Types of sentences

Simple Compound Complex

Definition: A simple Definition: A compound Definition: A complex
sentence contains one sentence contains two or sentence contains one
independent clause. It more independent independent clause and
has a subject and a verb, clauses, usually joined by one or more dependent
and it expresses a a coordinating (or subordinate) clauses.
complete thought. conjunction (for, and, A dependent clause
Example: She reads nor, but, or, yet, so - cannot stand alone and
every day. FANBOYS) or a usually starts with
semicolon. subordinating
Example: I wanted to go conjunctions like
for a walk, but it started although, because, if, etc.
raining. Example: Although it was
raining, I went for a walk.

VERBS

Linking (copulative) Transitive Intransitive

Definition: Linking verbs Definition: Transitive Definition: Intransitive

connect the subject to verbs require a direct verbs do not require a
additional information object to complete their direct object to complete
about the subject. They meaning. They express their meaning. The action
don’t show action but an action that is done to happens, but it doesn't
rather describe a state of something or someone. happen to something or
being or condition. Example: Listen (to) someone else.
Example: to be, get, Example: The baby
grow, seem, appear, cried. (The verb "cried"
become, feel, look, sound, doesn’t need a direct
taste. object to make sense.)
Clause Type Definition Key features Example

Independent A group of words - Subject + verb She sings

Clause with a subject and - Stands alone as beautifully.
a verb that forms a a complete
complete thought sentence
and can stand
alone as a
sentence.

Dependent A group of words - Cannot stand Although it was

(Subordinate) with a subject and alone raining, we went
Clause verb that does not - Usually begins for a walk.
express a with a
complete thought. subordinating She sings
It depends on an conjunction or beautifully, like an
independent relative pronoun angel!
clause.

Relative Clauses A dependent - Begins with The book that I

clause that relative pronouns borrowed is great.
describes or (who, whom, The car, which is
modifies a noun or whose, that, red, belongs to
pronoun, providing which, where, me.
more information when, why)
about it. - Acts like an
adjective,
modifying a noun
 or pronoun.
- Can be essential
(restrictive) or non-
essential (non-
restrictive).

Reduced Clauses Participle Clauses Infinitive Clauses

After verb to be ● Present Active ing After verb to be

● Past passive ed
“My ambition was to
study medicine”

Active voice ● Reason: Because After superlatives, ordinal

● continuous tense he’s a student he can numbers, and only and
(any) get a discount on rail few.
● actions happening travel. ➡️
now Being a student, he
● noun/subject are can…
the same ● Result: A snowstorm
covered the
- ING PRESENT motorway.
PARTICIPLE The result was that
dozens of drivers
NO stative verbs were trapped in their
cars. ➡️A snowstorm
“It’s about a man who covered the
lives in Hawaii” motorway, trapping
dozens of drivers in
“It’s about a man living in their cars.
Hawaii” ● Condition: If you
water a plant, it
grows. ➡️Given
enough water, the
plant grows.
● Time/Sequence: As I
walked into the room
I noticed the flowers
by the window
➡️Walking into the
room, I noticed the
flowers.

Passive Voice Participle clauses DO NOT After one, next, last

 ● continuous have a subject. They suffer
● active verbs to the subject in the main
clause.
- ED PAST
PARTICIPLE

“Robinson Crusoe is a
novel which is based on
the true story…”

“Robinson Crusoe is a
novel based on the true
story…”

Superlative: the first (etc), Perfect form: when an action Infinitive of purpose
the one, next, last, few, happened before another
only action in the past. “I stop to buy a juice.”

TO INFINITIVE He paid the bill, then he left.

“The first man that went Having paid the bill, he left.
into space”

“The first man to go into

space”

Relative + have = with

“This is for people who

have tickets”

“This is for people with

tickets”

Relative + to be +
preposition = preposition

“I like the paper which is

on the wall”

“I like the paper on the

wall”

Linking Words
Reason and Purposes: because, since (reason) in order to, so that
(purpose)

Causes and Results: therefore, as a result, so, such, too, enough.

Adding Information: and, both, not only, as well as, in addition to, or,
either… or, neither… nor

Expressing Differences: but, while, whereas, although, even though,

despite, in spite of

Ordering Events: before, after, as soon as, while, first, then, eventually.

Present Tenses

Present Simple Facts, routines, states, -Water boils at 100 C.

future (schedule, -He walks to school
timetable - things I every day
cannot control) -She knows the answer.
-The train departs at 6
p.m.

Present Continuous Actions happening now, -The taxi’s waiting

temporary situations, outside.
future (arrangements or -I’m staying with my
appointments) friend this week
Annoyance -We’re meeting them at
the restaurant tonight
-You’re always messing
up the bed.

