MODULE 4 - SLOPES AND DEFLECTIONS OF

STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAMS

Description:
In this module, the methods of determining the elastic deflections of a beam using geometrical
methods, namely, double integration method, moment-area theorems, conjugate-beam method
and superposition method will be presented. Double integration is used to obtain equations
which define the slope and the elastic curve, while the other methods provide a way to obtain
the slope and deflection at specific points on the beam. Each of these methods has particular
advantages or disadvantages, which will be discussed when each method is presented.

Objectives:

After completing the module, the students are expected to:

1. Compute the slope and deflection at a specific point using moment-area theorems,
conjugate-beam method, superposition method or method of superposition and double
integration method.
2. Write the equations of slope and deflection of the elastic curve of the beam, and obtain
slope and deflection at specific points based from the general slope and deflection
equations.

Duration: 4 weeks

Contents:

METHODS OF DETERMINING BEAM DEFLECTION

1. Area - Moment Method
2. Conjugate Beam Method
3. Double Integration Method
4. Method of Super Position
5. *Strain – Energy Method (Castigliano’s Theorem)
6. *Virtual Work Method

Discussion:

A. AREA-MOMENT METHOD
Moment Diagram by Parts
- moment effects of each separate loading
The construction of moment diagram by parts depends on two basic principles:
1. The resultant bending moment at any section caused by any load system is the algebraic
sum of the bending moments at that section caused by each load acting separately.
𝑀 = (∑𝑀)𝐿 = (∑𝑀)𝑅

where (∑𝑀)𝐿 indicates the sum of the moments caused by all the forces to the left of
the section, and (∑𝑀)𝑅 indicates the sum of the moments caused by all the forces to
the right of the section. Sign Convention for Moment in Area-Moment Method: a)Moment is positive when beam is bent
concave upward by the load and b) Moment is negative when beam is bent downward by the load.
ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
 2. The moment effects of any single specified loading is always some variation of the
general equation
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 𝑛

Area of moment diagram and location of centroid:

𝑏ℎ
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝑛+1
𝑏
𝑥̅ =
𝑛+2
where: n = degree of curve

Table 2 .Cantilever loadings

THE AREA – MOMENT METHOD

● Developed by Otto Mohr and later stated formally by Charles E. Greene in 1873.
● Is a useful and simple method of determining slopes and deflection in beams which
involves the area of the moment diagram as well as the moment of that area.
● It is based on two theorems, called the moment-area theorems, relating the geometry of
the elastic curve of a beam to its M/EI diagram, which is constructed by dividing the
ordinate of the bending moment diagram by the flexural rigidity EI.

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
 Theorems of Area Moment Method
● Theorem I:
The change in slope (𝜃𝐴/𝐵 𝑜𝑟 𝜃𝐵/𝐴 ) between the tangents drawn to the elastic curve at
1
any two points A and B is equal to the product of multiplied by the area (AreaAB) of the
𝐸𝐼
moment diagram between the two points.

1 𝑀
𝜃𝐵𝐴 = 𝐸𝐼 (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 ) or 𝜃𝐵/𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚]𝐵𝐴
𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜:

𝜃𝐵/𝐴 = 𝜃𝐵 − 𝜃𝐴

The notation 𝜃𝐵/𝐴 is referred to as the angle of the tangent at B measured with respect to
the tangent at A.

● Theorem II:
The deviation of any point B relative to the tangent drawn to the elastic curve at any point
A, in a direction perpendicular to the original position of the beam is equal to the original
1
position of the beam is equal to the product of multiplied by the moment of area about B
𝐸𝐼
of that part of the moment diagram between points A and B.

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
 1
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = 𝐸𝐼 (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 ) ∙ 𝑥𝐵 - reference tangent drawn at A

1
𝑡𝐴/𝐵 = 𝐸𝐼 (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 ) ∙ 𝑥𝐴 - reference tangent drawn at B

Tangential deviation, t, of any point of the beam is the vertical distance from the reference
tangent to the final position of that point on the elastic curve.

Sign Conventions in Area Moment Method

1. For tangent deviation

● The tangential deviation 𝑡𝐵/𝐴 is positive if B lies above the tangent line drawn to the elastic
curve at A, and negative if B lies below the tangent line.

2. For change in slope

● Positive 𝜃𝐵𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝜃𝐵/𝐴 has a counterclockwise direction; whereas negative 𝜃𝐵𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝜃𝐵/𝐴 has
a clockwise direction.
● 𝜃𝐵𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝜃𝐵/𝐴 is measured in radians.

Principles of Continuity of Uniform Distributed Loads and Uniformly Varying Loads

“Any uniform load or uniformly varying load may start at any point in the beam but must be
continuous up to the chosen moment center”.

