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Class 10th Biology

LIFE PROCESSES
INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
All living organisms have certain common characteristics, such as breathing, growing, requiring
nutrition, producing offspring, responding to stimuli, etc., that distinguish them from
non-living things. There are certain vital processes that maintain homeostasis and
proper functioning of the body, they are called life processes. These processes
continue to occur even when we are sleeping or not performing any action. These
processes are essential for all living organisms, including plants and animals. These
life processes are nutrition, photosynthesis, transportation, metabolism, respiration,
reproduction and excretion.

What is Life

Earth happens to be the only known planet having life. There are beings who live, die and become
part of nature again. The living organism can be differentiated from the inanimate entities on various
parameters of life processes.

Life Processes

The existence of life on the planet earth is mainly based on certain functions and processes. There
are certain basic vital processes, which are essential for an organism to stay healthy and to maintain
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INTRODUCTION

the proper functioning of the body’s organ systems. They are necessary for survival. These basic
essential activities performed by an organism are called life processes.

• The maintenance of living organisms is essential even if they are moving,

resting or even sleeping.
• The processes which together perform the function of maintenance
of ‘life’ are called as life processes.
• Nutrition, respiration, circulation, and excretion are examples of
essential life processes.
• In unicellular organisms, all these processes are carried out by
a single cell.
• In multicellular organisms, well-developed systems are present to carry out the processes.
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LIFE PROCESSES
NUTRITION

NUTRITION
“Nutrition is the process of an organism acquiring the food which is needed for its nourishment and
for the sustenance.”

Nutrients are defined as the substances required for proper growth and maintenance of the living
body, i.e., the materials, which provide energy to organisms. All living organisms do not obtain food
by the same method, e.g., plants and some bacteria have the green pigment chlorophyll to help
synthesize food through the process called photosynthesis. Likewise, animals, fungi, and other
bacteria depend on plants and other organisms for food. Based on this, there are two main types of
nutrition, i.e, autotrophic and heterotrophic.

Modes of Nutrition: The process of obtaining food and utilizing it to grow, stay healthy and repair
any damaged body part is known as nutrition. Plants produce their food by taking raw materials from
their surroundings, such as minerals, carbon dioxide, water and sunlight.

Autotrophic Nutrition

If an organism can nourish itself by making its own food using sunlight or chemicals such mode of
nutrition is called as autotrophic nutrition.
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Example: Green plants and some bacteria. This mode of nutrition is called the autotrophic mode of
nutrition.

• Plants synthesize their for via using light energy, they are known as photoautotrophs.
• Bacteria synthesize their food by using chemical energy, they are known as chemoautotrophs.

Photosynthesis

It is a complex process by which green parts of the plant synthesize organic food. This food is
prepared by green plants from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.

The following events occur during the process of photosynthesis:

• Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.

• Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water molecules into hydrogen
and oxygen.
• Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.

Heterotrophic Nutrition

Organisms cannot prepare their food on their own. These organisms are termed heterotrophs.

Example: Human beings, animals, non-green plants, etc. Heterotrophs obtain energy from organic
molecules already produced by autotrophs.

Three main types of Heterotrophic modes of nutrition are:

Saprophytic Nutrition

In saprophytic nutrition, the organism secretes the digestive

juices on the food. The food is digested while it is still to be ingested. The
digested food is then ingested by the organism. All the decomposers follow
saprophytic nutrition. Some insects, like houseflies, also follow this mode of
nutrition.

Parasitic Nutrition

The organism which lives inside or outside another organism (host) and derives
nutrition from it is known as parasites and this type of mode of nutrition is called
parasitic nutrition.
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Example: Cuscuta, tick etc.

Parasites are divided into two groups: endoparasites and ectoparasites.

Endoparasites: Endoparasites are parasites that live inside the body of

the host, whereas ectoparasites are parasites that live on the outer surface
of the host and generally attach themselves during feeding.

Ectoparasites: Ectoparasites are parasites that live on the outer surface of the host
and generally attach themselves during feeding.

Holozoic Nutrition

Holozoic nutrition involves the ingestion and internal processing of solid and liquid
food in an organism. This involves the steps of ingestion, digestion, absorption,
assimilation and excretion.

Ingestion is the intake of food, which is broken down into simpler organic matters by a process called
digestion. After extraction of useful components, the unwanted and undigested particles are
excreted out.

Examples of animals that exhibit holozoic nutrition include all vertebrates. Even some unicellular
organisms such as amoeba also exhibit holozoic nutrition.

Carbon Dioxide

During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is converted into carbohydrates, and this is called fixing of
carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide of the atmosphere is used by the terrestrial plants whereas the
hydrophytes use the carbon dioxide dissolved in the water.

Water

Each individual requires a minimum of two liters of water every single day. The synthesis of digestive
juices, which form the building blocks of blood, urine, and perspiration, is facilitated by it. Water is
also essential to maintain cell health, maintain body temperature, minimize the risk of cystitis,
lubricate and cushion joints, and keep the bladder free of harmful bacteria.
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NUTRITION IN PLANT

NUTRITION IN PLANT
Nutrients are the components found in our food such as carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, fats, etc.
These components are necessary for living organisms to survive. Plants produce their own food while
animals and human beings do not produce their own food. We indirectly or directly depend on plants
and animals for our food needs.

Photosynthesis

❖ Plants are able to produce their own food through a process called photosynthesis.

❖ The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis.

❖ Food production primarily is carried out in leaves. Water and minerals from the
soil are absorbed by the root and transported to the leaves through vessels.
Carbon dioxide reaches leaves through stomata – which are small
pores on leaves surrounded by guard cells.

❖ Chlorophyll is a green pigment present in leaves which helps the leaves capture
energy from sunlight to prepare their food. This production of food which takes
place in the presence of sunlight is known as photosynthesis. Hence, the sun
serves as the primary source for all living organisms.

❖ During photosynthesis, water and carbon dioxide are used in the presence of
sunlight to produce carbohydrates and oxygen.

❖ Photosynthesis provides food to all living beings.

❖ Oxygen, one of the main components of life on earth is released by plants during
photosynthesis.

❖ 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6+ 6O2

Heterotrophic Nutrition

Some plants do not contain chlorophyll and depend on other plants for their food through the
heterotrophic mode of nutrition.

Nutrition in Amoeba: Nutrition in an Amoeba occurs through a process called phagocytosis where
the entire organism pretty much engulfs the food it plans on eating up. The mode of nutrition in
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NUTRITION IN PLANT

amoeba is known as holozoic nutrition. It involves the ingestion, digestion, and egestion of food
material.

Amoeba does not have any specialized organ for nutrition. Its entire process is carried through the
body surface with the help of pseudopodia.

Holozoic nutrition in amoeba takes place in the following steps:

Ingestion: Ingestion is the process of taking in the food into the body either by swallowing or
absorbing it. Amoeba pushes out the pseudopodia to encircle the food and engulfs it forming a food
vacuole. This process is known as phagocytosis.

Digestion: Digestion is the process of breaking the insoluble and large food
molecules into soluble and minute molecules. In amoeba, the food vacuoles are
transported deeper into the cell and with the help of the digestive enzymes, the
large insoluble particles are broken down to the simplest molecules.

Absorption: In this process of absorption, the nutrients from the digested food
material are absorbed into the cell’s cytoplasm by leaving behind the undigested
particles. This process is called diffusion. The excess food is stored in the form of
glycogen and lipids.

Assimilation: Assimilation is the process of obtaining energy from the absorbed food
molecules. In amoeba, absorbed food molecules are utilized for producing the energy required to
carry out different life processes within the cell.

Egestion: Egestion is the process of excretion of undigested food material. In amoeba, this process
is carried out by rupturing the cell membrane to remove the undigested food material from its body.
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NUTRITION IN HUMAN

NUTRITION IN HUMAN
Human beings are complex animals, which have a complex digestive system. The human digestive
system is composed of an alimentary canal and some accessory glands. The alimentary canal is
divided into several parts, like oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and
anus. Salivary gland, liver and pancreas are the accessory glands which lie outside the alimentary
canal.

Salivary glands

Saliva makes the food slippery which makes it easy to swallow the food. Saliva also contains the
enzyme salivary amylase or ptyalin. Salivary amylase digests starch and converts it into sucrose,
(maltose).

Teeth

• Teeth are the hard structures present in the buccal cavity.

• They help us to cut, shear and masticate the food we eat.
• The vertical section of a tooth shows four layers enamel, dentine, cement and dental pulp.
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• Enamel is the outermost, shiny, highly mineralized and hardest part of the human body.
• Dentine makes the bulk of the tooth and contains 70% inorganic salts.
• Cement is present at the lining of a tooth and bony socket.
• The dental pulp is the central soft part of a tooth and contains nerve endings, blood and lymph
vessels along with connective tissue.
• There are four types of teeth in humans, Incisors, canines, molars and premolars, each with a
specific function.
• Incisors cut the food, canines tear the food while molars and premolars crush it.
• The dental formula in adult humans is 2:1:2:3.

Oesophagus

• The swallowed food passes into the oesophagus.

• It is a muscular tube, about 25cm long, with a sphincter (valve/opening) at each end.
• Its function is to transport food and fluid, after being swallowed, from the mouth to the
stomach.
• Food is pushed down by peristaltic movements.
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Stomach

It serves as a muscular bag which is situated towards the left side of the abdominal cavity, beneath
the diaphragm. This vital organ acts as a storage for the food and provides enough time to digest
meals. The stomach also produces digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid that maintains the
process of digestion.

HCl: It is the digestive fluid formed by the stomach during the process of
digestion. It functions by destroying harmful microorganisms
present in the food particles.

Mucous: It is an aqueous secretion produced by the mucous membranes. It

functions by protecting the stomach lining and gastric pits from the acid, which
is produced by the glands to destroy the bacteria that entered along with the
food particles.

Pepsin: Pepsin is a stomach enzyme that serves to digest proteins found in

ingested food. Gastric chief cells secrete pepsin as an inactive zymogen called
pepsinogen.
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Pyloric Sphincter

The pyloric sphincter is referred to as a bunch of visceral muscles at the attaching point between the
pylorus of the stomach and the duodenum of the small intestine.

• It has an essential role in digestive processes.

• It performs the function of a valve, to control the flow of digested food through the stomach
to the small intestine.
• It only allows food to pass through when they are mixed well with gastric juices for digestion.

Duodenum

The duodenum is the first and shortest segment of the small intestine. It receives partially digested
food (known as chyme) from the stomach and plays a vital role in the chemical digestion of chyme
in preparation for absorption in the small intestine. Many chemical secretions from the pancreas,
liver and gallbladder mix with the chyme in the duodenum to facilitate chemical digestion.
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Liver

Liver is the largest organ in the human body. The liver manufactures bile, which gets stored in the
gall bladder. From the gall bladder, bile is released as and when required.

Small Intestine

It is a highly coiled tube-like structure. The small intestine is longer than the large intestine, but its
lumen is smaller than that of the large intestine. The small intestine is divided into three parts, like
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
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Villi

Villi are finger-like projections which are richly supplied with blood vessels. They are present in the
inner lining of the small intestine and help in the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface
area for absorption.

Large Intestine

This is a thick, long tube measuring around 5 feet in length. It is present just beneath the stomach
and wraps over the superior and lateral edges of the small intestine. It absorbs water and consists of
bacteria (symbiotic) that support the breakdown of wastes to fetch small nutrients.
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Digestive Enzymes

Digestive enzymes are the enzymes that break down polymeric macromolecules into smaller
building blocks to facilitate their absorption by the body.

Our digestive system does not absorb the food we eat, it absorbs nutrients in the form of simpler
molecules. Food needs to be broken down from products like steak and broccoli into amino acids
(from proteins), fatty acids and cholesterol (from fats), and sugars (from
carbohydrates) along with vitamins, minerals, and a variety of animal and plant
compounds.

If we don’t have sufficient digestive enzymes, our food cannot be broken

down. That means that even if we eat well, we aren’t absorbing good
nutrition.

Digestive enzymes: “Digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, pepsin, trypsin, etc.,
help in the chemical digestion of food by breaking down complex food particles into
simpler ones. These simple molecules can be easily absorbed by the blood and is thus
transported to all the cells in the body.”

Salivary Amylase

Amylase is a digestive enzyme that acts on starch in food, breaking it down into smaller carbohydrate
molecules. It is produced at two sites. First, salivary glands in the mouth make salivary amylase,
which begins the digestive process by breaking down starch when the food is chewed. It converts
the starch to maltose, a smaller carbohydrate.
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Pepsin

Pepsin is secreted by the stomach to break down proteins into peptides, or smaller groupings of
amino acids. Those amino acids are then either absorbed or broken down further in the small
intestine.

Trypsin

Trypsin forms when an enzyme secreted by the pancreas is activated by an

enzyme in the small intestine. Trypsin then activates additional pancreatic
enzymes, such as carboxypeptidase and chymotrypsin, to help break down
peptides.

Lipase

Lipase enzyme breaks down dietary fats into smaller molecules known as glycerol
and fatty acids. A little quantity of lipase, known as gastric lipase, is produced by the
cells of the stomach. This enzyme mainly digests fat present in the food. The
pancreas is the primary source of lipase in the digestive tract, which produces pancreatic lipase
which acts in the small intestine.

Enzymes in the Intestinal Juice

Four enzymes present in the intestinal juice are maltase speeds up breakdown maltose to glucose,
sucrase speeds up the breakdown of sucrose to glucose and fructose, lactase breaks down lactose
to glucose and galactose and peptidase breaks down peptides into amino acids.
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LIFE PROCESSES
RESPIRATION

RESPIRATION
“Respiration is the process by which organisms exchange gases between the air around them and
the cells in their bodies. All living organisms, from plants and animals to prokaryotic bacteria,
Archaean’s, eukaryotic, protists, fungi, and animals respire”.

Glucose reacts with oxygen during normal human respiration to produce the energy required for
growth, repair, and movement. Water and carbon dioxide are waste products of respiration that
must be eliminated. Respiration is a metabolic biochemical process that occurs in all living cells of an
organism to produce energy through the intake of oxygen and the liberation of carbon dioxide from
the oxidation of various organic substances. The energy produced is Adenosine-triphosphate, or ATP,
also known as the energy molecule.

Breathing & Respiration

Breathing: Breathing is a mechanical process where the air volume changes in the chest cavity.

Respiration: Respiration is a biochemical process where oxygen is introduced into the bloodstream
and carbon dioxide is expelled from the body.
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RESPIRATION

Types of Respiration

There are two types of Respiration are:

Aerobic Respiration

It is the process of producing energy from food through cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen
gas. Aerobic respiration is the use of oxygen to break down glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids in
order to produce ATP as byproducts of this process are water, and carbon dioxide is produced. For
example, this type of respiration is found in the majority of plants and animals, including birds,
humans, and other mammals.

Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (O2) ⇢ Carbon (CO2) + Water (H2O) + Energy (ATP)

Anaerobic Respiration

Due to a lack of oxygen, they respire in the absence of oxygen to produce the energy they require,
which is known as anaerobic respiration. Our bodies require a lot of energy when we do heavy or
intense exercises like running, sprinting, cycling, or weightlifting. Because the supply of oxygen is
limited, our body’s muscle cells resort to anaerobic respiration to meet the energy demand.
Anaerobic respiration, for example, is typically found in lower plants and microorganisms. The
process occurs in a cell’s cytoplasm.

This process’s chemical reaction is as follows:

Glucose (C6H12O6) → Alcohol 2(C2H5OH) + Energy (ATP) + 2CO2

This type of respiration happens in the absence of oxygen. Pyruvic acid is

either converted into ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.

In Yeast: Ethyl alcohol is usually formed in case of anaerobic respiration in

microbes, like yeast or bacteria.

In Muscle: Lactic acid is formed in some microbes as well as in the muscle cells.

Respiration in Humans Beings

The human respiratory system is more complex and involves breathing, the exchange of gases and
cellular respiration. A well-defined respiratory system helps with breathing and the exchange of
gases. Breathing involves the inhalation of oxygen and the exhalation of carbon dioxide. The gaseous
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RESPIRATION

exchange takes place in the lungs, and oxygen is supplied to all cells of the body. Cellular respiration
takes place in each and every cell.

Human Respiratory System

The human respiratory system is composed of a pair of lungs. These are attached to a system of
tubes which open on the outside through the nostrils.

Following are the main structures in the human respiratory system:

Nostrils: There are two nostrils which converge to form a nasal passage. The inner lining of the
nostrils is lined by hair and remains wet due to mucus secretion. The mucus and the hair help in
filtering the dust particles out from inhaled air. Further, air is warmed up when it enters the nasal
passage.

Pharynx: The nasal chambers open up into a wide hollow space called the pharynx. It is a common
passage for air as well as food. It functions by preventing the entry of food particles into the
windpipe. The epiglottis is an elastic cartilage, which serves as a switch between the larynx and the
oesophagus by allowing the passage of air into the lungs, and food in the gastrointestinal tract.

Larynx: Two cartilaginous chords lay the framework for the larynx. It is found in front of the neck and
is responsible for vocals as well as aiding respiration. Hence, it is also informally called the voice box.
When food is swallowed, a flap called the epiglottis folds over the top of the windpipe and prevents
food from entering into the larynx.

Trachea: The trachea or the windpipe rises below the larynx and moves down to the neck. The walls
of the trachea comprise C-shaped cartilaginous rings which give hardness to the trachea and
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RESPIRATION

maintain it by completely expanding. The trachea extends further down into the breastbone and
splits into two bronchi, one for each lung.

Bronchi: The trachea splits into two tubes called the bronchi, which enter each lung individually. The
bronchi divide into secondary and tertiary bronchioles, and it further branches out into small air-sacs
called the alveoli. The alveoli are single-celled sacs of air with thin walls. It facilitates the exchange
of oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules into or away from the bloodstream.

Bronchioles: A bronchus divides into branches and sub-branches inside the lung.

Alveoli: These are air sacs at the end of bronchioles. The alveolus is composed of a very thin
membrane and is the place where blood capillaries open. This is alveolus, where the oxygen mixes
with the blood and carbon dioxide exits from the blood. The exchange of gases, in alveoli, takes place
due to the pressure differential.

Important Common Features of Respiratory Organs

• All the respiratory organs have a large surface area to get enough oxygen.
• All the respiratory organs have thin walls for easy diffusion and exchange of respiratory gases.
• All the respiratory organs such as skin, gills and lungs, have a rich blood supply for transporting
respiratory gases.

