the given flowchart?
b) What happens in this process?
c) What are the various amino acids formed on digestion of proteins? Where are
they formed?
Pyruvic Acid

Acetyl Co-Enzyme A

Lipids Glycolysis Amino Acids

Proteins Kreb’s Cycle Fats

57
 Ans:-

a) Above process indicates energy prodution through aerobic respiration of

carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
b) (i) In this process complex compounds such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
are converted into similar substances.
(ii) The simpler substances then are converted into Pyruvic acid or Pyruvate which in
turn is oxidized in order to give energy and CO2, H2O as byproduct.
c) Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Argenine, Glutamine, Leucine, Methionine, Lysine etc
are the different amino acids formed on digestion of proteins, conversion of amino
acids from proteins takes place in stomach.

2) Identify the following chemical reaction and answer the questions.

a) What is this chemical reaction related to?
b) What is brought about in this reaction?

Ans:- a) Adenosine triphosphate also known as ATP, is a molecule that carries energy
within cells. It is the main energy currency of the cells and it is an end product of the
process of photophosphorylation (adding a phosphate group to a molecule using
energy from light) cellular respiration and fermentation.
b) ATP is broken down with the help of water molecules gives Adenosine
diphosphate, inorganic phosphate and free energy for ease function of cell.

3) Complete the following chart.

Skin:

Muscles: Amino acids: Cells:

Pancreas: 58
 Ans:- Skin: Melanin,
Keratin

Muscles: Actin and Cells: Various proteins

Myosin Flexible Amino acids: of cell membrane,
Proteins various enzymes.

Pancreas:
Insulin,

3) Complete the chart and explain.

Carbohydra Pyruvic Kreb's CO2+ H2O
tes Acid Cycle + Energy

Ans:- Carbohydra Pyruvic Kreb's CO2+ H2O

Glycolysis Acetyl Co-A
tes Acid Cycle + Energy

(i) Carbohydrates like glucose are oxidized to pyruvic acid.

(ii) Pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl-co-enzyme-A which is oxidized through Kreb's cycle.
(iii) The molecules of NADH2, produced during this are oxidized through electron transfer
chain reaction and finally energy is obtained.

4) Complete the given flowchart.

_________
_________ ________
Cytosine
Ribonucleic Nitrogenous
Nucleic acid Nucleotide Components
Acid bases
Adenine
Phosphoric
------------
acid
Guanine

Uracil
Ribose Sugar Pyrimidines
Cytosine
Ribonucleic Nitrogenous
Ans:- Nucleic acid
Acid
Nucleotide Components
bases
Adenine
Phosphoric
Purines
acid
Guanine

5) Observe the given flowchart and answer the questions based on it.

59
 Carried out by
Pyruvic Acid Fermentation Alcohol
yeast

Products,
Carried out by
Carbohydrates Glycolysis Pyruvic Acid Fermentation Vinegar,
various microbes
Vitamins etc

Carried out by
Pyruvic acid Fermentation Lactic acid erythrocytes,
muscle cells

a) Which type of respiration is represented in the given flowchart?

b) Which are the two main steps of this type of respiration?
c) What is fermentation?
Ans:- a) Anaerobic type of respiration is shown in given flow chart.
b) Glycolysis and fermentation are two steps of anaerobic respiration.
c) Glucose is incompletely oxidized and less amount of energy is obtained in this
type of respiration. Pyruvic acid produced through glycolysis is converted into other
organic acids or alcohol with the help of some enzymes in this process. This is called
as fermentation.

6. Observe the following concept map and explain the mitosis in detail with the help
of suitable diagram.

Karyokinesis Prophase

Cytokinesis Metaphase

Telophase Anaphase

MITOSIS
Ans:- Mitosis is the process of equational cell division where daughter cells, so produced, contain an
equal number of chromosomes as that in the parent cell. The two main stages of mitosis in an
animal cell are as follows:
a. Karyokinesis: It involves nuclear division of the cell and has four stages namely.
(i) Prophase: It is the first stage of mitosis that starts by the initiation of the condensation of
chromosomes. Each chromosome has two chromatids, which are attached by the centromere.
At the end of prophase the nuclear membrane and the nucleolus disappear.
(ii) Metaphase: It is the second stage of mitosis in which the condensation of the
chromosomes and the spindle formation gets complete. The spindle fibres get attached to the
chromosomes and the chromosomes get aligned along the equator of the cell.
(iii) Anaphase: It is the stage of mitosis where the centromere of the chromosomes split and
the chromatids get separated. The contraction of the spindle fibres moves the sister chromatid

60
 apart, towards the two opposite poles.
(iv) Telophase: It is the last stage of mitosis. In this stage, chromosomes finally reach their
respective poles. The spindle fibres disappear and the nuclear envelope around the
chromosome cluster as well as nucleolus reappears.
b. Cytokinesis: It is the last step which involves the cytoplasmic division of the cells which
divides the cell into two daughter cells.

Cytokinesis

6) Label the diagram and explain the process shown in the diagram.

Ans:- Centrioles
Homologus pair of chromosomes
Centromere
{ Nucleolus

Bivalent or Tetrad
Zygotene
In zygotene, homologous chromosome start pairing, this pairing is called synapsis.
The structure called synaptonemal complex develops to hold chromosome in place
during this place during this pairing, each chromatid of chromosome divides and
forms structure called bivalent or tetrad.

7) Choose the correct options from the brackets and complete the given paragraph.
(Chromosomes, glycerol, growth hormones, cardiac, progesterone, plasma
membrane, neuron, testosterone, axons, adipose)
Digestion of lipids results in formation of fatty acids and _____. Fatty acids are
absorbed up and distributed everywhere within the body. From fatty acids,
phospholipids are formed which are essential for formation of ___. Fatty acids
are also used for synthesis of hormone like _____, estrogen,______, aldosterone,
etc., and the covering around the _______ of nerve cells. Excess of lipids are
stored in _____ connective tissue of the body.
Ans:- Digestion of lipids results in formation of fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids are
absorbed up and distributed everywhere within the body. From fatty acids,
phospholipids are formed which are essential for formation of plasma membrane.
Fatty acids are also used for synthesis of hormone like progesterone, estrogen,
testosterone, aldosterone, etc., and the covering around the axon of nerve cells. Excess
of lipids are stored in adipose connective tissue of the body.
61
 8) Identify the phase of mitosis shown in the given figure and explain it.

Ans:- (i) Above figure represents anaphase stage of mitosis.

(ii) It occurs after completion of metaphase
(iii) Sister chromatids separates and move towards opposite poles of the cell.
(iv) Chromosome condensation takes place at opposite poles.

9) After performing exercise for long time, Sameer started feeling tired. What must
be the scientific reason for this?
Ans:-(i) While exercising the muscle cells perform anaerobic respiration.
(ii) During anaerobic respiration in muscle cells, lactic acid accumulates in the body.
(iii) Lactic acid accumulation is a result of the process of fermentation during which
glucose is broken down by anaerobic respiration, forming organic acids.
(iv) Also, the production of ATP is comparatively less during anaerobic respiration.
Therefore, after performing exercise for long time, Sameer started feeling tired.

10) Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes from the diploid level of cells to the
haploid level of gametes. In somatic cells of species there are two copies of each
chromosomes whereas gametes have only one copy of chromosome. The fusion of
haploid sperm and egg during fertilization helps in restoring the diploid
chromosome number and produce a zygote, the first cell of new organism.
Internal fertilization take place in humans. In humans, semen is ejaculated by
male inside the reproductive tract of female. The sperm swim through fluids in
the reproductive tract until they reach and fertilize the egg.
Based on the paragraph answer the given questions.
a) Which type of division produces haploid gametes?
b) What is fertilization?
c) Which type of fertilization is seen in humans?
d) What is the genetic constitution of human male and female?
e) How many types of gametes would be produced by human male and female?
Ans:- a) Meiosis produces haploid gametes.
b) The fusion of haploid sperm and egg in order to produce a zygote is called
fertilization.
c) Internal fertilization takes place in humans.
d) Human beings have 44 autosomes and 2 pair of sec chromosomes (allosomes). In
human males the sex chromosomes are X & Y while human females have X & X
chromosomes in them.
e) Human males can produce two types of gametes because they have two different
sex chromosome (X&Y) while human females can produce only one type of gamete
as they have two similar sex chromosomes (X&X).

11) Select the appropriate options and complete the following paragraph.
(alcohol, fructose, aerobic respiration, glycolysis, more, lactic, pyruvic, less,
glucose, fermentation)

62
 Many bacteria that live without oxygen performs anaerobic respiration.
________ and _________ are two steps of anaerobic respiration. _______ is
incompletely oxidized and ________ amount of energy is obtained in this type of
respiration. _______ acid is produced at the end of glycolysis, which is then
converted into organic acids or________.
Ans:- Many bacteria that live without oxygen performs anaerobic respiration. Glycolysis
and fermentation are two steps of anaerobic respiration. Glucose is incompletely
oxidized and less amount of energy is obtained in this type of respiration. Pyruvic
acid is produced at the end of glycolysis, which is then converted into organic acids or
alcohol.

12) Complete the following chart.

Living
Organisms

________ Prokaryotic

Unicellular Multicellular ________

Ans:- Living
Organisms

Eukaryotic Prokaryotic

Unicellular Multicellular Unicellular

13) Label the human respiratory system in the following figure

Mouth

Bronchi

63
Ans:-
Nose
Mouth
Larynx Trachea

Bronchi
Lungs

Diaphragm

Alveoli

3.LIFE PROCESSES IN LIVING ORGANISMS PART II

1) Observe the following figure, complete it and explain the method of
reproduction.

Ans:- (i) The given diagram represents regeneration which is a method of asexual
reproduction in some multicellular organisms.
(ii) In this type of asexual reproduction, the body of an organism breaks into parts and
thereafter each part regenerates the remaining part of the body and new organisms are
forced
(iii) In Planaria, when the body is cut, each part formed, develops into a whole new
organism.