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
Problems:

1. For the beam shown, compute the following:

a. Change in slope bet. A and D
b. Tangential deviation, tD/A
c. Tangential deviation, tA/D

Solution:
a. Determine the reactions at the supports:
∑ 𝑀𝐷 = 0 ] ↻ + :

𝑅𝐴 (30) − 150 − 60(10) = 0

𝑹𝑨 = 𝟐𝟓 𝒌 ↑
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ] ↑ +

𝑅𝐷 + 25 − 60 = 0
𝑹𝑫 = 𝟑𝟓 𝒌 ↑
b. Choose a joint/point as moment center and draw the moment diagram by parts.
Using point D as moment center:
750
EI

A D
B -150
EI
C D

-600
EI

c. Draw the deflected shape (elastic curve) and tangent lines at the supports, at joint A and D.
60 k
150 k-ft
A 10' 10' 10' D
B C
R = 25 k
A
RD = 35 k
t A/D t D/A

➢ a. Solving for the change in slope bet. A and D, 𝜃𝐷/𝐴 :

Using theorem 1:
1
𝜃𝐷/𝐴 = [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐷 ]
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1
𝜃𝐷/𝐴 = [ (750)30 − 150(20) − (600)10]
𝐸𝐼 2 2
𝟓𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝜽𝑫/𝑨 = 𝒌 − 𝒇𝒕𝟐 ↺
𝑬𝑰
ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
 ➢ b. Solving for the tangential deviation, tD/A:
Using theorem 2:
1
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 = [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐷 (𝑥̅𝐷 )]
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1 1 1
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 = [ (750)30( )30 − 150(20)10 − (600)10( )10]
𝐸𝐼 2 3 2 3
𝟕𝟐, 𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝒕𝑫/𝑨 = 𝒌 − 𝒇𝒕𝟑
𝑬𝑰

➢ c. Solving for the tangential deviation, tA/D:

Using theorem 2:
1
𝑡𝐴/𝐷 = [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐷 (𝑥̅𝐴 )]
𝐸𝐼
1 1 2 1 2
𝑡𝐴/𝐷 = [ (750)30( )30 − 150(20)20 − (600)(10)( ∙ 10 + 20)]
𝐸𝐼 2 3 2 3
𝟖𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒕𝑨/𝑫 = 𝒌 − 𝒇𝒕𝟑
𝑬𝑰

Another Solution for the change in slope bet. A and D, 𝜃𝐷/𝐴 :

60 k
150 k-ft
A 10' 10' 10' D
B C
R = 25 k
A
RD = 35 k
t A/D t D/A

𝜃𝐷/𝐴 = 𝜃𝐷 − 𝜃𝐴
𝑡𝐷/𝐴
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃𝐴 = ; 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝜃𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑜 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑠𝑜 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃𝐴 = 𝜃𝐴
30
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 72500
∴ 𝜃𝐴 = ; 𝜃𝐴 = 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡 2 ↻
30 30𝐸𝐼
72500
𝜃𝐴 = 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡 2
30𝐸𝐼
𝑡𝐴/𝐷 85000
𝜃𝐷 = ; 𝜃𝐷 = 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡 2 ↺
30 30𝐸𝐼
85000 72500
𝜃𝐷/𝐴 = − (− )
30𝐸𝐼 30𝐸𝐼
𝟓𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝜽𝑫/𝑨 = 𝒌 − 𝒇𝒕𝟐 ↺
𝑬𝑰

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
 2. Compute the following:
a. Change in slope bet. A and D
b. Tangential deviation, tD/A
c. Tangential deviation, tA/D

Solution:
a. Determine the reactions at the supports:
∑ 𝑀𝐷 = 0 ] ↻ + :

𝑅𝐴 (12) − 15(6)9 + 150 − 50(3) = 0

𝑹𝑨 = 𝟔𝟕. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 ↑

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ] ↑ +

67.5 − 15(6) − 50 + 𝑅𝐷 = 0
𝑹𝑫 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 ↑
b. Choose a joint/point as moment center and draw the moment diagram by parts.
Using point B as moment center:
435
405 EI
EI

A D
B C
o
2 -150
EI
-270
EI

c. Draw the deflected shape (elastic curve) and tangent lines at the supports, at joint A and D.
50 kN
15 kN/m 150 kN-m

A 3m C 3m D
B
R = 67.5 kN RD= 72.5 kN
A

t A/D t D/A

➢ a. Solving for the change in slope bet. A and D, 𝜃𝐷/𝐴 :

Using theorem 1:
1
𝜃𝐷/𝐴 = [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐷 ]
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1 1 1
𝜃𝐷/𝐴 = [ (405)6 + (435)6 − (270)6 − (150)3]
𝐸𝐼 2 2 3 2
𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟓
𝜽𝑫/𝑨 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟐 ↺
𝑬𝑰
ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
 ➢ b. Solving for the tangential deviation, tD/A:
Using theorem 2:
1
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 = [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐷 (𝑥̅𝐷 )]
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 = [ (405)6( ∙ 6 + 6) + (435)6( ∙ 6) − (270)6( ∙ 6 + 6) − (150)3( ∙ 3 + 3)]
𝐸𝐼 2 3 2 3 3 4 2 3
𝟗𝟕𝟔𝟓
𝒕𝑫/𝑨 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟑
𝑬𝑰

➢ c. Solving for the tangential deviation, tA/D:

Using theorem 2:
1
𝑡𝐴/𝐷 = [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐷 (𝑥̅𝐴 )]
𝐸𝐼
1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1
𝑡𝐴/𝐷 = [ (405)6( ∙ 6) + (435)6( ∙ 6 + 6) − (270)6( ∙ 6) − (150)3( ∙ 3 + 6)]
𝐸𝐼 2 3 2 3 3 4 2 3
𝟏𝟏, 𝟐𝟗𝟓
𝒕𝑨/𝑫 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟑
𝑬𝑰