Function of Various Parts of The Respiratory System

Nasal cavity
The nasal cavity functions to humidify, warm, filter, and act as a conduit for inspired air, as well as
protect the respiratory tract through the use of the mucociliary system. The nasal cavity also houses
the receptors responsible for olfaction.
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Glottis
Glottis is a passage in your larynx that leads to the voice box, where the vocal folds are
situated. Glottis is formed of two paired cartilage sheets; these are known as
vocal folds.
• To direct your breath through the larynx and over vocal folds.
• To focus your noise in the appropriate place.
• Glottis produces vibrations or sounds that are passed through the larynx to the
voice box or vocal tract.
Epiglottis
Epiglottis is a flap situated on the backside of the larynx that covers the larynx opening
preventing food from entering your trachea tube, which leads to the lungs. Epiglottis
also forms a lid that prevents the entry of foreign bodies into your trachea tract which
may cause choking. Epiglottis is an important structure on the backside of the larynx; it lies between
your larynx and trachea. Preventing food to enter the trachea by closing.
• Closing when you swallow or inhale through your nose.
• It has an important role in protecting by closing off the airway from food and allows it to be
penetrated by solids and liquids only.
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Trachea
The trachea's primary role is to maintain a free airway for air to enter and exit the lungs.
Furthermore, the mucus produced by the epithelium lining the trachea collects dust and other
impurities, preventing them from reaching the lungs. Mucus is moved superiorly toward the throat
by cilia on the surface of epithelial cells, where it can be eaten and processed in the gastrointestinal
system.
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Bronchi
Bronchi carry air to and from your lungs. The bronchi also help moisturize the air you breathe and
screen out foreign particles.

Bronchioles
The bronchioles carry oxygen rich air into the lungs and carry carbon dioxide rich air out of the lungs,
thereby aiding in the processes of breathing and respiration. The smooth muscle that surrounds the
bronchioles can constrict or dilate the airway, which can aid in getting the proper amount of oxygen
into the blood.
Alveolar Sac
The alveolar sacs function to transport fresh oxygen into the body and carbon
dioxide out of the body. This process can be examined by understanding
how a breath is brought in and exhaled. Air enters the body via the mouth
or nose.
Lungs
The primary function of the lungs is to facilitate the exchange of gases between the
blood and the air. Interestingly, the right lung is quite bigger and heavier than the left
lung.
The lungs and respiratory system allow oxygen in the air to be taken into the body, while
also letting the body get rid of carbon dioxide in the air breathed out.
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Exchange of Gases Between Alveolar Sacs and Blood Capillaries

The exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) occurs between the alveoli and blood capillaries
by simple diffusion. This naturally occurs according to the partial pressure gradients of the respective
gases. Oxygen from the alveoli diffuses into the blood, while carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses
into the alveoli.
The transport of Gases in the Blood
The two major gases carried by the blood are O2 and CO2. Almost all the O2 is
transported by erythrocytes. Erythrocytes are anucleate biconcave discs that
have the smooth shape and elasticity necessary to squeeze through the
capillaries. Without a nucleus, there is space for more haemoglobin, which
is the actual carrier of the oxygen. The concave surfaces on both sides of an
individual erythrocyte increases the total surface area available for oxygen
exchange. Since oxygen is not very soluble, very little oxygen is transported directly
dissolved in the plasma.
Exchange of gases at tissues level

• Gas exchange occurs in tissue based on several factors such as tissue surface
area, partial pressure gradients, and perfusion via the tissues.
• Respiration is a crucial mechanism for gas exchange.
• Haemoglobin in blood has a high affinity for oxygen and thus carries oxygen in red blood cells.
• The heme in haemoglobin can bind to oxygen and thus carries four oxygen molecules.
• The blood then transports oxygen carried by haemoglobin to other body tissues.
• Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water and thus is carried in the blood in a dissolved form.
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• Oxygen diffuses into the tissue whereas carbon dioxide diffuses out of the tissue into the
bloodstream.
• Carbon dioxides present in the blood combines with water molecules to form carbonic acid
when the rate of respiration increases.

Tissue respiration

Tissue respiration occurs internally where the oxygen carried by the blood and RBCs is exchanged
with the carbon dioxide produced by the cells of various tissues. It is also known as internal
respiration.
Internal respiration is the process of diffusion of oxygen from the blood, into the interstitial or tissue
fluid and then into the cells. Waste products of metabolism and carbon dioxide are also diffused back
in the other direction, i.e., from the cells to the blood. Oxygen is released from the red blood cells in
response to the oxygen concentration in the capillaries of blood vessels, which is usually low. This
enables the exchange of gases and other necessary solutes during internal respiration between the
plasma and the tissue fluid.
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TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS

TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS
Transportation is a vital process in plants. Trees transport all the nutrients and water it needs for
survival from its roots to the tips of the leaves. In the case of transportation in plants, the biggest
constraint is water as it ends up being a limiting factor in growth. To overcome this problem, trees
and other plants have the perfect system for the absorption and translocation of water.
Plants contain a vast network of conduits which consist of xylem and phloem. This is more like the
circulatory system that transports blood throughout the human body. Similar to the circulatory
system in humans, the xylem and phloem tissues extend throughout the plant. These conducting
tissues originate from the roots and move up through the trunks of trees. Later they branch off into
the branches and then branching even further into every leaf, like spider webs.
“Transportation is the process that involves the movement of water and necessary nutrients to all
parts of the plant for its survival.”
• Transportation is a vital process in plants.
• The process involves the transportation of water and necessary nutrients to all parts of the
plant for its survival.
• Food and water transportation takes place separately in plants.
• Xylem transports water, and phloem transports food.
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The water and minerals are transported in plants by two types of conducting tissues:
• Xylem
• Phloem

Xylem

Xylem is a long, non-living tube running from the roots to the leaves through the stem. The water is
absorbed by the root hair and undergoes cell to cell movement by osmosis until it reaches the xylem.
This water is then transported through the xylem vessels to the leaves and is evaporated by the
process of transpiration.
The xylem is also composed of elongated cells like the phloem. However, xylem is especially
accountable for transporting water to all plant parts from the roots. Since they serve such an
important function, a single tree would have a lot of xylem tissues.

Phloem

The phloem is responsible for translocation of nutrients and sugar like carbohydrates, produced by
the leaves to areas of the plant that are metabolically active. It is made up of living cells. The cells
walls of these cells form small holes at the ends of the cells known as sieve plates.
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• The phloem is responsible for the translocation of nutrients and sugar, like carbohydrates,
produced by the leaves to areas of the plant that are metabolically active.
• Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres, and phloem parenchyma cells are the
components of this tissue.
• The flow of material through the phloem is bidirectional.

Absorption and Upward Movement of Water & Minerals

The fundamental components for plant growth are water and minerals, which are absorbed from
the soil by the root hairs. Absorbed water and minerals must be transported to all areas of the plant
via the xylem tissue. Ascent of sap refers to the upward movement or conduction of water until it
reaches the plant parts such as leaves.
Transpiration is the process by which, excess water is lost from the aerial parts of the plant. This loss
of water from the top part of the plant causes a pull to be generated that helps the roots to absorb
water from the soil which, is transported to the leaves through the xylem.

Transport of food and other substances

Food is transported from the leaves to other parts of the plant via the vascular tissue, called phloem.
The term “translocation” refers to the process of transferring food. Plants move carbohydrates from
areas with abundant carbs, such as mature leaves, to areas where they are needed via the phloem.
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LIFE PROCESSES
TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS

Photosynthesis produces energy-rich carbon molecules, which are transferred out of the leaf to
various organs and tissues.
The phloem also carries amino acids and other compounds. These compounds
are primarily distributed to root, fruit, and seed storage organs, as
well as growth organs.
Food and other substances are transported in the sieve tubes in both
upward and downward directions with the aid of nearby partner cells.
Material like sucrose is moved into phloem tissue utilising energy from ATP.
This expands the solute strain of the tissue making water move into it.
This tension moves the material in the phloem to tissues that have less strain.
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LIFE PROCESSES
TRANSPORTATION IN HUMANS

TRANSPORTATION IN HUMANS
Transportation in humans is done by the circulatory system. The circulatory system in humans mainly
consists of blood, blood vessels and the heart. It is responsible for the supply of oxygen and nutrients
and the removal of carbon dioxide and other excretory products. It also helps to fight infections.

The circulatory system comprises two main components: The cardiovascular system and The
lymphatic system. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The
heart pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body and returns deoxygenated
blood back to the lungs for oxygenation. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while
veins transport deoxygenated blood toward the heart.

Blood Vascular system

The vascular system, also called the circulatory system, is made up of the vessels that carry blood
and lymph through the body. The arteries and veins carry blood throughout the body, delivering
oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues and taking away tissue waste matter.

Blood: Blood is the body’s fluid connective tissue, and it forms a vital part of the human circulatory
system. Its main function is to circulate nutrients, hormones, minerals and other essential
components to different parts of the body. Blood flows through a specified set of pathways called
blood vessels. The organ which is involved in pumping blood to different body parts is the heart.
Blood cells, blood plasma, proteins, and other mineral components (such as sodium, potassium and
calcium) constitute human blood.

Plasma

• The fluid part of Blood is called Plasma. It makes up about 55% of its total
volume of the Blood.
• Plasma is a yellowish liquid that contains water, proteins,
nutrients, hormones, waste products and other substances
necessary for the proper functioning of the body.
• Plasma contains about 90 percent water. The remaining 10%
consists of various proteins, including albumin, globulins, and
fibrinogen as well as hormones, enzymes, vitamins, minerals and
waste products.
• Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells and Platelets are immersed in this liquid called Plasma.
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TRANSPORTATION IN HUMANS

Red Blood Cells (RBC’s)

• Red Blood Cells also known as erythrocytes are the most abundant cells in our Blood.
• Haemoglobin is a protein that binds with oxygen molecules and gives Blood its characteristic
red colour.
• Each Red Blood Cell contains approximately 270 million molecules of
Haemoglobin which allows it to carry a large amount of
oxygen.
• They are disc-shaped cells that are approximately 7.5 micrometres in
diameter and have a concave shape that helps them to travel through the
Blood vessels smoothly.
• Red Blood Cells have a thin flexible membrane that allows them to change
shape as they move through narrow Blood vessels.
• RBCs concave shape increases their surface area which enables them to absorb
and release oxygen more efficiently.
• Red Blood Cells are produced in the bone marrow and have a lifespan of
approximately 120 days. After this time, they are removed from circulation and
broken down by the spleen and liver. New Red Blood Cells are continuously produced in the
bone marrow to replace the old ones.
• Factors that can affect the production and lifespan of Red Blood Cells are iron deficiency,
vitamin deficiency and certain diseases such as sickle cell anaemia. Maintaining a healthy diet
Page 33
Class 10th Biology

LIFE PROCESSES
TRANSPORTATION IN HUMANS

rich in iron, vitamins and other nutrients is essential for the production of healthy Red Blood
Cells.

White Blood Cells (WBC’s)

• White Blood Cells fight infection and protect us from diseases.

• White Blood Cells help to fight against germs and other foreign bodies which causes diseases.
• White Blood Cells engulf the Pathogens which cause diseases.
• White Blood Cells provide immunity to the Human Body by making ‘antibodies’ to fight
against infection.
• White Blood Cells are produced in the bone marrow and are involved
in the body’s immune response to infections and diseases.
• White Blood Cells are either spherical in shape or irregular in shape.
• All the White Blood Cells have a nucleus though the shape of the nucleus
is different in different types of White Blood Cells.
• White Blood Cells (WBC) in the Blood are much smaller in number than Red
Blood Cells.
• White Blood Cells also known as leukocytes are cells that play an important role
in the body’s immune system by fighting off infections and diseases.
• Unlike Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells have a nucleus and do not contain
Haemoglobin.
• The number and type of White Blood Cells in the body can vary depending on various factors
such as age, gender, and health status.
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LIFE PROCESSES
TRANSPORTATION IN HUMANS

Platelets

• Platelets are also known as thrombocytes.

• They are the tiny fragments of special cells that circulate in the Blood.
• Platelets do not have nuclei.
• Platelets play a critical role in the process of Blood clotting
which is necessary to prevent excessive bleeding after an
injury.
• Platelets are produced in the bone marrow and have a lifespan of
approximately 7-10 days.
• Platelets are constantly being produced and removed from circulation
ensuring that there are always enough Platelets available to respond to an
injury.
• Certain medical conditions can affect the production and function of
Platelets such as thrombocytopenia (low Platelet count) or
thrombocythemia (high Platelet count). These conditions can increase the
risk of bleeding or clotting and require medical attention.
Page 35
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LIFE PROCESSES
TRANSPORTATION IN HUMANS

Function of Blood

❖ Transport of respiratory gases.

❖ Transport of nutrients.
❖ Transport of waste product.
❖ Defence against the infection.

The Human Heart

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Class 10th Biology

LIFE PROCESSES
TRANSPORTATION IN HUMANS

The heart is a muscular organ that is situated in the front of the chest. It pumps blood all through
the body in a process called circulation. Apart from the heart, the blood vessels and blood as a unit
constitute the cardiovascular system.

The human heart is one of the most important organs responsible for sustaining life. It is a muscular
organ with four chambers. The size of the heart is the size of about a clenched
fist.

Blood Vessels

In organisms with closed circulatory systems, the blood flows within vessels
of varying sizes. All vertebrates, including humans, possess this type of
circulation. The external structure of the heart has many blood vessels that form a
network, with other major vessels emerging from within the structure. The blood
vessels typically comprise the following:

Arteries

Arteries are muscular-walled tubes mainly involved in supplying oxygenated blood away from the
heart to all other parts of the body. Aorta is the largest of the arteries and it branches off into various
smaller arteries throughout the body.

Veins

Veins are blood vessels located throughout your body that collect oxygen-poor blood and return it
to your heart. Veins are part of your circulatory system. They work together with other blood vessels
and your heart to keep your blood moving. Veins hold most of the blood in your body. In fact, nearly
75% of your blood is in your veins.

Capillaries

Capillaries are tiny, tube-like vessels which form a network between the arteries to veins. Capillaries
are delicate blood vessels that exist throughout your body. They transport blood, nutrients and
oxygen to cells in your organs and body systems. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in your
vascular system.
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LIFE PROCESSES
TRANSPORTATION IN HUMANS

Working Of the Heart

❖ The heart is divided into four chambers and has valves that allow the blood to flow in one
direction only.
❖ The upper two chambers with relatively thin walls are called atria.
❖ The two lower chambers with thick muscular walls are called ventricles.
❖ The right atrium receives carbon dioxide-rich blood from the various parts of the body and is
then moved into the right ventricle.
❖ The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs, where
carbon dioxide is removed, and oxygen is absorbed.
❖ The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood as it comes back
to the heart from the lungs and is pushed into the left
ventricle.
❖ The left ventricle pumps this blood to the rest of the body.
❖ The right side of the heart is completely separated from the
left side with the help of a partition called the septum. This
prevents the mixing of oxygenated and de-oxygenated
blood.
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TRANSPORTATION IN HUMANS

Double Circulation

In the human heart, blood passes through the heart twice in one cardiac cycle. This type of
circulation is called double circulation. One complete heartbeat in which all the chambers of the
heart contract and relax once is called cardiac cycle. The heart beats about 72 times per minute in a
normal adult. In one cardiac cycle, the heart pumps out 70 mL blood and thus, about
4900 mL blood in a minute. Double circulation ensures complete segregation of
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood which is necessary for optimum energy
production in warm-blooded animals.

• In the human body, blood circulates through the heart twice.

• Once it goes through the heart during pulmonary circulation and a
second time during systemic circulation.
• Hence, circulation in human beings is called double circulation.
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TRANSPORTATION IN HUMANS

Pacemaker

A pacemaker is a small device that's given position in the chest or abdomen to help control abnormal
heart rhythms. This device usually takes help of electrical pulses to prompt the heart to beat
at a normal rate.

The sinus node (SA) continuously generated electrical impulses, thereby

setting the normal rhythm and rate in a healthy heart. Hence, the SA node is
also called as the natural pacemaker of the heart.

The contraction of cardiac muscle (heart muscle) in all animals is started with
the help of electrical impulses known as action potentials. The rate at which these. Impulses fire
controls the rate of Cardiac contraction, that is, heart rate.
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TRANSPORTATION IN HUMANS

Lymphatic system

In human beings and vertebrates, the lymphatic system acts as a subsystem of the circulatory system.
It also has a role to play in the transportation in human beings. Lymph is a special fluid called the
tissue fluid. It plays a role in the exchange process of nutrients and gases that occurs through blood.
Any excess fluid remaining in the cells and tissues is collected by the lymph and is drained into the
veins, which carry blood.

• It helps in the transportation of clean fluids back to the blood.

• It helps in the transportation of fats from the digestive system.
• It helps in maintaining normal blood volume.
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TRANSPORTATION IN HUMANS

Lymph

• Lymph is a colourless fluid containing specialized lymphocytes responsible

for the body's immune responses.
• Lymph also transports nutrition, hormones, and other
substances.
• In the lacteals of the intestinal villi, fats are absorbed by lymph.

Lymph vessels

• Lymph or lymphatic vessels are the fine tubes carrying the lymphatic fluid and white blood
cells all through the lymphatic system.
• They are physically similar to blood vessels.
• Afferent lymph vessels bring lymph to a lymph node, and efferent lymph vessels carry lymph
away from a lymph node.
Page 42
Class 10th Biology

LIFE PROCESSES
EXCRETION

EXCRETION
All living things produce waste products, which can be either useless or hazardous to them and hence
must be disposed of. The process of excretion is the removal of metabolic waste. Plants
retain waste substances in their leaves, and as the leaves fall off, the garbage is
eliminated. Other waste substances exit the body in urine and sweat, and animals
breathe out waste carbon dioxide.

Osmoregulation

The process by which an organism regulates the water balance in its body and
maintains the homeostasis of the body is called osmoregulation. It includes
controlling excess water loss or gain and maintaining the fluid balance and
the osmotic concentration, that is, the concentration of electrolytes. In humans, the Kidney is the
osmoregulatory organ.
Page 43
Class 10th Biology

LIFE PROCESSES
EXCRETION IN PLANTS

EXCRETION IN PLANTS
❖ Cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and other metabolic reactions produce a lot of excretory
products in plants.

❖ Carbon dioxide, excess water produced during respiration and nitrogenous compounds
produced during protein metabolism are the major excretory products in
plants.

❖ Plants produce two gaseous waste products, i.e., oxygen during

photosynthesis and carbon dioxide during respiration.

❖ The excretion of gaseous waste in plants takes place through stomatal pores
on leaves.

❖ Oxygen released during photosynthesis is used for respiration, while carbon

dioxide released during respiration is used for photosynthesis.

❖ Excess water is excreted by transpiration.

❖ Organic by-products generated by the plant are stored in different forms in

different parts.

❖ The gums, oils, latex, resins, etc., are some waste products stored in plant parts like bark,
stems, leaves, etc.

❖ Eventually, plants shed off these parts.

❖ A few examples of the excretory products of plants are oil produced from oranges, eucalyptus,
jasmine, latex from the rubber tree, papaya tree, and gums from acacia.

❖ Sometimes plants even excrete into the soil.

