Linear Differential Equations
Linear Differential Equations
t 9t "t- c
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a'ffi'"'
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d^tle*^hJ 'lnahon oP e'r".trYa
r.o\.oho^ .( &J'{t""^\"[ '*
U,rtn1 -W',€ {''6-lec"r
D t l= &
dxt
t-q*tton crtn -.[se
D
.11
- c[f:
P "t
,.n l1 e 1w*,
-trN dt&fe"*t""L
Q1")
* 0"-r D4Qa 1 =
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p+ cr,d" +"
n.U. ) -{(o1 =bC,) ---'tt) cc^!.k.l OL
-fLo)rtr=o -ts
c( ,h [r.) . o *"1- n *"&on
neauA nq*l.+t 0n.
I-Lorna6
uahon C,) 3t' c"tied a
*o &1on el^L eg
t4 0 Ctl
uxhun'
non- he*oT neaul
ect
l)k €PeN'7tn L eg-upzlorl'.\t-
Solu,, roN 0r llerro\vrttovS L trl c D tFF
tn -lj',z- 4o"r*
Gnr',fJcr *l"z enucrt:'on
-.[0, di#t*^h"i
@
to[u]ton '+ ,.
,ctto"o[
Since- &w.
oenerJ ^dt'ttot' "\o..rbtbrovtl **ton't" Q1d("1"
0
ha.r
uo+i 0n @
E noirhon '+
tc &1,t ? -J Qn.
o
,pe laut, J b)1'=
-- c, Y ,*L'\t
Drn,,.trn 7?, f,rr."hon
(c n) q""{
i,
-w co-P[r^t"to"X
ovtt Oe A
o..9,
cs-t!-ed
Y, ho.no
4he
* it fi,, 6eLu/'.on "+
@
eo.rth'on o
-"(')
t*o$ftoz!:o
to) Y = o
t.e., (D"+ o, o
'f(n)1'o ---(e)
, a'", d..1 = m"e-*
.T".kr^1 ,t-- .-* t^-1e
^:. J : : €" = o
tlence [r) (t"'+ o"^
laea'nex'
*Q)
'':; _,^o+cr,.",-ft
;": *i. cD'"'co
Tt"rlt.t
-{h",s b,',,*) " T'::t.ilil^.l :"lfi-c.nA
Clln be , [i) 'rect
gu) comflex 'l}'en
-thz 'lr..,oI^ Gre
rri, anJ rn, , m'{m.l
oyggl : Sttppore
uAtPnn&"4
mx rq.x
e.'NL *',e &uco
\, e and
Y.
,sah^h orrs o4 U)
l-lence b ,l *1"1 fundamerrLal P*YIil,
f/l,
{,tr = C,(- '+ cr**
(r).
1,\ +h!. erot- gLul: 0r' "{
1*
No{r :
+,, -! (-). o o^,1- i" cotr'L'/L
9.^a!o.r -n1tor^* * (A t)
1,; --rE-e Q.r: o
t=k e-
lrt)(
yohere ) e<Xea
Cx,nrtcr.rt
rn'{
ForU^e'r t to --) J'k €
i e J,
--;-+ - Yntr :
r
k€
ffrx
dx
,^lhic-L 4A
Jrr. JN&
b
't\rz do't -,&e6 i's n\v<rt
V
.lrat (la"
.d e =Jo { Jt+ c
t e
Y
-mt(
J ,"^" e-' "[, +c
d^' Vx + c o^r ,l = &**'){*
=
'd
q*"'o'! of t')
-lIa\^A r^Se C.On A *'l &c.t
-thz 'cot'''+io"'
to)'rePea&<d
.t
ln tf,.a (a.r.,€ ^aa-orJ *".L *'*.,..J1^t..nai,t'
ryeo\ ^tso$ 1l
't= (c,+crrt )
-
e-*\ a
\_:/
* 99l, e €
& J.f 'rfl, : 'rr\2 : ' 1rf1n =fi
axoucted '^!i1h
.{L
crv\ n''
Ue 4l-e- "'oo-tr
enrc\.e'r
on dL'en
'
e ir* *t'P ttrn""''J '^J'Ji'"
+ c"a )
1.
(c' +c,a *c"i+
L *^Pl'-*
C0,r e(itt) l S,.pYo* +l"P
nonl,t "1
tn Polvr
n-Y Prrl
*he Q crY€-
*'#
pl,.i.h J'auie occlrY DE i ., $fu l'actJ'.'
q{neYJ tol,.*ta' nl lhe u)
u (t'* ig ) rt 1P-i1)t 0u8 Cr
ur,*e
)^ ! : ^e +be ottol-, t
Ar*Lar:/-'s '
Y
, uo' I c^,^7 + ci'stn9r'l
mrbi\rcrr1 tott'dttn'L'g '
6t"re
urheve f,': ' i -- i [a-L)
o'.l-b
tY i,"\a-A\naYY '
-rosl Po&s1 J.r'' P.^*
l\orcevex a.{ +v,z
*kon c{ ct,Lx * c'6nXx
i-( , titt [y"o)
Lil
'
v\ J{ +v\p r-o.,.p\rt *1 ilt'*1r.}'
nto.te:
I wv
e
{'i"'e* t$""
ol '"*-,n"-;j D 'rr'
b1
not*ho"' i\ \.t^
J^ [ht c)t'r -.*(nan'')c6X't*
'il ' *c).r"''1 sin1xl
+ (c) + c)r+ '
PrgLu€
d3q
fr. ,4 +hdY--8q:o
,li" dvU
Solnl l^l€ hc'w . (D"- &D'+ uo-*)..l'o UC h"-<
'= fu
nL u .-'-.2-.,'+l1m-8=o
rr,'( m-z) * 4[*'z):o
(^2+ 4) C--') : o
'vt'L:o ., fr'Lh=o
w1 =Q , fr=*&-t
+ a.i
Roots o-$ *fu
A'e' ct'r( &
,r.*^[ ,J."lon '
uH,+, *- +61 =o
+ ,5J*' *, " 9L
,J UNL D
a
c0x
t9"{n N, how (o'* 6D'+rle+e)7'o
Aa n-c on3+ Gnz+llrn-t6 =o
g
'/
tnfpetttot' rn -- --l 6 rl 6
-l I
q*l*5rY'*6 = o 0 -\ s '6
5 6 o
I
(**z)(m*s):o
.m:-2,-3 +e Ae
a$L &t^t 'to rb
ul
flenc e fY\= -t,'2',-3 '
and lr,l'l'''.cL
,oh^rh oqte '^!tl
-'x -t T -t ca
'3X
L 3s &I"a- o*rJ rcluhon
\=
\
@
3/ o5o,I',. : (o1 3D + e) 1' o
\ 0 I
T*+ m -9 : o l-L
[-+D[m-r) =6
: 1, _& ae
r.n
*ltnr-e rn:1,1,-& aYl
&L& 1o0lr o{+t
-ix jb *hz- not.,.bo.
'ttru* . (c,+c,t) et 4ce e not "*,l'!'
x
ol
h! DoLwe J3, +-cl
=o
J{,
agoln I |Je hc.ve (o'+ l)7'o
hL it, m3+l:O
o 0
B ,l i*Pe'hon Yn-- -l 0 t 1
.t"rlt,1- \ = o I 11
W'1" --
t+iJs
d 't'r'v- nE
l-lence rv\ = -t , T ti# or).c &r'! ''so4's 'tf .rq *t.,.!
'-l-EuS C'e
-1t
+ ;t' 1 cr^@/)x a crstnff/)tl
?'
,so(.^I.o" .
!ent"J
'- o
+ oS ot"" :
[d n ut,)'l
,srf De a m'l+ 64 = o
:) (-")'+ 8' ' o ^
o
( rn'+ tr)2'- lbrt,",-'
(-'+g)''(ttro)L ' o
g) :o
(n'-u,*+t) i*+un*
mz-t-Lm*,9 -- o rnt+Hrtt{- I : c,
trr = \, pn")l - f =. O
(t,'-l) ['*-tD'o
rn-- &\ vn'= )- 1
-lt.tl R €-
Tn ': \ \ -\ t i cl.'r€ *?'€- "oot''s o{
+ c5 sinx) &r Si'.0
-TF.tu. (q+,-,r',) ent + L'3{x + [ cuc'/')t
Y=
A o{.U* on.
tn^u'tt\ :
+ cusi''Gz)
1> 6utve
t)
dq tY=o -- c,t^+ e' ( c'c'e-ft1
:
il" 1
r/,n
+(c , + crx) e
* Solrn 161"'- 8ttr +Y =O 1'( (cI +c.:')sinJ
o 1 =€ "4,, * rrrl6o^fl+
q> 5u1,. : (o\-uD?+ 8D'-eP+h)Y=
t c;.22t * Gsin zz
u . ae'\ * C, e- "1'
C
,)
:)
I
' Tclsl
x?
:A
vt^ uolt-Yrlov *ox- r-Pd Fa/"T./ru,
":-L-
e .t)
)e+rf =g
,Pg zca.1e) \rrr .dr\r[ar\ [,ray1t1r.1.g
-L,o
I
=x u?.1r '')-v 'e . Co),h olg
f>L ,- 6.,fiqrrs
rqr-; u? vznTo^ 2l2h+-
o: y. u\-u'1 - A J" '-6o A z''11. ''a'!" ( ol h uanrb 1 =
O --S+wh1ut- 3 V
-xlP
j = G) )^"\* 0 = A(s+o,1 -ra ) :"lrP
c =( o) A
'1= gJ|^ uoq;lp\rc'J ?W q +iz &,-,' o h S* hr-4. $T-g
' l^to.'qqPJoo Lroq-loy
*r..tB
"yf,- [r,,r.,
1rk yann..[ +"q:, o-r l-,^orlrqr--. ?yt J"
1o',.'*L ?H-
-rrrf^ ,1"fl- tr"ii, qtr
rD\J 2C1 a.^.?'l-1 't ..t*- Arrorpareo
y ltraur"^Jo^u1
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Tnoufl--)"cn uoltYrls>/ 1.-,rrL ,t6
T'1 sT usfft.Fl *^[*Wd
)
" NoLt a^/q, gfi66ad
Lx Sut*.
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Ju dL- ,.u,- 1L= O
ctrc d{, .
Y'
-* a"Lrta^f, -crs\nr) - a['*,Lc.6i"t +cLco\Y1
- 0e '*[-q sina )-crwsxJ + ue'x[c'wr+c'lin4
q tven d., O,U ,ohan )C =o.
tl
]J d',L-
5-C2:6Q:) Cr CL 6l-
'-r-h,o .-stho&
,r appbral"L" 1_ l}ra 4Ltr_r^ , f.^^ghona
7
Li) go*+b
L;i) o^,tr G'eto"''tt k o.A loe cqn k = k'eox
^"tL
ltir) 07 (ebtro) =
= rO lrt-"rt- b 1. q q-
"o- d
Lu) stnhqrc = €*- d*
p i c^nh^x --
-ax
C +Q-q)(
sZ
I
t
Pmbl"on I
o<pta,r- o bT
5- x EX
U e-ol e
IP 4 rt) +1 \a
dJ ''
I
-2N
Lt e
t?
ao1,,-rhr" j-g
-1F,z
(lornrr.^l
- 31n -rx
U
,fc,+crx)€'^ +a
_)(
-e1 *q,/ -(-
t
o)"-Sotv<'
1
Srt": (o"-6D+e)'tr =o
Fl L, rn2-6un+n =o
(r^-3)'= o
nn= ],3
3X
c.f -- U:
lc Ic+c,*J L
--Tt -$,^& (r) @
u
Yo d ? -Fto)
""1
?....-
g"( + ?3X
D'- a o+9 D=-6D+9
'x.- (_
Y7 it
e',l + ^31t-
&
--ftrr c'rc0 rat ^tio" i-:
?t'''
..d
- (c,+ c,x) e"'-r -k
t* * * ""'
-G _ft".& u t
lP D+D'+DI
g3x+Li
OP I
I
.) 3x+ Ll
YP
taf+t:)'-t s+ r
tJ 37+\
TP
e
Lt0
I -17.<_ 6ie^r-o! 13
=U{.rArr, Ll
I C3xl
Y=
(c,*crx-t- crz')e* t tto
-:-
tL
c, d" + cr("^
-l-" -fi.J Yf
1 Y, = ,
ac-or*rt
D2'-A
3tdh .1 3 e|+ {x ?
t{ [,"'**
e-z't(+ dl
;
Ll
\ il i'* +('x+o]
-ir.
d? D'-t-t '{
l
0
-)-1
L+ 2\( ,|
<-t d e-
?
A a; tf--Lr
>){
D=- t]
.x
L{
I
.)D
t+ 2)(
AD
( + &
-l{ ]
z 3 x e"-
'.-: Z- L->x I
-- -=-
htA< - t{ L 1
e'* _<--zx
t-{ L rL
I
I
--.)-
.L i
- )-
3
q 1
?1- s'rnhz'x-
2- v i
j 2cs',nhz7- -\ l
'tt a
fz sir,hzr -)
..7
*ry +ax
.d= c' ei'+ C.L -v a
- rtre q' S '1b
')(
ui'+ 5.i + 6! = !
f) sot.,. :
11
h
I "t., (o'*sD+e )1--
-rnll-5rn+6=O
'1E ?n n tr\- = -3
tx,
-?)( (
,.t
C
c^L + CL
tir b t")
'G -h^& tr ' -( (o)
Io1\. x
I\c-c cf t*) -r h- = leblq)" :
I
Yr' e- hu'*
D'+sD+6
!-of .x
1r' I
e
0,"1tr)'t s-AoXh+6
x
tl 4
tP
(.lr7rr )'+ s h7k -r 6
-lQe q S ,^
x= c^e')cr{+ffi
6> So{ve : (ot- D'+ qD - r-,) sznh [er+3)
y
Sf l A.E rr".,3- rnt+ Hrn- Lr : o
r.," (-- r) + rr (nt-r) = o
( l^rlz+q)=o, rn-l: O
rn: +ai ,'n =I .
U
c C. €x + CzGEBATC * C.sinJx
d
a-\
.qr^& Str)
lo
Yp) Y?
-F Co).
0 (, > -- si nh (>x+ s)
)_ uaa.z)J
l,
I .!2 ""'nt-
e-
L,I
t? I Crr+
[""
(1)3- o'+rp - \) \
,a+ 3 - (zx +3)
_L
6l
t D3- D'+qp-k
tx+3
(
ff-D'+ \D-LI
e_
l
I e -(zx.r3)
u- Ccls- (o )' +L+tZ)-Lt
tz )3_ 6*z_\L+ qGz) -4 )
otrx+3
-. -02+s)
i,1
I
I g-J.,) e 1
tl
l?'- lr.8
t =.'**"+ gCzx+s)J
-i-E< q. s .4
V: c,eI* cLcnl,j x+cJ Sin2x + )- Lxt3
+ un-1
t,
kg [',
----
a
+ aa'7\1D^
cH -.c)
1p+ g)
+ :: Aqct*
tC+
:,dag
f*
_.....-
t }t,-?t* ,l 1c
'a
=h(ur{-Gn-=G)
tt? b :
: '
J
l.
"J--
n&h
'r-= w '6 --uL
A=e-ur.-13vr' 1'V
n.E. -nLqm+ ta -- o
"rn : & l8i
,)
,o) gotu" : L &v
--f
d"+,
2
-'l =e1" + le c.dll+
-\P:-a
I Cue-L : P7
'7p =
0c") 5inar<
-t lo> -f col
ilere 4h^i e .rt€ -nD q4.,,,<xrrt -9(o) anto 4(ct)
d-g., D .in tzv_r "A D'
!,J
"{
5ino.X sihaa
1P ;:.ro.rrJ"J -f C-*l .r o
-f Co') J c-o'>
S.rppo:e -f C-o'1 = 9,
Yp =
4?*=')81hq?' ) 4'6-c.') + o
or.J Soon .
Sr."tLosJ. Cr6AX
Y
'le
-fCo)
c6av. cD|a"x
Xp' -f [p' ) .f (."?)
Nme I
'fF.e .ye*u-t-t< hrtd
o-0.co '9-' rd"e 4 '^"ctit:nx
?r'd
sin(orr + !c) o...& c-o'. Cax* b) '
+ F*r...tio.ra fu[e gtnoLrc c,o\ba , stno-zstnbx, c-o1a)t WbL
o. by ..*,Y ba*tc
L.ore fu -[>c o..'.,.'r*'"& rttto Aum
to*.t'rtc -4...t"tion
s> A44t 'r .oplou^? D' loy --*, 4,) i-Tf.;:#
-the 4*- dD + P L.( o.,J 13 *r* -T'o^li
"f.*rnlnab'r
;",;H\,i5ili:iT:"I:*n:"
co4e
b1
Y, I ;{ { ior it'votve's onL
lLo'oeveY'
6''' +9[otr''7'
'tL".,
' {J* 6o,^e .bto-t$--'s "rto ^ L"*to^t
Drb c
U
_CL,
t
Eoln;
!t: -FCol'
t)Y
o1l
3CoSJ,C.
A.g. '.n3-\ =o
Ct"- r) t.n"+ rn + t) : O
-r6L4rn+ \ = O
""\=\ r
.rn -_ ! t i€
J
tc = c, en+ eYrt yc-r-.oh-+c" st.,$ zl
-r. 4^&
1r: yo =
*#
9^--
- I Br6$c
tr DP_r
Y?
I zc€64-)c
Dz.D-l
='D- 3]D\AY 0'-> -ra
(-J-) |
t-
U c, ej + aT'l r.rcrs cru+ castnvayr\ - *f*ai"ar+carx)'
al (D'+ r,)'.i . sin2-x
I
Sol^f -f tp) = DL+ !
A-e , -r^,ll+ r{ = O
=) .rn
= ti.i
C{ cospx + c>sinA-,/- .
YC
\l IL
le --- Sin 2( I t '- Ctf pX'lI
D"+L-1
D"+tt "L)
(,-.,rtar) Cosrr( Z
G\l
) I
dL r D2+ q 1
=
a(- I D,+ \
a o
d" __
P,
t+ te
h
Pt= I c.dax I
cdae' ( 't) ,=O)
D'+ tt
-r{+ q
}L 'K 9.S?ne)
? 5*"rz
G) colaz 5lnOX ..-.1-
= .1
q
H.
02D
o1 + Y = 6s cvsCrz+ r)
d3.{
T+
al": -9to) = D3+ I
o o
RE -n3+l=o \ I
b tl
\
6s c.os[ox+r) --;-65
Yr = ;fr ry.D+ I
qsC"rz+ r)
6t c-or(az+ l) e s (qo+r) e-"s(er+ t)
-hD+l - Cqn-t) [r-rP+t)
s Qto+ 1)
e
cs{zt+ r) 6s [uo+t) cosbx+ t)
-(reo" -t) - C_6r)
Yr = (r-ro+ r) crnCsx+r)
(
: #Gr[px+i)] + c.ur@r+r)
^-1
14:'l ., I
Y.
c. ex + Cr('*
U ASin)L c-otlL 5ln9,(
IP I
Dz-go+ D"- sD +L
p[o.e Dz br1 *&= -k
2
R<
u I I
SInAx
lf si n)X
-H -eo+ a -(ao+a)
V (eo -a ) sin&x 3D-9) s'rn&X
- - (e*- u )
dP
C;o+ o) (ao -o)
(ao*e)
,IP
i 9C-tr) - !J
.SinJ)r
['"ept"""1 D
L
o?
L
' ol- - L1
I
u
0P
( so - I) sinLr( 6e06&x - Lsinoz
HO HO
U acos&x - sin&x_
IP
&0
-TR.,.a +1"- c-o"rpt"-lr .ol'Aon i-s
U-
U- cr 4+ cre'* + 3Cn'Sar -sinrx
ED
5)
-3Y + qrl t-tO rl = ca53x-.
Ul
Y
Soln; 1(o) -- D3- oD-+gD - &7
A.e . '".l3- 3rn"49m -i-J : O .)
I 3 q -9+
E ;rxpection "rn: 3 U 3 o J+
d
o q o
znl+9 =o :-> ).rr = 1,6 L
Yp
I
I
e-o13x
.reptacrng d ,,t -3'-- 2-
x_
Cd>3x
3P2- 6D + g
L
,r<-plo.ce DL b7 _,-i = 9
7- u,531(
')( CJA 37.
-(e o+ra) -6(D+p
"X (P- g) -?( ID - 3) cr":t'<-
6 (D'-9)
c€A3x - 6 [-q -
o\t)
il. e^'f
: c,o1+ I
16
t r[o
3
+ 3)
s'tnt
l
oa
g b-3) , co.+ Sit*
D'-9 D'-q )
o( a (o-:)cett D-J)sln+
-t-9o -l -9 I
J. -z$nl -Scs.t - c-en"t4ay'nt
-rO l
- to cetl
lcail a t -ro = &L6t
il,p -- acat
-Tkux il,t!- (J ene.'r'
"L xot"tion i5
U
td? u*
A.
U.
[ ocd. B*+ crsin:*] + ac,\+
1 1l
+9 Li = Ce6&)c . )t!!1!1(
C.6X t:c,ccA3rc+czsinlx+ +
Y ,l
Y
+ fu" 3# +oy - uco{x Y, c,d\-r crt\ t+ zs"Lx:
lo
hutzx , C(l+ cas"zz )
Els-.3/ Ca.re.f, I P7 ol -the -!or,n f(r) \
+ tD)
.ol"'"-e $(") .is o
pol no""-.o.-0 dn .x
1
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