Slope and Deflection in Simply – Supported Beams Using Area Moment Method

Deflection, 𝛿, at any point of the beam is the vertical distance from the original position of the
point (in unloaded beam) to the final position (in loaded, deflected beam).
w P

A C
B

t B/A
t C/A
B”
x

* To solve the deflection at B, 𝛿𝐵 , in a simply supported beam:

1. Compute 𝑡𝐶/𝐴
2. Solve for BB” using similar ∆𝑠 :
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 𝐵𝐵" 𝑋
= 𝑥 ; 𝐵𝐵" = 𝐿 (𝑡𝐶/𝐴 )
𝐿
3. Compute 𝑡𝐵/𝐴
4. Compute 𝛿𝐵
𝛿𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵" − 𝑡𝐵/𝐴

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
Problem:
Given the simply supported beam AD:
20 kN
5 kN/m

A D
B C
1m 1m 2m

a. Determine the slope and deflection at B using area moment method.

b. Determine the slope and deflection at C using area moment method.

Solution:
a. Determine the reactions at the supports:

∑ 𝑀𝐷 = 0 ] ↻ + : 20 kN
5 kN/m
𝑅𝐴 (4) − 20(3) − 5(2)1 = 0 A D
B C
𝑹𝑨 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 ↑ 1m 1m 2m

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ] ↑ + RA RB
𝑅𝐷 + 17.5 − 20 − 5(2) = 0
𝑹𝑫 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 ↑
b. Choose a joint/point as moment center and draw the moment diagram by parts.
Using point D as moment center:
70
EI
17.5
EI
A
3m D
1m B

-60
EI
2m
C D

2o -10
EI

c. Draw the deflected shape (elastic curve) and draw a tangent line at one of the supports, say
joint A:
20 kN
5 kN/m

A 1m B 1m D
C 2m
t B/A
17.5 kN
B” 12.5 kN
t D/A

d. Solving for the deflection at B, 𝛿𝐵 :

➢ a. Compute for the tangential deviation, tD/A:
1
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 = [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐷 (𝑥̅𝐷 )]
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 = [ (70)4 ( ) 4 − (60)3 ( ) 3 − (2)(10) (2) ]
𝐸𝐼 2 3 2 3 3 4

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
 280
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3
3𝐸𝐼
➢ b. Obtain BB” using similar ∆𝑠 :
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 𝐵𝐵" 1
= ; 𝐵𝐵" = 4 (𝑡𝐷/𝐴 )
4 1
1 280 𝟕𝟎
𝐵𝐵" = 4 ( 3EI ) = 𝟑𝑬𝑰
➢ c. Compute for the tangential deviation, 𝑡𝐵/𝐴 :
1
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 (𝑥̅𝐵 )]
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = [ (17.5)1 ( ) 1 ]
𝐸𝐼 2 3
35
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3
12𝐸𝐼
➢ d. Compute for the deflection at B, 𝛿𝐵 :
𝛿𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵" − 𝑡𝐵/𝐴
70 35
𝛿𝐵 = −
3𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼
𝟐𝟒𝟓
𝜹𝑩 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟑
𝟏𝟐𝑬𝑰

e. To solve for the slope at B, draw a tangent line on the elastic curve below B.
20 kN 5 kN/m

A 1m B 1m C D
B
2m

tD/A

1 1
𝜃𝐵/𝐴 = [ (17.5)1 ]
𝜃𝐵/𝐴 = 𝜃𝐵 − 𝜃𝐴 𝐸𝐼 2
280 35
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 𝜃𝐵/𝐴 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2 ↺
4𝐸𝐼
𝜃𝐴 = ; 𝜃𝐴 = 3𝐸𝐼
4 4 35 70
70 𝜃𝐵 = + (− )
4𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼
𝜃𝐴 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2 ↻ 175
3𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐵 = − 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2
1 12𝐸𝐼
𝜃𝐵/𝐴 = [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 ] 𝟏𝟕𝟓
𝜽𝑩 = 𝟏𝟐𝑬𝑰 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟐 ↷
𝐸𝐼
Sign Convention for Moment in Area-Moment Method: a)When beam is be

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
f. To solve for the deflection at C, draw a tangent line at A.

20 kN
5 kN/m

A 1m B 1m D
C 2m

17.5 kN
tC/A 12.5 kN
tD/A
C”

➢ a. Compute for the tangential deviation, tD/A:

1
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 = [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐷 (𝑥̅𝐷 )]
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 = [ (70)4 ( ) 4 − (60)3 ( ) 3 − (2)(10) (2) ]
𝐸𝐼 2 3 2 3 3 4
280
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3
3𝐸𝐼
➢ b. Obtain CC” using similar ∆𝑠 :
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 𝐶𝐶" 1
= ; 𝐶𝐶" = 2 (𝑡𝐷/𝐴)
4 2
1 280 140
𝐶𝐶" = 2 ( 3EI ) = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3
3𝐸𝐼

➢ c. Compute for the tangential deviation, 𝑡𝐶/𝐴:

70
35 EI
17.5 EI
EI
A C 3m D
1m B C
-20 -60
EI EI
2m
C D

2o -10
EI
1
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 =[𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐶 (𝑥̅𝐶 )]
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1 1 1
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 = [ (35)2 ( ) 2 − (20)(1) (1) ]
𝐸𝐼 2 3 2 3
20
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3
𝐸𝐼
➢ d. Compute for the deflection at C, 𝛿𝐶 :
𝛿𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶" − 𝑡𝐶/𝐴
140 20
𝛿𝐶 = −
3𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝟖𝟎
𝜹𝑪 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟑
𝟑𝑬𝑰

SignConvention
SigSn Convention for Moment
for Moment in Area-Moment
in Area-Moment Method:
Method: a)When a)When
beam is be beam is be

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
g. To solve for the slope at C, draw a tangent line on the elastic curve below C.