Excretory products

The cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and other metabolic reactions produce a lot of excretory
products in plants. Carbon dioxide, excess water produced during respiration and nitrogenous
compounds produced during protein metabolism are the major excretory products in plants.

Plants produce two gaseous waste products i.e., oxygen during photosynthesis and carbon dioxide
during respiration. Excretion of gaseous waste in plants takes place through stomatal pores on leaves.
Oxygen released during photosynthesis is used for respiration while carbon dioxide released during
respiration is used for photosynthesis.
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LIFE PROCESSES
EXCRETION IN PLANTS

Excess of water is also excreted from the plant body through the stomatal pores and from the
surfaces of fruits and stems. The process of elimination of water is called transpiration.
Page 45
Class 10th Biology

LIFE PROCESSES
EXCRETION IN HUMANS

EXCRETION IN HUMANS
Excretion is the process where all the metabolic wastes are removed from the body. Excretion in
humans is carried through different body parts and internal organs in a series of processes. Diffusion
is the most common process of excretion in lower organisms. A human body is an
exceptional machine, where different life-processes (respiration, circulation,
digestion, etc.) take place simultaneously. As a result, many waste
products produced in our body are in various forms that include
carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogenous products like urea, ammonia,
and uric acid.

In addition to these, the chemicals and other toxic compounds from medications and hormonal
products are also produced. Simple diffusion is not sufficient to eliminate these wastes from our
body. We need more complex and specific processes in order to eliminate waste products.

Kidneys

Kidneys are bean-shaped structures located on either side of the backbone and are protected by the
ribs and muscles of the back. Each human adult kidney has a length of 10-12 cm, a width of 5-7 cm
and weighs around 120-170g. The kidneys have an inner concave structure. The blood vessels, ureter
and nerves enter the kidneys through the hilum, which is a notch at the inner concave surface of the
kidney. The renal pelvis, a large funnel-shaped space is present inner to the hilum, is has many
projections known as calyces.
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EXCRETION IN HUMANS

Nephrons

Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney. Each nephron has two parts- glomerulus and renal
tubule. Glomerulus consists of a bunch of capillaries formed by afferent arterioles. Blood from
glomerulus is carried away by efferent arterioles, The renal tubule starts with a cup-like structure
called Bowman’s capsule and this encloses the glomerulus. The Malpighian body consists of
glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule. The highly coiled structure in the tubule next to the Bowman’s
capsule is the proximal convoluted tubule.

Osmoregulation

Kidneys are responsible for maintaining the process of excretion and osmoregulation in humans.
Alongside the kidneys, there is a whole excretory system that is responsible for maintaining the
osmoregulation of the body. The kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra are a part of the
excretory system.
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LIFE PROCESSES
EXCRETION IN HUMANS

Osmoregulation meaning that it is the maintenance of the concentration of salts and water in the
body is known as osmoregulation. In different organisms, different organs are responsible for this
process.

Types of Osmoregulation

Osmoregulation is divided into two major types:

Osmoregulatory: Those organisms that strictly regulates their body osmolarity, and their overall
internal conditions stays same despite the osmotic condition of external environment, are known as
osmoregulatory. Mostly freshwater and marine organisms fall under this category.

Osmo conformer: Osmo conformer are those that adapt their body’s osmolarity according to the
outside environment. This may be done either actively or passively. Marine organisms are mostly
Osmo conformer.

Kidneys Failure & Technology for Survival

Our kidneys do many tasks that are essential for the proper running of the
human body. They are responsible for maintaining the balance in the body.
They eliminate wastes and also help control blood pressure.

But kidneys also can get damaged. When they are damaged, they cannot
perform their functions well. This then turns out to be a question of life and
death. If kidneys fail completely, it can lead to death. The waste products and excess
water get accumulated in the body, with no proper channel for elimination. When both
the kidneys fail, kidney transplantation and dialysis can be of help.

Dialysis

A kidney can filter 100-150 quarts of blood every day. If the kidneys are not functioning properly,
waste starts accumulating in the blood. This results in coma and even death.

To cure this, the patient is subjected to dialysis. Dialysis maintains the body balance in the following
ways:

• It controls blood pressure.

• It removes excess water and metabolic wastes from the body.
• Prevents chemicals such as potassium, bicarbonate and sodium from reaching hazardous
levels.
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EXCRETION IN HUMANS

Dialysis is done when a person is suffering from a critical kidney disorder – grave kidney damage or
previously severe renal failure. It is required when the kidney loses 90% of its efficiency and has a
glomerular filtration rate of less than 15. This treatment may continue for months or years since
most kidney failures are irreversible.

Principle of Dialysis

Dialysis involves the process of ultrafiltration of fluid through a semipermeable membrane and
concept of the dissipation of solutes. Diffusion is a characteristic of materials in water that has the
tendency to flow against a concentration gradient. Blood runs on one flank of the semi-permeable
film, and dialysate or distinct dialysis fluids flow on the opposite flank. A selectively permeable layer
is a skinny membrane of material that comprises pores of different sizes or holes.

Minor solutes and fluids flow through the layer, but the membrane stops the path of bigger
substances (for instance, large proteins, red blood cells). This imitates the filtering procedure that
happens in the kidneys when the blood moves into the kidneys and the bigger substances are divided
from the minor ones in the glomerulus. However, dialysis is not a permanent solution, instead, it
should be seen as a temporary alternative to substitute the kidney’s function until the kidney can
repair itself. But chronic kidney damage will rarely heal itself, the only solution being a kidney
transplant. Typically, patients have a longer life expectancy if they opt for a kidney transplant than
dialysis.
 Life Processes
DPP-01
[Topic: What are Life Processes?]

I. Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer from the given options.

1 The process by which organism takes nutrients is called

(a) Nutrition
(b) Respiration
(c) Photosynthesis
(d) Circulation

2 Which of the following is not a characteristic of an organism.

(a) They can grow
(b) They respond to changes in environment
(c) They release energy during respiration
(d) They do not need food, and water

3 Which of the following is a life process?

(a) Respiration
(b) Transportation
(c) Excretion
(d) All of these

4 Pseudopodia are:

(a) small hair-like structures present on unicellular organisms.

(b) false feet developed in some unicellular organisms.

(c) long, tube-like structures coming out of the mouth.

(d) suckers which are attached to the walls of the intestines.

II. Assertion-Reason Type Questions

For question numbers 1 and 2, two statements are given-one labeled as Assertion (A) and the other
labeled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (𝑎), (𝑏), (𝑐) and (𝑑)
as given ahead: (a) Both ' A ' and ' 𝑅 ' are true and ' R ' is correct explanation of the Assertion.

(b) Both 'A' and ' R ' are true but ' R ' is not correct explanation of the Assertion.

(c) ' A ' is true but ' R ' is false.

(d) ' 𝐴 ' is false but ' 𝑅 ' is true.

1 Assertion: Nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion, growth are essential processes for
our life.
 Life Processes
DPP-02
[Topic: Nutrition]

Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer from the given options.

1 The gas which is released during photosynthesis

(a) CO2
(b) O2
(c) N2
(d) SO2

2 Desert plant take up carbon dioxide during

(a) Day
(b) Night
(c) Either day or night
(d) Never take CO2

3 Protein is digested in which of the following organ.

(a) mouth
(b) stomach and small intestine
(c) large intestine
(d) stomach only

4 Which of the following statements about the autotrophs is incorrect?

(a) They synthesise carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight
and chlorophyll

(b) They store carbohydrates in the form of starch

(c) They convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates in the absence of sunlight

(d) They constitute the first trophic level in food chains

5 What is the mode of nutrition in fungi?

(a) Autotrophic
(b) Heterotrophic
(c) Saprophytic
(d) Parasitic

6 A plant is kept in the dark for two days. A leaf is used in an experiment to investigate the
effect of two factors on photosynthesis as shown in the diagram.
 Life Processes
DPP-03
[Topic: Respiration]

Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer from the given options.

1 The breakdown of food in cells to release energy is called

(a) Photosynthesis (b) Respiration
(c) Transpiration
(d) Digestion

2 The correct sequence of anaerobic reactions in yeast is

Cytoplasm mitochondria
(a) Glucose ⟶ Pyruvate ⟶ Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
Cytoplasm Cytoplasm
(b) Glucose ⟶ Pyruvate ⟶ Lactic acid
Cytoplasm mitochondria
(c) Glucose ⟶ Pyruvate ⟶ Lactic acid
Cytoplasm Cytoplasm
(d) Glucose ⟶ Pyruvate ⟶ Ethanol + Carbon dioxide

3 Which of the following is most appropriate for aerobic respiration?

mitochondria Cytoplasm
(a) Glucose ⟶ Pyruvate ⟶ CO2 + H2 O + Energy
Cytoplasm mitochondria
(b) Glucose ⟶ Pyruvate ⟶ CO2 + H2 O + Energy
Cytoplasm mitochondria
(c) Glucose ⟶ Pyruvate + Energy ⟶ CO2 + H2 O
Cytoplasm mitochondria
(d) Glucose ⟶ Pyruvate + Energy ⟶ CO2 + H2 O + Energy

4 Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true about respiration?

(I) During inhalation, ribs move inward and diaphragm is raised

(II) In the alveoli, exchange of gases takes place i.e., oxygen from alveolar air diffuses into
blood and carbon dioxide from blood into alveolar air

(III) Haemoglobin has greater affinity for carbon dioxide than oxygen

(IV) Alveoli increase surface area for exchange of gases

(a) (I) and (IV)
(b) (II) and (III)
(c) (I) and (III)
(d) (II) and (IV)

5 From which structure, the free oxygen gas produced during photosynthesis is released?
(a) Epidermis
(b) Stomata
(c) Cortex
(d) Guard Cells
 Life Processes
DPP-04
[Topic: Transportation]

Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer from the given options.

1 The blood plasma without fibrinogen is called

(a) serum
(b) bone marrow
(c) liquid tissue
(d) none of these.

2 The transport of water and minerals in plants is done by

(a) xylem
(b) hormone
(c) tissues
(d) chloroplast

3 Which of the following statement (s) is (are) true about heart?

(I) Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from different parts of body while right atrium
receives deoxygenated blood from lungs

(II) Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to different body parts while right ventricle
pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs

(III) Left atrium transfers oxygenated blood to right ventricle which sends it to different body
parts

(IV) Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body while left
ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to different parts of the body
(a) (I)
(b) (II)
(c) (II) and (IV)
(d) (I) and (III)

4 What prevents backflow of blood inside the heart during contraction?

(a) Valves in heart

(b) Thick muscular walls of ventricles

(c) Thin walls of atria

(d) All of the above

5 Which one of the following statements is correct about the human circulatory system?
(a) Blood transports only oxygen and not carbon dioxide.
 Life Processes
DPP-05
[Topic: Excretion]

Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer from the given options.

1 The filtration units of kidneys are called

(a) Ureter
(b) Urethra
(c) Neurons
(d) Nephrons

2 Urine is produced in
(a) Kidney
(b) Urethra
(c) Ureter
(d) Urinary bladder

3 The artificial process of removing waste products from blood is called

(a) Filtration
(b) Dialysis
(c) Osmosis
(d) Transportation

4 The excess of water from plants is removed by

(a) perspiration
(b) transpiration
(c) evaporation
(d) distillation

5 In the excretory system of human beings, some substances in the initial filtrate such as
glucose, amino acids, salts and water are selectively reabsorbed in
(a) Urethra
(b) Nephron
(c) Ureter
(d) Urinary bladder

6 The diagram represents a section through the small intestine. What is the role of the structure
labelled X ?

(a) They help to move the food along

 PYQ

Life Processes

5.2 Nutrition

MCQ
1. Opening and closing of stomata is due to
(a) high pressure of gases inside the cells

(b) movement of water in and out of the guard cells

(c) stimulus of light in the guard cells

(d) diffusion of CO2 in and out of the guard cells.

(2023)

2. Assertion (𝐴) : The inner walls of the small intestine have finger like projections called villi which
are rich in blood.
Reason (R) : These villi have a large surface area to help the small intestine in completing the
digestion of food.

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.

(d) (A) is false but ( 𝑅 ) is true.

(2023)

3. Water in the root enters due to

(a) the function of the root to absorb water

(b) difference in the concentration of ions between the root and the soil

(c) excess water present in the soil

(d) diffusion of water in the roots.

(2023)

4. In human alimentary canal, the specific enzyme/ juice secreted in locations (i), (ii) and (iii) are
(a) (i) Amylase
(ii) Pepsin
(iii) Bile

(b) (i) Amylase

(ii) Bile

(c) (i) Lipase

(ii) Amylase
(iii) Trypsin

(d) (i) Trypsin

(ii) Bile
(iii) Pepsin
(iii) Amylase.

(Term I, 2021-22)

5. In the following flow chart showing autotrophic nutrition in green plants, 𝐴 and 𝐵 respectively are

(a) oxygen and energy

(b) starch and oxygen
 (c) energy and starch
(d) oxygen and water.

(Term I, 2021-22)

6. Read the following and answer the questions from 6(i) to 6(iv).
Take a healthy potted plant with elongated leaves. Select a leaf and insert about one half of this leaf
in a test tube containing KOH and make it air tight. Place the set-up in sun for two hours. Take out the
leaf from the test tube and dip it in boiling water for a few minutes. Put this leaf in a beaker with
alcohol and boil it in a water bath. Wash the leaf with water and then dip the leaf in iodine solution
for a few minutes. The portion of the leaf dipped in KOH solution will not show any change when
dipped in iodine solution.

(i) The function of KOH taken in the test tube is to absorb

(a) released water vapours

(b) released CO2

(c) released O2

(d) chlorophyll.

(ii) On the basis of this activity, we may conclude that the factor for photosynthesis is
(a) carbon dioxide
(b) oxygen
(c) chlorophyll
(d) water vapour.

(iii) The event that does not occur in photosynthesis is

(a) absorption of light energy by chlorophyll

(b) reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates

(c) oxidation of carbon to carbon dioxide

(d) conversion of light energy to chemical energy.

 (iv) lodine solution gives blue-black colour with
(a) starch
(b) proteins
(c) glucose
(d) fats.

(Term I, 2021-22)

7. The correct statements with reference to single celled organisms are

(i) complex substances are not broken down into simpler substances

(ii) simple diffusion is sufficient to meet the requirement of exchange of gases

(iii) specialised tissues perform different functions in the organism

(iv) entire surface of the organism is in contact with the environment for taking in food.
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (iv).

(Term I, 2021-22)

8. Which one of the following conditions is true for the state of stomata of a green leaf shown in the
given diagram?

(a) Large amount of water flows into the guard cells.

(b) Gaseous exchange is occurring in large amount.

(c) Large amount of water flows out from the guard cells.

(d) Large amount of sugar collects in the guard cells.

(Term I, 2021-22)

9. Assertion (A) : Nitrogen is an essential element for plant growth and is taken up by plants in the form
of inorganic nitrates or nitrites.
 Reason (R) : The soil is the nearest and richest source of raw materials like nitrogen, phosphorus and
other minerals for the plants.

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(b) Both (𝐴) and (𝑅) are true but (𝑅) is not the correct explanation of (A).

(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.

(d) (A) is false, but ( 𝑅 ) is true.

(Term I, 2021-22)

10. A student was asked to write a stepwise procedure to demonstrate that carbon dioxide is necessary for
photosynthesis. He wrote the following steps. The wrongly worded step is

(a)

(b)

(a) both potted plants are kept in dark room for at least three days

(b) bottom of the bell jars is sealed to make them air tight

(c) both potted plants are kept in sunlight after the starch test

(d) a leaf from both the plants is taken to test the presence of starch.
 (Term I, 2021-22)

11. The length of small intestine in a deer is more as compared to the length of small intestine of a tiger.
The reason for this is
(a) mode of intake of food

(b) type of food consumed

(c) presence or absence of villi in intestines

(d) presence or absence of digestive enzymes.

(Term I, 2021-22)

12. Most of the digestion and absorption of the food takes place in the
(a) small intestine
(b) liver
(c) stomach
(d) large intestine.
(2020)

VSA (1 mark)
13. Name an enzyme present in pancreatic juice.
(2019 C)

14. What causes movement of food inside the alimentary canal in human beings?
(2019 C)

15. Mention the raw materials required for photosynthesis.

(NCERT, Board Term I, 2016)

16. State the location and function of gastric glands.

(Board Term I, 2014)

SAI (2 marks)
17. Two green plants are kept separately in oxygen free containers, one in the dark and other in sunlight.
It was observed that plant kept in dark could not survive longer. Give reason for this observation.
(2023)

18. List the events in proper sequence that takes place during the process of photosynthesis. (2023) R
19. Name the glands present in the wall of the stomach that release secretions for digestion of food. Write
the three components of secretion that are released by these glands.

(Board Term I, 2014)

SA II (3 marks)
20. (i) How does Paramecium obtain its food?
(ii) List the role of each of the following in our digestive system :

(a) Hydrochloric acid

(b) Trypsin

(c) Muscular walls of stomach

(d) Salivary amylase

(2023)

21. (a) With the help of an activity, explain the action of saliva on the food we eat.
(b) Why is bile juice important in the process of digestion?

(2023)

22. In the human body the site of absorption of digested food is the small intestine. How is the process of
absorption carried out and why is absorption of digested food necessary?
(2020 C)

23. Complete the following flow chart as per the given instructions.

(2020)

24. (a) State the role played by the following in the process of digestion:
(i) Enzyme trypsin

(ii) Enzyme lipase

(b) List two functions of finger-like projections present in the small intestine.
 (2020)

25. (a) Write the function of the following in the human alimentary canal :
(i) Saliva

(ii) HCl in stomach

(iii) Bile juice

(iv) Villi

(b) Write one function each of the following enzymes:

(i) Pepsin

(ii) Lipase

(2019)

26. Explain the significance of photosynthesis. Write the balanced chemical equation involved in the
process.
(Board Term I, 2017)

27. Differentiate between autotrophs and heterotrophs and give one example of each.
(NCERT Exemplar, Board Term I, 2017)

28. Explain with the help of neat and well labelled diagrams the different steps involved in nutrition in
Amoeba.
(Board Term I, 2015)

LA (5 marks)

29. (a) Why is nutrition necessary for the human body?

(b) What causes movement of food inside the alimentary canal?

(c) Why is small intestine in herbivores longer than in carnivores?

(d) What will happen if mucus is not secreted by the gastric glands? (NCERT Exemplar, 2020)

30. (a) State the form in which the following are stored:
(i) Unused carbohydrates in plants.

(ii) The energy derived from food in humans.