Present Perfect Actions up to now, past -I’ve lived here for ten
with present relevance. years.

It doesn’t have a time -He has already finished

reference. his homework.

Present Perfect Ongoing actions until -She’s been studying all

Continuous now. day.

Past Tenses
Past Simple Finished actions, past -She visited Paris last
situations. summer.
-They lived in Spain for
five years.

Past Continuous Actions at a specific -He was reading at 8

past time, interrupted p.m. last night.
actions. -I was cooking dinner
when the phone rang.

Past Perfect Simple Earlier action in the She had left before the
past. party started.

Past Perfect Continuous Ongoing past action -They had been driving
before another time. for hours before they
found a gas station.

Future Tenses

Future with ‘going to’ Future plans and "I’m going to visit my
expectations grandparents this
weekend."

"She’s going to have a

baby in May."

Future with ‘will’ Predictions, decisions, "I think Brazil will win
promises, weather the World Cup."
forecast.
"I’ll help you with your
homework."

"I promise I will always

be there for you."

"It will be sunny

tomorrow."

Future Continuous Ongoing actions in the This time next week, I’ll
future. be lying on a beach.

Future Perfect Actions completed by a By next month, I will

future time. have finished my thesis.

Future Perfect Ongoing actions up to a By December, I’ll have

Continuous future point been working here for
five years.
Mock Test: Clauses, Sentence Types, and Sentence Form & Function

Part 1: Identify the Type of Clause

(To-infinitive, Participle, Relative, Wh-clause)

Instructions: Underline the clause in each sentence and specify its type.

1. The book that you gave me is fascinating.

Type: Relative, defining
2. Running down the street, he slipped on the wet pavement.
Type: Participle
3. She plans to travel to Europe next summer.
Type: To- infinitive
4. I wonder what time the meeting starts.
Type: Wh-clause
5. The teacher who helped me with my homework was very kind.
Type: Relative, defining
6. Excited by the news, she immediately called her friend.
Type: Participle
7. He doesn’t know where the keys are.
Type: Wh-clause

Part 2: Identify the Type of Sentence

(Simple, Compound, Complex)

Instructions: Identify whether the following sentences are simple, compound, or complex.
Focus on the linking words.

1. She enjoys hiking, and he loves cycling.

Type: compound/coordinating conjunction.
2. After the rain stopped, we went outside to play.
Type: complex/subordinating conjunction.
3. The dog barked loudly because it was scared.
Type: complex/subordinating conjunction.
4. I finished my homework, so I can watch TV now.
Type: compound/coordinating conjunction
5. Tom studied hard for the exam.
Type: compound/coordinating conjunction
6. Although she was tired, she stayed up late to finish her book.
Type: complex/subordinating conjunction.

Part 3: Fill in the Blanks – Form and Function of Sentences

1. By the time we ___ (get) there, they ___ (already/start) the
presentation.

Form:

Function:

2. I ___ (never/see) anything like this in my life, and I doubt I ever will
again.

Form: present perfect

Function: action that started in the past and has consequences now

3. She ___ (work) here for ten years by the end of next month.

Form: future perfect continuous

Function: ongoing actions that will happen at a certain point in the

future.

4. If he ___ (not call) soon, I’ll have to leave without him.

Form: simple present

Function: 1st conditional. Condition.

5. He said that he _- had finished-__ (finish) the report before the

deadline, but he missed it.

Form: past perfect

Function: past of the past

6. This time next year, I _ - will probably move -__ (probably/move) to

another city for my new job.

Form: future will

Function: prediction

7. I _- didn’t realize -__ (not realize) it had been raining until I _- stepped -
__ (step) outside and saw everything was wet.

Form: simple past

Function: sequence of events / past action

8. I ___ (work) on this project for hours, and I still ___ (not finish) it.
 Form:

Function:

9. By the time you wake up tomorrow, I ___ (already/leave) for my flight.

Form:

Function:

10. They ___ (always/argue) over the same trivial issues, and it’s
exhausting to listen to.

Form:

Function:

11. If it ___ (not rain) yesterday, we would have gone to the beach.

Form:

Function:

12. I wish I ___ (study) harder when I was younger; maybe things
would have been different.

Form:

Function:

13. When I finally arrived, they ___ (wait) for me for over an hour, and
I felt terrible.

Form:

Function:

14. It’s strange how quickly things ___ (change); just a year ago, we
___ (not even/think) about moving abroad.

Form:

Function:

15. The children ___ (play) outside all afternoon before they ___
(come) in for dinner.

Form:

Function:
Bonus: Mixed Clause & Sentence Type Challenge

Instructions: For the following sentence, underline the clause, identify the
type of sentence, and indicate its form and function.