20 kN 5 kN/m
A 1m B 1m C D
2m

𝜃𝐶/𝐴 = 𝜃𝐶 − 𝜃𝐴
280
𝑡𝐷/𝐴
𝜃𝐴 = ; 𝜃𝐴 = 3𝐸𝐼
4 4
70
𝜃𝐴 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2 ↷
3𝐸𝐼
1
𝜃𝐶/𝐴 = [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐶 ]
𝐸𝐼

1 1 1
𝜃𝐶/𝐴 = [ (35)2 − (20)(1) ]
𝐸𝐼 2 2
25
𝜃𝐶/𝐴 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2
𝐸𝐼
25 70
= 𝜃𝐶 − (− )
𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼

𝟓
𝜽𝑪 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟐 ↺
𝟑𝑬𝑰

Slope and Deflection in Cantilever Beams Using Area Moment Method

A B
tA/B
A
A’

• Note: in cantilever beams, the tangential deviation is equal to deflection.

𝛿𝐴 = 𝑡𝐴/𝐵 𝜃𝐴 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴/𝐵

• Maximum deflection in the cantilever beam occurs at the free-end.

Problem:
a. Determine the slope and deflection at B.
b. Determine the slope and deflection at the free-end.

12 kN/m
15 kN 15 kN

A B C D
3m 1m 1m

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
Solution:

12 kN/m
15 kN 15 kN

B 1m C 1m D
3m
Tangent line drawn at A
A
D

12 kN/m
15 kN 15 kN

3m B 1m C 1m D
A B D

12 kN/m
15 kN 15 kN

3m B 1m C 1m D
A D

Slope at D, D

Use pt. A as moment center:

A 3m B

o
3
-18
EI 4m C
A

-60 1o
EI
A 5m D

o
-75 1
EI

a. Slope and Deflection at B:

1
𝛿𝐵 = 𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 (𝑥̅𝐵 )]
𝐸𝐼
1 1 4 1 2 1 2
𝛿𝐵 = [− (18)3 ( ∙ 3) − (45)3 ( ∙ 3) − 15(3)1.5 − (45)3 ( ∙ 3)
𝐸𝐼 4 5 2 3 2 3
− 30(3)1.5]
−504.9
𝛿𝐵 = (negative sign – elastic curve is below the reference tangent line)
𝐸𝐼
𝟓𝟎𝟒. 𝟗
𝜹𝑩 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟑 (𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙)
𝑬𝑰

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
 1
𝜃𝐵 = 𝜃𝐵/𝐴 = [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 ]
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1 1
𝜃𝐵 = [− (18)3 − (45)3 − 15(3) − (45)3 − 30(3)]
𝐸𝐼 4 2 2
−283.5
𝜃𝐵 =
𝐸𝐼
𝟐𝟖𝟑. 𝟓
𝜽𝑩 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟑 ↷
𝑬𝑰

b. Slope and Deflection at D:

1
𝛿𝐷 = 𝑡𝐷/𝐴 = [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐷 (𝑥̅𝐷 )]
𝐸𝐼
1 1 4 1 2 1 2
𝛿𝐷 = [− (18)3 ( ∙ 3 + 2) − (60)4 ( ∙ 4 + 1) − (75)5 ( ∙ 5)]
𝐸𝐼 4 5 2 3 2 3
−1124.4
𝛿𝐷 = (negative sign – elastic curve is below the reference tangent line)
𝐸𝐼
𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟒. 𝟒
𝜹𝑫 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟑 (𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙)
𝑬𝑰
1
𝜃𝐷 = 𝜃𝐷/𝐴 = [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐷 ]
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1 1
𝜃𝐷 = [− (18)3 − (60)4 − (75)5]
𝐸𝐼 4 2 2
−321
𝜃𝐷 =
𝐸𝐼
𝟑𝟐𝟏
𝜽𝑫 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟑 ↷
𝑬𝑰

Simply Supported Beam with Overhang

Problem:
Determine the slope and deflection at the free-end.

a. Determine the reactions at the supports:

55 kN
30 kN/m

A B
C
9m 3m
RA RB
∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0 ] ↻ + : ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ] ↑ +
350
𝑅𝐴 (9) − 30(9)4.5 + 55(3) = 0 𝑅𝐵 + − 30(9) − 55 = 0
3
𝟑𝟓𝟎
𝑹𝑨 = 𝒌𝑵 ↑ 𝑹𝑩 =
𝟔𝟐𝟓
𝒌𝑵 ↑
𝟑
𝟑
ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
b. Choose a joint/point as moment center and draw the moment diagram by parts.
Using point B as moment center:

1050
1o EI
A 3m 9m B B
C 3m C

o -165
2 EI
-1215
EI

c. Draw the deflected shape (elastic curve) and draw a tangent line at one of the supports, say
joint A:

55 kN
30 kN/m

A
9m 3m C
B

t B/A tC/A

B’

C’

d. Solving for the deflection at the free-end, 𝛿𝐶 :

➢ a. Compute for the tangential deviation, 𝑡𝐵/𝐴 :
1
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 (𝑥̅𝐵 )]
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1 1 1
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = [ (1050)9( ∙ 9) − (1215)9( ∙ 9) ]
𝐸𝐼 2 3 3 4
5973.75
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3
𝐸𝐼
➢ b. Obtain CC’ using similar ∆𝑠 :
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 𝐶𝐶′ 4
= ; 𝐶𝐶′ = (𝑡𝐵/𝐴 )
9 12 3
4 5973.75 7965
𝐶𝐶" = ( )= 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3
3 EI 𝐸𝐼
➢ c. Compute for the tangential deviation, tC/A:
1
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 = [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐶 (𝑥̅𝐶 )]
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1 1 1 1 2
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 = [ (1050)9( ∙ 9 + 3) − (1215)9( ∙ 9 + 3) − (165)(3)( ∙ 3) ]
𝐸𝐼 2 3 3 4 2 3
8718.75
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3
𝐸𝐼

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
 ➢ d. Compute for the deflection at C, 𝛿𝐶 :
𝛿𝐶 = 𝑡𝐶/𝐴 − 𝐶𝐶′
8718.75 7965
𝛿𝐶 = −
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝟕𝟓𝟑. 𝟕𝟓
𝜹𝑪 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟑
𝑬𝑰
4
𝑘𝑁 1𝑚
𝐸𝐼 = (200 𝑥106 ) [830𝑥106
𝑚𝑚 4 (
∙ ) ] = 166,000 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2
𝑚2 1000 𝑚𝑚
753.75
𝛿𝐶 =
166,000
𝟔𝟎𝟑
𝜹𝑪 = 𝒎.
𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎
e. Solving for the slope at the free-end, 𝜃𝐶 :
C/B

30 kN/m B 55 kN
C

A B C

9m 3m C
B

B B/A t B/A tC/A

B’

C’

𝜃𝐶/𝐵 = 𝜃𝐶 − 𝜃𝐵
1
𝜃𝐶/𝐵 = [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐵𝐶 ]
𝐸𝐼
1 1
𝜃𝐶/𝐵 = [− (165)3]
𝐸𝐼 2
−247.5
𝜃𝐶/𝐵 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2
𝐸𝐼
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜃𝐵 :
𝜃𝐵/𝐴 = 𝜃𝐵 − 𝜃𝐴

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
 1
𝜃𝐵/𝐴 = [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 ]
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1
𝜃𝐵/𝐴 = [ (1050)9 − (1215)9 ]
𝐸𝐼 2 3
1080
𝜃𝐵/𝐴 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2
𝐸𝐼
𝑡𝐵/𝐴
𝜃𝐴 =
9
5973.75/𝐸𝐼
𝜃𝐴 =
9
663.75
𝜃𝐴 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2
𝐸𝐼

1080 663.75
= 𝜃𝐵 − (− )
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
416.25
𝜃𝐵 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2 ↺
𝐸𝐼
𝜃𝐶/𝐵 = 𝜃𝐶 − 𝜃𝐵
−247.5 416.25
= 𝜃𝐶 −
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
168.75
𝜃𝐶 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2
𝐸𝐼
168.75
𝜃𝐶 =
166,000
𝟐𝟕
𝜽𝑪 = 𝒓𝒂𝒅. ↺
𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟔𝟎

Correct directions:
B/C

30 kN/m
B
C

A B

9m 3m C
B

B B/A t B/A tC/A

B’

C’

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
II. CONJUGATE-BEAM METHOD

● Developed by H. Muller-Breslau in 1865 and by Otto Mohr in 1868

● More convenient than the moment-area method
● Is preferred by many engineers because of its systematic sign convention and
straightforward application, which does not require sketching the elastic curve of the
structure.
● It is based on the analogy between the relationships among load, shear, and bending
moment and the relationships among M/EI, slope, and deflection.
Table 2.1

Load-Shear-Bending M/EI-Slope-Deflection
Moment Relationships Relationships
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝜃 𝑀
=𝑤 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐸𝐼
𝑑𝑀 𝑑2𝑀 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑀
= 𝑉 𝑜𝑟 =𝑤 = 𝜃 𝑜𝑟 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝐸𝐼

This table indicates the relationships between M/EI, slope, and deflection have the same
form as that of the relationships between load, shear, and bending moment. Therefore, the
slope and deflection can be determined from M/EI by the same operations as those
performed to compute shear and bending moment, respectively, from the load.

The M/EI diagram for a beam is applied as the load on a fictitious analogous beam, then
the shear and bending moment at any point on the fictitious beam will be equal to the slope
and deflection, respectively, at the corresponding point on the original real beam. The
fictitious beam is referred to as the conjugate beam.

A conjugate beam corresponding to a real beam is a fictitious beam of the same length as
the real beam, but it is externally supported and internally connected such that if the
conjugate beam is loaded with the M/EI diagram of the real beam, the shear at any point on
the conjugate beam is equal to the slope at the corresponding point on the real beam, and
the bending moment at any point on the conjugate beam is equal to the deflection at the
corresponding point on the real beam.