(b) Describe the process of nutrition in Amoeba with the help of diagram.
 (NCERT Exemplar, Board Term I, 2016)

5.3 Respiration

MCQ
31. As compared to terrestrial organisms, the rate of breathing in aquatic organism is
(a) faster because they need more oxygen for their survival

(b) faster because the amount of dissolved oxygen in water is fairly low

(c) slower because the amount of dissolved oxygen in water is fairly low

(d) slower because the capacity of water of dissolving atmospheric air is limited (2023) (U)

32. The sequence of anaerobic respiration in our muscle cells during heavy exercise is

Lactic acid + Energy

Mitochondria
(b) Glucose ⟶ Pyruvate Muscle cells ⟶ Carbon dioxide + Water
Cytoplasm Muscle cells
(c) Glucose ⟶ Pyruvate ⟶ Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
Mitochondria
(d) Glucose ⟶ Pyruvate Muscle cells ⟶ Ethanol + Lactic acid.

(Term I, 2021-22)

33. The energy released during cellular respiration is used to synthesise

(a) ribosomes
(c) ATP
(b) RBC
(d) mitochondria.
(Term I, 2021-22)

34. Which of the following statements are correct in reference to the role of 𝐴 (shown in the given
diagram) during a breathing cycle in human beings?
 (i) It helps to decrease the residual volume of air in lungs.

(ii) If flattens as we inhale.

(iii) It gets raised as we inhale.

(iv) It helps the chest cavity to become larger.

(a) (ii) and (iv)
(b) (iii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (ii)
(d) (i), (ii) and (iv)

(Term I, 2021-22)

35. Assertion (A) : The rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much slower than that seen in terrestrial
organisms.
Reason (R) : The amount of oxygen dissolved in water is very low as compared to the amount of
oxygen in air.

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(b) Both (𝐴) and (𝑅) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

(c) (A) is true, but ( 𝑅 ) is false.

(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

(Term I, 2021-22)

36. Assertion (A) : In human beings, when air is taken into the body through the nostrils and passed
through the throat, the air passage does not collapse.
Reason (R) : Rings of cartilage present in the throat ensure that the air passage does not collapse.

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
 (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.

(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

(2021C)

37. The function of the lining of mucus in the nasal passage of human beings is to
(a) increase the temperature of inhaled air

(b) move the air in and out

(c) filter the air that we breathe in

(d) absorb oxygen from the air.

(Term I, 2021-22)

38. In living organisms during respiration which of the following products are not formed if oxygen is
not available?
(a) Carbon dioxide + Water

(b) Carbon dioxide + Alcohol

(c) Lactic acid + Alcohol

(d) Carbon dioxide + Lactic Acid

(Term I, 2021-22)

39. Respiratory structures of two different animals-a fish and a human being are shown.
Observe (A) and (B) and select one characteristic that holds true for both of them.

(a) Both are placed internally in the body of animal.

(b) Both have thin and moist surface for gaseous exchange.

(c) Both are poorly supplied with blood vessels to conserve energy.

(d) In both the blood returns to the heart after being oxygenated.
 (Term I, 2021-22)

40. Observe the diagram of an activity given below. What does it help to conclude, when the person
exhales into the test-tube?

(a) Percentage of carbon dioxide is more in inhaled air.

(b) Fermentation occurs in the presence of oxygen.

(c) Percentage of carbon dioxide is more in the exhaled air.

(d) Fermentation occurs in the presence of carbon dioxide.

(Term I, 2021-22)

41. Anaerobic process

(a) takes place in yeast during fermentation

(b) takes place in the presence of oxygen

(c) produces only energy in the muscles of human beings

(d) produces ethanol, oxygen and energy.

(2020)

VSA (1 mark)
42. Diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen requirement of multicellular organisms like human. State
reason.
(NCERT, Board Term I, 2017)

SA I (2 marks)
43. Write two different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in human body. Write the
products formed in each case.
(Delhi 2019)
 SA II (3 marks)
44. (a) In the process of respiration, state the function of alveoli.
(b) Rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that in terrestrial organisms. Give
reasons.

(c) Complete the following pathway showing the breakdown of glucose.

(2020)

45. Explain the ways in which glucose is broken down in absence or shortage of oxygen.
(2019)

46. Write three points of difference between breathing and respiration.

(Board Term I, 2016)

47. Draw a flow chart to show the breakdown of glucose by various pathways.
(NCERT Exemplar, Board Term I, 2016)

48. Write three points of difference between respiration in plants and respiration in animals.
(Board Term I, 2014)

LA (5 marks)

49. (a) Why is there a difference in the rate of breathing between aquatic organisms and terrestrial
organisms? Explain.
(b) Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label - pharynx, trachea, lungs, diaphragm and
alveolar sac on it.

(2020)

50. In the experimental set up to show that " CO2 is given out during respiration", name the substance
taken in the small test tube kept in the conical flask. State its function and the consequence of its use.
(2019)

51. (a) State reasons for the following:

(i) Herbivores need a longer small intestine while carnivores have shorter small intestine.
 (ii) The lungs are designed in human beings to maximise the area for exchange of gases.

(b) The rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that seen in terrestrial organisms.
(NCERT Exemplar, Board Term I, 2016)

52. Draw a flow chart showing the three different pathways involved in the breakdown of glucose in
different organisms. Name the respiratory pigment present in human beings. State the function of
rings of cartilage present in our throat.
(NCERT Exemplar, Board Term I, 2015)

5.4 Transportation
MCQ

53. Observe the following diagram and identify the process and its significance from the following
options:

(a) Evaporation : maintains water contents in leaf cells.

(b) Transpiration : creates a suction force which pulls water inside the plant.

(c) Excretion : helps in excreting out waste water from the plant.

(d) Translocation: helps in transporting materials from one cell to another.

(2023)

54. The process in which loss of water in the form of vapours from the aerial parts of plants takes place is
𝑋, which helps in 𝑌. Here, 𝑋 and 𝑌 respectively are
(a) transpiration and photosynthesis

(b) transpiration and temperature regulation

(c) translocation and movement of soluble products of photosynthesis in phloem

(d) translocation and absorption of water and minerals from soil by roots.

(2023)
55. Assertion (A) : The walls of atria are thicker than those of the ventricles.
Reason (R) : Ventricles have to pump blood into various organs at high pressure.

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A)

(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (𝑅) is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A)

(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason ( 𝑅 ) is false.

(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

(2023)

56. Study the following and answer any four questions from 56 (i) to 56(v) :
Visible movements only cannot be the defining characteristic of life. Molecular movements which
are invisible to the naked eye are necessary for life. Viruses are said to be living as they also show
molecular movements but only when they are inside a living cell. Living organisms are organised
structures. They must keep repairing
and maintaining their structures. Maintenance of an organism is the collection of processes like
nutrition, respiration, etc. In absence of any one of these, life would be difficult. To remain alive,
chemical energy is needed by the living organism to perform vital process. It provides energy to (a)
maintain life processes, (b) produce molecules for repair of worn out cells, and (c) for the growth of
the body.

(i) Viruses show molecular movements when they are

(a) in crystalline form

(b) inside a dead material

(c) in air

(d) in the body of a living organism.

(ii) The process which involves intake of O2 from outside and breaking down of nutrient molecules to
produce energy is called
(a) excretion
(b) nutrition
(c) respiration
(d) reproduction.

(iii) Which one of the following statements is incorrect?

Energy is needed by a living organism to

 (a) maintain life processes

(b) grow

(c) repair worn out tissues of the body

(d) synthesise waste materials.

(iv) The type of nutrition found in green plants is

(a) autotrophic
(b) heterotrophic
(c) parasitic
(d) holozoic.

(v) The function of the circulatory system of human beings is to transport

(a) food
(c) waste material
(b) oxygen
(d) all of the above.

(2021C)

57. The separation of the right side and the left side of heart is useful to
(a) keep oxygenated blood from mixing with deoxygenated blood

(b) allow a slow supply of oxygen in the body

(c) supply energy to animals with low energy needs

(d) often change their body temperature.

(Term I, 2021-22)

58. In spring, sugar stored in root or stem tissue of plants is transported to the buds for
(a) the energy needs of the buds to grow

(b) temperature regulation

(c) balancing the storage in different organs

(d) diffusion process.

(Term I, 2021-22)

59. Upward movement of water in tall trees is due to

(a) translocation
(c) photosynthesis
 (b) excretion
(d) transpiration.
(Term I, 2021-22)

60. Thin walled blood vessels are called

(a) aorta
(c) arteries
(b) capillaries
(d) vena cava.
(Term I, 2021-22)

61. Consider the following statements in connection with the functions of the blood vessels marked 𝐴
and 𝐵 in the diagram of a human heart as shown.

(i) Blood vessel A - It carries carbon dioxide rich blood to the lungs.

(ii) Blood vessel B - It carries oxygen rich blood from the lungs.

(iii) Blood vessel B - Left atrium relaxes as it receives blood from this blood vessel.

(iv) Blood vessel A - Right atrium has thick muscular wall as it has to pump blood to this blood
vessel.

The correct statements are

(a) (i) and (ii) only
(b) (ii) and (iii) only
(c) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i), (ii) and (iii).

(Term I, 2021-22)

62. Identify the two components of phloem tissue that help in transportation of food in plants.
(a) Phloem parenchyma and sieve tubes

(b) Sieve tubes and companion cells

 (c) Phloem parenchyma and companion cells

(d) Phloem fibres and sieve tubes

(Term I, 2021-22)

63. Which one of the following statements is correct about the human circulatory system?
(a) Blood transports only oxygen and not carbon dioxide.

(b) Human heart has five chambers.

(c) Valves ensure that the blood does not flow backwards.

(d) Both oxygen-rich and oxygen-deficient blood gets mixed in the heart.

(2020)

VSA (1 mark)
64. Name the vein which brings blood to left atrium from the lungs.
(Board Term I, 2017)

65. Define translocation in reference to plants.

(Board Term I, 2016)

SA I (2 marks)
66. What is the other name of 'tissue fluid'? Write its two functions.
(2023)

67. What will happen if:

(a) Xylem tissue in a plant is removed?

(b) We are injured and start bleeding?

(2023)

SA II (3 marks)

68. (i) What is double circulation?

(ii) Why is the separation of the right side and the left side of the heart useful? How does it help birds
and mammals?

(2023)
69. (a) List in tabular form two differentiating features between xylem and phloem.
(b) Write two advantages of transpiration in plants.

(2019 C)

70. Write three types of blood vessels. Give one important feature of each.
(Delhi 2019)

71. (a) Write two water conducting tissues present in plants. How does water enter continuously into the
root xylem?
(b) Explain why plants have low energy needs as compared to animals.

(Al 2019)

72. List four functions of the human heart. Why is double circulation necessary in the human body?
(2019)

73. Explain how the translocation of materials in phloem tissue in plants is achieved by utilising energy.
(NCERT, Board Term I, 2017)

74. What do the following transport?

(i) Xylem

(ii) Phloem

(iii) Pulmonary vein

(iv) Vena cava

(v) Pulmonary artery

(vi) Aorta

(Board Term I, 2014)

75. Explain giving any three reasons the significance of transpiration in plants.
(NCERT Exemplar, Board Term I, 2014)

LA (5 marks)
76. (i) Plants absorb water from the soil. Explain how it is taken up and transported from the soil.
(ii) "When we are injured and start bleeding, it requires the loss of blood from the system to be
minimised." What will happen if the blood loss is not stopped? Is there anything the system would do
on its own to prevent the loss?
 (2021C)

77. Give reasons:

(a) Ventricles have thicker muscular walls than atria.

(b) Transport system in plants is slow. (c) Circulation of blood in aquatic vertebrates differs from that
in terrestrial vertebrates.

(d) During the daytime, water and minerals travel faster through xylem as compared to the night.

(e) Veins have valves whereas arteries do not.

(2020)

78. (a) "Blood circulation in fishes is different from the blood circulation in human beings". Justify the
statement.
(b) Describe "blood circulation" in human beings.

(NCERT, 2020)

79. (a) Mention any two components of blood.

(b) Trace the movement of oxygenated blood in the body.

(c) Write the function of valves present in between atria and ventricles.

(d) Write one structural difference between the composition of artery and veins.

(2018)

5.5 Excretion

MCQ
80. In the given diagram, 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷 respectively are

(a) A - Left kidney ; B - Aorta; C - Vena cava; D - Urethra

 (b) A - Left kidney; B - Vena cava; C - Aorta; D - Urinary bladder

(c) A - Right kidney ; B - Aorta; C - Ureter; D - Urethra

(d) A - Right kidney; B - Vena cava; C - Aorta; D - Urinary bladder

(Term I, 2021-22)

81. Which one among the following is not removed as a waste product from the body of a plant?
(a) Resins and gums
(b) Urea
(c) Dry leaves
(d) Excess water
(Term I, 2021-22)

82. Read the following and answer the questions from 82 (i) to 82(iv).
The figure shown below represents a common type of dialysis called as haemodialysis. It removes
waste products from the blood, such as excess salts, and urea which are insufficiently removed by the
kidney in patients with kidney failure. During the procedure, the patient's blood is cleaned by
filtration through a series of semi-permeable membranes before being returned to the blood of the
patient. On the basis of this answer the following questions.

(i) The haemodialyser has semi-permeable lining of tubes which help

(a) to maintain osmotic pressure of blood

(b) to filter nitrogenous wastes from the dialysing solution

(c) in passing the waste products in the dialysing solution

 (d) to pump purified blood back into the body of the patient.

(ii) Which one of the following is not a function of artificial kidney?

(a) To remove nitrogenous wastes from the blood.

(b) To remove excess fluids from the blood.

(c) To reabsorb essential nutrients from the blood.

(d) To filter and purify the blood.

(iii) The 'used dialysing' solution is rich in

(a) urea and excess salts (b)
(b) blood cells
(c) lymph
(d) proteins.

(iv) Which part of the nephron in human kidney, serves the function of reabsorption of certain
substances?
(a) Glomerulus
(b) Bowman's Capsule
(c) Tubules
(d) Collecting duct

(Term I, 2021-22)

SA I (2 marks)

83. Write one specific function of each of the following organs in relation with excretion in human
beings:
(i) Renal Artery

(ii) Urethra (iii) Glomerulus

(iv) Tubular part of nephron

(2023)

84. Explain in brief two ways by which leaves of a plant help in excretion.
(2023)

SA II (3 marks)

85. (a) Define the term excretion. Why should animals excrete waste matter?
(b) Name the main excretory organ of human beings and state the form in which the excretory matter
is thrown out of the body?
 (2019 C)

86. Draw a diagram of human excretory system and label kidneys, ureters on it.
(Board Term I, 2017)

OR

Draw a neat diagram of excretory system of human beings and label on it:

(i) Left kidney

(ii) Urinary bladder.

(Board Term I, 2016)

87. Describe the structure and function of nephron with the help of diagram.
(NCERT Intext, Board Term I, 2014)

LA (5 marks)

88. (a) Describe the structure and function of the basic filtering unit of kidney.
(b) List two factors on which reabsorption of water from urine depends.

(2020)

89. (a) Name the organs that form the excretory system in human beings.
(b) Describe in brief how urine is produced in human body.

(NCERT Exemplar, 2020)

90. (a) Define excretion.

(b) Name the basic filtration unit present in the kidney.

(c) Draw excretory system in human beings and label the following organs of excretory system which
perform following functions:

(i) form urine

(ii) is a long tube which collects urine from kidney

(iii) store urine until it is passed out.

(2018)

91. (a) Draw a neat diagram of the human excretory system and label following parts:
(i) Urethra
(ii) Kidney

(iii) Ureter

(iv) Urinary bladder

(b) What are nephrons? How is a nephron involved in the filtration of blood and formation of urine?

(Board Term I, 2015)

 (b) They make a large surface area for absorption

(c) They protect against bacteria

(d) They move mucus over the surface

7 When a person eats some egg white, proteins and water enter the stomach. Which substances
are found leaving the stomach and leaving the small intestine?

Leaving the Stomach Leaving the Small Intestine

(a) Amino acids and water Amino acids and water

(b) Fatty acids, glycerol and water Fatty acids, glycerol and water

(c) Protein and water Fatty acids and glycerol

(d) Protein, amino acids and water Water

8 In the figure given along side, the structures associated with human kidneys are marked ( X, Y
and Z ). The relative concentrations of urea in these structures is

(a) X is sometimes higher than Y

(b) Y is always higher than Z
(c) Y is always lower than Z
(d) Z is sometimes lower than X

9. The diagram given below represents the liver, kidney and some associated blood vessels. Identify
the vessel from the labelled parts A-D in which the blood will contain the lowest concentration of
urea.
 (a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D

10 Figure given below is representing the dialysis machine for removing nitrogenous wastes in
patient with a kidney failure.
Which substances out of the following in the dialysis fluid should be at a lower concentration
than in the blood of patient?

(a) Glucose and urea

(b) Glucose and amino acids

(c) Salts and urea

(d) Glucose and salts

11 Observe the figure given below which represents the control of water concentration in the
blood.
This is negative feedback system because

(a) It decreases the amount of water in the blood

 (b) It increases any change occurring in the amount of water in the blood

(c) It reverses any change occurring in the amount of water in the blood

(d) It increases the amount of water in the blood

12 The diagram given below shows the human excretory system. Identify the function of part
labelled as X.

(a) To excrete urea

(b) To produce urea
(c) To produce urine
(d) To store urine

13 Which substances will be present in the glomerular filtrate from the kidneys of a mammal?

II. Assertion-Reason Type Questions

For question numbers 1 to 9 , two statements are given-one labeled as Assertion (A) and the other
labeled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (𝑎), (𝑏), (𝑐) and (𝑑)
as given below:

(a) Both ' 𝐴 ' and ' 𝑅 ' are true and ' 𝑅 ' is correct explanation of the Assertion.

(b) Both ' A ' and ' R ' are true but ' R ' is not correct explanation of the Assertion.

(c) ' 𝐴 ' is true but ' 𝑅 ' is false.

(d) ' A ' is false but ' R ' is true.

 1 Assertion: The amount of urine produced depends upon the amount of excess water and
dissolved wastes in our body.
Reason: Urine contains uric acid. ADH is Antidiuretic hormone.

2 Assertion: Hemodialysis is done by artificial kidney in case of kidney failure.

Reason: Kidneys are vital organs for survival but one kidney can serve the purpose.

3 Assertion: Egestion is the removal of nitrogenous waste products from the body.
Reason: Excretion is the discharge of undigested matter from the digestive tract.

4 Assertion: Excretory unit of kidney is nephrons.

Reason: It has no role in secretion of urine.

5 Assertion: Artificial kidney is a device used to remove nitrogenous waste products from the
blood through dialysis.
Reason: Reabsorption does not occur in artificial kidney.

6 Assertion: The main organ of human excretory system is kidney.

Reason: Kidneys perform the function of removing excess water and nitrogenous wastes from the
body.

7 Assertion: Human body produces highly toxic substances, which if not eliminated may cause
the death.
Reason: Excretory substance removes nitrogenous waste from the body

8 Assertion: Plants lack excretory organs.

Reason: Plants usually absorb essential nutrients.

9 Assertion: Plants excrete various waste products during their life processes.
Reason: They produce urea just like humans.
 Answers
I. 1. (d) Nephrons

2 (a) Kidney

3 (b) Dialysis

4 (b) transpiration

5 (b) Nephron

6 (b) They make a large surface area for absorption

7 (d) Protein, amino acids and water, Water

8 (c) Y is always lower than Z

9 (c) C

10 (c) Salts and urea

11 (c) It reverses any change occurring in the amount of water in the blood

12 (d) To store urine

13 (c) Present, Absent, Present

II. 1. (b) Both ' 𝐴 ' and ' 𝑅 ' are true but ' 𝑅 ' is not correct explanation of the Assertion.

2 (b) Both ' A ' and ' 𝑅 ' are true but ' 𝑅 ' is not correct explanation of the Assertion.

3 (e) Both Assertion and Reason are false.

Egestion is the discharge of undigested matter from the digestive tract via anus. While,
excretion is the removal of nitrogenous waste products from the body. Thus, both Assertion
and Reason are false

4. (c) ' 𝐴 ' is true but ' 𝑅 ' is false.

Nephrons are the basic filtration unit of kidneys. They carry out filtration, selective
reabsorption and tubular secretion to from urine in kidney, which is then passed out through
the urethra, via the ureters and urinary bladder.

5 (b) Both 'A' and ' 𝑅 ' are true but ' 𝑅 ' is not correct explanation of the Assertion. Artificial
kidney is a device used to remove nitrogenous waste products from the blood through
dialysis. The process of reabsorption does not occur in artificial kidney.

6 (a) Both ' 𝐴 ' and ' 𝑅 ' are true and ' 𝑅 ' is correct explanation of the Assertion.

7 (b) Both ' 𝐴 ' and ' 𝑅 ' are true but ' 𝑅 ' is not correct explanation of the Assertion.
 The biological process which involves the removal of harmful metabolic wastes from the
body is called excretion. If these harmful wastes are not removed from the body, then it may
cause the death of the organisms.

8 (b) Both ' A ' and ' R ' are true but ' R ' is not correct explanation of the Assertion.

9 (c) ' 𝐴 ' is true but ' R ' is false.

Like human beings and other organisms, plants also excrete various waste products during
their life processes. The waste products include gums, CO2 , O2 , resins, rubber, etc.

Urea is produced in humans liver and excreted in the form of urine through urethra. Plants do
not produce urea.
 (b) Human heart has five chambers.

(c) Valves ensure that the blood does not flow backwards.

(d) Both oxygen rich and oxygen deficient blood gets mixed up in the heart.

6 Blood vessel carry blood from lungs to heart through

(a) Pulmonary artery

(b) Pulmonary vein

(c) Coronary artery

(d) None of these

7 During vigorous physical exercise, lactic acid is formed from glucose inside the muscle cells
because
(a) there is lack of oxygen
(b) there is lack of water
(c) there is excess of carbon dioxide
(d) none of the above
8 The following changes take place in an athlete's body during a 100 m race. Which change
occurs first?
(a) Increased availability of oxygen to muscles

(b) Increased breathing rate

(c) Increased carbon dioxide concentration in the blood

(d) Increased production of carbon dioxide by muscles

9 The diagram shows part of the human gas exchange system.

What are W, X, Y and Z ?

Bronchus Bronchiole Larynx Trachea

(a) W X Z Y
 (b) X Z Y W

(c) Y W X Z

(d) Z Y W X

10 The diagram shows the ribs and some of the muscles used in breathing.

Which muscles relax in moving from position 𝑋 to position 𝑌 ?

Diaphram External Intercostals

(a) No No

(b) No Yes

(c) Yes No

(d) Yes Yes

11 The diagram shows a vertical section through the heart.

What are the functions of the numbered blood vessels?

12 The table shows the characteristics of blood in one blood vessel of the body.
Oxygen Carbon dioxide
Pressure
concentration concentration

High Low High

Which blood vessel contains blood with these characteristics?

(a) Aorta
(b) Pulmonary artery
(c) Pulmonary vein
(d) Vena cava

13 An experiment is set up as shown. Flasks 1 and 2 contain lime water. Air is pumped through
the flasks.

What is the appearance of lime water in flasks 1 and 2 after a period of ten minutes?

Flask 1 Flask 2

(a) White White

(b) White Clear

(c) Clear White

(d) Clear Clear

Assertion-Reason Type Questions
For question numbers 1 to 9 two statements are given-one labeled as Assertion (A) and the other
labeled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (𝑎), (𝑏), (𝑐) and (𝑑)
as given below:

(a) Both ' A ' and ' R ' are true and ' R ' is correct explanation of the Assertion.

(b) Both 'A' and ' 𝑅 ' are true but ' R ' is not correct explanation of the Assertion.

(c) ' 𝐴 ' is true but ' 𝑅 ' is false.

(d) ' A ' is false but ' R ' is true.

1 Assertion: Transpiration is essential for plants.

Reason: It helps in regulating temperature of the plant as transpiration (evaporation) cause cooling. 2.
Assertion: Blood consists of a fluid medium called plasma in which RBC, WBC and other cells are
present.

Reason: Plasma transports food, CO2 and nitrogeneous wastes in dissolved form.

3 Assertion: In the daytime, CO2 generated during respiration is used up for photosynthesis.
Reason: There is no CO2 release during day.

4 Assertion: Translocation of sugar occurs through the phloem.

Reason: It is achieved by diffusion of sugars through phloem.

5 Assertion: In human heart, there is no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Reason: Valves are present in the heart which allows the movement of blood in one direction only.

6 Assertion: Blood pressure is arterial blood pressure.

Reason: It is measured by sphygmomanometer.

7 Assertion: Haemoglobin is the respiratory pigment in human beings.

Reason: It transports oxygen in the human body.

8 Assertion: Blood of insects is colourless.

Reason: The blood of insect does not play any role in transport of oxygen.

9 Assertion: All the arteries (except pulmonary artery) carry oxygenated blood from the heart
to various organs.
Reason: Pulmonary vein carries deoxygenated blood to the heart.
 Answers
I. 1. (a) It is called serum

2 (a) Xylem helps in transport of water and minerals in plants.

3 (c) (ii) and (iii) are true 4. (a) Valves in heart prevent back flow of blood.

4 (c) Valves ensure that the blood does not flow backwards.

6. (b) Pulmonary vein 7. (a) There is lack of oxygen

8 (d) Increased production of carbon dioxide by muscles.

9 (d) Z, Y, W, X

10 (d) Yes, Yes

11 (d) 3,1,4,2

12 (a) Aorta

13 (c) Clear, White/Cloudy

II. 1. (a) Both ' 𝐴 ' and ' 𝑅 ' are true and ' 𝑅 ' is correct explanation of the Assertion.

2 (b) Both ' 𝐴 ' and ' R ' are true but ' R ' is not correct explanation of the Assertion.

3 (a) Both ' A ' and ' R ' are true and ' R ' is correct explanation of the Assertion.

In night, dark reaction of photosynthesis occurs, in which the products of light reaction, i.e. CO2 ,
ATP, NADPH and H2 O are utilised. CO2 is reduced for the production of carbohydrates.

4 (c) ' 𝐴 ' is true but ' 𝑅 ' is false.

The transport or movement of soluble products (sugar) of photosynthesis from leaves to other parts
of the plant is termed as translocation. It occurs in the part of vascular tissue known as phloem. The
tanslocation in phloem is mainly achieved by utilising energy by expenditure of ATP.

5 (b) Both ' A ' and ' R ' are true but ' R ' is not correct explanation of the Assertion.
There is no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood due to presence of interauricular and
interventricular septum. On the other hand, valves are present in the heart which allows the
movement of blood in one direction only. 6. (b) Both ' A ' and ' R ' are true but ' R ' is not correct
explanation of the Assertion.

7 (a) Both 'A' and ' R ' are true and ' R ' is correct explanation of the Assertion.

8 (b) Both ' 𝐴 ' and ' 𝑅 ' are true but ' 𝑅 ' is not correct explanation of the Assertion.

9 (c) ' 𝐴 ' is true but ' 𝑅 ' is false.

 6 Which substances are produced by anaerobic respiration in yeast?

Key ✓ = produced, 𝑋 = not produced

II. Assertion-Reason Type Questions

For question numbers 1 to 6, two statements are given-one labeled as Assertion (A) and the other
labeled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (𝑎), (𝑏), (𝑐) and (𝑑)
as given below:

(a) Both ' 𝐴 ' and ' 𝑅 ' are true and ' 𝑅 ' is correct explanation of the Assertion.

(b) Both ' A ' and ' R ' are true but ' R ' is not correct explanation of the Assertion.

(c) ' 𝐴 ' is true but ' 𝑅 ' is false.

(d) ' 𝐴 ' is false but ' 𝑅 ' is true.

1 Assertion: Alveoli is designed to maximise the exchange of gases.

Reason: The walls of alveoli have extensive network of blood vessels which help in exchange of
gases.

2 Assertion: If mucus is not secreted by gastric glands, inner lining of stomach may get
damaged.
Reason: HCl is secreted by gastric glands in stomach.

3 Assertion: Lungs always contain a residual volume of air.

Reason: It provides sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for carbon dioxide to be released.

4 Assertion: Energy is used during the process of respiration.

Reason: Respiration stores energy in the form of ATP.

5 Assertion: In woody plants, gaseous exchange occurs through lenticels.

Reason: Lenticels are specialised cells found along with stomata on the stem of woody plants.

6 Assertion: Respiration is a biochemical process opposite to photosynthesis.

Reason: Energy is released during respiration.
Answers
I. 1. (b) Respiration

2 (d) Pyruvate is formed as intermediate which gets converted into ethanol and CO2 in absence
of oxygen.

3 (d) Glucose gets oxidised to CO2 and H2 O in presence oxygen.

4 (d) (II) and (IV) are correct statements

5 (b) Stomata

6 (a) ✓, ✓,×,×

II. 1. (a) Both ' 𝐴 ' and ' 𝑅 ' are true and ' 𝑅 ' is correct explanation of the Assertion.

2 (b) Both ' 𝐴 ' and ' 𝑅 ' are true but ' 𝑅 ' is not correct explanation of the Assertion. 3. (a) Both '
A ' and ' 𝑅 ' are true and ' 𝑅 ' is correct explanation of the Assertion.

3 (d) 'A' is false but ' 𝑅 ' is true.

Respiration involves the oxidation of glucose inside the mitochondria to produce energy,
which is stored in the high energy bonds of ATP molecules as biologically useful energy.

5 (c) ' A ' is true but ' R ' is false.

In woody plants, gaseous exchange occurs through the small pores found on stems called
lenticels. Stomata on the stem aid in gaseous exchange, in herbaceous plants.

6 (a) Both ' A ' and ' R ' are true and ' R ' is correct explanation of the Assertion.
What are the colours of 𝑄 and 𝑅, when the leaf is tested for starch, using iodine solution?

Q
(a) Blue/black R
(𝑏) Brown Brown
(𝑐) Blue/black Brown
(𝑑) Brown Blue/black

Assertion-Reason Type Questions

For question numbers 1 to 5, two statements are given-one labeled as Assertion (A) and the other
labeled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (𝑎), (𝑏), (𝑐) and (𝑑)
as given below:

(a) Both ' 𝐴 ' and ' 𝑅 ' are true and ' 𝑅 ' is correct explanation of the Assertion.

(b) Both ' A ' and ' 𝑅 ' are true but ' 𝑅 ' is not correct explanation of the Assertion.

(c) ' 𝐴 ' is true but ' 𝑅 ' is false.

(d) 'A' is false but ' R ' is true.

1 Assertion: Multicellular organisms need special organs for exchange of gases between their
body and environment.
Reason: They need more O2 , therefore need special organs like lungs.

2 Assertion: Carbon and energy requirements of autotrophs are full filled by photosynthesis.
Reason: Autotrophs do not prepare their own food.

3 Assertion: Raw materials needed for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide, water and minerals.
Reason: Nutrients provide energy to an organism.
4 Assertion: Digestion breaks large complex molecules to simple smaller molecules which can
be easily absorbed.
Reason: Digestion is necessary for the absorption of all molecules.

5. Assertion: The release of energy in aerobic process is much more than in anaerobic process.

Reason: Each glucose molecule produces 2 molecules of ATP and 38 molecules of ATP in
aerobic and anaerobic respiration, respectively.
 Answers
Sun-
I. 1. (b) O2 is released, 6CO2 + 12H2 O light C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 + 6H2 O

2 (b) They take CO2 at night.

3 (b) Proteins are coagulated in stomach with HCl and digested in stomach and intestine.

4 (c) is incorrect statement, all other are correct statements.

5 (c) Saprophytic

6 (b) Q-Brown, R-Brown

II. 1. (a) Both 'A' and ' R ' are correct and ' R ' is correct explanation of ' A '.

2 (c) ' 𝐴 ' is true but ' 𝑅 ' is false. because autotrophs prepare their own food.

3 (b) Both ' A ' and ' R ' are true but ' R ' is not correct explanation of the Assertion.

4 (c) ' A ' is true but ' R ' is false.

Certain molecules such as glucose, vitamin C etc, do not need any digestion before their
absorption.

5 (c) 'A' is true but ' 𝑅 ' is false.

In aerobic process, 38 molecules of ATP released per glucose molecule while 2 molecules of
ATP per glucose molecule are released in anaerobic process.
Reason: We cannot survive without these processes.

2 Assertion: Our body can exchange energy and matter with the surrounding.
Reason: Our body is a closed system.
 Answers
I. 1. (a) It is called nutrition.

2 (d) Living organisms need food air and water.

3 (d) All of these are life processes.

4 (b) false feet developed in some unicellular organisms.

II. 1. (a) Both ' A ' and ' R ' are true and ' R ' is correct explanation of the Assertion.

2 (c) ' 𝐴 ' is true but ' 𝑅 ' is false. Our body is an open system.
Page 1
Class 10th Biology

LIFE PROCESSES
INTRODUCTION

(Practice Sheet)
1 What differentiates unicellular organisms from multicellular ones in executing life
processes?
B. Multicellular organisms have more
A. Unicellular organisms lack life processes
complex processes
C. Unicellular organisms carry out all D. Multicellular organisms don't engage in
processes within a single cell metabolism
2 Which of the following is not a life process in living organisms?
A. Excretion B. Photosynthesis
C. Transportation D. Mummification
3 What are the functions of nutrition in life processes?
A. Maintaining body temperature and B. Providing energy and raw materials for
heart rate growth and repair
C. Eliminating waste from the body D. Controlling cellular respiration
4 Which term describes the series of chemical reactions that sustain life within an
organism?
A. Circulation B. Metabolism
C. Photosynthesis D. Germination
5 What is the primary function of respiration in life processes?
A. Breaking down food particles B. Taking in oxygen and releasing carbon
dioxide
C. Pumping blood throughout the body D. Producing energy for cellular activities
6 Explain the significance of life processes in maintaining the health of living organisms.
7 Compare unicellular and multicellular organisms execute life processes.
8 Describe the role of metabolism in sustaining life and its significance in living organisms.
9 Provide examples of how photosynthesis and respiration are interconnected in the life
processes of organisms.
10 Discuss the importance of excretion in maintaining the balance and health of living
organisms.
Page 1
Class 10th Biology

LIFE PROCESSES
NUTRITION

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is the primary process involved in the autotrophic mode of nutrition in green plants?
A. Respiration B. Photosynthesis
C. Ingestion D. Absorption
2 Which organisms perform chemoautotrophic nutrition?
A. Animals B. Green plants
C. Bacteria D. Fungi
3 What is the process by which green plants synthesize organic food using sunlight and
chlorophyll?
A. Digestion B. Photosynthesis
C. Assimilation D. Absorption
4 What type of nutrition involves the secretion of digestive juices onto food before
ingestion?
A. Holozoic nutrition B. Saprophytic nutrition
C. Parasitic nutrition D. Autotrophic nutrition
5 What distinguishes endoparasites from ectoparasites?
A. Location within or outside the host B. Size difference
C. Feeding behaviour D. Reproductive methods
6 Describe the difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.
7 Provide examples of organisms exhibiting holozoic nutrition.
8 Differentiate between endoparasites and ectoparasites.
9 How is carbon dioxide utilized in autotrophic nutrition?
10 Explain the importance of water in nutrition.
Page 1
Class 10th Biology

LIFE PROCESSES
NUTRITION IN PLANT

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
A. 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6+ 6O2 B. C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
C. 6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O D. C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 6O2
2 What is the process by which an Amoeba engulfs its food?
A. Osmosis B. Phagocytosis
C. Active transport D. Pinocytosis
3 Where does digestion primarily take place in an Amoeba?
A. Pseudopodia B. Nucleus
C. Food vacuole D. Cell membrane
4 How does Amoeba primarily absorb nutrients?
A. Active transport B. Osmosis
C. Diffusion D. Endocytosis
5 What is the primary storage form of excess food in an Amoeba?
A. Glucose B. Glycogen
C. Lipids D. Proteins
6 Explain the significance of photosynthesis in the context of the Earth's ecosystem.
7 Describe the steps involved in the process of phagocytosis in an Amoeba.
8 What is the primary location within a plant where photosynthesis occurs?
9 What role does chlorophyll play in the process of photosynthesis?
10 Explain the role of heterotrophic nutrition in certain plants.
Page 1
Class 10th Biology

LIFE PROCESSES
NUTRITION IN HUMAN

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is the function of salivary amylase in the digestive system?
A. Break down proteins B. Convert starch into simpler carbohydrates
C. Aid in fat digestion D. Break down complex sugars
2 Which teeth are responsible for tearing food?
A. Incisors B. Canines
C. Molars D. Premolars
3 What is the primary function of the pyloric sphincter?
A. Secretion of digestive enzymes B. Control flow of digested food to the small
intestine
C. Absorption of nutrients D. Storage of bile
4 Where does the chemical digestion of chyme primarily take place?
A. Stomach B. Small intestine
C. Large intestine D. Oesophagus
5 Which organ is responsible for the production of bile?
A. Stomach B. Pancreas
C. Liver D. Gallbladder
6 What is the primary function of the stomach in the digestive system?
7 Explain the role of the liver in the digestion process.
8 Describe the function of the pyloric sphincter.
9 Explain the importance of villi in the small intestine.
10 What is the primary function of the salivary glands in the digestive system?
Page 1
Class 10th Biology

