TECHNICALREPORT

ON
STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN AT

MINISTRY OF WORKS AND TRANSPORTATION, EKITI STATE.

AJILOSUN STREET, PMB 5335, ADO EKITI.

BY

ELEGBELEYE FAITH ADEBOWALE

MATRIC NO: 0417

SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY, BAMIDELE OLUMILUA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION,
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, IKERE EKITI, EKITI STATE.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

(B.TECH)

JANUARY, 2025

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 DEDICATION
This report work is dedicated to God Almighty who has made it all possible and also my parents
Mr. and Mrs. Elegbeleye for their support and prayers and the entire family of Civil Engineering
department. May God be with you all.

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 CERTIFICATION
I, Elegbeleye Faith Adebowale, with matriculation number 0417 of the department of Civil
Engineering, School of Engineering Technology, Bamidele Olumilua University of Education,
Science and Technology, Ikere Ekiti, Ekiti State, hereby certify that the Students Industrial Work
Experience Scheme for 2023/2024 academic session was carried out at Ministry of Works and
Transportation Ado Ekiti ,while primarily attached to Step Construction Company for a period of
six months.

Supervisor ………………………………………..
Prof. A. B. Ibidapo

Head of Department ………………………………………..

Engr. Dr. O.E. Osanyinlokun

Acting Director, SIWES ………………………………………

Dr. N.O. Alamuoye

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am sincerely grateful to God for his support, grace and mercy in my life, throughout the period
of my attachment. My gratitude goes to my parents, my brothers and sisters, I pray that God will
be with you till the end and give you long life to fulfill your destiny.
My profound gratitude goes to my kind hearted IT supervisor Prof .A.B. Ibidapo. May God bless
you sir. Also, my gratitude goes to the entire staff of Ministry of Works and Transportation and
Step Construction Company. May God's blessings be with you all. To my SIWES coordinator,
Engr. O.T. Oginni, I can’t but appreciate you, may you live long and to my Head of department
Engr. O.E Osanyinlokun, thank you very much for your word of encouragement all this time.
Finally, my profound gratitude goes to entire Civil Engineering family for all the support,
courage and advice, I really appreciate that and my God bless you and I wish you all the best in
this life and hereafter.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i
DEDICATION ii
CERTIFICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
TABLE OF CONTENT v
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES viii

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Purpose and Objectives of Industrial Training 1

1.2 Impact of Industrial Training on Career Development 2

1.3 Purpose of the Report 3

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Historical Background of the Company 4
2.0.1 Historical Context of the Company's Founding 4

2.1 Objective and Purpose 5

2.2 Overview of the Organizational Structure of the Company 6
2.3 Key Figures in the Company's Development 6
2.4 Key Milestones and Achievements of the Company 7

CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Operations of the Company 8
3.2 Overview of the company operations 8
3.3 Key operational strategies 9
3.4 Description of Core Business Activities 10
3.5 Challenges in operational management 11
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Experience Acquired During Industrial Training 13
4.1 Technical Skills and Knowledge gained 13
4.1.0 Construction of a Bridge 13
4.1.1 Component of a Bridge 14
4.1.2 Factors affecting Bridge Structure 14
4.1.3 Types of Bridges 15
4.2 Materials and Equipments used in the Construction of a Bridge 16
4.2.1 Materials 16
4.2.2 Equipments 18
4.3 Machineries Used 18
4.4 Components of a Bridge 20
4.4.1 Beams, Piers, Diaphragms and Wing walls 20
4.4.2 Pile Cap Reinforcement 21
4.5 Steps in the Construction of a Bridge 21
4.6 Technical Skills developed 27
4.7 Challenges Faced and Solutions Implemented 27

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 29
5.1 Summary of Key Findings 29
5.2 Recommendations for Future Students and the Company 30

REFERENCES 31
APPENDIX
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Organogram of Ministry of Works and Transportation, Ekiti State 6
Figure 2: Pile Cap Reinforcement details 21
Table 1: Grade Table for Concrete 26
 vii
LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1: Beam Bridge 15
Plate 2: Arch Bridge 15
Plate 3: Cantilever Bridge 16
Plate 4: Suspended Bridge 16
Plate 5: An Excavator 19
Plate 6: A Concrete Mixer 19
Plate 7: A Poker Vibrator 19
Plate 8: A Crane 20
Plate 9: Piers 20
Plate 10: Excavation of Site 22
Plate 11: Leveling of the Site 22
Plate 12: Blinding of the Site 22
Plate 13: Formworks for different structures on site 23
Plate 14: Slump test for Concrete 24
Plate 15: Concrete Cube Test 25
Plate 16: Casting of Girder Beams 25
Plate 17: Curing of Beams using Sacks 26
Plate 18.1: Casted Girder Beams 27
Plate 18.2: Casted Girder Beams ready for Launching 27
Plate 18.3: Launching of Girder Beams 27
 viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Student Industrial Work Experience scheme (SIWES), also known as Industrial Training is a
compulsory skill training programme designed to expose and prepare students of Nigeria
Universities, Polytechnics, college of Education, College of Agriculture and College of
Technology, for the industrial work situation they are likely to meet in their various fields of
study after graduation.