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
Properties of Conjugate Beam

1. The actual beam and the conjugate beam will always have the same length.
2. The load on the conjugate beam is the M/EI diagram of the loads on the actual beam.
3. A simple end for the real beam remains a simple support for the conjugate beam.
4. A fixed end for the real beam becomes a free-end for the conjugate beam and conversely.
5. An interior knife-edge support of a continuous real beam becomes an unsupported hinge
in the conjugate beam and conversely.
6. The conjugate beam for a real beam cantilever beam is the reversed cantilever.
7. Statically determinate real beam always have corresponding conjugate beam which are
statically determinate.
8. Even if the real beam is statically indeterminate the corresponding conjugate beam is
statically determinate.
9. The slope at a given point of the real beam is equal to the shear in the corresponding
point of the conjugate beam.
10. The deflection at a given point of the real beam equals the bending moment in the
corresponding point of the conjugate beam.
11. The point of zero shear in the conjugate beam corresponds to the point of zero slope in
the real beam.
12. The maximum moment in the conjugate beam corresponds to the maximum deflection
of the real beam which occurs at the point of zero shear in the conjugate beam.

Table 2.2.

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
Corresponding Conjugate Beam of a Real Beam

Procedure for Analysis:

The following procedure provides a method that may be used to determine the displacement
and slope at a point on the elastic curve of a beam using the conjugate-beam method.

1. Draw the conjugate beam for the real beam. This beam has the same length as the real
beam and has corresponding supports as listed in Table 2–2. In general, if the real support
allows a slope, the conjugate support must develop a shear; and if the real support allows a
displacement, the conjugate support must develop a moment.
2. The conjugate beam is loaded with the real beam’s M/EI diagram. This loading is assumed
to be distributed over the conjugate beam and is directed upward when M/EI is positive and
downward when M/EI is negative. In other words, the loading always acts away from the
beam.
3. Using the equations of equilibrium, determine the reactions at the conjugate beam’s
supports.
4. Section the conjugate beam at the point where the slope 𝜃 and displacement δ of the real
beam are to be determined. At the section show the unknown shear V’ and moment M’ acting
in their positive sense.
5. Determine the shear and moment using the equations of equilibrium. V’ and M’ equal
𝜃 and 𝛿, respectively, for the real beam. In particular, if these values are positive, the slope is
counterclockwise and the displacement is upward.

Problems:
1. A. Determine the slope and deflection at B.
B. Determine the slope and deflection at C .
B. Determine the location and magnitude of the maximum deflection in the beam.
Use conjugate beam method.

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
 Solution:
A. Slope and deflection at B:
a. Solve for the support reactions:

∑ 𝑀𝐷 = 0 ] ↻ + : ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ] ↑ +

𝑅𝐴 (12) − 270(6) − 180(3) = 0 𝑅𝐷 + 180 − 270 − 180 = 0

𝑹𝑨 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ↑ 𝑹𝑫 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ↑

b. Choose a point as moment center and draw the moment diagrams by parts:
Using point B as moment center:
1620
1080 EI
EI

A D
B C

-540
EI

c. Draw the corresponding conjugate beam and use the moment diagrams by parts as
loadings:
1620
1080 EI
EI

A’ D’
B C
540
RA’ EI RD’
6m 3m 3m
d. Solve for the reactions at the supports for the conjugate beam:

∑ 𝑀𝐷′ = 0 ] ↻ + :
1 1080 1 1 1620 2 1 540 2
𝑅𝐴′ (12) + ( ) 6 ( ∙ 6 + 6) + ( ) 6( ∙ 6) − ( ) 3 ( ∙ 3 + 3) = 0
2 𝐸𝐼 3 2 𝐸𝐼 3 2 𝐸𝐼 3
3442.5
𝑅𝐴′ = − 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2
𝐸𝐼
𝟑𝟒𝟒𝟐.𝟓
𝑹𝑨′ = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟐 ↓
𝑬𝑰
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ] ↑ +
1 1080 1 1620 1 540
𝑅𝐷′ + ( )6 + ( )6 − ( ) 3 + (−3442.5) = 0
2 𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼
3847.5
𝑅𝐷′ = − 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2
𝐸𝐼
𝟑𝟖𝟒𝟕.𝟓
𝑹𝑫′ = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟐 ↓
𝑬𝑰

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
 1620
1080 EI
EI 810
EI

A’ D’
6m B C
540
RA’ = 3442.5 EI RD’ = 3847.5
EI 3m 3m EI

➢ e. Slope and deflection at B:

Slope at B, 𝜃𝐵 :
Considering left of B: Considering right of B:
𝜃𝐵 = ∑ 𝐹𝑣 ↑ + 𝜃𝐵 = ∑ 𝐹𝑣 ↓ +
3442.5 1 1080 1 1620 1 540 3847.5
𝜃𝐵 = − + ( )6 𝜃𝐵 = − ( )6+ ( )3+
𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
202.5 2 202.5
𝜃𝐵 = − 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 𝜃𝐵 = − 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝟐𝟎𝟐.𝟓 𝟐𝟎𝟐.𝟓
𝜽𝑩 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟐 ↺ 𝜽𝑩 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟐 ↺
𝑬𝑰 𝑬𝑰
4
𝑘𝑁 6 10 4
1𝑚
𝐸𝐼 = (12.5 𝑥10 ) [1.92𝑥10 𝑚𝑚 ∙ ( ) ] = 240,000 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2
𝑚2 1000 𝑚𝑚
202.5
𝜃𝐵 =
240000
𝟐𝟕
𝜽𝑩 = 𝒐𝒓 𝟖. 𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒓𝒂𝒅. ; 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒌𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆
𝟑𝟐, 𝟎𝟎𝟎