1. If you finish your homework early, you can join us for dinner.
○ Finished your homework early, you can join us for dinner.
○ Clause Type: Participle
○ Sentence Type: Complex
○

Part 4: Reducing Clauses

Instructions: Reduce the following sentences by changing the full relative or

clause structure to a present participle (-ing), past participle (-ed), or
infinitive (to + base verb) structure. Pay attention to whether the action is
active, passive, or involves a sequence of events.

1. The man who lives in Hawaii is an artist.

Reduced form: ______________________
2. Robinson Crusoe is a novel which is based on a true story.
Reduced form: ______________________
3. The first person that entered the room was the manager.
Reduced form: ______________________
4. The woman who is sitting in the front row is my aunt.
Reduced form: ______________________
5. Having completed the project, he decided to take a break.
(No reduction needed. This is already in reduced form.)
Explanation: Shows an action that happened before another action
in the past.
6. The car which was repaired last week broke down again.
Reduced form: ______________________
7. He paid the bill and then left the restaurant.
Reduced form: ______________________
8. This is for people who have VIP passes.
Reduced form: ______________________
9. The last person who left the building forgot to lock the door.
Reduced form: ______________________
10. I stopped so I could buy a juice.
Reduced form: ______________________

Part 5: Understanding Purpose and Sequence

Instructions: Reduce the following sentences by using infinitives of
purpose or perfect participle structures where appropriate.

1. She worked hard so that she could pass the exam.

Reduced form: ______________________
2. Having finished his homework, he went out to play.
(No reduction needed. This is already in reduced form.)
3. The only student that scored full marks was Tom.
Reduced form: ______________________
4. I went to the store so I could buy some milk.
Reduced form: ______________________
5. After he had eaten dinner, he went straight to bed.
Reduced form: ______________________
Part 4: Reducing Clauses

Instructions: Reduce the following sentences by changing the full relative or

clause structure to a present participle (-ing), past participle (-ed), or infinitive
(to + base verb) structure. Pay attention to whether the action is active,
passive, or involves a sequence of events.

1. The boy who is playing in the park is my nephew.

Reduced form: The boy playing….active voice
2. The documents that were signed yesterday were sent to the client.
Reduced form: passive voice
3. She is the person who organized the event.
Reduced form: organizing__Active voice
4. The man who was injured in the accident is recovering in the
hospital.
Reduced form: _passive voice
5. The cake that was baked by my grandmother is delicious.
Reduced form: passive
6. We watched a movie that was directed by a famous filmmaker.
Reduced form: passive voice
7. The woman who is walking her dog every morning is my
neighbour.
Reduced form: active voice
8. The company which was founded in 1990 has become an industry
leader.
Reduced form: passive voice
9. She stopped working so that she could take care of her children.
Reduced form: to infinitive __ to take… purpose
10. The man who is talking to you is the CEO of the company.
Reduced form: active voice
11. The letter that I received from her was very touching.
Reduced form: passive voice
12. The book which was written by a famous author won several
awards.
Reduced form: passive voice
13. The child who was crying was consoled by his mother.
Reduced form:active voice
14. He bought a new car so that he could drive to work.
Reduced form: to infinitive - purpose
15. The person who will lead the meeting tomorrow is very
experienced.
Reduced form:leading ___active voice

Part 4: Reducing Clauses

Instructions: Reduce the following sentences by changing the full relative or
clause structure to a present participle (-ing), past participle (-ed), or
infinitive (to + base verb) structure. Pay attention to whether the action is
active, passive, or involves a sequence of events.

11. The car which was repaired last week broke down again.
Reduced form: passive
12. He paid the bill and then left the restaurant.
Reduced form: Having paid the bill, he left the restaurant.
Time/sequence. Active voice, participle clause.
13. This is for people who have VIP passes.
Reduced form: This is for people with VIP passes- relative+have
14. The last person who left the building forgot to lock the door.
Reduced form: the last person to leave the building forgot to lock the
door- to infinitive- superlative
15. I stopped so I could buy a juice.
Reduced form: I stopped to buy a juice_ to infinitive_ purpose

Part 5: Understanding Purpose and Sequence

Instructions: Reduce the following sentences by using infinitives of

purpose or perfect participle structures where appropriate.

6. She worked hard so that she could pass the exam.

Reduced form: to pass the exam__to infinitive__purpose
7. Having finished his homework, he went out to play.
(No reduction needed. This is already in reduced form.)
8. The only student that scored full marks was Tom.
Reduced form: the only student to score full marks was tom. to
infinitive_ superlative
9. I went to the store so I could buy some milk.
Reduced form: to buy some milk__to infinitive-purpose
10. After he had eaten dinner, he went straight to bed.
Reduced form: having eaten dinner … time sequence,

Here are some exercises focused on Linking Words:

Linking Words Exercises

Part 1: Fill in the Blanks with Appropriate Linking Words

Instructions: Choose the correct linking word from the options provided in
parentheses.
 1. She decided to leave early, __________ she wanted to avoid the traffic.
(because / in order to) reason
2. The weather was terrible; __________, we decided to stay indoors. (so
/ since) result
3. He loves playing soccer, __________ he plays every weekend.
(therefore / in addition to) cause
4. The new policy was implemented __________ it would improve
efficiency. (since / so that) purpose
5. You need to study hard; __________, you won't pass the exam.
(otherwise / although) result
6. I enjoy reading, __________ I don’t have much time for it lately. (but /
and) expressing differences
7. The project was successful, __________ we worked very hard. (as a
result / because) reason
8. __________ the rain, we went for a walk in the park. (Despite / While)
expressing differences
9. I can either go to the gym, __________ I can stay home and watch a
movie. (or / and) adding information
10. He is not very talented, __________ he still practices regularly.
(even though / despite) expressing differences

Part 2: Combine the Sentences Using Linking Words

Instructions: Combine the following pairs of sentences using the appropriate
linking word from the categories provided.

1. She studied hard for the test. She wanted to get a good grade.
Linking Word: (in order to / because) reason/purpose
2. The cake was delicious. Everyone wanted a second piece.
Linking Word: (therefore / such) cause and result
3. The team played well. They lost the match.
Linking Word: (but / although) expressing differences
4. He likes both classical and jazz music. He prefers classical music.
Linking Word: (not only / but) expressing differences
5. She was tired. She continued to work on her project.
Linking Word: (even though / because) expressing differences
6. I forgot to bring my umbrella. I got soaked in the rain.
Linking Word: (so / as a result) result
7. They arrived late. They missed the beginning of the movie.
Linking Word: (as soon as / so) result
8. He has a lot of experience. He is still learning new skills.
Linking Word: (despite / while) expressing differences
9. You can take the bus. You can walk to the station.
Linking Word: (either… or / both) You can either take the bus or walk
to the station. // adding information
1. Present Active (ing)

Transforma las siguientes oraciones en participle clauses usando la forma

activa en presente:

● He looked at his watch. He realized he was late.

Looking at his watch, he realized he was late. Participle clause,

time/sequence

● She opened the door. She welcomed us inside.

Opening the door, she welcomed us inside. Past participle, time

sequence

● They stood by the window. They watched the sunset.

stooding by the window, they watched the sunset. Past participle, time
sequence

2. Past Passive (ed)

Transforma las siguientes oraciones en participle clauses usando la forma

pasiva en pasado:

● The cake was baked by the chef. It was served to the guests.

baked the cake, it was served to the guests.result

● The project was completed on time. It was praised by the manager.

completed the project on time, it was praised by the manager. result

● The documents were signed by the client. They were returned to

the office.

signed by the client, the documents were returned to the office. result

3. Reason (causal participle clauses)

Reduce las siguientes oraciones, mostrando la razón:

● Because she was tired, she went to bed early.

Being tired, she went to bed early. Reason

 ● Since he didn’t know the answer, he asked for help.

Not knowing the answer, he asked for help.

● As it was raining, we stayed inside.

Raining, we stayed inside.

4. Result (showing result)

Reduce las siguientes oraciones para mostrar el resultado:

● He ran very fast. As a result, he won the race.

Running very fast, he won the race.

● The book was very interesting. As a result, I couldn’t put it down.

Being very interesting, I couldn’t put the book down

● She didn’t study. As a result, she failed the exam.

Not studying, she failed the exam

5. Condition (showing condition)

Cambia las siguientes oraciones a cláusulas de participio para mostrar

condición:

● If you turn left, you will find the store.

turned left, you will find the store.

● If you work hard, you will succeed.

Worked hard, you will succeed.

● If you follow the instructions, you will finish the task quickly.

6. Time/Sequence (showing time or sequence)

Reduce las siguientes oraciones para mostrar tiempo o secuencia:

● After he finished his homework, he went to bed.

finishing his homework,

● When they arrived, they sat down.

 arriving, they sat down

● After we packed our bags, we left for the airport.

having packed our bags

7. Perfect Form (showing an action happening before another)

Transforma las siguientes oraciones en cláusulas de participio en su forma

perfecta:

● After he had paid the bill, he left the restaurant.

● After she had finished her work, she went home.
● Once we had completed the task, we took a break.

Cuando termines de intentarlo, puedo revisar tus respuestas si lo deseas.

¡Buena suerte!