2) Answer the questions with reference to the following figures.

a) What are the following figures related to? Label them properly.
b) What is the difference in the two?
c) Is it right to hold the women totally responsible for the birth of a girl? Why?
Write the explanation in detail.
Ans:- a) The following figures are T.S. of flower (Hibiscus) and T.S. of Human female
reproductive system

64
 }
Stigma Gynoecium
Style
Corolla Ovary (Carpel)
(Petal) Ovules

Calyx
Anther
Filament } Androecium
(Sepal) Stamen
Pedicel
Fig a. T.S. of Flower. (Hibiscus)

Fallopian Tubes
(Oviducts)
Ovules

Endometrium
Ovaries Cervix
Vagina

Fig b. T.S. of Human Female Reproductive System.

b) Fig. a is the organ responsible for sexual reproduction in plants and Fig. b is the
female organ responsible for sexual reproduction in animals (human beings).
c) (i) It is wrong to hold the women totally responsible for the birth of a girl child as
a woman has eggs of only X-chromosomes but a male has sperms of both X and Y
chromosomes.
(ii) It is the type of male chromosome (X or Y) which fuses with egg and determine
the sex of foetus i.e., whether it will be male (XY) or female (XX) child.

3) Observe the following figures and answer the questions.

a) What do the above figures show? Label them properly.

b) In which types of ‘living organism’ do the above life processes take place?
c) Why is the parent cell important in the process?
d) How are these different from each other?
e) Explain each figure in detail.
Ans:-
65
a) The given figure shows different modes of asexual reproduction in unicellular
organisms- Fig. a and b shows binary fission, Fig. c shows budding and Fig. d
shows multiple fission.
b) All these organisms are unicellular organisms and all the life processes occur
through a single cell such as respiration, digestion.
c) Parent cell is important for the reproduction process, as well as the parent
organism, is important for the continuation of the generation of an organism.
d) These are all the types of asexual reproduction. In asexual reproduction
involvement of single parent takes place whereas in sexual reproduction
involvement of two parent organism takes place. In this type of reproduction,
offspring is the identical copy of the parent, whereas in sexual reproduction an
offspring differ from their parents.
e) Fig. a Transverse Binary Fission (Paramecium)-
(i) Binary fission is an asexual mode of reproduction in which the bacteria
divides into two equal halves.
(ii) When the fission takes place in the transverse plain it is known as transverse
binary fission.
(iii) Binary fission in paramecium is transverse binary fission as the constriction
occurs transversely.
Fig. b Longitudinal Binary Fission (Euglena)-
(i) Euglena reproduces asexually through a process called longitudinal binary
fission in which cytokinesis takes place along the longitudinal axis.
(ii) During this process, nucleus undergoes mitosis first and cell undergoes
mitosis long ways, front end to back end
(iii) Flagellar processes, gullet and stigma duplicate.
(iv) A V-shaped cleavage forms in the anterior of the cell and gradually splits
the entire cell into 2 daughter cells.
Fig. c Budding-
(i) Asexual reproduction occurs by budding in yeast- a unicellular fungus.
(ii) Yeast cell produces two daughter nuclei by mitotic division, so as to
reproduce by budding.
(iii)This yeast cell is called as parent cell. A small bulge appears on the surface
of parent cell.
(iv)This bulge is actually a bud. One of the two daughter nuclei enters this bud.
(v)After sufficient growth, bud separates from the parent cell and starts to live
independently as a daughter yeast cell.
Fig. d Multiple Fission-
(i) Asexual reproduction by multiple fission is performed by Amoeba and other
similar protists.
(ii) Amoeba stops the formation of pseudopodia and thereby movements
whenever there is lack of food or any other type of adverse condition.
(iii) It becomes rounded and forms protective covering around plasma
membrane. Such encysted Amoeba or any other protist is called as ‘Cyst’.
(iv) Many nuclei are formed by repeated nuclear divisions in the cyst.
(v) It is followed by cytoplasmic division and thus, many amoebae are formed.
They remain encysted till there are adverse conditions.
(vi) Cyst breaks open on arrival of favourable conditions and many amoebae are
released.

66
 4) Explain the process shown in the following figure.

Ans:- (i) The above process is called seed germination.

(ii) Ovule develops into seed and ovary into fruit after fertilization.
(iii) Seeds fall upon the ground when fruits break up and they germinate in the soil
under favourable conditions.
(iv) Zygote develops at the cost of food stored in endosperm of seed and thus a new
plantlet is formed.

5) Complete the following paragraph by selecting the words given in brackets.

(Three, triploid, one, 22+XX, two, diploid, 23 pairs, centromere, 22+X, sex
chromosomes, 22 pairs)
Ans:- Germ cells producing gametes have two sets of chromosomes. Therefore, they are
diploid. Germ cells have a one pair of sex chromosomes and 22 pairs of autosomes.
Gametes contain one set of chromosomes. Normally male produces two types of
sperms i.e. 22+Y and 22+X.

6) Observe the following diagram and explain the process.

Ans:- (i) The above process is called as double fertilization.

(ii) Pollen grains from anther are transferred to the stigma. This is called as
pollination.
(iii) Pollination occurs with the help of abiotic agents (wind, water) and biotic agents
(insects and other animals).
(iv) Stigma becomes sticky during pollination Pollens germinate when they fall upon
such sticky stigma i.e. a long pollen tube and two male gametes are formed. The
pollen tube carries male gametes. .
(v) Pollen tube reaches the embryo sac via style. Tip of the pollen tube bursts and two
male gametes are released in embryo sac.
(vi) One male gamete unites with the egg cell to form zygote. This is fertilization.
Second male gamete unites with two polar nuclei and endosperm is formed.
(v) As two male nuclei participate in this process, hence it is called as double
fertilization.

7) Label correctly the following diagram and describe the structure.

67
 }
Stigma Gynoecium
Style
Corolla Ovary (Carpel)
(Petal) Ovules

Calyx
Anther
Filament } Androecium
(Sepal) Stamen
Pedicel
Fig a. T.S. of Flower. (Hibiscus)

8) Complete the flowchart representing the path of sperm.

Vas Urogenital
_______ Rete Testis _______ ________ _________
deferens duct

Vasa Ejaculatory Urogenital

Ans:- Seminiferous Rete Testis
efferentia
Vas deferns Epididymis
duct duct
tubules

9) Observe the diagram and answer the following questions.

a) Identify the labels ‘X’ and ‘Y’.

b) Which technique is depicted in the given figure?
c) Mention any two conditions in which this technique is used.
Ans:- a) X – Ovum
Y - Sperms being introduced through micro needle
b) The technique depicted in the given figure is IVF (In-Vitro Fertilization)
c) Conditions in which the following technique is used are males having less sperm
count, females having obstacles in oviduct, etc.

10) a) Write the events that takes place after fertilization of ovum by sperm.
b) How are the monozygotic and dizygotic twins are formed?
Ans:- a) (i) The zygote formed after fertilization in the oviduct, undergoes repeated mitotic
divisions and embryo is formed. Meanwhile, it is pushed towards uterus.

68
 (ii) Once it reaches the uterus, it is implanted and further development occurs after
implantation.
(iii) An organ called as placenta is formed for supply of food material during the
growth in uterus.
(iv) Embryonic development is completed approximately within nine months after the
fertilization.
b) (i) Monozygotic twins are formed from single embryo. During early period of
embryonic development (within 8 days of zygote formation), cells of that embryo
divide into two groups. Those two groups develop as two separate embryos and thus
monozygotic twins are formed.
(ii) Occasionally, two oocytes are released from the ovary of woman and both oocytes
are fertilized by two separate sperms and thus two zygotes are formed. Two embryos
are formed from those two zygotes and both of those embryos are separately
implanted in the uterus and thus dizygotic twins are delivered after complete
development.

11) Read the following paragraph and write the answers to the questions based on it.
Reproduction is an important process for the survival of an organism. Asexual
reproduction occurs in different ways in plants. E.g. Vegetative propagation,
fragmentation, budding, spore formation etc. Gametes are formed for sexual
reproduction. In the animal kingdom, various methods like budding, binary
fission, and parthenogenesis are used. There is no difference between males and
females in the animals in which these methods are observed. The method of
regeneration also creates new organisms. But regeneration is not the real method
of reproduction. Regeneration is the process of healing wounds, creating new
organs. This ability has completely disappeared in the developed animals.
Modern research is being done on the method of sexual reproduction, e.g.
Cloning. So, in the future women will be able to create their own offspring
without a father.
a. How do living organisms maintain their own species continuity?
b. What are the methods of asexual reproduction in animals?
c. Why is it said that regeneration is not the real method of reproduction?
d. What are the different methods of reproduction in plants?
e. What modern breeding methods are being researched in developed animals?
Ans:- a. Through the process of reproduction living organisms are able to maintain the
continuity of their own species.
b. Budding and parthenogenesis are the methods of asexual reproduction in animals.
c. Regeneration is the process of healing wounds, creating new organs. This ability
has completely disappeared in the developed (higher) animals. Hence, regeneration is
not the real method of reproduction.
d. Vegetative propagation, fragmentation, budding, spore formation are the different
methods of reproduction in plants.
e. Cloning is a modern breeding method being researched in developed animals.

13) In the following figure, explain how new fungal colonies mucor are formed:

69
Ans:- Spore Formation:
1. Fungi like Mucor have filamentous body.
2. They have sporangia.
3. Once the spores are formed, sporangia burst and spores are released.
4. Spores germinate in moist and warm place and new fungal is formed.

14) a. Which type of reproduction is indicated in the following diagram?

b. Redraw the given type of reproduction in the correct sequence and explain it.

Ans:- a. The type of reproduction indicated in the given diagram is multiple fission.

b. Multiple fission in amoeba

i. Whenever there is a lack of food or any other type of adverse condition, Amoeba and
other similar protists become rounded and form a protective covering around plasma
membrane called as 'cyst.
ii. Repeated nuclear divisions in the cyst result in the formation of many nuclei.
iii. This is followed by cytoplasmic division and as a result, many encysted amoebae
are formed.
iv. Under favourable conditions, cyst breaks open and many amoebae are released.

15) Observe the following figure and answer the questions below:

70
 a. Which process is shown in figure?
b. Define the process.
c. Give an example of the process depicted.
Ans:- a. Vegetative reproduction.
b. Reproduction in plants with the help of vegetative parts like roots, stems, leaves, and
buds is called vegetative reproduction.
c. Vegetative propagation in potatoes is performed with the help of 'eyes' present on
the tuber whereas in Bryophyllum it is performed with the help of buds present on leaf
margin. In the case of plants like sugarcane & grasses, vegetative propagation occurs
with the help of buds present on nodes.

16) Observe the figure and answer the questions given below.

a) What does the above figure indicate?

b) Which human organs are involved in this process?
c) Name the hormones responsible for this process.
d) After how many days these repetitive changes take place?
e) A woman should stay away from others, as her body is impure during this
process. What is your opinion about this statement? Elaborate it.
Ans:- a) The figure indicates Menstrual Cycle.
b) Pituitary gland of brain, ovary and uterus are involved in this process.
c) The hormones responsible for this process are follicle stimulating hormone (FSH),
luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen and progesterone.
d) These repetitive changes take place at the interval of 28 to 30 days.
e) Menstrual cycle is a natural process that is a sign of the new creation, a very
necessary and useful process. During the period of time, the woman's body is clean
like the other days, so she does not need to stay away from others. It is essential to
destroy such superstitions.

71
 4.ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
1) Complete the flow chart.
Factors that influence the
environment

Natural
_______
Factors

______ Pollution

Ans:- Factors that influence

the environment
Natural Man made
Factors Factors

Volcanic eruptions, Pollution

Floods, Droughts
etc

2) Complete the following chart and answer the question.

___ For resolving
To maintain the
natural and man
balance of
made problems
nature
Need of
conservation of
Environment

___ ___
___

Why is conservation of environment the need of an hour? Which role will you carry
out as a student?
Ans:- To conserve the
natural resources For resolving
To maintain the
natural and man
balance of
made problems
nature
Need of
conservation of
Environment

to solve natural and To give quality and

artifical problems To protect and sustainable future to
conserve net generations
biodiversity

(i) We need to conserve environment because it not a permanent source that we can
exploit whenever we want.
(ii) It's a definite physical and biological structure that we need to preserve and use
judiciously. Or it may lead to destruction of life and even calamities like floods,
avalanches, earthquakes etc.

72
 3) What is the meaning of following symbol? Write your role accordingly.

Ans:- Symbol 1- Do not litter- Litter endangers our environment, wildlife and economy. It
pollutes our neighbourhoods, decreases property values, and destroys the natural beauty.
The ideal way to handle the problem of littering is to prevent it and if cannot prevent use
ideal garbage bins for different types of garbage.
Symbol 2- Conserve Energy- When you limit your energy usage, you lower the impact on
the environment. Adjusting our day-to-day behaviours, utilizing natural light, replacing
traditional bulbs with energy efficient bulbs, turning off electric appliances when not in
use, etc. are some of the things we can do to conserve energy.
Symbol 3- Recycle- Recycling symbol indicates whether an item can be recycled or not,
or if it is made of any recycled material. The recycling symbol is used to raise the
awareness of recycling and to promote the green living.
Symbol 4- Sve water- It means causing or permitting discharge of water without any
practical purpose. We can save water by not wasting it, conserving and by reusing it. The
message about saving water or to make judicious use of water should be spread far and
wide.
Symbol 5- Solar Energy- Solar power system derive clean, pure energy from the sun.
Installing solar panels on your home helps combat greenhouse gas emissions and reduces
our collective dependence on fossil fuel.
Symbol 6- Flammable- Flammable material signs clearly highlight dangerous areas and
advise the risk of explosions if a fire were to occur. This sign is displayed around highly
flammable substances reduces the risk of accidental injury.

4) Complete the flowchart.

Ecosystem

Abiotic Biotic
components components

Physical factors

Air, Water, Food Producers Decomposers

vapour,
minerals, etc

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 Ans:- Ecosystem

Abiotic Biotic
components components

Physical factors Chemical factors Autotrophic Heterotrophic

Air, Water, Food Producers Decomposers

vapour,
minerals, etc

5) Answer the questions based on the given diagram.

a) Write the name of category of each component shown in the picture.

b) What is necessary to convert this picture into a food web?
Ans:- a) Grass- Producer.
Grasshopper- Primary consumer.
Frog- Secondary consumer.
Snake- Tertiary consumer.
Eagle- Apex consumer.
Mushroom- Decomposer.
b) (i) If this food chain has to be converted into a food web, there should be interactions
between the different components.
(ii) Any living organism can be prey to different predators. Moreover, a predator can
also be a prey for other. Frog eats different insects. The same frog can be either eaten by
snake or by eagle.

6) Complete the food chain.

1. ………………… 2. Primary consumers

5. ………………… 3 …………………

4. …………………

Ans:- 1. Primary producers 2. Primary consumers

5. Decomposers 3 Secondary consumers

4. Tertiary consumers
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 7) a) What is environmental conservation?
b) Complete the following chart.

(X) Laws enacted for (Y)

environmental conservation

Ans:- a) (i) Environmental protection is the activity of individuals, organizations, and

governments protecting the natural environment.
(ii) As a result, it is important to protect natural resources and the current natural
environment, as well as to repair harm and reverse trends when feasible.
b)

Forest Conservation Laws enacted for Environmental

Act, 1980 environmental conservation Protection Act, 1986

8) Complete the food web by placing the given organism in it appropriately.

(Bluebird, Grass, Deer, Zebra, Tiger, Frog)

Ans:- Tiger

Deer
Bluebird
Frog

Grass
Zebra

9) a) Define biodiversity
b) Complete the given chart
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 Types of
biodiversity

Genetic
(X) (Y)
diversity
c) Write a short note on harmful effects of E-waste.
d) ‘We have got this earth planet on lease from our future generation and not as an
ancestral property from our ancestor.’ Explain.
Ans:- a) Biodiversity is the variation among living organisms from different sources including
terrestrial, marine and desert ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which
they are a part.
b)
Types of
biodiversity

Genetic Species Ecological

diversity Diversity Diversity
c) (i) E-waste is the electronic waste that is produced by all the items used in electronic
equipment or the electronic industry.
(ii) They are harmful chemicals that are really harmful to humans as well as the environment.
(iii) E-waste is generated because of the usage of polluting substances like plastics, lead,
cadmium, and mercury.
(iv) These are non-biodegradable substances and they are very dangerous and polluting.
(v) They also have been found to cause several life-threatening diseases, including cancer.
d) (i) Human existence is totally impossible without the existence of nature. Hence, it is
basic responsibility of human being to preserve the nature without disturbing its balance.
(ii)It is said that we have got this Earth planet on lease from our future generations and
not as an ancestral property from our ancestors. Hence, we should not forget to conserve
it for ourselves and for future generations.

10) a. Write the given food chain in the appropriate sequence.

Grasshopper - Snake - Rice field - Eagle - Frog
b. In which ecosystem given the food chain is included? Explain the ecosystem.
c. If the frog population declines all of a sudden what will be the effect
on paddy fields?
Ans:- a. Paddy Field Grasshopper Frog Snake Eagle.
b. The given food chain belongs to the cropland ecosystem (terrestrial ecosystem).
i. This ecosystem is man-engineered and artificially maintained by man by adding energy
and planned manipulation.
ii. Manmade/artificial ecosystem is less complex as compared to natural ecosystem.
iii. This ecosystem relies on human efforts for its sustenance. Without human
intervention and supervision, such man-made ecosystems will disintegrate.
iv. In the given ecosystem, paddy crops in the field are primary producers that obtain
energy from the sun. This energy is transferred to the primary consumers (grasshoppers).
Secondary consumers (frogs) feed on grasshoppers, which in turn pass on the energy to
tertiary consumers (snakes). The apex consumers are eagles.
c. Considering that frogs feed on grasshoppers in a paddy field, if the population of frogs
declines/decreases suddenly, then the number of grasshoppers feeding on paddy crops
will increase. Thus, the production of paddy crops will decrease.

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 11) Ecosystem is formed by biotic and abiotic factors and their interactions with each
other. Each factor plays very important role in the ecosystem.
a. Name the different types of ecosystem. Give one example of each.
b. What type of ecosystem is formed by ponds?
c. What is the relationship between environment and ecosystem?
d. How is environmental balance maintained?
e. What is the impact of ecosystem destruction?
Ans:-a. Ecosystems are classified as follows:
1. Natural ecosystem 2. Man-made ecosystem.
Natural ecosystems like forests, grasslands, oceans, lakes, rivers, and deserts are entirely
dependent on solar radiation. They give out food, fuel, livestock, and medications.
Man-made ecosystems rely on solar energy, such as agricultural fields and aquaculture
ponds, or on fossil fuels, such as urban and industrial ecosystems.
b. An example of a finished, closed, and independent ecosystem is a pond. It is practical
to research its fundamental composition and operations. It uses solar energy to operate
and keeps the balance of its biotic ecosystem.
c. Environment is a broad concept. Physical, chemical and biological factors affecting
living organisms in any possible way is collectively called as environment. Environment
consists of two basic factors- biotic factors and abiotic factors. Environment consists of
many ecosystems. A small pond is an ecosystem whereas the earth is largest ecosystem.
Biotic and abiotic factors occupying a definite geographical area and their interactions
collectively constitute the ecosystem.
d. Environmental balance is maintained through continuous operation of various natural
cycles like water cycle, carbon cycle, gaseous cycles like nitrogen cycle, oxygen cycle,
etc. Environmental balance is also maintained due to various food chains of ecosystem.
e. Following are the effects of ecosystem destruction:
1. More flooding as a result of soil erosion and a lack of trees.
2. Sea levels are rising as a result of glacier melting brought on by global warming.
3. When apex predators go extinct, the food chain is disrupted.
4. A lack of water.

12) Attempts at various levels are performed for conserving environment. Which role
would you like to perform. Give two actions each:
• Prevention
• Control
• Production
• Awareness
• Conservation
Ans:- I would like to play the role in spreading awareness about the conservation of the
environment. By spreading awareness we can change the mind set and approach of people
towards the environment.
• Prevention
1. I will try to prevent possible harms to environment.
2. I will not use plastics to prevent pollution caused by it.
• Control
1. I will use water and other natural resources in only limited required quantity.
2. I will stop harmful activities like throwing garbage on the road or in public places.
• Production
1. I will work for the revival of environmental factors.
2.1 will try to develop projects for the conservation of special species.
• Awareness-
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 1.I will spread awareness through education, guidance, participation in various activities.
• Conservation-
1. I will help in conserving the available resources.
2. I will protect plants and animals in my locality.

12) Complete the following table taking into account the relation between the entries
in three columns
Air pollution Water pollution Soil pollution
Component Gases: CO2, CO, ____________________ ________________
s Hydrocarbons,
Components
Gases:
Sulphur, NOx,
Hydrogen
sulphides
etc.
Solid: dust, ash,
carbon, lead,
asbestos, etc.
Source _______________ Industrial wastes, ________________
domestic wastes, sewage, __
chemicals discharged
from industries,
pesticides used
In agriculture
Effect _______________ _____________________ Soil erosion,
retarded growth of
plants/
crops, Nutritional
deficiency etc.

Ans:- Air pollution Water pollution Soil pollution

Components Gases: CO2, CO, Biotic components: Soil pollutants are
Hydrocarbons, Alage, Virus, Bacteria, different in different
Components Parasite. regions. Eg. Near
Gases: Abiotic components: field-inorganic
Sulphur, NOx, Sand, soil, dust, floating components of
Hydrogen particles, precipitates of insecticides and
sulphides salts, silver, lead, heavy excess fertilizers,
etc. metals, (Radioactive heavy metals, and
Solid: dust, ash, substances) other toxic chemicals.
carbon, lead, Organic components:
asbestos, etc. Weedicides, pesticides,
sewage, etc.
Source Chemical Industrial wastes, Industrial effluents,
industries and oil domestic wastes, sewage, household toxic
refineries. Thermal chemicals discharged materials, chemical
power station, from industries, pesticides pesticides, biomedical
paper industries, used wastes. E-wastes,
cloth mills, In agriculture plastic waste.

78
 cement,
manufacturing,
Dynamites, stone
crushers.
Effect Impact on human Epidemics of water-borne Soil erosion, retarded
health. Serious Soil pollution diseases in growth of plants/
effects on humans. Mortality of crops, Nutritional
respiratory system, aquatic animals. deficiency etc.
effect of plants and Eutrophication deficiency
animals, acid rains, etc. of the water bodies.
climate change.

5.TOWARDS GREEN ENERGY

1) Complete the flowchart and explain the energy conversion in the given power
plant.

Nuclear
Reactor for Steam Electrical
nuclear Turbine Energy
fission

Ans:-
Nuclear System for
Reactor for steam Steam Electrical
Generator
nuclear generation Turbine Energy
fission from water

Here nuclear energy is converted into thermal energy, thermal energy is converted
into kinetic energy of steam, kinetic energy of steam is converted into kinetic energy
of turbine and finally the kinetic energy of the turbine is converted into electrical
energy .

2) Label the following diagram and explain the energy conversion in the plant.

79
 D.
A.

C. B.
Chemical energy in coal is converted into thermal energy which in turn is used to boil
water to produce steam, this thermal energy gets converted into kinetic energy in
steam, which rotates the turbine in order to produce electrical energy.

3) Observe the following diagram and answer the questions.

a) The schematic of which power plant is shown in the diagram?

b) Is the energy generation through this plant considered green energy?
Give reason why?
c) Draw the flow chart for the transformation of energy in the power plant.
Ans:-a) The given diagram is a schematic of a natural gas power plant.
b) (i) Yes, the energy generation through this plant is considered as green energy
because the efficiency of this type of power generation plant is higher than that of
power generation plant based on coal.
(ii) Moreover, since the natural gas does not contain sulphur, burning of natural gas
results in less pollution.
c)

4) Observe the following diagram and answer the questions.

80
 a) With reference to point B in the above figure, potential energy of how much
water in the damn will be conserved into kinetic energy?
b) What is used as source of energy in the given power plant.
c) State one advantage and disadvantage associated with the power plant.
d) Draw flow chart for energy conversion in the given power plant.
e) Draw flow chart showing the working of the given power plant.
Ans:- a) With reference to point B in the above figure, potential energy of all the water
above point B in the damn will be conserved into kinetic energy
b) Water in motion is used as a source of energy in the above power plant.
c) Advantages:
(i) The generation of electricity from water does not produce any environmental
pollution.
(ii) Water energy is a renewable source of electric energy which will never get
exhausted.
Disadvantages:
(i) A vast variety of flora and fauna (plants and animals) get affected.
(ii) Dams can be constructed only at a limited number of places.

5) One solar panel produces a potential difference of 20 V and current 4 A.

Describe how you can obtain a potential difference of 80 V and current of 12 A
with a solar array using solar panel. You can use sign of a battery for a solar
panel.
Ans:- One solar panel [20V 4A]
If connected in series, then potential difference gets added
⇒ V = V₁ + V₂ But current remains the same i.e. I = I₁ = I₂
If connected in parallel, then current gets added
⇒ I = I₁ + I₂ But potential difference remains the same i.e. V = V₁ = V₂
Thus first we can obtain 80 V by connecting 4 such solar panels in series
(20 V × 4 = 80 V)
Now, we can obtain 12 A by connecting such 3 sets of 4 panels in parallel
combination
(4 A × 3 = 12 A)

81
 6) Answer the questions by observing the following figure.

a. What is the name of machine given in the diagram?

b. Write down the function of this machine in short.
c. How does it gets / forms the motion ?
Ans:-a. The given machine is a steam turbine.
b. To rotate the generator which produces the electrical energy.
c. To drive the turbine, we need an energy source. The construction of the turbine in a
power plant depends on the type of energy source which is being used to rotate the turbine.
For example, steam turbine is used in a thermal power plant where steam is used to
rotate the turbine.

6) Remake the table taking into account relation between entries in three columns.

I II III
Coal Potential Energy Wind electricity plant
Uranium Kinetic Energy Hydro electric plant
Water Reservoir Nuclear Energy Thermal plant
Wind Thermal Energy Nuclear power plant

82
Ans:- I II III
Coal Thermal Energy Thermal plant
Uranium Nuclear Energy Nuclear power plant
Water Reservoir Potential Energy Hydro electric plant
Wind Kinetic Energy Wind electricity plant

8) Answer the questions with the help of picture:

A) Which type of energy is produced?

B) This power plant is based on which energy source?
C) Is this power plant eco-friendly? How?
Ans:- A) Electric energy is produced.
B) It is based on wind power.
C) This power plant is eco-friendly as it is pollution-free, and wind is inexhaustible
source of energy.

9) Solve the following crossword puzzle.

a. Maximum energy generation in India is done using..... energy.
b. ….. energy is a renewable source of energy
c. Solar energy can be called.... energy.
d. ……energy of wind is used in wind mills.
e. ……energy of water in dams is used for generation of electricity.
aa b

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 Ans:- a b
T W
H I
K e G R E E N
I R D
N M T
E A I
c P O T E N T I A L
C
I
C

10) Read the information given below and solve the questions based on it:
Electric energy is produced in various ways like hydroelectric, wind power, Solar
energy, bio-fuel, etc. These energy sources are inexhaustible, sustainable.
Besides, it does not cause any environmental problem.
i. Above information is about which type of energy?
ii. Whether the fossil fuel is an example of this energy?
iii. Draw the flow chart of production of electric energy.
Ans:- i. Above information is about' green energy'
ii. Fossil fuel is not an example of green energy.
Proper energy
source to run Turbine Generator Electric energy
turbine

11) Observe the connections of cells shown in the following images.

i. Which connection will give maximum potential difference?

ii. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of this energy.
Ans:- i.Type of connection of solar cells in 'A' is 'in series' connection and it will give
maximum potential difference.
ii.Advantage: Solar energy is an eco-friendly source of energy. It does not cause any
pollution. Disadvantage: As it can be produced in presence of sunlight only, it needs to
be stored in batteries for use.

12) Observe the figure and label it properly:

84
 a. What is the figure related to?
b. Why are reflectors used?
c. Draw a flow chart showing different stages in such a process.
d. How is the process used to generate electricity?
e. What other method can be used to generate electricity using the same energy
source?
Ans:-a. The figure is related to schematic diagram of the solar thermal power plant.
b. Many reflectors reflect and concentrate solar radiation on absorbers.
c.

d. Thermal energy is first created from solar radiation's energy. Then, using that thermal
energy, a turbine generator system is operated to produce electricity.
e. Solar photovoltaic cells immediately transform the energy of solar radiation into
electrical energy. The solar photovoltaic effect is what causes this. This energy transfer
process results in the creation of DC electrical energy.

6.ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION
1) Identify labels ‘X’ and ‘Y’ in the given figure of Sycon any write and four
characteristics of its phylum.

Ans:- X- Osculum
Y- Collar Cells
The Characteristics of Phylum Porifera (Sycon)
(i) The cells of Poriferans are loosely organized.
(ii) They are mostly found in marine water. Only a few are found in freshwater.
(iii) They are either radially symmetrical or asymmetrical.
(iv) Their body is usually cylindrical.
85
 (v) The scleroblast secretes spicules while spongin fibres are secreted by
spongioblasts.
(vi) They have no organs in their body.
(vii) They depict cellular grade of organization.
(viii) The body comprises numerous pores known as Ostia and osculum.
(ix) The central cavity is called spongocoel or atrium which opens to the outside
through the osculum.
(x) They reproduce asexually by budding, and fragmentation.

2) Complete the following table of animal classification.

Body symmetry Body cavity Phylum
Asymmetrical body Acoelomate ____________
_____________ ____________ Cnidaria
Acoelomate ______________
Bilateral symmetry _______________ Aschelminthes
Eucoelomate Annelida, Arthropoda, _______,
Echinodermata, Hemichordata,
chordate

Ans:- Body symmetry Body cavity Phylum

Asymmetrical body Acoelomate Porifera
Radially Symmetrical Acoelomate Cnidaria
Body
Acoelomate Platyhelminthes
Bilateral symmetry Pseudocoelomate Aschelminthes
Eucoelomate Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca,
Echinodermata, Hemichordata, chordate

3) Observe the given figure and answer the questions given below it

a) Identify label ‘X’.

b) Which sub-phylum does the given animal belong to?
c) Write any two characteristics of its sub-phylum.
Ans:- a) X- Nerve Chord
b) The animal belongs to the sub-phylum Cephalochordata.
c) The characteristics of sub-phylum Cephalochordata are-
(i) These are small, fish-like, marine animals.
(ii) Notochord is present throughout the body length.
(iii) Pharynx is very large and contains gill-slits.
(iv) These animals are unisexual.

86
 4) Complete the given chart.
Kingdom
Plantae

_______ Cryptogams

Angiosperms _________ __________ Bryophyta __________

Ans:- Kingdom
Plantae

Phanerogams Cryptogams

Angiosperms Gymnosperms Pteridophyta Bryophyta Thallophyta

5) Characters of a phylum are given below. Read those carefully and answer the
questions.
a. Spines of calcium carbonate are present on the body.
b. These animals are exclusively marine.
c. They perform the locomotion with the help of tube feet.
d. Their skeleton is made up of calcareous plates or spicules.
i. Animals of which phylum show the above characters?
ii. Give an example from that phylum.
iii. These animals can be classified with the help of which criteria of new system of
animals classification?
Ans:- i. Above mentioned characters are of phylum-Echinodermata.
ii.Sea star is an example of this phylum.
iii.In new system of classification, these animals classified with the help of criteria
like-body organization, body symmetry, body cavity,etc.

6) Observe the figure and answer the questions given below.

a) To which phylum these organisms belong?

b) Name the substance with which their body is covered.
c) Name their organs of locomotion.
Ans:- a) These organisms belongs to the phylum Echinodermata.
b) Their body is covered with calcareous spines and / or ossicles (plates).
c) They perform locomotion with the help of tube-feet.
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 7) Complete the table
Body Cavity Germ Layer Phylum
Absent Porifera
Absent Triploblastic
Pseudocoelom Aschelminthes
Present Arthropoda

Ans:- Body Cavity Germ Layer Phylum

Absent Absent Porifera
Absent Triploblastic Platyhelminthes
Pseudocoelom Triploblastic Aschelminthes
Present Triploblastic Arthropoda

8) Label the body organization of human in the following diagram

Ans:- Brain
Mouth
Lung Heart
Liver
Bone
Veins Kidney

Skin Muscle

9) Complete the paragraph using the followig words.

(Asymmetrical, Paramoecium, Equal, imaginary, central, insects, rats, bird,
three, unequal)
If body of any animal is cut through ______ axis of body, it may or may not
produce two equal halves. Depending upon this property, there are different types
of animal bodies. In the case of ______ body, there is no any such imaginary axis
of the body through which we can get two equal halves. For example Amoeba,
______ some sponges. In radial symmetry type of body, if imaginary cut passes
88
 through central axis but any plane of body, it gives two ______ halves. For
example Starfish. In case of this animal, there are five different planes passing
through ______ axis of body through which we can get two equal halves. In
Bilateral symmetry type of body, there is only one such imaginary axis of body
through which we can get two equal halves. For example: ______, fishes, frog,
birds, human, etc.
Ans:- If body of any animal is cut through imaginary axis of body, it may or may not
produce two equal halves. Depending upon this property, there are different types of
animal bodies. In the case of asymmetrical body, there is no any such imaginary axis
of the body through which we can get two equal halves. For example Amoeba,
Paramoecium some sponges. In radial symmetry type of body, if imaginary cut passes
through central axis but any plane of body, it gives two equal halves. For example
Starfish. In case of this animal, there are five different planes passing through central
axis of body through which we can get two equal halves. In Bilateral symmetry type of
body, there is only one such imaginary axis of body through which we can get two
equal halves. For example: Insects, fishes, frog, birds, human, etc.

10) Observe the following diagram. Write the answers of the following questions.

1. To which phylum does the animal included in the diagram belong?

2. What is the exoskeleton made up?
3. What is the symmetry?
1. The animal represented in the diagram belongs to phylum Arthropoda.
2. The exoskeleton of cockroach is made up of chitin.
3. Symmetry is the number of symmetrical parts the animal can be divided into.
Cockroach shows bilateral symmetry

11) Observe the following figure and answer the following.

a. Due to which common characteristic the animals shown in the figure belong to
the same phylum?
b. The exoskeleton of these animals is made up of which chemical?
c. Give another two examples of this phylum.
Ans:-a. The animals shown in the figure belong to the same phylum (Arthropoda) due to the
following common characteristics:
i. They have jointed appendages, which is the characteristic feature of members
belonging to phylum Arthropoda. ii. Their body is triploblastic, eucoelomate, bilaterally
symmetrical, segmented and divisible into head, thorax and abdomen.
iii. Their exoskeleton is chitinous.
b. The exoskeleton of these animals is made up of chitin.

89
 c. Crab, spider, millipede, centipede, cockroach, honey bee, etc.

12) Answer the questions based on the given paragraph

Lady Bug Beetle
Lady bug beetles are friends of farmers as they destroy harmful insects. It is a
predatory insect, which lives on biting worm, white fly worm, white moth, flower
insects and bread worms. It acts as a natural insecticide for crops like maize,
jawar, cotton, sugarcane, cereals, vegetables, fruit trees, etc. These are attractive
red or yellow or grey coloured insects. Mary species of this insect are found in our
farms. The lifecycle of this insect follows eggs, larvae, cocoon and moth stages. The
eggs are found in flutter. The larvae are grey in colour. Larvae and adults both
live on sucking insects.
a. How does the lady bug beetle live?
b. Of which colour the lady bug beetles are?
c. State the stages of its lifecycle.
d. How does it help the farmers?
Ans:-a. The lady bug beetle lives on biting worm, white fly worm, white moth, flower insects
and bread worms.
b. Lady bug beetles are red or yellow or grey coloured.
c. The lifecycle of this insect follows eggs, larvae, cocoon and moth stages.
d. Lady bug beetles are predatory insects that help farmers in destroying
harmful insects.

13) Complete the following chart

Type Character Example
Cyclostomata _________ _________
_________ Gill respiration _________
Amphibia _________ Frog
_________ _________ Whale
_________ Poikilotherms _________

Ans:- Type Character Example

Cyclostomata Jaw less mouth Myxine
Pisces Gill respiration Rohu
Amphibia Aquatic and aerial respiration Frog
Mammalia Mammary glands Whale
Reptilia Poikilotherms Lizard

14) Identify the class of the animal shown in the figure and write any two
characteristics.

90
 The animal shown in the figure is from class Mammalia.
Ans:- Characteristics:
A) Presence of mammary glands.
B) These animals are warm blooded.
C) Body is divided into head, neck, trunk and tail.

15) Identify the following animal and answer the questions that follow.

a. Name its phylum.

b. Name any two other examples of this phylum.
c. Mention any two characters of this phylum.
Ans:- a. Echinodermata
b. Sea-urchin and sea-cucumber
c. The characters of phylum Echinodermata are:
1. They perform locomotion with the help of tube feet.
2. These animals are found only in the ocean.

7.INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY
1) Complete the flowchart of the steps involved in cheese production.
Cutting the Final
solid Yoghurt Washing ______ Salting _______ _______ _______ Product
into pieces (Cheese)

Ans:-
Cutting the Mixing of Final
solid Yoghurt Washing Rubbing Salting essential Pigments Flavours Product
into pieces pigments (Cheese)

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 2) Complete the table.
No. Fruit Microbe used Role of microbe Name of beverage
a. Coffea __________ Separating seeds ______________
Arabica from fruit
b. Theobroma Candida, Pichia, Separating seeds ______________
Cacoa Saccharomyces from fruit
C. Grapes ____________ Fermentation of ______________
juice
d. Apple Saccharomyces Fermentation of ______________
cerevisiae juice

Ans:- No. Fruit Microbe used Role of microbe Name of beverage

a. Coffea Lactobacillus Separating seeds Coffee
Arabica brevis from fruit
b. Theobroma Candida, Pichia, Separating seeds Cocoa
Cacoa Saccharomyces from fruit
C. Grapes Saccharomyces Fermentation of Wine
cerevisiae juice
d. Apple Saccharomyces Fermentation of Cider
cerevisiae juice

3) Complete the table.

Source Microbe Products
Glucose, corn steep ___________ Gluconic acid
liquor
Sugar and beet molasses, Brevibacterium, ___________
ammonia salt Corynebacterium
Sugar molasses, salt Aspergillus niger ____________
Molasses, corn steep ____________ Lactic acid
liquor

Ans:- Source Microbe Products

Glucose, corn steep liquor Aspergillus niger Gluconic acid
Sugar and beet molasses, Brevibacterium, Production of
ammonia salt Corynebacterium monosodium glutamate
(Ajinomoto)
Sugar molasses, salt Aspergillus niger Drinks, toffees, chocolate
production
Molasses, corn steep Lactobacillus delbrueckii Lactic acid
liquor

4) a. Mention any two names of bacteria used to clear oil spills.

b. Complete the given conceptual chart.
Uses of microbes in
environmental management

Production of
Oil spills _________ _________ __________ _________
Fertilizers

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Ans:- a. Pseudomonas spp. and Alcanovorax borkumensis are two bacterias used to clear oil
spills.
b.

Uses of microbes in
environmental management

Plastic Leaching of Soluble salts Production of

Oil spills Rubber
bottles metals of uranium Fertilizers

5) Observe the figure and write the answers to the questions asked.

a. Name the above figure.

b. What is it used for?
c. Which gas is formed in it?
d. How is this gas formed?
e. What is done with sewage?
Ans:- a. The given figure represents the Modern landfill site
b. It is used for disposal of degradable waste in urban areas.
c. Methane gas is formed in landfill pits.
d. Microbes present in the soil decompose the waste resulting in the formation of
methane gas.
e. i. In villages, domestic sewage is disposed of either in nearby soil or in biogas plants,
whereas in cities, sewage is carried to a processing unit and acted upon by microbial
processes.
ii. This sewage is acted upon by microbes that destroy the pathogens and decompose
carbon and xenobiotic compounds in the sewage.
iii. The sludge that settles down in the process can be then used as fertilizer while the
water released after microbial treatment is environmentally safe.

6) Observe the following image and answer the questions given below.

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 A) Lack of management of which factor is shown in the picture?
B) How can that factor be managed with the help of microbes?
C) How the oil spills in oceans are cleared?
Ans:- A) The picture shows the lack of management of waste water/sewage.
B) Microbes which can decompose any compound as well as destroy the pathogens of
cholera, typhoid, etc. are mixed with sewage. They release methane and CO2 by
decomposition of the carbon compounds present in sewage. Phenol oxidizing bacteria
decompose the xenobiotic chemicals present in sewage.
C) Hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria like Alcanivorax borkumensis & Pseudomonas are used
to clear the oil spillage from ocean water. These bacteria decompose the hydrocarbons and
the bring about the reaction of released carbon with oxygen to produce CO, & water.

7) Complete the given chart

Oil Spill

_________ _________

Microbes
_________ _________

Biogas and
_________
composting

Ans:-
Oil Spill

Production of Sewage
fertilizers Management

Microbes
Microbial
Bio-Insecticides
Inoculants

Microbial
Biogas and
Pollution
composting
Control

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8) Complete the given chart:

_________

_________ Sewage after _________

processing

_________

Ans:-
Cleaning

Mopping Floors Sewage after Washing cars

processing

Gardening

9) Complete the following chart

_____
_____ _____

Xanthan
gum

_____ _____
_____

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 Ans:-
Chocolates
High
quality Pigments
paper
Xanthan
gum

Toothpaste Fertilizers

Weedicides

10) Complete the paragraph using proper words:

(Mechanical, Rhizobium, Aquatic, Toxic, CO2, Nitrogen, Pseudomonas, Amoeba,
Bacteria, Hydrocarbons)
Spilling of petroleum oil occurs in ocean due to various reasons. This oil may prove
fatal and toxic to _______ organisms. It is not easy to remove the oil layer from
surface of water by _______ method. However, bacteria like _______ spp. and
Alcanivorax borkumensis have the ability to destroy the pyridines and other
chemicals. Hence, these _______ are used to clear the oil spills. These are called as
hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCB). HCB decompose the _______ and bring about
the reaction of carbon with oxygen. _______ and water is formed in this process.
Ans:- Spilling of petroleum oil occurs in ocean due to various reasons. This oil may prove fatal
and toxic to aquatic organisms. It is not easy to remove the oil layer from surface of
water by mechanical method. However, bacteria like Pseudomonas spp. and Alcanivorax
borkumensis have the ability to destroy the pyridines and other chemicals. Hence, these
bacteria are used to clear the oil spills. These are called as hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria
(HCB). HCB decompose the hydrocarbons and bring about the reaction of carbon with
oxygen. CO₂ and water is formed in this process.

11) Observe the figure and write the answers to the questions asked.

a. Write the name of the fungus in the figure above.

b. What is the source of these fungi?
c. Which organic acid obtained from this organism is used in
Ans:- commercial production?
a. The fungus represented in the given figure is Aspergillus niger.
b. Sugar molasses, glucose and corn steep liquor is the source of these fungi.
c. Organic acids like citric acid and gluconic acid are obtained from this organism and
used in commercial production.

12) Complete the paragraph by selecting the appropriate option in parentheses.

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 (energy, microbial, erosion-proof, reused, purification, environmentally friendly)
Nowadays, instead of chemical catalysts, ________ enzymes are used in the chemical
industry. These enzymes are active at low temperature, pH and pressure; due to
which ________ is saved and ________ instruments are also not necessary. Enzymes
carry out specific processes; hence unnecessary by-products are not formed due to
which expenses on ________ are minimised. In case of microbial enzymatic reactions
elimination and decomposition of waste material is avoided and enzymes can be
________. Hence, such enzymes are ________.
Ans:-Nowadays, instead of chemical catalysts, microbial enzymes are used in the chemical
industry. These enzymes are active at low temperature, pH and pressure; due to which
energy is saved and erosion-proof instruments are also not necessary. Enzymes carry out
specific processes; hence unnecessary by-products are not formed due to which expenses
on purification are minimised. In case of microbial enzymatic reactions elimination and
decomposition of waste material is avoided and enzymes can be reused. Hence, such
enzymes are environmentally friendly.

13) Read the following paragraph and write the answers to the questions asked.
Sulphuric acid is present in the acid rain and materials coming out of mines. You
know that erosion of metals present in statues, bridges and buildings occurs due to
it. Sulphuric acid is a source of energy for some species of bacteria like Acidiphilium
spp. and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Hence, these bacteria can control the soil
pollution occurring due to acid rain. Water soluble salts of uranium are present in
the wastes produced during electroplating and in effluent released in the
environment from the atomic energy plant. Geobacter convert these salts of
uranium into insoluble salts and thereby prevent those salts from mixing with
groundwater sources.
a. What causes metal erosion in statues, bridges and buildings?
b. Sulphuric acid is the source of energy for which bacteria?
c. What kind of pollution do these bacteria control?
d. What are the water soluble salts in atomic energy plants and in the process of
electroplating?
e. Which bacteria prevent these salts from mixing with ground water by converting
them Into insoluble salts?
Ans:-a. Sulphuric acid present in acid rain and materials coming out of mines causes metal
erosion in statues, bridges and buildings.
b. Sulphuric acid is a source of energy for some species of bacteria like Acidiphilium spp.
and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans.
c. These bacteria control soil pollution occurring due to acid rain.
d. Water soluble salts of uranium are present in the wastes produced during electroplating
and in effluent released from atomic energy plant.
e. Geobacter prevent these salts from mixing with ground water by converting them into
insoluble salts.

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14) Observe the given image and answer the questions

a. What type of fuel production process is shown in the figure?

b. Write two examples of each of the solid, liquid and gaseous fuels produced in
this fuel production process?
c. How do microorganisms play their role in this process?
Ans:- a. Biofuel is produced in the process shown in the figure.
b. Solid fuels: Dung, crop residue
Liquid fuels: Vegetable oils, alcohol
Gaseous fuels: Gobar gas, coal gas
c. For the production of biofuel, the residue left after the threshing of biomass
contains cellulose, which is converted to glucose. This glucose is then converted to
liquid fuel through microbial fermentation, which is used for different purposes.

15) The figure below shows a concept of segregation, observe the following figure and
answer the questions that follow:

a. What is dry and wet waste

b. Why do we need to segregate our garbage?
Ans:- a. Dry waste and wet waste are the two main kinds of household garbage. Both must
be disposed of and recycled in separate ways. Cooked and raw food, garbage from
fruits and flowers, fallen leaves, sweeping dust, and other similar items are all
considered wet waste. On the other hand, dry waste includes items like paper, plastic,
rubber, metals, leather, textile rags, wire, glass, and so on. Dry waste is not organic;
wet waste is organic.
b. Garbage segregation is crucial for efficient waste management and disposal.
Recycling becomes less difficult. Effective waste segregation reduces the amount of
waste sent to landfill, making it more affordable and beneficial for both people and
the environment. Separation is essential for the public's health.

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 8.CELL BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
1) Identify the labels A, B, C and D in the given flowchart.

Ans:-
A- Primary Treatment.
B- Shooting and rooting.
C- Primary Hardening.
D- Secondary Hardening.

2) a. What is bioremediation?
b. Complete the given chart with the names of bacteria/ plants used in
bioremediation of the given pollutants respectively.
Bioremediation

Absorbs uranium and

arsenic Absorbs radiations from Absorbs selenium from Cleans hydrocarbons and
radioactive debris soil oil pollutants from water

Ans:- a. Bioremediation means either absorption or destruction of toxic chemicals and

harmful pollutants with the help of plants and microorganisms.
b.

Bioremediation

Sunflower Deinococcus Genetically modified Pseudomonas

radiodurans variety of Indian mustard Bacteria

Absorbs uranium and

arsenic Absorbs radiations from Cleans hydrocarbons and oil
Absorbs selenium from soil
radioactive debris pollutants from water

3) Choose the correct options from the brackets and complete the given paragraph.
(blood, organ transplantation, stem cells, osteocytes, regenerative, pluripotency,
adipose connective tissue, liver, embryonic)
__________ are specialised cells that give rise to all other types of cells present in
the body of multicellular organism by the property of _________.
These cells can be obtained from bone marrow, _______ and ________.

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 These cells are useful in ________ therapy to replace dead cells in case of
conditions like diabetes. The cells are also useful for ________ in case of failure
of organs like kidney and liver.
Ans:- Stem cells are specialised cells that give rise to all other types of cells present in the
body of multicellular organism by the property of pluripotency.
These cells can be obtained from bone marrow, blood and adipose tissue.
These cells are useful in regenerative therapy to replace dead cells in case of
conditions like diabetes. The cells are also useful for organ transplantation in case of
failure of organs like kidney and liver.

4) Complete the following flowchart.

Enhanced Food
Production (Green
Revolution, Blue
Revolution, White
Revolution)

_____ _____

Merits of
Biotechnology
_____ _____

Industrial
Products (White
_____ Biotechnology

Enhanced Food
Ans:- Production (Green
Revolution, Blue
Revolution, White
Revolution)
Forensic
Animal
Sciences (DNA
Husbundary
Fingerprinting)

Merits of
Human Health Biotechnology Food Biotechnology
(Gene
(Yoghurt, wine,
Therapy,
Bread, Butter,
Vaccines,
Cheese)
Gene Cloning)

Environmental Industrial
Biotechnology Products (White
(Pollution Control, Biotechnology
Sewage teatment)

5) What does the process in the following figures indicate? What is its advantage?

100
Ans:- (i) The process in above figure indicate production of edible vaccines.
(ii) Work on production of edible vaccines is in progress and presently, potatoes are
being produced with the help of biotechnology.
(iii) These potatoes are called as transgenic potatoes. These potatoes will act against
bacteria like Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli.
(iv) Consumption of these raw potatoes generates the immunity against cholera and
the disease caused due to E. coli

6) Write the correct answer in blank circle

________ ____________

Use of
stem cells

___________

Ans:-
Replacing Organ
dead cells Transplantation

Use of
stem cells

Production of
blood cells

7) Observe the figure and answer the following questions

X
Y
a. Which property of stem cell is shown in the figure?
b. Write the name of the cells or organs denoted by X and Y.
c. What is the benefit of tissue/organ culture from stem cells?
Ans:- a. Pluripotency (the self-multiplying ability of undifferentiated stem cells by which
they are capable of giving rise to all types of human cells) is shown in the given
figure.
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 b. X: Neuron, Y: Intestine
c. i. In the given diagram, we can observe that stem cells are capable of forming a
variety of new cell types that can combine to form tissues and organs.
ii. With advances in biotechnology, if provided with specific chemicals/stimulus and
optimum conditions, stem cells may develop into neurons, brain, intestines, liver,
heart, and bone.
iii. These valuable organs could then be used for organ transplantation.

8. Complete the paragraph.

(Red bone marrow, degenerated, umbilical cord, adipose, division, blastocyst)
Different tissues of the body are formed by _______ of stem cells. Stem cells are
present in the _______ by which the foetus is joined to the uterus of the mother.
Ans:- Stem cells are also present in the _______ stage of embryonic development. Stem
cells are present in _______ and _______ connective tissue of adult human beings.
It has become possible to produce different types of tissues and the _______ part
of any organ with the help of these stem cells.
Different tissues of the body are formed by division of stem cells. Stem cells are
present in the umbilical cord by which the fetus is joined to the uterus of the mother.
Stem cells are also present in the blastocyst stage of embryonic development. Stem
cells are present in red bone marrow and adipose connective tissue of adult human
beings. It has become possible to produce different types of tissues and the
degenerated part of any organ with the help of these stem cells.

9. Observe the image and answer the questions.

a. What is shown in the figure?

b. What can the stem cells make in this figure?
c. What can these stem cells transform into?
Ans:- a. The given figure shows the use of stem cell/stem cell therapy.
b. The stem cells can replicate themselves to produce identical copies.
c. The stem cells can be transformed into other types of cells.

10. Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow:
A liberal view behind the concept of organ and body donation is that after death our
body should be useful to other needful persons so that their miserable life would
become comfortable. Awareness about these concepts is increasing in our country
and people are voluntarily donating their bodies.
Life of many people can be saved by organ and body donation. Blinds can regain
their vision. Life of many people can be rendered comfortable by donation of organs
like liver, kidneys, heart, heart valves, skin etc. Similarly, body can be made
102
 available for research in medical studies. Many government and social organizations
are working towards increasing the awareness about body donation.
1) What is the liberal view behind the organ and body donation?
2) Name any four organs that can be donated.
Ans:-1) i). Life of many people can be saved by organ and body donation.
ii) Similarly, body can be made available for research in medical studies.
2) Organs like liver, kidneys, heart, heart valves, skin etc. can be donated.

11. Complete the following table.

A Crop Biotechnology _____________
B Hybrid Seeds _____________
C GM Crops _____________

Ans:- A Crop Biotechnology It is useful in the agricultural field to improve the

variety and yield of crops
B Hybrid Seeds It is useful to recombine the genes of two different
crops to form hybrids of various crops. This is
particularly useful for fruits
C GM Crops It is beneficial in developing crops with desired
characters by integrating foreign gene with their
genome. High-yielding varieties with resistance to
diseases, alkalinity, weeds, and other stresses like cold
and drought can be developed.

12) Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph.

(environment related, decomposition, microbial techniques, organic matter,
oxidized, aquatic life)
It has become possible to solve _________ various problems with the help of
biotechnology. _________ are already in use for treatment on sewage and solid
waste. Sewage is rich in _________. If such sewage is released in natural water
bodies like rivers, the organic matter in it gets _________ with the help of dissolved
oxygen. Due to this, level of dissolved oxygen in water decreases, adversely affecting
Ans:- the _________.
It has become possible to solve environment related various problems with the help of
biotechnology. Microbial techniques are already in use for treatment on sewage and
solid waste. Sewage is rich in organic matter. If such sewage is released in natural water
bodies like rivers, the organic matter in it gets oxidized with the help of dissolved
oxygen. Due to this, level of dissolved oxygen in water decreases, adversely affecting
the aquatic life.

13) Read the following paragraph and write the answers to the questions based on
them.
Vaccination gives either permanent or temporary immunity against a specific
pathogen or disease. Traditionally, vaccines were prepared with the help of
pathogens. Completely or partially killed pathogens were used as vaccines.
However, due to this, there were chances of contracting the disease in case of some
persons. Hence, as an alternative, scientists tried to artificially produce vaccines
with the help of biotechnology. For this purpose, scientists produced the antigen in

103
 the laboratory with the help of genes isolated from the pathogen and used it as a
vaccine. Thus, safer vaccines are being produced. Work on production of edible
vaccines is in progress and presently, potatoes are being produced with the help of
biotechnology. These potatoes are called transgenic potatoes. These potatoes will
act against bacteria like Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli. Consumption of these
raw potatoes generates immunity against pathogens. For the production of such
edible vaccines, antigens are produced by isolating the desired gene from human
pathogens and injecting it into plants.
a. How can people who have been vaccinated get infected?
b. Why are vaccines produced with the help of biotechnology safer than
conventional vaccines?
c. How does the immune system respond to vaccination?
d. What is the disadvantage of transgenic potatoes?
e. Why is vaccination more beneficial than antibiotics?
Ans:-a. Traditional vaccines were prepared with the help of completely or partially killed
pathogens. Hence, there were chances that some who had been vaccinated would
contract the disease.
b. Vaccines produced by biotechnology use only antigens prepared by genes isolated
from the pathogen. This eliminates the use of complete pathogen and reduces the
chances of the vaccinated person from contracting the disease people.
c. The immune system gets activated on encountering the pathogenic antigen, thus
protecting the body from any subsequent attack by the same pathogen.
d. Transgenic potatoes containing edible vaccines cannot be cooked, as heating would
denature the proteins and reduce the vaccine potential.
e. Vaccines can be used to prevent a disease, whereas antibiotics are used only after a
person falls ill.

9.SOCIAL HEALTH
1) How is the excessive use of communication media and ultramodern technology
Ans:- harmful?
Excessive, unnecessary and irrational use of modern technology and communication
media causes addiction, which endangers the social health. Radiation from these devices
could cause physical problems like tiredness, headache, insomnia, forgetfulness, tinnitus,
joint pains and problems in vision.

2) Write advantages of Good communication with others.

Ans:- (i) Communication is extremely useful for expressing feelings. Different methods of
expression include communicating with friends, colleagues, cousins, teachers as well as
our parents.
(ii) Expressing our feelings through communication with near and dear ones, noting
down our feelings, etc. helps us to relieve stress.
(iii) Communication also helps to spread knowledge and to build healthy relationships.
(iv) Good communication with family members, friends, etc. can help us establish
harmonious relationships with others in the society.
(v) Communication with others helps to overcome your problems, provide you with
moral support, and also get to understand the perspective of people on different issues.
(vi) Good communication skills do not only mean good verbal skills but it also implies
one’s listening skills. Apart from being a good orator, it is important that you are a good
listener too. One should listen patiently to people around them and help them in the best
possible way.

104
 3) State the effects of watching cartoons films/playing video games continuously.
Ans:-(i) Children who watch cartoon films may imitate the characters of those films.
(ii) Tendency and behaviour of the children who play the games like virtual war and car
races (especially deliberately brought about virtual accidents in games) gradually
become negative.
(iii) Some games available on cell phones and computers are extremely time-consuming
and may also cause economic losses, to lose concentration on some essential subjects
and may also prove fatal.

4) What will you do in the following situation

Your sister has become incommunicative and she prefers to remain alone.
Ans:- (i) Effective communication is a process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, knowledge and
information such that the purpose
(ii) On the off chance that your sister has gotten hush, attempt to support her. She might
be experiencing enthusiastic stun or injury.
Cause her to feel that she is thought about, regardless of what the issue is.
(iii) Talk hopefully.
(iv) Let her comprehend that you are there to assist her with engaging it out.
(v) On the off chance that she is discouraged, recognize the depression and continue
helping her to remember her value. Try not to pass judgment on her and listen cautiously.
(vi) Be sympathetic and let her develop at her own movement.

5) Solve the following crossword.

3.
5. 6.
4.
2.

1. Continuous consumption of alcoholic and tobacco materials

2. This app may cause the cybercrime.
3. A remedy to resolve stress.
4. Requirement for stress free life.
5. Various factor affects ______ health.
6. Art of preparing food items.

105
 Ans:- 3.
5. 6. S
S 4. C I
O G 2. O N
C U F O G
I I A K I
1 A D D I C T I O N
L A E N G
N B G
C O
E O
K

6) Observe the figure and answer the questions given below.

a) What do these figures indicate?

b) Which gadgets can be misused for these?
c) Give two examples of such events
d) Name the act amended by Government of Maharashtra to control such events.
e) What care should be taken by a person to avoid such events?
Ans:- a) These figures indicate cybercrime.
b) The gadgets can be misused for cyber-crime, are computer connected to the internet,
ATM machines, Credit and
c) i) Bank transactions may be done using pin without the knowledge of consumer.
ii) Consumers are deceived by showing superior items on websites but actually selling the
items of either inferior quality or impaired ones.
d) Government of Maharashtra amended IT Act 2000 to control such events.
e) The care should be taken by a person to avoid such events is: PIN and other personal
information of credit card and debit cards, Aadhar card, PAN card should not be given to
strangers.

7) Playing games on mobile while eating is right or wrong. Justify.

106
Ans:- Playing games on mobile while eating is wrong because it affects our digestion of food
due to lack of concentration on eating which results in less secretion of digestive juices.

8) Complete the following chart.

________

Factors disturbing
the social health

__________ __________

Ans:- Addiction

Factors disturbing
the social health

Mental Stress Incurable diseases

9) Complete the following.

(lungs, carcinogenic, nervous system, useful, deadly, addiction, intoxicating)
Children in their early age try upon tobacco, cigarette, gutkha, alcoholic drinks,
drugs, etc. due to either peer-group pressure or symbol of high standard living or as
an imitation of elders. However, it may lead to ______ to such ______ substances.
Temporarily ______ drugs of plant origin and some chemicals may permanently
damage the human ______, muscle system, heart, etc. Earlier, we have studied the
______ effect of tobacco containing substances on mouth and ______.
Ans:-Children in their early age try upon tobacco, cigarette, gutkha, alcoholic drinks, drugs, etc.
due to either peer-group pressure or symbol of high standard living or as an imitation of
elders. However, it may lead to addiction to such deadly substances. Temporarily
intoxicating drugs of plant origin and some chemicals may permanently damage the
human nervous system, muscle system, heart, etc. Earlier, we have studied the
carcinogenic effect of tobacco containing substances on mouth and lungs.

10) Read the paragraph and answer the following questions.

Social health is the ability of a person to establish relationships with other persons.
Ability to change one's own Behaviour according to changing social conditions is an
important characteristic of social health. A socially healthy person can also cope
with a variety of social situations. Can behave appropriately and be adaptable to
changing circumstances. Your spouse can match such people with your co-workers
and form good relationships. All of these relationships require good communication.
It is important to have empathy and a sense of responsibility for each other. On the
other hand, there are negative shades like jealousy, revenge, and loneliness. If there
is tension in the relationship, healthy relationships will not be formed. Stress

107
 management, planning appropriate measures e.g. Regular exercise, deep breathing,
and a positive attitude can improve social health.
a. What is social health?
b. What qualities are needed to build good social relationships?
c. Which vices have negative consequences?
d. What measures would you take for stress management?
e. Give two examples of negative shades.
Ans:-a. Social health is the ability of a person to establish relationships with other persons.
b. The following qualities are needed to build good social relationships:
i. Ability to change one's own behaviour according to changing social conditions is an
important characteristic of social health.
ii. A socially healthy person can also cope with a variety of social situations.
iii. They can behave appropriately and be adaptable to changing circumstances.
iv. Good communication with others.
c. Vices like jealousy, revenge and loneliness have negative consequences.
d. Regular exercise, deep breathing, and a positive attitude are measures to take for stress
management.
e. Jealousy, revenge and loneliness.

11) Complete the paragraph using proper words:

(Opportunities, mental stress, outdoors, indoors, discrimination, molestation,
different, family, threats, violence)
Competition has increased in ________ for education, employment and business due
to increase in population. Children are facing the problems of loneliness and
________ due to reasons like nuclear family and parents staying ________ due to
job. There are many bindings on girls and excessive freedom for boys in some
families. Boys enjoy the concession from their domestic duties whereas girls have
compulsion for the same on the pretext that 'should be used to it. Do you see the
advertisements about increasing awareness on avoiding the ________ between girls
and boys or sister and brother in the same family on choice for fresh/left-over food,
learning medium? In a society too, adolescent girls have to unnecessarily face the
problems like teasing and ________. Girls are facing the problem of stress due to
such gender inequality. Nowadays, everyone has to face stress due to ever increasing
Ans:- disorders, crime, and ________.
Competition has increased in opportunities for education, employment and business due
to increase in population. Children are facing the problems of loneliness and mental stress
due to reasons like nuclear family and parents staying outdoors due to job. There are
many bindings on girls and excessive freedom for boys in some families. Boys enjoy the
concession from their domestic duties whereas girls have compulsion for the same on the
pretext that 'should be used to it. Do you see the advertisements about increasing
awareness on avoiding the discrimination between girls and boys or sister and brother in
the same family on choice for fresh/left-over food, learning medium? In a society too,
adolescent girls have to unnecessarily face the problems like teasing and molestation.
Girls are facing the problem of stress due to such gender inequality. Nowadays, everyone
has to face stress due to ever increasing disorders, crime, and violence.

12) Write the answers to the questions by observing the picture.

108
 a. What is the concept shown in the picture?
b. Write its benefits.
c. What do you do when you feel stressed?
Ans:- a. The concept of laughter clubs in which people relieve mental stress by laughing loudly
is shown in the picture.
b. The benefits of laughter clubs are to relieve mental stress and improve social health.
c. To relieve stress, I foster hobbies like material collection, photography, reading,
cooking, sculpting, drawing, making rangoli, dancing, singing, listening to music, etc.

10.DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1) Complete the box by writing about what the following pictures indicate.

Ans:- (a) The left image shows a tornado.

Pre-disaster management is as follows:
(i) Keep an emergency kit. This kit should consist of portable lights, medicines, etc.
(ii) Keep extra dry food and portable water.
(iii) Move to locations that are less prone to tornadoes
(iv) Switch off all the electrical appliances.
(b) The right image shows a gas leak from a LPG Cylinder.
Pre-disaster management is as follows
(i) The gas cylinders and rubber pipes used must be certified.
(ii) Gas cylinders must be properly checked for leakage from the pipe nozzle or any
other part while installing.

2) Complete the chart.

Relieving the
pain
Preventing deterioration
Objectives of
of condition of victims of
First Aid
disaster.

Saving Lives Attempt to improve

the condition 109
 Ans:-
To give medical help to To give treatment
Relieving the
victims till the doctor arrives immediately.
pain
Preventing deterioration
Objectives of To provide safety and
of condition of victims of
First Aid security to the victims
disaster.

Saving Lives Attempt to improve

Transporting the
the condition
victims safely and with
care to the hospitals

3) Complete the following chart

Factors that influence
the environment

Natural Factors

Pollution

Ans:- Factors that influence the

environment

Natural Factors Man-made Factors

Volcanic eruptions Pollution

4) What are objectives of mock drill?

Ans:- (i) Evaluating the response to the disaster.
(ii) Improving the coordination between various departments of disaster control.
(iii) Identification of own abilities.
(iv) Improving the ability of quick response to disaster.
(v) Checking the competency of the planned actions.
(vi) Identifying the possible errors and risks.

5) Observe the following images. Discuss what is shown in images, give example of such
situations in India?

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 Ans:- i. The images show geological disaster like flooding, heavy rainfall and man-made
disasters like accidents.
ii. Some examples of such disasters in India are Floods in Uttarakhand, cyclones in
Odisha, frequently buzzing cyclones in coastal Andhra Pradesh, etc.

6) Below the figure shows a logo of an organisation. Answer the questions based on
this organisation.

a. Under which ACT, this organisation was established?

b. Where are the headquarters located?
c. How do they contribute to society?
Ans:- a. National Disaster Response Force has been established as per the Disaster Management
Act, of 2005.
b. Its headquarter is in Delhi and it is in action all over the country with the help of the
army. In Maharashtra, National Disaster Response Force is in action through State
Reserve Police Force.
c. Personnel of this force have substantial contribution in rescue work in disasters like
cyclones, cliff-sliding, building collapse, etc.

7) Complete the paragraph using proper words:

(Major, Minor, public participation, young people participation, reconstruction,
destruction, rehabilitation, achievement, improving, efficiency)
Disaster may be ______ or ______, short-time or long-time, it should be overcome
and effective disaster management is necessary for it. There is a close relationship
between disaster management and ______. Disaster management is either
prevention of disasters or making arrangements to face it or at least achieve the
ability to face them. Disaster management is achieving or time to time ______ the
ability to face disasters through scientific and careful observations and analysis of
data. For example, preparing the action plan through study of various aspects like
preventive measures, ______ and ______ and executing that plan is nothing but the
management of disaster.

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Ans:- Disaster may be minor or major, short-time or long-time, it should be overcome and
effective disaster management is necessary for it. There is a close relationship between
disaster management and public participation. Disaster management is either prevention
of disasters or making arrangements to face it or at least achieve the ability to face them.
Disaster management is achieving or time to time improving the ability to face disasters
through scientific and careful observations and analysis of data. For example, preparing
the action plan through study of various aspects like preventive measures, rehabilitation
and reconstruction and executing that plan is nothing but the management of disaster.

8) Observe the given image and answer the following questions

i) Which disasters are shown in the images?

ii) Which primary precautions will you take in case of disaster shown in 'A'?
iii) Which type of first-aid is offered to the injured peoples in disaster 'B'?
Ans:-i) Earthquake is shown in the image 'A' whereas fire is shown in 'B'.
ii) Precautions to be taken during earthquake- Do not helter-skelter, be calm, hide below
the table/cot, switch-off the power supply, use torch if necessary instead of lamps burning
fossil fuels. Stay in the vehicle if in journey, do not stop near building/trees/electric poles.
iii) If fire is caught by clothing of victim, douse it with water, wash the burn wounds with
clean water, offer water to drink, clean the wounds with antiseptic solution, cover it with
clean, dry bandage, contact the doctor.

9) In 2020, the whole world was facing a disaster.

a. Which type of disaster it was?
b. Write the name of the virus causing this disaster.
c. Which four rules you should follow to survive from this disaster?
d. Write any four effects of this disaster you observed.
Ans:- a. It is a natural (biological) disaster
b. Covid-19 (Coronavirus)
c. Rules to follow in order to survive this disaster:
i. Use masks
ii. Wash hands and face with soap and water after returning home from outside.
iii. Avoid visiting overcrowded places
iv. Use hand sanitizers regularly
v. Avoid shaking hands with others.
vi. Maintain social distancing in public spaces.
d.i. Alarmingly high number of deaths due to the virus
ii. Economic losses
iii. Unemployment
iv. Closure of educational institutes resulting in academic losses
v. Social, financial, political, and mental unrest

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