Deflection at B, 𝛿𝐵 :
Considering left of B: Considering right of B:
𝛿𝐵 = ∑ 𝑀𝐵 ↻ + 𝛿𝐵 = ∑ 𝑀𝐵 ↺ +
3442.5 1 1080 1 1 1620 1 1 540 1 3847.5
𝛿𝐵 = − (6) + 2 ( ) 6(3 ∙ 6) 𝛿𝐵 = ( ) 6 ( ∙ 6) − ( ) 3 ( ∙ 3) − (6)
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼 3 2 𝐸𝐼 3 𝐸𝐼
14175 14175
𝛿𝐵 = − 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3 𝛿𝐵 = − 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟕𝟓
𝜹𝑩 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟑 ↓ 𝜹𝑩 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟑 ↓
𝑬𝑰 𝑬𝑰
14175
𝛿𝐵 =
240000
𝟏𝟖𝟗
𝜹𝑩 = 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟗 𝒎. 𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍
𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟎

➢ f. Slope and deflection at C:

Slope at C, 𝜃𝐶 :
Considering left of C:
𝜃𝐶 = ∑ 𝐹𝑣 ↑ +
3442.5 1 1080 1 540 810 1 810
𝜃𝐶 = − + ( )6− ( )3+ (3) + ( )(3)
𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼
2632.5 2
𝜃𝐶 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝐸𝐼
2632.5
𝜃𝐶 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2
240000
𝟑𝟓𝟏
𝜽𝑪 = 𝒓𝒂𝒅 ↺
𝟑𝟐, 𝟎𝟎𝟎

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
 Considering right of C:
𝜃𝐶 = ∑ 𝐹𝑣 ↓ +
3847.5 1 810
𝜃𝐶 = − ( )(3)
𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼
𝟐𝟔𝟑𝟐. 𝟓
𝜽𝑪 = 𝒓𝒂𝒅 ↺
𝑬𝑰

Deflection at C, 𝛿𝐶 :
Considering left of C:
𝛿𝐶 = ∑ 𝑀𝐶 ↻ +
3442.5 1 1080 1 1 540 2 810
𝛿𝐶 = − (9) + ( ) 6 (3 ∙ 6 + 3) − 2 ( 𝐸𝐼 ) 3 (3 ∙ 3) + (3)(1.5) +
𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
1 810 2
( )(3)(3 ∙ 3)
2 𝐸𝐼
10,327.5 3
𝛿𝐶 = − 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝐸𝐼
10,327.5
𝛿𝐶 = −
240000
−𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟕
𝜹𝑪 = 𝒎.
𝟑𝟐, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟕
𝜹𝑪 = 𝒎. 𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍
𝟑𝟐, 𝟎𝟎𝟎

Considering right of C:

𝛿𝐶 = ∑ 𝑀𝐵 ↺ +
3847.5 1 810 1
𝛿𝐶 = (− )3 + ( )(3)( ∙ 3)
𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼 3
10,327.5
𝛿𝐶 = − 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3
𝐸𝐼

Problem:
a. Determine the slope and deflection at B.
b. Determine the slope and deflection at the free-end.

12 kN/m
15 kN 15 kN

A B C D
3m 1m 1m

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
Solution:

a. Draw the moment diagram by parts:

Use pt. A as moment center:

A 3m B

o
3
-18
EI 4m C
A

-60 1o
EI
A 5m D

o
-75 1
EI

b. Draw the corresponding conjugate beam and use the moment diagrams as loadings:
75
EI
60
EI
A 3m D’
B C
o
18 3
EI 3m 1m 1m
c. Solve the reactions on the supports of the conjugate beam:
75
EI
60
EI MD’
A 3m D’
B C
o
18 3
EI 3m 1m 1m
RD’
∑ 𝑀𝐷′ = 0 ] ↻ + :
1 75 2 1 60 2 1 18 4
𝑀𝐷′ − ( ) 5 ( ∙ 5) − ( ) 4( ∙ 4 + 1) − ( ) 3 ( ∙ 3 + 2) = 0
2 𝐸𝐼 3 2 𝐸𝐼 3 4 𝐸𝐼 5
𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟒. 𝟒
𝑴𝑨′ = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟑 ↻
𝑬𝑰
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ] ↑ +
1 75 1 60 1 18
𝑅𝐷′ − ( ) 5 − ( ) 4 − ( ) 3 = 0
2 𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼 4 𝐸𝐼

𝟑𝟐𝟏
𝑹𝑫′ = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟐 ↑
𝑬𝑰

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
 ➢ d. Slope and deflection at B:
Considering right of B:

Slope at B, 𝜃𝐵 :
𝜃𝐵 = ∑ 𝐹𝑣 ↓ +
1 30 1 15 321
𝜃𝐵 = ( ) 2 + ( ) 1 −
2 𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
283.5
𝜃𝐵 = − 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2
𝐸𝐼
𝟐𝟖𝟑.𝟓
𝜽𝑩 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟐 ↻
𝑬𝑰