LIFE PROCESSES
RESPIRATION

(Practice Sheet)
1 Which of the following is the byproduct of aerobic respiration in humans?
A. Ethyl alcohol B. Lactic acid
C. Water D. Carbon dioxide
2 Where does the exchange of gases, oxygen into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide out
of the body, primarily occur in the human respiratory system?
A. Bronchi B. Pharynx
C. Alveoli D. Larynx
3 What is the primary function of the nasal cavity in the respiratory system?
A. To produce mucus for filtering air B. To warm up inhaled air
C. To facilitate the exchange of gases D. To humidify, warm, and filter inspired air
4 Which structure prevents food from entering the windpipe during swallowing?
A. Larynx B. Glottis
C. Pharynx D. Epiglottis
5 What is the primary function of the trachea in the respiratory system?
A. Exchange of gases B. Vocalization
C. Filtration of air D. Maintenance of a free airway
6 Define the function of the epiglottis in the human respiratory system.
7 Explain the process of gas exchange between the alveoli and blood capillaries.
8 Differentiate between breathing and respiration in terms of their processes and functions.
9 How does the human respiratory system facilitate the exchange of gases and what structures
are involved in this process?
10 Describe the role of haemoglobin in the transport of gases in the blood.
Page 1
Class 10th Biology

LIFE PROCESSES
TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is the primary function of xylem in plants?
A. Transportation of nutrients B. Translocation of sugars
C. Transporting water and minerals D. Synthesizing carbohydrates
2 Which tissue is responsible for the bidirectional movement of materials in plants?
A. Xylem B. Phloem
C. Root hairs D. Sieve tubes
3 What causes the upward movement of water in plants from the roots to the leaves?
A. Transpiration B. Root pressure
C. Capillary action D. Phloem activity
4 Which component is NOT part of the phloem tissue?
A. Sieve tubes B. Companion cells
C. Xylem vessels D. Phloem fibers
5 What generates a 'pull' for the absorption of water by the roots from the soil?
A. Pressure from the atmosphere B. Transpiration in the leaves
C. Phloem activity D. Photosynthesis in the leaves
6 How does water move into the xylem from the roots?
7 What is the function of sieve plates in the phloem tissue?
8 What process causes a 'pull' for the roots to absorb water from the soil?
9 What is the primary function of the phloem in plant transportation?
10 Describe the role of transpiration in the upward movement of water in plants.
Page 1
Class 10th Biology

LIFE PROCESSES
TRANSPORTATION IN HUMANS

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is the primary function of red blood cells (RBCs)?
A. Fight infections B. Transport oxygen
C. Produce antibodies D. Aid in blood clotting
2 Which component of blood plays a critical role in the clotting process?
A. Red blood cells B. White blood cells
C. Platelets D. Plasma
3 What is the function of the lymphatic system in humans?
A. Transporting oxygen B. Carrying nutrients
C. Maintaining blood volume D. Draining excess fluid and aiding in
immunity
4 Which of the following is not a type of blood vessel in the circulatory system?
A. Artery B. Vein
C. Capillary D. Ventricular
5 What is the primary function of white blood cells (WBCs)?
A. Transporting oxygen B. Fighting infections and diseases
C. Carrying nutrients D. Aiding in blood clotting
6 What is the primary role of capillaries in the circulatory system?
7 Explain the role of the sinus node (SA) in the heart's function.
8 How do red blood cells contribute to efficient oxygen transport in the body?
9 Describe the function of platelets in the circulatory system.
10 Which chamber of the heart receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs?
Page 1
Class 10th Biology

LIFE PROCESSES
EXCRETION

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is the process of removing metabolic waste called?
A. Photosynthesis B. Respiration
C. Excretion D. Digestion
2 Which organ is responsible for osmoregulation in humans?
A. Liver B. Heart
C. Kidney D. Lungs
3 What does osmoregulation involve?
A. Controlling temperature B. Regulating water balance
C. photosynthesis D. All of the above
4 Where do plants retain waste substances?
A. Roots B. Stems
C. Leaves D. Flowers
5 What is the concentration of electrolytes in osmoregulation?
A. pH concentration B. Ionic concentration
C. Osmotic concentration D. Temperature concentration
6 Why is excretion important for living organisms?
7 Explain the term osmoregulation and its significance in maintaining homeostasis.
8 Compare and contrast the methods of waste elimination in plants and animals.
9 How does osmoregulation contribute to an organism's survival in different environments?
10 What are the potential consequences of a malfunctioning osmoregulatory system in the
human body?
Page 1
Class 10th Biology

LIFE PROCESSES
EXCRETION IN PLANTS

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is the main purpose of excretion in plants?
A. Nutrient absorption B. Energy production
C. Waste elimination D. Photosynthesis
2 How do plants excrete gaseous waste products?
A. Through roots B. Through flowers
C. Through stomatal pores on leaves D. Through fruits
3 Which of the following is NOT a gaseous waste product in plants?
A. Oxygen B. Carbon dioxide
C. Nitrogen D. Hydrogen
4 What is the term for the process of eliminating excess water in plants?
A. Respiration B. Transpiration
C. Perspiration D. Absorption
5 Where are the waste products stored in plants?
A. Roots B. Leaves
C. Bark, stems, and leaves D. Flowers
6 Explain the role of stomatal pores in the excretion process of plants.
7 Describe the significance of transpiration in the excretion of excess water in plants.
8 How does the release of oxygen during photosynthesis contribute to the plant's metabolic
processes?
9 What is the term for the process where plants excrete waste products into the soil?
10 How do plants excrete gaseous waste into the environment?
Page 1
Class 10th Biology

LIFE PROCESSES
EXCRETION IN HUMANS

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is excretion in humans?
A. The intake of nutrients B. The removal of metabolic wastes
C. The process of breathing D. The production of energy
2 Which is the most common process of excretion in lower organisms?
A. Osmosis B. Diffusion
C. Filtration D. Active transport
3 Which of the following is NOT a nitrogenous waste product in humans?
A. Urea B. Ammonia
C. Carbon dioxide D. Uric acid
4 What are the functional units of the kidney?
A. Alveoli B. Nephrons
C. Neurons D. Villi
5 Where does osmoregulation take place in humans?
A. Liver B. Lungs
C. Kidneys D. Stomach
6 Which organ is responsible for maintaining osmoregulation in humans?
7 What are the two main types of osmoregulation in organisms?
8 What are the functional units of the kidney called?
9 What is the role of the renal tubule in a nephron?
10 In the principle of dialysis, what flows on the opposite side of the semi-permeable
membrane to blood?
EXEMPLAR SOLUTION
Chapter 5
Life Processes

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following statements about the autotrophs is incorrect?

(a) They synthesise carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and
chlorophyll
(b) They store carbohydrates in the form of starch
(c) They convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates in the absence of sunlight
(d) They constitute the first trophic level in food chains

Soln:

They convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates in the absence of sunlight

Explanation:

They need sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates.

2. In which of the following groups of organisms, food material is broken down outside the body and
absorbed? (a) Mushroom, green plants, Amoeba
(b) Yeast, mushroom, bread mould
(c) Paramecium, Amoeba, Cuscuta
(d) Cuscuta, lice, tapeworm

Soln:

Answer is (b) Yeast, mushroom, bread mould

Explanation:

Yeast , mushroom and bread mould are saprophytes and Saprophytes break the food material outside their body
and absorbed.

3. Select the correct statement

(a) Heterotrophs do not synthesise their own food
(b) Heterotrophs utilise solar energy for photosynthesis
(c) Heterotrophs synthesise their own food
(d) Heterotrophs are capable of converting carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates

Soln:

Answer is (a) Heterotrophs do not synthesise their own food

Explanation:

Heterotrophs either dependent on Phototrophs or other organisms for their food.

4. Which is the correct sequence of parts in human alimentary canal?
(a) Mouth → stomach → small intestine → oesophagus → large intestine
(b) Mouth →oesophagus → stomach → large intestine → small intestine
(c) Mouth → stomach → oesophagus → small intestine → large intestine
(d) Mouth → oesophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine

Soln:

Answer is (d) Mouth → oesophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine

5. If salivary amylase is lacking in the saliva, which of the following events in the mouth cavity will be
affected?

(a) Proteins breaking down into amino acids

(b) Starch breaking down into sugars
(c) Fats breaking down into fatty acids and glycerol
(d) Absorption of vitamins

Soln:

Answer is (b) Starch breaking down into sugars

Explanation:

Salivary Amylase enzyme present in the saliva breaks down Starch into simpler sugar and helps in digesting
them. Hence the breakdown of starch will be affected if salivary amylase is lacking in the saliva.

6. The inner lining of stomach is protected by one of the following from hydrochloric acid. Choose the
correct one (a) Pepsin
(b) Mucus
(c) Salivary amylase
(d) Bile

Soln:

Answer is (b) Mucus

7. Which part of alimentary canal receives bile from the liver?

(a) Stomach
(b) Small intestine
(c) Large intestine
(d) Oesophagus

Soln:

Answer is (b) Small intestine

Explanation:

Bile goes to small intestine from gall bladder through hepta pancreatic duct.

8. A few drops of iodine solution were added to rice water. The solution turned blue-black in colour. This
indicates that rice water contains
(a) complex proteins
(b) simple proteins
(c) fats
(d) starch

Soln:

Answer is (d) starch

Explanation

Starch is made up of two components Amylose and Amylo pectin. When we add iodine to starch containg waqter
Amylose reacts with iodine to form a blue colour complex. Here solution gives blue-black colour on adding
Iodine which confirms the presence of starch in the rice water.

9. In which part of the alimentary canal food is finally digested?

(a) Stomach
(b) Mouth cavity
(c) Large intestine
(d) Small intestine

Soln:

Answer is (d) Small intestine

Explanation:

Although primary digestion process is conducted in mouth and stomach most of the digestion process occur in
small intestine and in large intestine digestion process will not take place.

10. Choose the function of the pancreatic juice from the following
(a) trypsin digests proteins and lipase carbohydrates
(b) trypsin digests emulsified fats and lipase proteins
(c) trypsin and lipase digest fats
(d) trypsin digests proteins and lipase emulsified fats

Soln:

Answer is (d) trypsin digests proteins and lipase emulsified fats

Explanation:

Trypsin breaks down proteins into polypeptides and Lipase digest emulsified fat molecules into fatty acids and
glycerol.
11. When air is blown from mouth into a test-tube containing lime water, the lime water turned milky due
to the presence of
(a) oxygen
(b) carbon dioxide
(c) nitrogen
(d) water vapour

Soln:

Answer is (b) carbon dioxide

Explanation:

Carbon dioxide reacts with lime water to convert it to milky.

12. The correct sequence of anaerobic reactions in yeast is

Soln:

Answer is d) Glucose Cytoplasm Pyruvate Cytoplasm Ethanol+ Carbon-di-oxide

Explanation:

In Yeast cytoplasm Glucose is breakdown in anaerobic condition to produce Pyruvate which is further breakdown
to Ethanol and carbon-di-oxide
13. Which of the following is most appropriate for aerobic respiration?

Soln:

Answer is d) Glucose Cytoplasm Pyruvate+Energy Mitochondria CO2+H2O+ Energy

Explanation:

In aerobic respiration breakdown of pyruvate takes place in mitochondria. CO2, H2O and energy are released in
the reaction.

14. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true about respiration?

(i) During inhalation, ribs move inward and diaphragm is raised

(ii) In the alveoli, exchange of gases takes place i.e., oxygen from alveolar air diffuses into blood and carbon
dioxide from blood into alveolar air
(iii) Haemoglobin has greater affinity for carbon dioxide than oxygen
(iv) Alveoli increase surface area for exchange of gases

(a) (i) and (iv)

(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iii)
(d) (ii) and (iv)

Soln:

Answer is (d) (ii) and (iv)

Explanation:

Statement i) is wrong because ribs move outward and diaphragm is lowered during inhalation. Similarly Option
iii) is wrong because Hemoglobin has greater affinity for Oxygen than CO2.
15. Which is the correct sequence of air passage during inhalation?
(a) Nostrils larynx pharynx trachea lungs
(b) Nasal passage trachea pharynx larynx alveoli
(c) larynx nostrils pharynx lungs
(d) Nostrils pharynx larynx trachea alveoli

Soln:

Answer is (d) Nostrils pharynx larynx trachea alveoli

Explanation:

Air enter respiratory system through nostrils through nostrils, passes to pharynx,larynx, trachea and then to
alveoli. After inhalation diaphragm and intercoastal muscles contract along with expansion of thoracic muscles
which creates enough space for the air to enter into the lungs.

16. During respiration exchange of gases take place in

(a) trachea and larynx
(b) alveoli of lungs
(c) alveoli and throat
(d) throat and larynx

Soln:

Answer is (b) alveoli of lungs

Explanation:

Trachea, Larynx provide a passage for the movement of air. Gas exchange takes place in Alveoli of lungs. From
alveoli oxygen diffuses into blood and Carbon-di-oxide exhaled out of blood.

17. Which of the following statement (s) is (are) true about heart?
(i) Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from different parts of body while right atrium receives
deoxygenated blood from lungs
(ii) Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to different body parts while right ventricle pumps
deoxygenated blood to lungs
(iii) Left atrium transfers oxygenated blood to right ventricle which sends it to different body parts
(iv) Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body while left ventricle pumps
oxygenated blood to different parts of the body

(a) (i)
(b) (ii)
(c) (ii) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (iii)

Soln:

Answer is (c) (ii) and (iv)

Explanation:

Oxygenated blood circulates through left part of the heart whereas deoxygenated blood circulates through right
part of the heart. Atrium receives blood and ventricle pumps the blood out of the heart.

18. What prevents backflow of blood inside the heart during contraction?
(a) Valves in heart
(b) Thick muscular walls of ventricles
(c) Thin walls of atria
(d) All of the above

Soln:

Answer is (a) Valves in heart

Explanation:

Walls in the heart are responsible for only pumping of the blood and they are not responsible in blocking
backflow of blood inside the heart during contraction.

19. Single circulation i.e., blood flows through the heart only once during one cycle of passage through the
body, is exhibited by
(a) Labeo, Chameleon, Salamander
(b) Hippocampus, Exocoetus, Anabas
(c) Hyla, Rana, Draco
(d) Whale, Dolphin, Turtle

Soln:

Answer is (b) Hippocampus, Exocoetus, Anabas

Explanation:

In Option a) Chameleon is a reptile and Salamander is an amphibian which are having 3 chambered hearts and
show partial double circulation. In Option c) all are Amphibians and they show partial double circulation. In
option d) Whale is a mammal but turtle is a reptile hence option d) is wrong.

20. In which of the following vertebrate group/groups, heart does not pump oxygenated blood to different
parts of the body?
(a) Pisces and amphibians
(b) Amphibians and reptiles
(c) Amphibians only
(d) Pisces only

Soln:

Answer is (d) Pisces only

Explanation:

This is because of single circulation where deoxygenated blood from all part of the body is pumped into heart.
From heart it is pumped to gills where it gets oxygenated and gets transferred to all parts of the body. Hence it
proves pisces will not receive oxygenated blood.

21. Choose the correct statement that describes arteries.

(a) They have thick elastic walls, blood flows under high pressure; collect blood from different organs and
bring it back to the heart
(b) They have thin walls with valves inside, blood flows under low pressure and carry blood away from the
heart to various organs of the body
(c) They have thick elastic walls, blood flows under low pressure; carry blood from the heart to various
organs of the body
(d) They have thick elastic walls without valves inside, blood flows under high pressure and carry blood
away from the heart to different parts of the body.

Soln:

Answer is (d) They have thick elastic walls without valves inside, blood flows under high pressure and carry
blood away from the heart to different parts of the body.

22. The filtration units of kidneys are called

(a) ureter
(b) urethra
(c) neurons
(d) nephrons

Soln:

Answer is (d) nephrons

Explanation:

Nephron is called as the functional unit of kidney. It helps in removing the waste products and excess substances
from our body.

23. Oxygen liberated during photosynthesis comes from

(a) water
(b) chlorophyll
(c) carbon dioxide
(d) glucose

Soln:

Answer is (a) water

Explanation:

During photosynthesis water molecule splits to produce Oxygen and Hydrogen Ions. Oxygen is expelled out of
plants and Hydrogen is used to reduce Carbon-di-oxide to produce carbohydrates.
24. The blood leaving the tissues becomes richer in
(a) carbon dioxide
(b) water
(c) heamoglobin
(d) oxygen

Soln:

Answer is (a) carbon dioxide

Explanation:

Because of respiration Carbon-di-oxide gets accumulated in tissues. Hence blood leaving the tissues becomes
richer in Carbon-di-oxide.

25. Which of the following is an incorrect statement?

(a) Organisms grow with time
(b) Organisms must repair and maintain their structure
(c) Movement of molecules does not take place among cells
(d) Energy is essential for life processes

Soln:

Answer is (c) Movement of molecules does not take place among cells

Explanation:

Movement of molecule is a vital process. Movement of molecules in cells take place in active and passive modes
such as Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion etc.

26. The internal (cellular) energy reserve in autotrophs is

(a) glycogen
(b) protein
(c) starch
(d) fatty acid

Soln:

Answer is (c) starch

Explanation:

Glycogen is the stored energy in animals, Plants stores energy in the form of Starch.
27. Which of the following equations is the summary of photosynthesis?
(a) 6CO2 + 12H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
(b) 6CO2 + H2O + Sunlight→ C6H12O6 + O2 + 6H2O
(c) 6CO2 + 12H2O + Chlorophyll + Sunlight→ C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
(d) 6CO2 + 12H2O + Chlorophyll + Sunlight→ C6H12O6 + 6CO2 + 6H2O

Soln:

Answer is (c) 6CO2 + 12H2O + Chlorophyll + Sunlight→ C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

Explanation:

Option a does not show the factors responsible for photosynthesis . Option b) is not a balanced equation. Option
d) is wrong as it has CO2 in the products.

28. Choose the event that does not occur in photosynthesis

(a) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll
(b) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates
(c) Oxidation of carbon to carbon dioxide
(d) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy

Soln:

Answer is (c) Oxidation of carbon to carbon dioxide

29. The opening and closing of the stomatal pore depends upon
(a) oxygen
(b) temperature
(c) water in guard cells
(d) concentration of CO2 in stomata

Soln:

Answer is (c) water in guard cells

Explanation:

Opening of guard cells is facilitated by the entry of water inside guard cells. This make the guard cell become
turgid. Closing of guard cells is facilitated by water coming out of guard cells. This will make the guard cells
flaccid.
30. Choose the forms in which most plants absorb nitrogen
(i) Proteins
(ii) Nitrates and Nitrites
(iii) Urea
(iv) Atmospheric nitrogen

(a) (i) and (ii)

(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (iv)

Soln:

Answer is (b) (ii) and (iii)

Explanation:

Plants cannot absorb atmospheric Nitrogen. They can absorb the Nitrogen in the form of Nitrates,Nitrites and
Urea present in the soil.

31. Which is the first enzyme to mix with food in the digestive tract?
(a) Pepsin
(b) Cellulase
(c) Amylase
(d) Trypsin

Soln:

Answer is (c) Amylase

Explanation:

Amylase is secreted in mouth and acts on the starch to convert into simpler molecules. Hence Amylase is the first
enzyme to mix with food in the digestive tract.

32. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) correct?

(i) Pyruvate can be converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast
(ii) Fermentation takes place in aerobic bacteria
(iii) Fermentation takes place in mitochondria
(iv) Fermentation is a form of anaerobic respiration

(a) (i) and (iii)

(b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (iv)
(d) (ii) and (iii)
Soln:

Answer is(c) (i) and (iv)

Explanation:

Fermentation is carried out by anaerobes in the cytoplasm. Hence option ii) and iii) are wrong.

33. Lack of oxygen in muscles often leads to cramps among cricketers. This results due to
(a) conversion of pyruvate to ethanol
(b) conversion of pyruvate to glucose
(c) non conversion of glucose to pyruvate
(d) conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid

Soln:

Answer is (d) conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid

Explanation:

Breakdown of Pyruvate in presence of oxygen takes place in mitochondria leading to the formation of Lactic acid.
Due to workout oxygen is used for the production of energy leading to the lack of oxygen and production of lactic
acid.

34. Choose the correct path of urine in our body

(a) kidney → ureter → urethra → urinary bladder
(b) kidney → urinary bladder → urethra → ureter
(c) kidney → ureters → urinary bladder → urethra
(d) urinary bladder → kidney → ureter → urethra

Soln:

Answer is (c) kidney → ureters → urinary bladder → urethra

Explanation:

Urine from nephron is brought to the collecting duct of kidneys where the urine enters the ureters. There are 2
ureters, each opening from one kidney into the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder stores urine and it size
increases as the amount of urine collected increases. When the CNS gives a voluntary message the muscles of
bladder contract and the bladder sphincter relaxes thus excreting urine out through the urethra.
35. During deficiency of oxygen in tissues of human beings, pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid in the
(a) cytoplasm
(b) chloroplast
(c) mitochondria
(d) golgi body

Soln:

Answer is (a) cytoplasm

Explanation:

When there is lack of oxygen Breakdown of Pyruvate takes place in cytoplasm of muscle cells leading to the
formation of Lactic acid.

Short Answer Questions

36. Name the following
(a) The process in plants that links light energy with chemical energy
(b) Organisms that can prepare their own food
(c) The cell organelle where photosynthesis occurs
(d) Cells that surround a stomatal pore
(e) Organisms that cannot prepare their own food
(f) An enzyme secreted from gastric glands in stomach that acts on proteins.

Soln:

a) Photosynthesis
b) Autotrophs
c) Chloroplasts
d) Guard cells
e) Heterotrophs
f) Pepsin

37. “All plants give out oxygen during day and carbon dioxide during night”. Do you agree with this
statement? Give reason.

Soln:

The statement is wrong because plants respire every time and expel out Carbon-di-oxide every time but they give
out oxygen only in the day time as photosynthesis process can take place only in the presence of sunlight.
38. How do the guard cells regulate opening and closing of stomatal pores?

Soln:

Opening of guard cells is facilitated by the entry of water inside guard cells. This make the guard cell become
turgid. Closing of guard cells is facilitated by water coming out of guard cells. This will make the guard cells
flaccid.

Entry of water inside guard cells will make the cell turgid leading to the opening of stomata. Similarly cell
become flaccid when water come out of guard cells, this leads to closing of the stomata.

39. Two green plants are kept separately in oxygen free containers, one in the dark and the other in
continuous light. Which one will live longer? Give reasons.

Soln:

Plant kept in continuous light live longer because plats release CO2 during respiration. In case of plant kept in
dark CO2 resulting in lack of oxygen and the plant will die earlier.

40. If a plant is releasing carbon dioxide and taking in oxygen during the day, does it mean that there is no
photosynthesis occurring? Justify your answer.

Soln:

If a plant is releasing carbon dioxide and taking in oxygen during the day means plant is respiring; it does not
mean that there is no photosynthesis occurring in the plant. This is because Photosynthesis and respiration are two
independent processes.

41. Why do fishes die when taken out of water?

Soln:

Fishes can respire only by using dissolved oxygen. When we take fish out of water it cannot respire due to lack of
dissolved oxygen and they die.

42. Differentiate between an autotroph and a heterotroph

Soln:

Autotrophs Heterotrophs
They can make their own food They cannot make their own food
Ex: Plants and certain bacteria Ex: Animals, Fungi and protozoans
43. Is ‘nutrition’ a necessity for an organism? Discuss.

Soln:

Nutrition is an absolute necessity for the organisms because nutrition provides energy for carrying out metabolic
activities.

44. What would happen if green plants disappear from earth?

Soln:

Green plants are the sources of energy for all the heterotrophs on earth. Plants convert solar and chemical energy
into viable food sources. If plants gets disappeared from the earth it lead to imbalance in the ecosystem and
heterotrophs may die without food.

45. Leaves of a healthy potted plant were coated with vaseline. Will this plant remain healthy for long?
Give reasons for your answer.

Soln:

Coating Vaseline to the leaves of a healthy plants will clog its stomata pores and stops the respiration of plants
and the plants dies.

46. How does aerobic respiration differ from anaerobic respiration?

Soln:

Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic respiration

Takes place in the presence of Oxygen Takes place in the absence of Oxygen
Carbon-di-oxide and water are the end products Carbon-di-oxide and Lactic acid/ethanol are the end
products
More efficient in energy production Less efficient in energy production
Takes Place in animals and plants Takes place in unicellular organisms

47. Match the words of Column (A) with that of Column (B)

Column A Column B
Phloem (i) Excretion
Nephron (ii) Translocation of food
Veins (iii) Clotting of blood
Platelets (iv) Deoxygenated blood
Soln:

Column A Column B
Phloem (ii) Translocation of food
Nephron (i) Excretion
Veins (iv) Deoxygenated blood
Platelets (iii) Clotting of blood

48. Differentiate between an artery and a vein.

Soln:

Artery has thick walls whereas Veins has thin walls.

Arteries carries blood away from the heart but veins carry blood to the heart.
In arteries valves are absent and in veins they are present
In arteries blood flows under pressure but in veins there will be no pressure.

49. What are the adaptations of leaf for photosynthesis?

Soln:

Adaptation of leaf for photosynthesis are as follows

a) Surface of leaf is flat to allow greater exposure of light.

b) Presence of chlorophyll to trap sunlight
c) Presence of stomata on the lower surface for easy transpiration

50. Why is small intestine in herbivores longer than in carnivores?

Soln:

Food of herbivores contains mostly cellulose. To digest cellulose herbivores need help of certain bacteria. In order
to accommodate the microbes and to facilitate digestion of food herbivores has longer small intestine than
carnivores.

51. What will happen if mucus is not secreted by the gastric glands?

Soln:

Mucus prevent inner lining of stomach from HCL. Mucus prevents drying of inner lining of the stomach. Mucus
helps in easy movement of food particles through digestive system. If mucus is not secreted food will not easily
moved through digestive system. HCL will damage the stomach lining and the digestion process will not take
place.
52. What is the significance of emulsification of fats?

Soln:

Emulsification is a process of breakage of larger fats molecules into digestible fat globules. Emulsification aids
action enzymes on fats by breaking larger fat molecules.

53. What causes movement of food inside the alimentary canal?

Soln:

Peristalsis is the process that cause movement of food inside the alimentary canal.

54. Why does absorption of digested food occur mainly in the small intestine?

Soln:

Small intestine has specialized structures that facilitate absorption of digested food. Small intestine has number of
folds that increase the area of absorption. Small intestine also has fingerlike projection called microvilli which are
richly supplied by blood vessels.

55. Match Group (A) with Group (B)

Group A Group B
(a) Autotrophic nutrition (i) Leech
(b) Heterotrophic nutrition (ii) Paramecium
(c) Parasitic nutrition (iii) Deer
(d) Digestion in food vacuoles (iv) Green plant

Soln:

Group A Group B
(a) Autotrophic nutrition (iv) Green plant
(b) Heterotrophic nutrition (iii) Deer
(c) Parasitic nutrition (i) Leech
(d) Digestion in food vacuoles (ii) Paramecium

56. Why is the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms much faster than in terrestrial organisms?

Soln:

Rate of breathing in aquatic organisms much faster than in terrestrial organisms because availability of oxygen is
less in water than on land, hence in order to obtain required oxygen aquatic organisms has to work hard.
57. Why is blood circulation in human heart called double circulation?

Soln:

In Humans blood flow in two direction simultaneously in one cardiac cycle. Oxygenated blood comes to heart
from lungs and at the same time de-oxygenated blood goes from Heart towards lungs. Because of this double
movement is blood circulation in human heart called double circulation.

58. What is the advantage of having four chambered heart?

Soln:

Four chambered heart has the following advantages

 Clear cut division of labors among different chambers

 Segregation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart.

 Efficiency of the heart will increase.

59. Mention the major events during photosynthesis

Soln:

Major events of Photosynthesis are

a) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll

b) Conversion of light energy into chemical energy
c) Splitting of water molecules into Hydrogen and Oxygen
d) Reduction of CO2 to from carbohydrates.

60. In each of the following situations what happens to the rate of photosynthesis?
(a) Cloudy days
(b) No rainfall in the area
(c) Good manuring in the area
(d) Stomata get blocked due to dust

Soln:

a) Rate of photosynthesis will reduce due to availability of sunlight.

b) Rainfall will not affect rate of Photosynthesis
c) Manuring will not affect rate of Photosynthesis
d) Blockage of stomata will reduce the rate of photosynthesis because blockage will affect availability pf
Carbon-di-oxide.
61. Name the energy currency in the living organisms. When and where is it produced?

Soln:

Adenosine tri Phosphate (ATP) is the energy currency in the living organisms. It is produced in Mitochondria
during respiration.

62. What is common for cuscuta, ticks and leeches?

Soln:

These all are parasite. They live on or inside another body to obtain food from the host. In obtaining food
parasites always harm their host.

63. Explain the role of mouth in digestion of food.

Soln:

Role of mouth in digestion of food.

a) Ingestion of food
b) Breakage of food by Mastication
c) Saliva aids easy swallowing of food

d) Salivary amylase breaks starch into simpler carbohydrates.

64. What are the functions of gastric glands present in the wall of the stomach?

Soln:

Hydrochloric acid, pepsin and mucus are secreted by gastric gland present in the stomach. They have following
functions.

HCL Kills germs present in the food and it decreases PH of the stomach which is essential for the working of
digestive enzymes.

Pepsin digests protein.

Mucus protects stomach’s innerline from HCL.

65. Match the terms in Column (A) with those in Column (B)

Column (A) Column (B)

(a) Trypsin (i) Pancreas
(b) Amylase (ii) Liver
(c) Bile (iii) Gastric glands
(d) Pepsin (iv) Saliva
Soln:

Column (A) Column (B)

(a) Trypsin (i) Pancreas
(b) Amylase (iv) Saliva
(c) Bile (ii) Liver
(d) Pepsin (iii) Gastric glands

66. Name the correct substrates for the following enzymes

(a) Trypsin
(b) Amylase
(c) Pepsin
(d) Lipase

Soln:

a) Protein
b) Starch
c) Protein
d) Lipid

67.Why do veins have thin walls as compared to arteries?

Soln:

Blood flow through veins does not exert pressure on walls of veins hence they have thin walls. Blood flow in
arteries exerts high pressure on arterial walls hence they need thick walls.

68. What will happen if platelets were absent in the blood?

Soln:

Platelets are responsible for the clotting of the blood. If platelets are absent bllod will not clot. In case of injuries
blood flow cannot be stopped without clotting and this may prove fatal for the person.

69. Plants have low energy needs as compared to animals. Explain.

Soln:

Most of the transport in plants occur through passive transport which does not require energy and plants stand still
at one place and they will not travel in search of food Hence Plants require low energy compared to animals.

70. Why and how does water enter continuously into the root xylem?

Soln:

Water should enter the root xylem continuously to assist the various process such as photosynthesis. Continuous
flow of water into root xylem is due to transpiration pull.
71.Why is transpiration important for plants?

Soln:

Transpiration is important for plants because of the following reasons.

(a) It creates transpiration pull to facilitate ascent of sap.

(b) Ascent of sap is necessary to make water available for photosynthesis.
(c) It helps a plant to get rid of excess water.

72. How do leaves of plants help in excretion?

Soln:

Leaves plays an important role in excretion in plants because CO2 is expelled out through pores of stomata present
in the leaf. Plants shed leaves to get rid of excretory products deposited on them.

Long Answer Questions

73. Explain the process of nutrition in Amoeba.

Soln:

Amoeba shows holozoic nutrition which is comprised of Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Assimilation and
Egestion.

Ingestion:

Ameoba traps food particles through fingerlike projections called as pseudopodia. Pseudopodia present outside its
body and helps in taking food along with water

Digestion:

Food vacuoles are made after ingesting the food. Enzymes are released in the food vacuole for digestion.

Absorption:

After digestion, nutrients enter the cytoplasm through osmosis.

Assimilation:

Nutrients are utilized by the cell for various purposes.

Egestion:

Food vacuole goes near the cell membrane to empty its contents outside the cell. This results in expulsion of
waste materials from the cell.

74. Describe the alimentary canal of man.

Soln:

Human Ailmentary canal has the following parts

Buccal Cavity:

Generally called as mouth and it consists of tongue, teeth and salivary gland. It is the entry site for the food to
digestive system. Food is breakdown into simpler molecules by mastication in buccal cavity and salivary amylase
breaks Starch into simpler carbohydrates in the Buccal cavity.

Oesophagus:

Buccaql cavity is connected to long tube like structure called as Oesophagus. Oesophagus connects the buccal
cavity to stomach and assists in flow of food towards stomach. Oesophagus has a valve to prevent backflow of
food particles.

Stomach:

Stomach is a J Shaped organ which has gastric glands in it. Gastric glands secrets Hydrochloric acid, Pepsin and
Mucus that helps in the digestion of food.
Small Intestine:

Small intestine is highly coiled long structure. Small intestine performs major of the food absorption. Small
intestine has specialized structures that facilitate absorption of digested food. Small intestine has number of folds
that increase the area of absorption. Small intestine also has fingerlike projection called microvilli which are
richly supplied by blood vessels.

Large Intestine :

This is shorter than small intestine and its lumen is larger than that of Small intestine. The major function of
the large intestine is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter and transmit the useless waste
material from the body.

Rectum:

Large Intestine open into rectum. Waste materials and undigested food are stored in rectum.

Anus:

It is the opening at the end of alimentary canal. Solid waste materials leave the body through Anus.

75. Explain the process of breathing in man

Soln:

Breathing in Humans has two processes 1) Inhalation 2) Exhalation

Inhalation:

Inhalation is the process of taking oxygen. During this process, ribs come out and diaphragm moves down. This
increases the volume of the lungs and decreases the pressure. This will make the air move towards the lungs.

Exhalation:

Exhalation is a process of throwing out carbon-dioxide. During this process, ribs go down and diaphragm moves
up. This decreases the volume of the lungs and increases the pressure. As a result air moves out of the lungs.

76. Explain the importance of soil for plant growth.

Soln:

Soil is very important for the growth of the plant for the following reasons.

1) Soil provides the base for the growth of the plants and provides a platform for the penetration of roots.
2) It acts as a reservoir of the water.
 3) Soil has
different
minerals essential for the growth of the plant. Soil is the only medium from which soil obtain nutrients.
4) Soil has organic materials essential for the growth of the plants.
5) Soil has microorganisms that has symbiotic relationship with the plant and these microbes assist plant in
their growth and life processes.

77. Draw the diagram of alimentary canal of man and label the following parts. Mouth, Oesophagus,
Stomach, Intestine

Soln:

78. How do carbohydrates, proteins and fats get digested in human beings?

Soln:

Carbohydrate Digestion

Digestion of cabohydrates starts with buccal cavity where salivary enzymes breaks down the starch into simple
sugar molecules. Other sugar molecules are breakdown to glucose in small intestine.

Protein digestion

Proteins are partially digested by pepsin secreted by gastric glands present in the stomach. Then Pancreatic juice
secrets trypsin and chymotrypsin enzymes in small intestine where complete digestion of proteins takes place.

Fat Digestion

Fats are digested in small intestine. Bile juice present in the liver emulsifies the fat which breaks fats into small
globules. These small fat globules are converted into glycerol and fatty acids by Lipase enzyme.
79. Explain the mechanism of photosynthesis

Soln:

Photosynthesis is a process by which plants produce their own food by utilizing sunlight, CO2 and water. CO@
and water are converted to carbohydrates with the evolution of oxygen. Photosynthesis reaction can be given by
following reaction.
Sunlight energy
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

Process of Photosynthesis is divided into 4 processes

1. Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll

2. Conversion of light energy into chemical energy
3. Splitting of water molecules into Hydrogen and Oxygen
4. Reduction of CO2 to produce carbohydrates

80. Explain the three pathways of breakdown in living organisms.

Soln:

Glucose is first broken down to 3 carbon molecule called as pyruvate. This process takes place in the cytoplasm
of all organisms. Pyruvate is further broken down by the flowing steps.

In yeast:

Pyruvate is broken down in the absence of oxygen and the process is called as anaerobic respiration. In yeasts
pyruvate is broken down to produce CO2 and ethanol.

In Muscle Cells:

During rigorous physical activity energy demand of our muscles cells increases rapidly. This is compensated by
anaerobic respiration in muscle cells. In muscle cells pyruvate is broken down into lactic acid.
In Mitochondria:

In case of aerobic respiration( in presence of oxygen) pyruvate is broken down in mitochondria. Here Pyruvate is
broken down to produce H2O and CO2. Aerobic respiration is most common in most of the organisms.

81. Describe the flow of blood through the heart of human beings

Soln:
• Deoxygenated blood from different organs comes to the right atrium through the vena cava.

• From the right atrium, blood goes to the right ventricle. The tricuspid valve between the right atrium and right
ventricle prevents the backflow of blood.

• From the right ventricle, blood goes to the lungs through pulmonary artery. Inside the lungs, carbon dioxide is
removed from the blood and oxygen enters the blood.

• From the lungs, blood goes to the left atrium through pulmonary vein.

• From the left atrium, blood goes to the left ventricle.

• From the left ventricle, blood is pumped into the aorta so that it can be supplied to different organs.

82. Describe the process of urine formation in kidneys

Soln:

The basic filtration unit in the kidneys is a cluster of very thin-walled blood capillaries. Each capillary cluster in
the kidney is associated with the cup-shaped end of a coiled tube called Bowman’s capsule that collects the filtrate
(Fig. 6.14). Each kidney has large numbers of these filtration units called nephrons packed close together.

Some substances in the initial filtrate, such as glucose, amino acids, salts and a major amount of water, are
selectively re-absorbed as the urine flows along the tube. The amount of water re-absorbed depends on how much
excess water is there in the body, and on how much of dissolved waste there is to be excreted. The urine forming
in each kidney eventually enters a long tube, the ureter, which connects the kidneys with the urinary bladder.

Urine is stored in the urinary bladder until the pressure of the expanded bladder leads to the urge to pass it out
through the urethra. The bladder is muscular, so it is under nervous control.
 NCERT TEXTBOOK SOLUTION

Chapter – 5
Life Processes
Questions:
Q. 1 Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of
multicellular organisms like humans?
Answer:
• Diffusion is the passive movement of ions, atoms, and molecules
from a region of higher concentration to a region of low
concentration.
• It occurs slowly and only up-to small distances therefore it will take
long time to transport oxygen to all parts of the human body as the
volume of the multicellular organism like human is. So diffusion
would be insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements.
• Also, unlike single celled organisms, multicellular organisms are not
in direct contact with the external environment, so diffusion cannot
occur easily.
Q. 2 What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive?
Answer: We can decide whether something is living by observing
certain characteristics of living things like:-
1. Can Move by Themselves (Locomotion)
2. Living things need food, air and water (Metabolism)
3. Living things grow (cell division)
4. Living things respond to stimuli (Responsiveness)
5. Living things respire (Respiration; gaseous exchange)
6. Living things excrete (Excretion)
7. Living things can reproduce (Reproduction)
8. Living things are aware. (Consciousness)
Q. 3 What are the outside raw materials used by an organism?
Answer: Outside raw materials used by an organism are:-
1. Autotrophic Organism- mainly use outside raw materials such as
carbon dioxide, water, minerals and sunlight to synthesize its own food
through photosynthesis.
2. Heterotrophic Organism- use outside raw material such as ready-
made, organic food to grow and synthesize important substances
needed in the body.
Most of the organisms need oxygen (from outside air) for the process
of respiration.
Q. 4 What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life?
Answer: If any organism needs to stay alive, there are few processes
that are absolutely important to occur.
These processes are:
1. Nutrition:- Any organism that needs to continue living needs some
form of nutrition (eg: food). This nutrition provides them with the
energy for bodily functions.
2. Respiration:- An organism needs to breathe and respire. Through
respiration, organisms acquire oxygen from the environment and use it
for the breakdown food sources and release energy which they use to
carry out metabolic processes.
3. Transportation:- Transportation or circulation is also important for
an organism to live. It helps in carrying oxygen and nutrients
throughout the body.
4. Excretion:- An organisms body produces waste products that are
harmful for the body and hence need to be removed. So excretion takes
place to make sure that the body gets rid of these harmful and toxic
contents.
5. Control and coordination:- Control and coordination needed to make
sure that the entire body functions well. The various processes occuring
inside any organism's body are interlinked or dependant on each other
or connected to each other. So if there is no control and coordination
among them, the entire system can breakdown.

Questions:
Q. 1 What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and
heterotrophic nutrition?
Answer:
auotrophic nutrition heterotrophic nutrition
- Autotrophic nutrition is the type Heterotrophic nutrition is the type
of nutrition in which an organism of nutrition in which an organism
makes its own food. obtains nutrition by feeding on
other organisms.
- In this mode of nutrition, an - In this mode of nutrition, an
organism prepares its own food organism does not require any
and is hence dependant upon raw material since it does not
basic raw materials like, make its own food.
chlorophyll, sunlight, carbon
dioxide and water.

- It cannot take place without - Chlorophyll is not required.

chlorophyll.
- Animals and non green plants
- Green plants and algae show (like pitcher plant) show
autotrophic nutrition. heterotrophic nutrition.

Q. 2 Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for

photosynthesis?
Answer: 1. Plants use water, minerals and carbon dioxide as raw
materials in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll to perform
photosynthesis.
2. They obtain water and minerals from the soil and carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere.
3. Chlorophyll is already present in green plants.
4. Only a certain percentage of sunlight reaching the plant is absorbed
by the plants.

Q. 3 What is the role of the acid in our stomach?

Answer: The role of acid in the stomach is as follow:
1. To provide an acidic medium for the activation of the protein-
digesting enzyme pepsin.
2. To kill the harmful bacteria which may enter the stomach with intake
of food.
Q. 4 What is the function of digestive enzymes?
Answer: Digestive enzymes help in breaking the large food particles
into small simpler particles which are easily absorbed by blood and
transported to body cells. For example- amylase converts starch into
simpler sugar and pepsin coverts protein into simpler particles are
digestive enzymes.
Q. 5 How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food?
Answer: The surface of the intestine is made up of finger-like
projections known as villi. The main function of the villi is to increase
the surface area for the absorption of the digested food in the small
intestine. Blood vessels within villi absorb digested food and transport
it to body cells via the bloodstream.

Questions:
Q. 1 What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial
organism have with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?
Answer: Terrestrial organism obtains oxygen for respiration from the
atmosphere where the oxygen content is high, whereas, aquatic
organisms obtain oxygen dissolved in the water which is very low when
compared to the amount in atmosphere. For this reason, aquatic animals
breathe faster to obtain as much oxygen as possible, on the other hand,
terrestrial animal does not have to breathe faster and thus spends less
energy than aquatic organism.
Q. 2 What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidized to
provide energy in various organisms?
Answer: Glucose is a six carbon molecule that is metabolised in
different ways.
In different organisms, glusoce is broken down in the cytoplasm first
giving rise to pyruvate which is a three carbon molecule.
This pyruvate will now be utilised differently by different organisms.
There are three pathways of glucose breakdown:
1. Anaerobic2. Aerobic 3. Lack of oxygen
1. Anaerobic pathway:
• Takes place when oxygen is absent.
• Pyruvate gets converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide.
• Example: Yeast during fermentation.
2. Aerobic pathway:
• Takes place in the prsence of oxygen.
• Pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide and water.
• Higher amoung of energy produced.
• Example: In mitochondria.
3. Lack of Oxygen:
• This state may be reached due to vigorous activity.
• Oxygen is lacking and pyruvate gets converted into Lactic acid.
• Accumulation of lactic acid leads to muscle cramps.
• Example: In human muscle cells.
Q. 3 How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings?
Answer:
• The gaseous exchange takes place between the blood and lungs
more specifically between the alveoli and surrounding blood
capillaries.
• Carbon dioxide and oxygen are the two main gases that are
exchanged.
• The blood capillaries absorb the oxygen from the alveoli through
diffusion.
• Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, is absorbed by the alveoli from
blood capillaries via diffusion.
• Haemoglobin is a respiratory pigment that aids in the transport of
these gases.
• The haemoglobin molecule has an extremely high affinity for
oxygen i.e. the oxygen molecules can bind to the haemoglobin
molecules easily.
• One molecule of haemoglobin binds four molecules of oxygen.
• When haemoglobin is bound to oxygen, it is called
oxyhaemoglobin.
• Haemoglobin can also bind to carbon dioxide molecules. When
haemoglobin is bound to carbon dioxide molecules, it is known
as carboxyhemoglobin.

• Oxygen from lungs to the cells s carried in the form of

oxyhemoglobin.
• Carbon dioxide is transported from the various cell to the lungs
in the various forms, like: carboxyhemoglobin, carbonic acid,
sodium and potassium bicarbonates.
The blood serves as a transport system for both carbon dioxide and
oxygen. Oxygen is carried to the cells whereas carbon dioxide is carried
away from the cells.

Q. 4 How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximize the area
for exchange of gases?
Answer: The structure of the lung can be described as follow:
Each lung receives bronchi which divide into bronchioles. These
bronchioles further end with a large number of alveoli. These alveoli
are small, round balloon-like structure, that is further connected with
veins and arteries. These alveoli because of balloon-like structure
provide a larger surface area and occupy very less volume. Hence they
provide a larger surface thus maximizing the surface area for the
exchange of gases inside the lungs.

Questions:
Q. 1 What are the components of transport system in human beings?
What are the functions of these components?
Answer: There are three components of the transport system in human
beings- blood, blood vessels and the heart.
• The heart pumps oxygenated blood (haemoglobin+4molecules of
inhaled oxygen) to all cells of the body; the blood then picks up CO2
released from the cell during cellular respiration and becomes
deoxygenated again which is sent to lungs for purification/oxygenatio n.

• Blood is made of cell fragments and plasma. It contains red blood

cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It helps in the transport of oxygen
to cells, exhaling carbon dioxide by picking it from cells and in the
transport of nutrients and nitrogenous wastes too.

• Blood vessels (veins, arteries or capillaries) are responsible for

carrying blood through the tissues and organs.

Q. 2 Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated

blood in mammals and birds?
Answer: Birds and mammals are warm blooded animals. They
maintain a constant body temperature by cooling and warming their
bodies in warmer and cooler environment respectively. To maintain
this constant temperature, they require large amount of oxygen for
cellular respiration. So, it is necessary to separate oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood because the circulatory system becomes more
efficient and supplies more amount of oxygen needed to maintain this
constant body temperature.
Q. 3 What are the components of the transport system in highly
organized plants?
Answer: The components of the transport system in highly organized
plants are xylem tissue and phloem tissue.
• Xylem tissues: The xylem tissue is responsible for the transport of
water and minerals from the root to the leaves. They are made of long
hollow chains of dead and tough xylem cells.
• Phloem tissue: The Pholem tissue is responsible for the
transportation of food from the plant to all parts of the body. The
phloem tissue is made of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem
parenchyma cell and phloem fibres.

Q. 4 How are water and minerals transported in plants?

Answer:
• The minerals are dissolved in the water. Unlike human beings,
plants do not have a circulatory system.
• They use the two vascular tissues called xylem and phloem for
transportation of water and minerals.
• The main materials of transport are gases, water, hormones,
minerals, organic material etc.
Transport in Plants:

Water transport:
• The root hair absorbs water.
• The water gets transported and reached xylem vessels.
• There is a continuous uptake of water from the root to the xylem
vessels.
• This continuous uptake creates a root pressure which allows
water to be pushed upwards from the root to the plant body.
• In tall plants, like trees, this pull of water is created because of
transpiration.
• Transpiration occurs through leaves (water from root reaches
leaves and gets evaporated).
Mineral transport:
• Minerals are transported via xylem as well.
• Minerals are dissolved in the water and transported along with it.
• Organic compounds that are produced during photosynthesis get
transported through phloem sieve tubes.
Q. 5 How is food transported in plants?
Answer: Food are stored in plants in the form of sucrose but sucrose is
heavy molecules and can’t be transported so it is broken down into
simple molecules called glucose and transferred from source leaves to
different parts of plants through phloem and its subparts called
companion cells, based on gradient and ATP are utilized in this process.

Questions:

Q.1 Describe the structure and functioning of nephrons.

Answer: STRUCTURE - a nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and a
long complicated renal tubule.
• Nephron has a cup-shaped bag known as Bowmans Capsule.
• The lower end of the Bowmans Capsule is known as the Tubule.
• One end of Tubule is connected to Urine-Collecting Duct.
• Bowmans Capsule contains bundles of blood capillaries known
as Glomerulus.
• One part of Glomerulus attached to Renal Artery bringing in the
dirty blood(Containing Urea) while the other end coming out of
Bowmans Capsule containing the clean blood
• Renal tubule is divided into three parts- proximal convoluted
tubule (PCT), the loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule
(DCT) which ends by joining a collecting tubule.
Functions:-

• Glomerulus filters the blood passing through it

• It also removes other harmful substances from our body like urea
• Useful substances like glucose, essential amino acids, salts and
major amount of water is selectively reabsorbed by tubular part
of nephron
Q. 2 What is the method used by plants to get rid of excretory products?
Answer: There are various methods in plants to get rid of excretory
products-
• The excess of water is transpired by transpiration. Transpiration is a
phenomenon where moisture is taken up to the leaves from roots and is
released into the atmosphere.
• Some plants store waste products in their leaves which are
automatically removed when the leaves fall-off.
• Waste products like tannins, resins (in non-functional old xylem) and
gums are stored in barks which are eliminated by peeling of the bark.
• Oxygen is produced as a by-product in photosynthesis and carbon
dioxide is produced as a result of respiration. These gases are released
from stomata in leaves of plants.
Q. 3 How is the amount of urine produced regulated?
Answer: The amount of urine is regulated by reabsorption of water
through blood capillaries. The reabsorption takes place through tubules
of nephrons which is a functional unit of kidney. Amount of urine
depends on concentration of water converted into urine and amount of
water into body thus maintains the neutral concentration of cell volume
all over body.

Exercise
Questions:
Q.1 The kidneys in human beings are a part of the system for:
A. Nutrition
B. Respiration
C. Excretion
D. Transportation
Answer: Kidney has nephrons which is its functional unit. Nephrons
function in filtering the blood, and excreting urine after re-absorbing
the required substances from the blood.
Q. 2 The xylem in plants is responsible for:
A. Transport of water
B. Transport of food
C. Transport of amino acids
D. Transport of oxygen
Answer:
Transport of water
Xylem transports water and also minerals from roots to all other parts
of the plant.
Q. 3 Autotrophic mode of nutrition requires:
(a) carbon dioxide and water.(b) chlorophyll.(c) sunlight.(d) all of the
above.
A. Carbon dioxide and water
B. Chlorophyll
C. Sunlight
D. all of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above
Plants are autotrophic. They use carbon dioxide, water in the presence
of sunlight and chlorophyll to produce their own food and also release
oxygen as a by-product.
Q. 4 The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and
energy takes place in:
A. Cytoplasm
B. Mitochondria
C. Chloroplast
D. Nucleus
Answer: Mitochondria function as the power house of cell by
producing energy in the cell i.e. ATP.
Q. 5 How is fat digested in our bodies? Where does this process take
place?
Answer: Fats are digested in our body in following ways
1. Our liver secretes alkaline fluid called bile juice into intestine
which is use to emulsify fats into small fat globules.
2. The pancreas secrete another enzyme called “lipase” which
further acts on small fat globules ad emulsify it further into simple
glucose molecules.
3. These glucose molecule when oxidized in presence of oxygen
release energy. The fat are digested in our body inside small
intestine.
Q. 6 What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?
Answer: Role of saliva in digestion of food-

• Saliva is secreted by the salivary glands and it moistens (wets) the

food and helps in creating a food bolus that can be easily swallowed.

• The enzyme present in saliva is salivary amylase which breaks

down the complex starch present in food to simple sugars like
maltose which can be digested easily.
Q. 7 What are the conditions necessary for autotrophic nutrition and
what are its by-products?
Answer: Autotrophic nutrition is a process where the organism
prepares its food from the simple inorganic materials like water,
mineral salts and carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight. All the
green plants possess an autotrophic mode of nutrition.
The autotrophic organisms contain a green coloured pigment called
chlorophyll which helps in trapping energy from the sun. They
prepare their own food by utilizing solar energy, water, and carbon
dioxide by the process of photosynthesis. This results in forming of
glucose.
The conditions that are necessary for autotrophic nutrition (to
perform photosynthesis) are water and minerals (obtained from
soil), carbon dioxide (obtained from atmosphere) in the presence of
chlorophyll (present in the leaves of plant) and sunlight.
 Q. 8 A What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic
respiration?
Answer:
aerobic respiration? anaerobic respiration?
1) Takes place in the presence 1) Takes place in the absence of
of oxygen. oxygen.

2) Complete breakdown of food 2) Partial breakdown of food

occurs during aerobic occurs in anaerobic respiration.
respiration.

3) 1 molecule of Glucose gives 3) 1 molecule of Glucose gives

38 ATP(Energy) molecules. 2 ATP(Energy) molecules.

4) The end products are CO2 4) The end products are lactic
and water. acid(in case of animal muscles)
and ethanol and C02(In case of
yeast plants)
5) Produces a large amount of 5) Less amount of energy is
energy. produced.

6) The chemical equation for 6) The chemical equation for

the above process: above procecss:
𝐺𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝐺𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠
Glucoswe →−−−−−−→Pyruvate Glucoswe →−−−−−−→Pyruvate
(𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑚) (𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑚)

Q. 8 B Name some organisms that use the anaerobic mode of

respiration.
Answer: Bacteria like Clostridium perfringens and yeast like
Saccharomyces cerevisiae are organisms that respire and survive
anaerobically i.e. without oxygen.
Q. 9 How are the alveoli designed to maximize the exchange of gases?
Answer: Alveoli are small, round balloon like structures connected
with thousands of arteries & veins. Since they are spherical, they
require less volume and provide a large surface area for exchange of
gases.
Q. 10 What would be the consequences of a deficiency of haemoglobin
in our bodies?
Answer: The haemoglobin is responsible for the transportation of
oxygens to the cells in the different part of the body.
The deficiency of the haemoglobin in the blood of a person reduces the
oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood resulting in the improper supply
of oxygen to the tissue of the body which results in breathing problems,
tiredness and lack of energy. The person looks pale and loses weight.
Q. 11 Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it
necessary?
Answer: Blood circulation refers to the path taken by the blood
throughout the body to transport the various gases and nutrients
required. In human beings, the circulatory system is closed and double
circulation takes place. In double circulation, the blood goes through
the heart twice during each cardiac cycle.
Mechanism of double circulation:
There are two pathways of blood flow in double circulation.
1. Systemic circulation2. Pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation:
• The oxygenated blood is pumped into the aorta from where it
circulates to the various parts of the body.
• The deoxygenated blood is collected by veins and venules and
pumped back into the superior vena cava and then to the right
atrium.
• When the deoxygenated blood enters, it gets carried to the right
ventricle via the right atrium.
 • Here, it undergoes pulmonary circulation.
Pulmonary circulation:
• The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary artery.
• This deoxygenated blood is carried to the lungs to get oxygenated.
• After oxygenation of the blood, it gets carried back and the
pulmonary vein pumps this oxygenated blood to the left atrium
which pumps it into the left ventricle.
• The left ventricle pumps this oxygen-rich blood to the aorta for
systemic circulation.
 Q. 12 What are the differences between the transport of materials in
xylem and phloem?
Answer: Transport of materials in Xylem-
• Water and minerals are transported by the xylem tissues which
occur with the help of transpiration pull from roots to all part of the
plant.
Transport of materials in phloem-
• Phloem tissues help in transport of food in all directions by
utilizing energy in the form of ATP.
Q. 13 Compare alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with
respect to their structure and functioning.
Answer:
S.No. alveoli Nephron
1 They are tiny balloon-like They are tubular structure
structures present inside the present inside the kidney
lungs
2 The walls of alveoli are very Each nephron has two
thin components-Bowman's
capsule and tubules
3 Alveoli are surrounded by Blood capillaries from two
the extensive network of patches-glomerulus and
blood capillaries peritubular capillaries
4 Alveoli are the sites of Nephrons regulate the
gaseous exchange; oxygen concentration of water and
and carbon dioxide are salts by filtering the blood,
exchanged between the reabsorbing what is needed
blood of capillaries and the and excreting the non-required
gases as urine
Page 49
Class 10th Biology

05 LIFE PROCESSES
EXCRETION IN PLANTS