SIWES introduction, initiation and design was done by the Industrial Training Fund in 1993 to
acquaint students with the skills of handling employer’s equipment and machinery. The Scheme
affords students the opportunity of familiarizing and exposing themselves handling equipment
and machinery that are usually not available in their institutions. Before the establishment of the
Scheme, there was a growing concern that graduates of various Institutions of higher learning
lacked adequate practical knowledge and that the theoretical education in Higher Institutions was
not responsive to the needs of the Employer’s of Labour. It is against this background that the
Industrial Training Fund (ITF) initiated, designed and introduced SIWES Scheme in 1973 to
acquaint Students with the skills of handling Industrial equipment and machinery. The Industrial
Training Fund (ITF) solely funded the Scheme during its formative years. However, due to
finance constraints, the Fund withdrew from the Scheme in 1978. The Federal Government
noting the significance of the skills training, handed the management of the Scheme to the
National Universities Commission (NUC) and the National Board for Technical Education
(NBTE) in 1979. In November 1984, management and implementation of the Scheme was again
reverted to the ITF with the funding to be solely borne by the Federal Government.

1.1. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING.

1.1.1. Purpose of Industrial Training.
The primary purpose and objective of industrial training is to familiarize students with real-world
work scenarios, equipping them with the skills necessary for the professional landscape. The
Scheme was founded to solve problems of poor practical skills preparatory for employment in
industries by Nigerian graduates of tertiary institutions. The Scheme was designed to equip
undergraduates with the skills required to cope in the labour market after graduation and
designed for duration of 12 months for polytechnic and colleges of education students and 6
months for university students.
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1.1.2. Objectives of Industrial Training.

Specifically, the objectives of the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) are to:

1. Provide avenue for students in Institutions of higher learning to acquire industrial skills and
experience in their course of study.

2. Prepare students for the industrial work situation they are to meet after graduation.

3. Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machinery that
may not be available in their Institutions.

4. Make the transition from school to the world of work easier, and enhance students contacts
for later job placement.

5. Provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in real work situation thereby
bridging the gap between theory and practice.

6. Enlist and strengthen employer’s involvement in the entire education process and prepare
students for employment after graduation.

7. To expose the students to the real life working experience and expanding the knowledge in
their specific field.

8. To produce trustworthy workers with high responsibility and able to cooperate with other
staffs.

1.2 IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING ON CAREER DEVELOPMENT.

Industrial training plays an important role in career development for various reasons:

1. Practical Experience: It provides hands-on experience in a real-world setting, allowing

individuals to apply theoretical knowledge in their various fields of study.

2. Skill Development: Trainees acquire specific technical and soft skills that enhance their
employability.

3. Networking Opportunities: Training allows participants to build professional connections,

which can lead to job opportunities and mentorship.

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4. Understanding Industry Dynamics: Exposure to workplace culture and industry practices
helps trainees understand market trends and expectations.

5. Enhanced Confidence: Successfully completing training can boost confidence, making

individuals more competitive in the job market.

6. Career Path Clarity: It helps individuals identify their strengths and interests, guiding them
toward suitable career paths.

7. Potential for Employment: Many companies prefer to hire trainees from their programs,
creating direct pathways to employment.

1.3. PURPOSE OF THE REPORT.

The primary purpose of a report is to convey information in a clear, concise, and organized
manner to a specific audience. It aims to:
i. Inform: Present factual data, research findings, or analyses on a particular topic.

ii. Analyze: Interpret and evaluate information to draw conclusions or recommendations

The purpose of a report can be viewed or seen in some ways:

1. Documentation: To provide a detailed account of research, experiments, or project

developments, ensuring that information is preserved for future reference.

2. Communication: To convey complex technical information clearly and concisely to

stakeholders, including team members, management, or clients.

3. Analysis and Evaluation: To present findings, analyses, and conclusions drawn from data,
helping readers understand the implications of the work.

4. Decision Support: To provide necessary information that aids in decision-making processes,

highlighting potential risks and recommendations.

5. Standardization: To follow a structured format that makes it easier for readers to locate and
comprehend specific information.

6. Accountability: To document the methodology and results, allowing for replication of the
work and validation of results by others.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY

2.0.1 HISTORY OF MINISTRY OF WORKS AND TRANSPORTATION.
The Ministry of Works and Transportation in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, was established in October
1,1996 shortly after the creation of Ekiti State from the old Ondo State. It is a professional
service body which provides technical services, design, construction and maintenance of road
The ministry mandate was to accelerate the development of the state and was given the
responsibilities to oversee the development and maintenance of infrastructure in the state,
including roads, bridges, and public buildings in the state. In its early years from 1996 to the year
2000, the ministry faced significant challenges, including a lack of resources, inadequate
infrastructure, and a shortage of skilled personnel. Despite these challenges, the ministry made
significant progress in developing the state's infrastructure. Between the year 2000 and 2007, the
ministry embarked on several major infrastructure projects, including:

1. Construction of the Ado-Ekiti to Ikere road: This project, which was completed in 2005,
improved transportation links between Ado-Ekiti and Ikere, two major towns in the state.

2. Rehabilitation of the Ekiti State Secretariat: The ministry rehabilitated the state secretariat,
which had been in a state of disrepair for several years.

3. Construction of new public buildings: The ministry constructed several new public buildings,
including schools, hospitals, and local government secretariats.

During the year 2007 to 2014, the ministry continued in the expansion and modernization of the
state's infrastructure. In recent years, the ministry has continued to develop and maintain the
state's infrastructure.

From 2014 till present year, the ministry has executed various projects in different sections and
regions of the state and there are more ongoing projects.

The key factors that led to the formation of the Ministry of Works and Transportation in Ado
Ekiti was the need for infrastructure development in the region, including roads, bridges, and
public buildings, dates back to the pre-colonial era. The colonial administration further
emphasized the importance of infrastructure development for economic growth and
administrative convenience.

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The region's rugged terrain and lack of modern transportation systems made it difficult for
people and goods to move around, hindering economic development and social progress. The
Ekiti State Government recognized the importance of infrastructure development and
transportation in driving economic growth and improving the quality of life for its citizens. The
creation of Ekiti State and the subsequent establishment of the Ministry of Works and
Transportation reflected the decentralization and devolution of power from the federal
government to the state and local governments. These factors and events collectively led to the
formation of the Ministry of Works and Transportation in Ado Ekiti, which has since played a
crucial role in driving infrastructure development and economic growth in Ekiti State.

2.1 OBJECTIVES AND PURPOSES

The Ministry of Works and Transportation in Ado Ekiti was established with the following
objectives and purposes:
1. Infrastructure Development: To develop and maintain infrastructure in Ekiti State, including
roads, bridges, and public buildings.

2. Transportation: To establish a comprehensive transportation system that would provide safe,

efficient, and affordable transportation services to the people of Ekiti State.

3. Economic Development: To contribute to the economic development of Ekiti State by

providing infrastructure that would support economic growth and development.

4. Social Development: To contribute to the social development of Ekiti State by providing

infrastructure that would improve the quality of life of the people.

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 2.2 OVERVIEW OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE COMPANY

Commissioner of Work
COMMIKSSION

Permanent Secretary

Director of Director of
Director of Civil Director of Director of
& Electrical Planning and
Engineering Dept Mechanical Finance and
Engineering Dept Research Dept
Engineering Dept Account Dept

Figure 1: Organogram of Ministry of Works and Transportation, Ekiti State

2.3 KEY FIGURES IN THE COMPANY'S DEVELOPMENT

In Ministry of Works and Transportation, the key figures in the company's development are:

1. Commissioner for works

2. Permanent secretary
3. Director of Administration and supplies department
4. Director of Civil Engineering department
5. Director of Electrical Engineering department
6. Director of Mechanical Engineering department
7. Director of Planning, Research and Statistics department
8. Director of Finance and Account department
9. Director of Public Buildings department
10. Director of Public Transport department
11. Director of Public Works
12. Executive Secretary of Ekiti State Traffic Management Agency
13. Chief Internal Auditor

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 Some factors also contribute to the development of the company they are:

1. Transportation Policy
2. Infrastructure Development
3. Traffic Management
4. Road Safety
5. Transport Unions
2.4. KEY MILESTONES AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE COMPANY
The key milestones and achievements of the Ministry of Works and Transportation in Ado Ekiti
at various sectors:

A. In Infrastructural Development

1. Construction of the Ado-Ekiti to Ikere road

2. Rehabilitation of the Ekiti State Secretariat
3. Construction of new public buildings
B. In Transportation

1. Introduction of new transportation systems

2. Construction of bus terminals:
3. Establishment of the Ekiti State Transport Corporation
C. In Road Maintenance

1. Establishment of the Ekiti State Road Maintenance Agency

2. Regular maintenance of roads
3. Clearing of drains and waterways
D. In Community Development

1. Construction of community roads

2. Provision of potable water
3. Establishment of community centers

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0. OPERATIONS OF THE COMPANY

The Ministry of Works and Transportation in Ado Ekiti is in charge of planning, designing,
constructing, and maintaining roads, bridges, and public buildings. The ministry manages and
oversees the state's transportation system, including public transportation, traffic management,
and road safety.

The ministry regulates and enforces traffic laws, manages traffic flow, and provides public
transportation services. It also maintains and repairs existing infrastructure, including roads,
bridges, and public buildings etc,by conducting regular inspections, identifying maintenance
needs, and implementing maintenance and repair schedules.

Community engagement is a vital and major role of the ministry's operations, involving
collaboration with stakeholders, including citizens, businesses, and other government agencies,
to determine project priorities and ensure that projects meet community needs and standards.

The ministry's operations are monitored closely by the government policies and priorities ,in
accordance with the state's development plan, and ensure transparency, accountability, and
responsiveness to citizens' needs.

Some key activities include:

1. Planning and policy development

2. Infrastructure development and maintenance

3. Transportation management

4. Maintenance and repair

5. Procurement and contract management

6. Monitoring and evaluation

7. Community engagement and development

These activities enable the ministry to develop and maintain the state's infrastructure, provide
safe and efficient transportation services, and support economic growth and development.

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3.1. OVERVIEW OF THE COMPANY OPERATIONS

The Ministry of Works and Transportation plays a crucial role in developing and maintaining the
state's infrastructure. Its operations are guided by a vision to provide roads and other
infrastructure in a suitable manner for the overall social and economical benefit of Ekiti people

The ministry of works and transportation operations can be widely categorized into several
important areas.

1. Infrastructural Development: this involves the construction of new roads, bridges, and
public buildings, as well as the rehabilitation and maintenance of existing ones i.e, the
ministry has completed the rehabilitation of 12 township roads within 200 days, including
Oke Oniyo-Union Baptist road, Oladele street road etc.

2. Transportation Management: This is also an important category of the several areas of

operation, involving the regulation and enforcement of traffic laws, management of traffic
flow, and provision of public transportation services. The ministry also oversees the activities
of transport unions and ensures compliance with safety standards.

The Ministry's operations are backed up by various departments and agencies, including the
Planning, Research and Statistics Department, Public Buildings Department, Electrical
Engineering Department, and Mechanical Engineering Department, among several others.

Generally, the Ministry of Works and Transportation plays a vital role in the support of social
and economical development of Ekiti State, and its operations are important in ensuring the
safety, efficiency, and sustainability of the state's infrastructure.

3.2. KEY OPERATIONAL STRATEGIES

The Ministry of Works and Transportation in Ado Ekiti adopts various key operational strategies
to create different sections with the motion to achieve its mandate.
Infrastructure Development is a primary and major focus, with which the ministry is responsible
for constructing and maintaining roads, bridges, and public buildings. To achieve this, the
ministry has established various departments including:

1. Planning, Research and Statistics: This body of the organization is responsible for planning,
research, and statistics to inform infrastructure development.

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2. Public Buildings Department: This department oversees the construction and maintenance of
public buildings.

3. Electrical Engineering Department: They handle electrical projects, including street

lighting, project pertaining installation of a community transformer etc.

4. Civil Engineering Department: The Civil Engineering department is specifically responsible

for construction of various structures such as buildings, bridges, road construction and
maintenance of various structures.

5. Public Transportation Department: This department manages public transportation systems

in the state.

The ministry also engages in transportation management, the engagement of this body is in
charge of regulating and enforcing traffic laws, managing traffic flow, and providing public
transportation services. Also the ministry prioritizes the maintenance and repairs by practically
conducting regular inspections and assessments to identify maintenance needs and implement
repair schedules.

To ensure the success of these strategies, the ministry collaborates with various stakeholders,
including local communities, transport unions, and other government bodies

3.3. DESCRIPTION OF CORE BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

In Ministry of Works and Transportation the description of core business activities are based on
creating effective work and transportation policies in the state. The Ministry of Works and
Transportation in Ado Ekiti is responsible for developing and maintaining infrastructure in Ekiti
State. Its core business activities include:

1. Formulation of all relevant laws and regulations guiding transportation.

2. To serve as intermediary between the State Government and all road transport unions in the
State.
3. To ensure maximum compliance with all relevant transportation regulations and laws.
4. To manage and control all activities of all road transport unions in the State.
5. Provision of road infrastructure and furniture appropriate for transportation and traffic
management control.

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6. Infrastructure Development: Constructing and maintaining roads, bridges, and public
buildings to support the state's socio-economic development ¹.
7. Transportation Management: Regulating and enforcing traffic laws, managing traffic flow,
and providing public transportation services to ensure safe and efficient movement of people
and goods.

8. Maintenance and Repair: Conducting regular inspections and assessments to identify

maintenance needs and implement repair schedules for roads, bridges, and public buildings.

9. Public Transportation: Managing public transportation systems, including buses and taxis,
to provide affordable and reliable transportation services to citizens.

10. Traffic Management: Regulating and enforcing traffic laws, managing traffic flow, and
providing traffic safety education to reduce accidents and ensure smooth traffic flow.

11. Community Development: Collaborating with local communities to identify infrastructure

needs and priorities, and developing community-based infrastructure development projects.

3.4. CHALLENGES IN OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT

The Ministry of Works and Transportation in Ado Ekiti faces various challenges in its
operational management, which includes:

1. Insufficient Funding: Limited budget allocation hinders the ministry's ability to undertake
new projects and maintain existing infrastructure.

2. Inadequate Infrastructure: Poor condition of roads, bridges, and public buildings poses
significant challenges to the ministry's operations.

3. Inefficient Bureaucracy: Slow decision-making processes and cumbersome administrative

procedures hinder the ministry's ability to respond quickly to emerging issues.

4. Lack of Skilled Personnel: Insufficient technical expertise and skilled labor hinder the
ministry's ability to effectively manage and maintain infrastructure.

5. Corruption and Mismanagement: Corruption and mismanagement of resources can lead to

poor project execution, delays, and cost overruns.

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6. Community Engagement and Participation: Limited community involvement in project
planning and execution can lead to projects that do not meet community needs.

7. Environmental Factors: Natural disasters, such as flooding and erosion, can damage
infrastructure and disrupt the ministry's operations.

8. Technological Limitations: Outdated technology and limited access to modern equipment

hinder the ministry's ability to efficiently manage and maintain infrastructure.

9. Security Concerns: Security challenges, such as vandalism and theft, can compromise the
safety and integrity of infrastructure.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0. EXPERIENCE ACQUIRED DURING INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

As part of my Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme program, I was attached to STEP
Construction Company in Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, to gain practical knowledge during my six
months attachments, I worked on the ongoing bridge construction project in Ado Ekiti.
4.1 TECHINCAL SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE GAINED
4.1.0 Construction of a Bridge
1. Bridge Overview
A bridge is a man-made structure built to avoid physical obstacles without closing the way
underneath such as a body of water, valley, or road. It is constructed for the purpose of providing
passage over the obstacle. The first bridges made by humans were probably spans of cut wooden
logs or planks and eventually stones, using a simple support and crossbeam arrangement. The
Romans built arch bridges and aqueducts. The Romans also used cement, which reduced the
variation of strength found in natural stone. Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of
the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed and anchored, the material
used to make it, and the funds available to build it. Every bridge can be divided broadly into
three parts:

a. Superstructure
b. Substructure
c. Foundation.
Superstructure: Superstructure is that part of the structure which supports traffic and includes
deck, slab and girders. All the parts of the bridge which is mounted on a supporting system can
be classified as a super structure.
Substructure: Substructure that part of the structure, i.e. pier, cross beams and abutments, which
supports the superstructure and which transfers the structural load to the foundations.

Foundation: Foundation is the component which transfers loads from the substructure to the
bearing strata. Depending on the geotechnical properties of the bearing strata, shallow or deep
foundations are adopted. Usually, piles and well foundations are adopted for bridge foundations.

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4.1.2 Components Of Bridge
The bridge consist of various components such as:
1. Deck: This is the bridge floor directly carrying traffic loads. Deck transfers loads to the
girders depending on the decking material.
2. Beam: A beam is a rigid usually a horizontal, structural element.
3. Beam / Girder: Beam or girder is that part of superstructure which is under bending along
the span. It is the load bearing part which supports the deck.
4. Bearing: Bearing transfers loads from the girders to piers then directly pier caps.
5. Pier: This is a vertical supporting structure, such as a pillar which supports the cross beams.
6. Pier Cap/Headstock: Pier Cap / Headstock is the component which transfers loads from the
superstructure to the piers. Pier cap provide sufficient seating for the Bridge girders.
7. Cantilever: This is a projecting structure supported only at one end, like a shelf bracket or a
diving board.
8. Truss: This is a rigid frame composed of short, straight pieces joined to form a series of
triangles or other stable shapes.
9. Pile cap and Piles: Pile foundation is the most commonly used foundation system for
bridges. Pile is a slender compression member driven into or formed in the ground to resist
loads. A reinforced concrete mass cast around the head of a group of piles to ensure they act
together and distribute the load among them it is known as pile cap.
4.1.3 Factors Affecting Bridge Structure
a. Force: It's any action that tends to maintain or alter the position of a structure.
b. Compression: It is a force which acts to compress or shorten the thing it is acting on.
c. Tension: a force which acts to expand or lengthen the thing it is acting on.
d. Load: A weight distribution throughout a structure.
e. Stable: The ability to resist collapse and deformation and stability, or characteristic of a
structure that is able to carry a realistic load without collapsing or deforming significantly.
f. Deform: to change shape.
g. Buckling: is what happens when the force of compression overcomes an object's ability to
handle compression.

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4.1.4 Types of Bridges
All bridges are designed to allow loads to cross obstacles. These obstacles may be rivers, valleys
or lakes. Generally the loads will either be vehicular traffic, pedestrians or animals. There are
four basic types of bridges. These are Beam bridges, Arch bridges, Cantilever bridges and
Suspension bridges. Bridges can twist or bend under severe weather conditions which can have
disastrous consequences. In order to prevent this from happening bridges must be stiff enough to
resist this movement and each member from which the bridge is made must be strong enough to
withstand the load which is placed upon it.

1. BEAM BRIDGES: Beam bridges are the oldest and simplest bridge design consisting of
vertical piers and horizontal beams, e.g. just a simple plank or stone slab. They are suitable
only for short spans but can be used for larger crossings by adding additional piers. As the
bridge is loaded, by traffic for example, the beam bends which causes the top surface to be
compressed and the bottom surface to be stretched or put in intension. They are easy to build
and inexpensive relative to other bridge types so are very common.

Plate 1: Beam Bridge

2. ARCH BRIDGES: Arch bridges have abutments at each end. The weight of the bridge is
thrust into the abutments at either side. The earliest known arch bridges were built by the Greeks.
These bridge uses arch as a main structural component (arch is always located below the bridge,
never above it). They are made with one or more hinges, depending on what kind of load and
stress forces they must endure.

Plate 2: Arch Bridge

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3. CANTILEVER BRIDGES: Cantilever bridges are based on structures that project
horizontally into space, supported at only one end, like a spring board. If two cantilevers project
out from a central pier the forces are balanced. They are more easily constructed at difficult
crossings by virtue of using little or no false work. They are complex structures and can be
difficult to maintain.

Plate 3: Cantilever Bridges

4. SUSPENDED BRIDGES: Suspension bridges main elements are a pair of main suspension
cables stretching over two towers and attached at each end to an anchor buried deep in the
ground. Smaller vertical suspender cables are attached to the main cables to support the deck
below. Any load applied to the bridge is transformed into a tension in the main cables which
have to be firmly anchored to resist it. Strong and can span long distances such as across rivers.
(Internet as an Additional Source of Research)

Plate 4: Suspended Bridge

4.1 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF A BRIDGE

4.1.1Materials
I. Concrete: Concrete is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded
together with a fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens (cures) over time. When aggregate
is mixed with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a fluid slurry that is easily
poured and molded into shape.

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 II. Cements: Cement is a dry powdery substance made by calcining lime and clay, when mixed
with water to form mortar or mixed with sand, gravel and water to make concrete. It is a
binder material. Once hardened, cement delivers sufficient strength to structures.

III. Water: A clear colorless liquid, odorless and tasteless when pure, that occurs as rain, snow
and ice, forms rivers, lakes and seas, and is essential for life. Water is one of the most
important elements in construction and is required for the preparation of mortar, mixing of
cement concrete and for curing work e.t.c. The quality of water used has a direct impact on
the strength of the mortar and cement concrete in the construction work.

IV. Aggregate: This consists of sand, ground crushed stone, broken blocks and similar such
materials. Aggregate may either be light or heavyweight and also all-in- aggregates.
Aggregates must be clean, structural sound, well graded and weather resistance. There are
two types of Aggregates: Fine Aggregate (sand) : These are any natural sand particles or any
crushed rock (stone dust).

V. Coarse Aggregate: These are crush rocks used in the production of concrete, and are of
different sizes.

VI. Reinforcement bar: Reinforcement is provided in concrete structures to enhance its tensile
strength. Basically reinforcement bars of different sizes were used in reinforcing the column-
base (basket), retaining wall, columns, beams and slabs e.t.c. Therefore in all structural
members, the reinforcement is provided in the region of the members that will be subjected
to tension. The diameters of reinforcement bars used were Y-8,Y-10,Y-12,Y-16,Y-20,Y-
24,Y-32 respectively.

VII. Binding wires: This is a flexible steel which are used to tie reinforcement together. Binding
wire is used for binding reinforcement slabs, metal mesh processing, beams walls, columns
and so on. In particular, it is used in concrete construction. Binding wire provides a secure
hold reinforcing bars of different diameters.

VIII. Timber: large piece of wood, usually squared, used in a building e.g. wooden form-works.
These were provided for the construction of form-works to columns, beams, slabs and
retaining wall

IX. Caution Tape: This is also known as barricade tape, construction tape or barrier tape.

17
This is used in construction zones to notify people about ongoing construction and that there are
possible hazards within the demarcated area. Construction tape usually employs a yellow-black
color combination and incorporates printed text, such as "Under Construction", "Caution",
"Work Zone", and "Keep Out" (among others). This type of tape is commonly found at the site
of renovations, demolition, and minor repairs.
4.1.2 Equipment
The following are various tools used on site.
1. Trowel: This is a flat metal blade fixed to a short handle used for the application, jointing,
smoothing, and shaping of mortar in masonry. It is also used in trimming of block/bricks.
Trowel size range from 225-350mm measuring from the blade.

2. Spirit level: This is a Hand-tools used for indicating true horizontal and vertical of a work,
by means of air bubbles sealed in a marked, liquid-filled glass tube mounted in a frame; the
tube is horizontal when the bubble is between two marks. Spirit level are of various length
ranging from about 250mm - 1.2 mm.

3. Builder’s square: This is a hand tool of a angle 90 which measures 600mm by 450mm long.
It is used for setting - out walls at right angel triangle to check for square nature of a section
of work.

4. Scaffolds: it is a temporary platform used in construction which is used to elevate and

support workers, materials, formwork, during construction. It consist of one or more plank of
convenient size and length with various method of support depending on the form and use.

4.2 MACHINERIES USED

The machineries that were used on site were brought into consideration so as to promote high
standard requirement. Machineries are used on site to eliminate heavy manual work. Such
machineries that were used include the following;

1. Excavator: Excavator is a earthmoving machine that feature a bucket, arm, rotating cab, and
movable tracks. These components provide superior digging power and mobility, allowing
this heavy equipment to perform a variety of functions, from digging trenches and breaking
holes to lifting away waste and excavating mines.

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 Plate 5: Excavator

2. Concrete mixer: A concrete mixer (often mistakenly called a cement mixer) is a device that
homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form
concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components.

Plate 6: A concrete mixer

3. Front end loader: A loader is a heavy equipment machine used in construction to move or
load materials such as soil, rock, sand, demolition debris, e.t.c.

4. Poker vibrator: This consist of a hollow steel tube causing in which is a rotating impeller
which generates vibrations as its head comes into contact with the casting. It is immersed in fresh
concrete to provide compaction through gentle agitation.

Plate 7: Poker Vibrator

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5. Cranes: It is an heavy duty machine that lifts various types of precast structures and it is
mainly used in launching of beams.

Plate 8: A Crane

4.3 COMPONENT OF A BRIDGE

4.3.1. Beams, Piers, Diaphragms and Wing Walls
1. Beams: In construction, a beam structure refers to a vital load-bearing element that resists
vertical loads, shear forces, and bending moments. Typically, beams are horizontal or sloping
members that span across two or more supports, distributing the load imposed on them. The
standard weight for a beam used in a bridge construction for concrete beams weighs between
17.75 and 33.2 tons depending on their lengths. There are various types of beams which are
cross beams, girder beams Beam bridges are often used for relatively short distances, usually
no more than 250 feet, because they lack built-in supports and are weakened by the distance
between their supports. To cross greater distances, multiple beam bridges can be joined
together to create a continuous span.
2. Piers: Piers are the vertical support structures of bridges. They are the intermediate supports,
whose function is to transmit the forces they receive from the load-bearing elements to the
foundations.

Plate 9: Piers

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3. Diaphragms: Diaphragms are structural elements in bridges that provide lateral bracing,
improve load distribution, and provide stability during construction:

4. Wing walls: Wing walls are retaining walls that are built next to the abutments of a bridge to
stabilize the abutment and protect the roadway from erosion:

4.3.2 Pile Cap Reinforcements

There are different types of reinforcement for various structures of a bridge. They are
Y6,Y8,Y10,Y12,Y16,Y20,Y25,Y32,Y40,Y50. In the arrangements of pile cap
reinforcements, a Y25 and Y16 reinforcement size was used for the layout and also for the
rest of the structures such as Piers, Cross beams, Girder beams with details of each beams

Figure 2: Pile cap reinforcement details

4.4 STEPS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF A BRIDGE

1. Excavation: Excavation work generally means work involving the removal of soil or rock
from a site to form an open space using tools, machinery or explosives. Excavation was
carried out both manually as well as mechanically with the use of machinery such as
excavator. Excavation was carried out to clear and create spaces for the construction of the
bridge and also for the arrangements of reinforcement for beams(girder beams)and casting of
beams kickers whose function is to support and prevent the girders beams from coming in
contact with the bare soil to prevent impurities while the soil excavated can be used for
further backfilling.

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 Plate 10: Excavation of Site

2. Leveling and Blinding

a. Leveling: Leveling is a process of determining the height of one ground level relative to
another. These has to deal with the transfer of horizontal height or horizontal line of sight
from one point to another. These was done by the use of a leveling instrument which is
called dumpy level, a leveling staff ,pegs and a tripod stand which is mostly used in
determining heights of columns, ground beams, retaining wall before casting takes place
and also cut and used in back filling

Plate 11: Leveling of the Site

b. Blinding: These was done before the arrangements of formworks for beam kickers and
arrangements of reinforcement for girder beams. Like all other concrete used, this is just
the mixture of cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate and water in the required
proportion and it is been transported from the batching plant with the use of a mixer to
site for use

Plate 12: Blinding of the Site

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 Blinding prevents the base reinforcements not to come in contact with the ground surface.
There is a tendency that when the reinforcement bars come in contact with the ground
surface it easily weaken the reinforcement due to capillary action. The concrete was well
tampered using a wooden range and a plumb was also used to check if the surface is
leveled.

3. Formworks for different structures on site: This is a temporary or mould erected to

contain concrete during placing and initial hardening which is later removed for further use.
It is used to give temporary support for in-situ concrete while it hardens. Formworks can be
of different types for various columns or beams such as girder beams, cross beams ,pile caps
and piers. The inside of a form-work are thoroughly clean and a release agent (lubricant) was
placed on the inner surface of the form-work before fixing. Before the fixing of the form-
work, concrete biscuit are tied to multiple places of the reinforcement bars so that the
reinforcement can flush uniformly to create a concrete cover after casting. Materials used for
form-work are marine board and steel panels.

Plate 13: Formworks for different structures on site

4. Slump and Concrete Cube Test on concrete: It's a standard test for assessing the
workability of concrete and how easily it flows. The test also helps to identify defects in the
mix and ensure that the correct amount of water has been added.

Slump Test procedures

1 Place a cone-shaped mold on a flat, level surface.
2 Fill the mold in three layers, compacting each layer 25 times with the tamping rod.
3 Remove any excess concrete from the top and base of the mold.
4 Slowly lift the mold away from the concrete.
5 Place the mold upside down next to the concrete.
6 Measure the distance from the top of the concrete to the top of the mold.

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 Plate 14: Slump test for concrete

After the slump value has been taken, it is then checked with the standard and recommended
slump values which are:
Concrete for road construction ranges from 20 to 40mm
Concrete for beams and slabs ranges from 50 to 100mm
Mass concrete ranges from 25 to 50mm
Normal RCC works ranges from 80 to 150mm
(BS 882:1992 - Specification for aggregates from natural sources for concrete)
(BS EN 12620:2002+A1:2008 - Aggregates for concrete)
Very dry mixes having slump 0 – 25 mm are typically used in constructing pavements or
roads, low workability mixes having slump 10 – 40 mm are typically used for foundations
with light reinforcement, medium workability mixes with slump 50 – 90 mm, are typically
used for normal reinforced concrete placed with vibration.
Concrete Cube Test: Concrete cube test is a test conducted to determine the compressive
strength of concrete by testing a sample of fresh concrete after it has been cured. It involves
taking a sample of freshly mixed concrete, allowing it to cure, then crush it to test for it
compressive strength.

Concrete cube test procedures

1. The cubes were cleaned by the use of wire brush without any dirt on the mold and all the
joints and nuts were well tightened.
2. A thin coat of grease oil is applied inside the cubes and the joints.
3. Cubes were filled by concrete mix in three layers with each layers tamped 35 times by the
use of a tamping rod.
4. After filling the cubes completely, overflowing concrete was wiped off by hand float.
5. Date was recorded and all the cubes were left to settle or hardened in the laboratory for 24
hours after labelling each cube.
6. After 24 hours the mold were removed carefully and the cubes were placed in a curing tank.
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7. After 7 days, the cubes were removed from the curing tank.
8. Plates of compression machines were cleaned and the cube was placed in the center of the
lower plate until the upper plate came in contact with the cube till it gets crushed.
9. Repeat the same procedure for the other cubes, and get the compressive strength for the
cubes
To get the compressive strength for a concrete cube we used;
Compressive strength= F/A

Where F is the force and A is the cross sectional area.

Plate 15: Concrete Cube Test

5. Casting and Curing of Beams

a. Casting
The concrete casting process is the process of creating structures using concrete. The process
involves preparing the mold or formwork, mixing the concrete,the use of a large steel bucket
in placing the concrete in the mold, and allowing the concrete to harden. In casting there are
different grades and each grades has its own mixing ratio.

Plate 16: Casting of Girder Beams

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 Here are different grade types, their mixing ratio and uses:
Grades of Mixing Their Uses
Concrete Ratio

Grade 10 1:4:8 For blinding

Grade 15 1:3:6 For drainage

Grade 20 1:2:4 Used mostly for buildings

Grade 25 1:1½:3 For culverts.

Grade 30 1:1:2 Used for bridges

Grade 35 1:0.5:1 For structural beams, rigid

pavements, external slabs and
walls.
Grade 40 1:0.25:0.5 Used for dams, footings and
foundation etc.
Table 1: Grade Table for Concrete

6. Curing: After the placing and compacting of the concrete it is allowed to sufficiently harden
for a day than the curing process comes in which involves the prevention of the evaporation
of moisture in the concrete. The concrete was watered for days with the use of a hose pipe
connected to a bore hole and sacks to retain water. This was done to avoid shrinkage of the
concrete and cause a more permanent and durable material produced.

Plate 17: Curing of Beams with sacks

7. Launching of Beams: The launching of the precast beam is the primary step of placing the
beams onto the position. It involved the lifting of the beam from the casting position or from
the low-loader to the top of pier or abutment with the use of a heavy machine called the

26
 crane, which varies in tons such as 50,80,180 tons etc..This process of launching requires a
careful step in positioning of the machine so as to avoid tilting or fall over of the machine.
Various loads in tons are attached to the end of crane for stability and smooth rotation. After
the precast beams is ready, the crane gets into a steady position so as to be able to lift the
precast beams to the top of the cross beams. A rod of diameter 300mm is inserted into the
lifting eye of the beam and strong ropes are hooked to both extended end of the rod for lifting
of the beams to the top of the cross beams.

Plate 18.1: Casted Girder Beams Plate 18.2: Casted Girder Beams Plate 18.3: Launching of Girder
ready for launching Beams

4.5 TECHNICAL SKILLS DEVELOPED

1. Project management and leadership skills
2. Finding Errors & Omissions
3. Time management
4. Field Experience
5. Communication skill
6. Visualization

4.6 CHALLENGES FACED AND SOLUTIONS IMPLEMENTED

Challenges faced and solutions implemented during the construction of the bridge construction
project:

Challenges Faced
a. Delays in Material Delivery: Frequent delays in the delivery of critical materials, such as
steel reinforcement and concrete aggregates, hindered the project's progress.
b. Labor Shortages: Insufficient skilled laborers, particularly during peak construction periods,
slowed down the project's pace.

27
c. Design Changes: Mid-project design changes, initiated by the client, required adjustments to
the construction plan, leading to additional costs and time.

d. Safety Concerns: Ensuring the safety of workers, pedestrians, and motorists during
construction was a significant challenge, particularly due to the flyover's proximity to a busy
highway.

e. Weather Conditions: Inclement weather, such as heavy rainfall and extreme temperatures,
impacted construction progress and required special measures to ensure site safety.

Solutions Implemented
1. Material Procurement Planning
2. Labor Resource Allocation
3. Design Change Management
4. Safety Measures
5. Conducting regular safety audits and training sessions for workers.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

CONCLUSION
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) has proven to be an in valuable
program for bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application. By
participating in this program, students gain firsthand experience in real-world professional
environments, enhancing their technical skills, industry knowledge, and interpersonal abilities.
The program also fosters adaptability, critical thinking, and teamwork, which are crucial for
career development. Overall, SIWES serves as an effective platform for preparing students for
the challenges of the workforce and aligning their academic training with industry demands.

RECOMMENDATION
In view of the relevance of the SIWES program, it is important that it is sustained by the
government through the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) as it exposes the student to work tools,
facilities, and equipment that may not be available in their respective institutions in relation to
their course of study. To this end, I recommend that the following under-listed points should be
implemented:
1. Students’ Industrial Works Experience Scheme (SIWES) needs to be strengthened by all
concerned stakeholder in order for its objectives to be fully realized.
2. Regular monthly allowances for students on attachment should be paid promptly.
3. Organizations should always accept students for SIWES and subsequently assign them to
relevant jobs. Experience staff should always be made to train the students on attachment
4. There should be more funding of the scheme by the government in order for it to be more
effective
5.1 SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS
I observed that Civil Engineers use their conceptual design method to build a structure for safety,
stability, economy and durability. But at the same time supervising the project closely to make
sure it is being executed exactly the way the design was plan. They also accept material base on
what the specification comes from the client to avoid using materials of poor quality that may
alter their design calculation, for this may result in the failure of their structure.

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5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDENTS AND THE COMPANY

During the 24 weeks IT program many students do face certain challenges and in respect of this,
I present the following recommendations:

1. Securing an IT placement these days is becoming unbearable especially when approaching

Important firms. Institutions in conjunction with the ITF can help students to secure placements
thus saving the students time, energy and resources.
2. Some students may wish to work in a particular firm, but the means towards this achievement
is highly limited due to several reasons; for example, accommodation. If this issue can be
appropriately handled, it will go a long way in mitigating this challenge experienced by so many
students.
3. The coordinating body of SIWES endeavors to liaise with professional bodies like NIA to
facilitate and ensure the placement of student in reputable companies and organizations for
proper monitoring and training .

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 REFERENCES

1. Craig, R.L (1987), Training and elopement handbook; A guide to human resource
development (3rd ed). New York; MC Graw – Hill.

2. ITF (1973). Policy Document No.1. Industrial Training Fund, Jos, Nigeria.

3. Oyenuga, V.O (2011). Simplified Reinforced concrete design, (2nd ed), chapter 3 – 7.

4. Structural use of concrete. Part 1: code of practice for Design and construction. BS 8110.
(1985). London: BSI.

5. COREN (1991). Supervised Industrial Training Scheme in Engineering (SITSIE). Council of

Registered Engineers of Nigeria.

6. A. Balasubramanian (2017), Bridges and their Types, University of Mysore.

7. Internet as an Additional Source of Research

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APPENDIX

Front end Loader Wing wall excavation Pad bearing

Scaffold arrangement Formwork for plinth Casting of abutment