Deflection at B, 𝛿𝐵 :
𝛿𝐵 = ∑ 𝑀𝐵 ↺ +
1 30 1 1 15 1 321 1124.4
𝛿𝐵 = − 2 (𝐸𝐼 ) 2 (3 ∙ 2) − 2 ( 𝐸𝐼 ) 1 (3 ∙ 1) + (2) −
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
504.9
𝛿𝐵 = − 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3
𝐸𝐼
𝟓𝟎𝟒.𝟗
𝜹𝑩 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟑 ↓
𝑬𝑰

➢ e. Slope and deflection at C:

Considering right of D’:

Slope at D, 𝜃𝐷 :
𝜃𝐷 = ∑ 𝐹𝑣 ↓ +
321
𝜃𝐷 = − 𝐸𝐼
𝟑𝟐𝟏
𝜽𝑫 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟐 ↻
𝑬𝑰

Deflection at D, 𝛿𝐷 :
𝛿𝐷 = ∑ 𝑀𝐷′ ↺ +
1124.4
𝛿𝐷 = − 𝐸𝐼
𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟒.𝟒
𝜹𝑫 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟑 ↓
𝑬𝑰

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
Problem:

Determine the slope and deflection at the free-end. Use conjugate beam method.

a. Determine the reactions at the supports:

55 kN
30 kN/m

A B
C
9m 3m
RA RB

∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0 ] ↻ + : ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ] ↑ +
350
𝑅𝐴 (9) − 30(9)4.5 + 55(3) = 0 𝑅𝐵 + − 30(9) − 55 = 0
3
𝟑𝟓𝟎
𝑹𝑨 = 𝒌𝑵 ↑ 𝑹𝑩 =
𝟔𝟐𝟓
𝒌𝑵 ↑
𝟑
𝟑
b. Choose a joint/point as moment center and draw the moment diagram by parts.
Using point B as moment center:

1050
1o EI
A 3m 9m B B
C 3m C

o -165
2 EI
-1215
EI

c. Draw the corresponding conjugate beam and use the moment diagrams as loadings:
1050
EI
1o

A’ hinge C’
B
o
2 165
EI
1215
EI
9m 3m

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
d. Solve for the reactions at the supports for the conjugate beam:
1050
EI
1o

A’ hinge C’ MC’
B
o
2 165
EI
RA’ 1215 R C’
EI
9m 3m

Consider A’B as FBD:

1050
EI
1o
B

o
2
RA’
1215
EI
9m RB

∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0 ] ↻ + :
1 1050 1 1 1215 1
𝑅𝐴′ (9) + ( ) 9 ( ∙ 9) − ( ) 9( ∙ 9) = 0
2 𝐸𝐼 3 3 𝐸𝐼 4
663.75
𝑅𝐴′ = − 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2
𝐸𝐼
663.75
𝑅𝐴′ = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2 ↓
𝐸𝐼
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ] ↑ +
663.75 1 1050 1 1215
𝑅𝐵 − + ( )9− ( )9 = 0
𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼 3 𝐸𝐼
416.25
𝑅𝐵 = − 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2
𝐸𝐼
416.25
𝑅𝐵 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2 ↓
𝐸𝐼
Consider BC’ as FBD:
R = 416.25
B EI
C’ MC’
B

165
EI
R C’

3m

∑ 𝑀𝐶′ = 0 ] ↻ + :
416.25 1 165 2
𝑀𝐶 ′ + ( )3− ( ) 3( ∙ 3) = 0
𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼 3
753.75
𝑀𝐶 ′ = − 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3
𝐸𝐼
753.75
𝑀𝐶 ′ = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚3 ↺
𝐸𝐼

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ] ↑ +
416.25 1 165
𝑅𝐶′ + ( )− ( )3 =
𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼
168.75
𝑅𝐶′ = − 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2
𝐸𝐼
168.75
𝑅𝐶′ = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚2 ↓
𝐸𝐼

➢ e. Slope and deflection at the free-end (C):

Considering right of C’:

C’ M C’ = 753.75
EI

R C’ = 168.75
EI
Slope at C, 𝜃𝐶 :
𝜃𝐶 = ∑ 𝐹𝑣 ↓ +

𝟏𝟔𝟖.𝟕𝟓
𝜽𝑪 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟐 ↺
𝑬𝑰

Deflection at C, 𝛿𝐶 :
𝛿𝐶 = ∑ 𝑀𝐶′ ↺ +
𝟕𝟓𝟑.𝟕𝟓
𝜹𝑪 = 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎𝟑 ↑
𝑬𝑰

Exercises:

1. a. Determine the slope and deflection at the free-end. Use conjugate beam method.
b. Determine the slope and deflection 2 m from A. Use area moment method.

2. a. Determine the slope and deflection at C. EI is constant. Use conjugate beam method.
b. Determine the maximum deflection using area moment method.

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)
3. Determine the slope and deflection at B and C. EI is constant. Use conjugate beam method
and area-moment method.

4. Determine the maximum deflection. Use area moment method or conjugate beam method.

ST 314 MODULE 4 - SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

(AREA MOMENT METHOD & CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD)