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Linear Differential Equations

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
4 views

Linear Differential Equations

Uploaded by

yogeesh2006r
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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to[u]ton '+ ,.
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0
ha.r
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tc &1,t ? -J Qn.
o
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-- c, Y ,*L'\t
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o..9,
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eo.rth'on o

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l-lence b ,l *1"1 fundamerrLal P*YIil,
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1*
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iven b7,

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= mJr. I -T J I i,s Ot C-'c
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t=k e-
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rn'{
ForU^e'r t to --) J'k €

i e J,
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V

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=
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a
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g
'/
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-l I

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5 6 o
I
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a$L &t^t 'to rb
ul
flenc e fY\= -t,'2',-3 '
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-'x -t T -t ca
'3X
L 3s &I"a- o*rJ rcluhon

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@
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tnrPec'ttoro r'n -- I I l0 -3 o{

\ 0 I

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&L& 1o0lr o{+t
-ix jb *hz- not.,.bo.
'ttru* . (c,+c,t) et 4ce e not "*,l'!'
x

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h! DoLwe J3, +-cl
=o
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agoln I |Je hc.ve (o'+ l)7'o
hL it, m3+l:O
o 0
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t+iJs
d 't'r'v- nE
l-lence rv\ = -t , T ti# or).c &r'! ''so4's 'tf .rq *t.,.!
'-l-EuS C'e
-1t
+ ;t' 1 cr^@/)x a crstnff/)tl
?'
,so(.^I.o" .

!ent"J
'- o
+ oS ot"" :
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:) (-")'+ 8' ' o ^
o
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(-'+g)''(ttro)L ' o
g) :o
(n'-u,*+t) i*+un*
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Y
=
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?
Dnu-H a"* g *'-8o) ' O Ll '

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t*nT t6 - kns- am +1 ;/&
o
.3o{^l A€ iq ..,-r-1t- *q-rn +] : O '
Clnr)'+ lxzn +(tiL - )r(nL+zn'z)t
(tn'+t)'- 4(n'-
*q(*-D-r[m-D"o I
(r"- r) ( r.'\-r) =o
bn + q

trr = \, pn")l - f =. O
(t,'-l) ['*-tD'o
rn-- &\ vn'= )- 1
-lt.tl R €-
Tn ': \ \ -\ t i cl.'r€ *?'€- "oot''s o{
+ c5 sinx) &r Si'.0
-TF.tu. (q+,-,r',) ent + L'3{x + [ cuc'/')t
Y=
A o{.U* on.
tn^u'tt\ :
+ cusi''Gz)
1> 6utve
t)
dq tY=o -- c,t^+ e' ( c'c'e-ft1
:
il" 1
r/,n
+(c , + crx) e
* Solrn 161"'- 8ttr +Y =O 1'( (cI +c.:')sinJ
o 1 =€ "4,, * rrrl6o^fl+
q> 5u1,. : (o\-uD?+ 8D'-eP+h)Y=
t c;.22t * Gsin zz
u . ae'\ * C, e- "1'
C

Sot"r : (u' - l5)i = 0


'0)

,)

:)
I
' Tclsl
x?
:A
vt^ uolt-Yrlov *ox- r-Pd Fa/"T./ru,
":-L-

e .t)
)e+rf =g
,Pg zca.1e) \rrr .dr\r[ar\ [,ray1t1r.1.g
-L,o
I
=x u?.1r '')-v 'e . Co),h olg

f>L ,- 6.,fiqrrs
rqr-; u? vznTo^ 2l2h+-
o: y. u\-u'1 - A J" '-6o A z''11. ''a'!" ( ol h uanrb 1 =

(").- L*urrel+xwcoJ*?e + fxnn -txe,sn-J *ra - ,A


y. tr.c^ t,l ,ts flla-
( t )<-"""-'-
' +16:P? O l r*, = A s! uotTnJos p""*tB 'y1-
f>culsO :
L+ e \-^-t.

O --S+wh1ut- 3 V
-xlP
j = G) )^"\* 0 = A(s+o,1 -ra ) :"lrP
c =( o) A
'1= gJ|^ uoq;lp\rc'J ?W q +iz &,-,' o h S* hr-4. $T-g
' l^to.'qqPJoo Lroq-loy
*r..tB
"yf,- [r,,r.,
1rk yann..[ +"q:, o-r l-,^orlrqr--. ?yt J"
1o',.'*L ?H-
-rrrf^ ,1"fl- tr"ii, qtr
rD\J 2C1 a.^.?'l-1 't ..t*- Arrorpareo

y ltraur"^Jo^u1
-d,LT_
Tnoufl--)"cn uoltYrls>/ 1.-,rrL ,t6
T'1 sT usfft.Fl *^[*Wd
)
" NoLt a^/q, gfi66ad
Lx Sut*.
#,*u 4+* t 1 d9c =O qiven *h.."t y=" anot-
Ju dL- ,.u,- 1L= O
ctrc d{, .

€:1"-: h)e have- (O'*qD-FS)Y=o


A.e l+ H..', + 5 o
'4r",-
=
t-^: _&fi
Y. at* Lc{ carx+ cr-s'u-rxl
Qt.,e., y=, ,chun ct:0
+ &: Cr-{-6(o)
Cr:t
Di44 C r,s;r.t ?( we kowc
1 = ee'[-crsnx+ cr*nx]
-&e'"fc.cosz+ L'sinxl

Y'
-* a"Lrta^f, -crs\nr) - a['*,Lc.6i"t +cLco\Y1
- 0e '*[-q sina )-crwsxJ + ue'x[c'wr+c'lin4
q tven d., O,U ,ohan )C =o.
tl
]J d',L-

-GCo)+ cfJer -r-qto) - - q - JC>-aq+\q


Cz - iCr : B C, -r-\ Cz

5-C2:6Q:) Cr CL 6l-

-TR{- -..1.^.".{ xsLdio^ '1a


u .JdJT
0
Icttrt+ einn-l
1.--
Sourno^,r Oe nrlo.o - l-[ ENCOUS Lrr'rEpB D ,FFCRT ni-nA L €
fgllcmOx l^lr.nr Conrsrnx.r COEFFICIENT
- lT''€-
?"^""o[ oot ^fi0r, orr co-ph& eoL&on tl
rtOn- hO mten€ LrA [i",u*r. d.lf"*^tro[ e-q..o&io' J

+CD) 0i*> Coc,.l+o)


dr,
t"* _l-d
Y=
--o
Y=Y.*Yp
rohe- YEU CornP .'o0',*io.,
dc-
U- l?"d-ruJc,r. f,.^t"{"-[ cr P*"tt.*.Lr. notJion
dr
d c,l
Qt"- b
'iY P -f Co)
. o,1(
e L Cuc- 1 i PI .1 +he '$." rn k<.

Fleoe Qi">= k €o* =c")


OY
--Ge porti.".b^st ant# 0.) - e'-
Yr= *4tp) -+C")
go' t.L"J 4Ca) f o
YP ) P^/o'\)
-f Ca)

"S.,ppore {(a) _o , ffpn ,l ^qx


C ,,vi&4 J'G) t o
r "( P
4'@.)
J'1o1 = g, #,.,an 'xL Lo.x
L4
xP -f"(o)
-g'6a1 =o tn aoon'

'-r-h,o .-stho&
,r appbral"L" 1_ l}ra 4Ltr_r^ , f.^^ghona
7
Li) go*+b
L;i) o^,tr G'eto"''tt k o.A loe cqn k = k'eox
^"tL
ltir) 07 (ebtro) =
= rO lrt-"rt- b 1. q q-
"o- d
Lu) stnhqrc = €*- d*
p i c^nh^x --
-ax
C +Q-q)(
sZ
I
t
Pmbl"on I

') ,9dru: (o"-6D+9)1 = s e'o


q3ot" . FE -"oz-6m+9:o
(.rn-3):O
rn: 3,3
31
c?.y..Cc,+crx)e
<---'- U, S t,)
l6 &^d. Je' Yp= +CD)

Itr'1 QC,u> - 5 d)x


u=5
lp d+o+9
^-&x
L

o<pta,r- o bT
5- x EX
U e-ol e
IP 4 rt) +1 \a
dJ ''
I
-2N
Lt e
t?

ao1,,-rhr" j-g
-1F,z
(lornrr.^l
- 31n -rx
U
,fc,+crx)€'^ +a
_)(
-e1 *q,/ -(-
t
o)"-Sotv<'
1
Srt": (o"-6D+e)'tr =o

Fl L, rn2-6un+n =o
(r^-3)'= o
nn= ],3
3X
c.f -- U:
lc Ic+c,*J L
--Tt -$,^& (r) @
u
Yo d ? -Fto)

""1
?....-
g"( + ?3X
D'- a o+9 D=-6D+9
'x.- (_
Y7 it
e',l + ^31t-
&
--ftrr c'rc0 rat ^tio" i-:
?t'''
..d
- (c,+ c,x) e"'-r -k
t* * * ""'

+ su{,e (o.* D'+ D-r- ) y 4'x+ \


'
Sotn. A-e -.,3-+.4'+.n+ I = o
'rn : -(, -1, -l

-G _ft".& u t
lP D+D'+DI
g3x+Li
OP I

I
.) 3x+ Ll
YP
taf+t:)'-t s+ r

tJ 37+\
TP
e
Lt0

I -17.<_ 6ie^r-o! 13
=U{.rArr, Ll
I C3xl
Y=
(c,*crx-t- crz')e* t tto
-:-

\y oSrf,c (oL q ) 3CoS t*


7
Sot"'. Ae. .q'-LL=o.
t.r-,)frn+z):o
t^,t=2_r-L
t_.r

tL
c, d" + cr("^
-l-" -fi.J Yf
1 Y, = ,
ac-or*rt
D2'-A

3tdh .1 3 e|+ {x ?
t{ [,"'**
e-z't(+ dl
;

Ll
\ il i'* +('x+o]
-ir.
d? D'-t-t '{
l
0
-)-1
L+ 2\( ,|

<-t d e-
?
A a; tf--Lr
>){
D=- t]

.x

L{
I
.)D
t+ 2)(
AD
( + &
-l{ ]

z 3 x e"-
'.-: Z- L->x I

-- -=-
htA< - t{ L 1

e'* _<--zx
t-{ L rL
I
I
--.)-
.L i
- )-
3
q 1
?1- s'rnhz'x-
2- v i
j 2cs',nhz7- -\ l
'tt a
fz sir,hzr -)
..7
*ry +ax
.d= c' ei'+ C.L -v a
- rtre q' S '1b

')(
ui'+ 5.i + 6! = !
f) sot.,. :
11

h
I "t., (o'*sD+e )1--
-rnll-5rn+6=O
'1E ?n n tr\- = -3
tx,
-?)( (
,.t
C
c^L + CL

tir b t")
'G -h^& tr ' -( (o)
Io1\. x
I\c-c cf t*) -r h- = leblq)" :

I
Yr' e- hu'*
D'+sD+6
!-of .x
1r' I
e
0,"1tr)'t s-AoXh+6
x
tl 4
tP
(.lr7rr )'+ s h7k -r 6
-lQe q S ,^
x= c^e')cr{+ffi
6> So{ve : (ot- D'+ qD - r-,) sznh [er+3)
y
Sf l A.E rr".,3- rnt+ Hrn- Lr : o
r.," (-- r) + rr (nt-r) = o
( l^rlz+q)=o, rn-l: O
rn: +ai ,'n =I .

U
c C. €x + CzGEBATC * C.sinJx
d
a-\
.qr^& Str)
lo
Yp) Y?
-F Co).
0 (, > -- si nh (>x+ s)
)_ uaa.z)J
l,
I .!2 ""'nt-
e-
L,I
t? I Crr+
[""
(1)3- o'+rp - \) \
,a+ 3 - (zx +3)
_L
6l
t D3- D'+qp-k
tx+3
(
ff-D'+ \D-LI
e_
l
I e -(zx.r3)
u- Ccls- (o )' +L+tZ)-Lt
tz )3_ 6*z_\L+ qGz) -4 )
otrx+3
-. -02+s)
i,1
I

I g-J.,) e 1

tl
l?'- lr.8
t =.'**"+ gCzx+s)J
-i-E< q. s .4
V: c,eI* cLcnl,j x+cJ Sin2x + )- Lxt3
+ un-1
t,
kg [',
----
a
+ aa'7\1D^

cH -.c)
1p+ g)
+ :: Aqct*
tC+
:,dag

f*
_.....-
t }t,-?t* ,l 1c
'a
=h(ur{-Gn-=G)

'i: +78\w € = Ae, + #n' w -)n


}'s /z
+)6? 'f ,L
+ l,G-
0,
h +16-7' 1 - r?')
2-T
x€,'
L

qt Lr0 qrtrn, 1,,o'u'L 'ZY,


H +2
f, itn
0r + )-{ x-
lcc.-
? I xt
n
-.1 r;)
r- 0c
-Ul +)x- L
+ I
-t-12
G\-
)-"G7 +x t^2 e
.>
x€' {-c dA
+x"?e +x?2+ tJ
t x€-
. (xJQ
2e +*pt +rr? *l = e( ).?+r)
)L-
dl', /l
l*f
8t --

tt? b :
: '
J
l.
"J--

n&h
'r-= w '6 --uL

A=e-ur.-13vr' 1'V

6(*?"D ' lcr-o-s ) . ulu9

r+r) -Lc-[' t,, -"]os \+ J.


c( I
(oa-uo tB)7 = s (

n.E. -nLqm+ ta -- o
"rn : & l8i

Y. = e'*[ c,.utgf + c2s\nbfi


-j; -fi^d t U= Oct - atIuttoetl +J
IP t? -fcD) Dr-rrD+rJ
Lq e5t et 7(
'lr + \+4 nL{o1a)'t
oe-r, o + 13 De- ua +t3 )t D'-L,o+ ts I
:b 0(
U I e e t () +
IP I l8
+ o l't- I u"? al;- { (lo7a) + rs \
tJ e
st e
t
le +
36 JO
'lL" Gyene-*-[ .aot.,.ho"., i3
)r e5E -t*+
+b
?=e& I cr.uis*'+ crsrnodJ+ 3€ g"?x)t'.(4"?t)+,,
--'---===-
q> Sot.," : & _ k,t = f
crshC.rrc-r) +
J+
'o> Sotu. : d3,t
+J *ttt
r-l ^ U
+ , =5e"+ e e-\+ 7 '
dx' d7" #* V

rr) sot..rc i ,l 61 + taLl L


JX
+&-
X

,)
,o) gotu" : L &v
--f
d"+,
2
-'l =e1" + le c.dll+
-\P:-a
I Cue-L : P7

'7p =
0c") 5inar<
-t lo> -f col
ilere 4h^i e .rt€ -nD q4.,,,<xrrt -9(o) anto 4(ct)
d-g., D .in tzv_r "A D'
!,J

"{
5ino.X sihaa
1P ;:.ro.rrJ"J -f C-*l .r o
-f Co') J c-o'>
S.rppo:e -f C-o'1 = 9,
Yp =
4?*=')81hq?' ) 4'6-c.') + o
or.J Soon .

Sr."tLosJ. Cr6AX
Y
'le
-fCo)
c6av. cD|a"x
Xp' -f [p' ) .f (."?)
Nme I
'fF.e .ye*u-t-t< hrtd
o-0.co '9-' rd"e 4 '^"ctit:nx
?r'd
sin(orr + !c) o...& c-o'. Cax* b) '
+ F*r...tio.ra fu[e gtnoLrc c,o\ba , stno-zstnbx, c-o1a)t WbL
o. by ..*,Y ba*tc
L.ore fu -[>c o..'.,.'r*'"& rttto Aum
to*.t'rtc -4...t"tion
s> A44t 'r .oplou^? D' loy --*, 4,) i-Tf.;:#
-the 4*- dD + P L.( o.,J 13 *r* -T'o^li
"f.*rnlnab'r

;",;H\,i5ili:iT:"I:*n:"
co4e

b1
Y, I ;{ { ior it'votve's onL
lLo'oeveY'
6''' +9[otr''7'
'tL".,
' {J* 6o,^e .bto-t$--'s "rto ^ L"*to^t
Drb c
U
_CL,

T.{ -ri"tu, -"cth.d 4"d^ pty -th" doLto*,n7 -&or',n*lo,


"f
"t

t#"1 6lhax = la_


aa
qatal

,>l c-etQ1 : X. SlnaZ


Dt+a' olo
(
Solve- #-,e. 4r;rLoaznX D.e

t
Eoln;
!t: -FCol'
t)Y
o1l
3CoSJ,C.

A.g. '.n3-\ =o
Ct"- r) t.n"+ rn + t) : O
-r6L4rn+ \ = O
""\=\ r
.rn -_ ! t i€
J
tc = c, en+ eYrt yc-r-.oh-+c" st.,$ zl
-r. 4^&
1r: yo =
*#
9^--
- I Br6$c
tr DP_r

Y?
I zc€64-)c
Dz.D-l
='D- 3]D\AY 0'-> -ra
(-J-) |

go-3ax sCrD-r) c$)x _ s(- B s\qzx -comf)


-hD- l -CHn+r) (qr:- r) {e o2- r)
,.lr -: f asin.rx* corBr)
65
Cnmptr*< so(....tro. :
=1r+'1r
'1

t-
U c, ej + aT'l r.rcrs cru+ castnvayr\ - *f*ai"ar+carx)'
al (D'+ r,)'.i . sin2-x
I
Sol^f -f tp) = DL+ !
A-e , -r^,ll+ r{ = O
=) .rn
= ti.i
C{ cospx + c>sinA-,/- .
YC
\l IL
le --- Sin 2( I t '- Ctf pX'lI
D"+L-1
D"+tt "L)
(,-.,rtar) Cosrr( Z
G\l
) I

dL r D2+ q 1
=
a(- I D,+ \
a o
d" __
P,
t+ te
h

Pt= I c.dax I
cdae' ( 't) ,=O)
D'+ tt
-r{+ q

}L 'K 9.S?ne)
? 5*"rz
G) colaz 5lnOX ..-.1-
= .1
q
H.
02D

t.l I U 5in&X z- x5\n&x


IP d I E tl J- 8 a
'a9l
'-l?rL'ul' s.-c cotnP L"4u sot 'ho",
gcsin 9.)c
u- Cr cos&)L* c,sinult + _l_
I B
0-
-"'::-

o1 + Y = 6s cvsCrz+ r)
d3.{
T+
al": -9to) = D3+ I

o o
RE -n3+l=o \ I
b tl
\

tn=-t, 'rnL--ln* l=O r ol


m *tGi
oLL
c'.e
..\ '* &"
Lc,c*Sx-+ c"sinfrc]
.1
c

6s c.os[ox+r) --;-65
Yr = ;fr ry.D+ I
qsC"rz+ r)
6t c-or(az+ l) e s (qo+r) e-"s(er+ t)
-hD+l - Cqn-t) [r-rP+t)
s Qto+ 1)
e
cs{zt+ r) 6s [uo+t) cosbx+ t)
-(reo" -t) - C_6r)
Yr = (r-ro+ r) crnCsx+r)
(
: #Gr[px+i)] + c.ur@r+r)
^-1

h Qasi r)) + c-st Cox-+ r)


n (cx+
Yr -8sin(&x-u) -l- cor Cor+r)
-Ike cl,mglx*e tJ..ho.' 'tL

.0; c {"+ J'Lcrcssfl/tx)+ c"srn$x)J + s,tlortr) -BSin[ox+r)'

)+ ?"-ay' n u./ = & srny-cosx.. srnce.r = @"4)1


qji +tD) = D'- ap+ L
A.e. , '"nz-3rn *& = O

14:'l ., I

Y.
c. ex + Cr('*
U ASin)L c-otlL 5ln9,(
IP I
Dz-go+ D"- sD +L
p[o.e Dz br1 *&= -k
2
R<

u I I
SInAx
lf si n)X
-H -eo+ a -(ao+a)
V (eo -a ) sin&x 3D-9) s'rn&X
- - (e*- u )
dP
C;o+ o) (ao -o)
(ao*e)
,IP

i 9C-tr) - !J
.SinJ)r
['"ept"""1 D
L
o?
L
' ol- - L1
I
u
0P
( so - I) sinLr( 6e06&x - Lsinoz
HO HO
U acos&x - sin&x_
IP
&0
-TR.,.a +1"- c-o"rpt"-lr .ol'Aon i-s

U-
U- cr 4+ cre'* + 3Cn'Sar -sinrx
ED
5)
-3Y + qrl t-tO rl = ca53x-.
Ul

Y
Soln; 1(o) -- D3- oD-+gD - &7
A.e . '".l3- 3rn"49m -i-J : O .)
I 3 q -9+
E ;rxpection "rn: 3 U 3 o J+
d
o q o
znl+9 =o :-> ).rr = 1,6 L

Y. -- q e"' + c>c-os3x + QsinS?t


'li .-ft.,J q )
C,o\ZX
If,
D3- zD'+ qD - &?

Yp
I
I
e-o13x
.reptacrng d ,,t -3'-- 2-

o1o -3D>+gD-pl ( GT-\ _ K


t /'( - u
,

x_
Cd>3x
3P2- 6D + g
L
,r<-plo.ce DL b7 _,-i = 9

7- u,531(
')( CJA 37.
-(e o+ra) -6(D+p
"X (P- g) -?( ID - 3) cr":t'<-

6 (D'-9)
c€A3x - 6 [-q -
o\t)

o( o [c.c,s:x)- 3LD\3x- 'x -3 S irr3)a-


\8
3&A3)(
6 \g 6

,x -(si.,az+ c,ol er<-)


1P 36

-Tf,,e 15rrr-P L.lr. sot*+to" :s

Y= Cr e + c2-cr631-+ Casinsx - ft (sr"o''t+c66)?o


-.-.:
5> X [t) -F 8'x'(t) +asz( t) = t((scest _srnt) a
etl -{ Co) = D'+aD+ &s D= jt
{)f ".I-n
2_
-l- ?rn+ &5 = O
r.n = -Ltt3"u

il. e^'f

)6 l' re Isc"osf - si'''t)


Dz+Bp+c5
I si.,t
r6
o'+go+Jt
c^L
ri+sntrl I
t6
3 clst Sin-f
ED+9A 8D+]h )

: c,o1+ I
16
t r[o
3
+ 3)
s'tnt
l
oa
g b-3) , co.+ Sit*
D'-9 D'-q )

o( a (o-:)cett D-J)sln+
-t-9o -l -9 I
J. -z$nl -Scs.t - c-en"t4ay'nt
-rO l
- to cetl
lcail a t -ro = &L6t
il,p -- acat
-Tkux il,t!- (J ene.'r'
"L xot"tion i5
U
td? u*
A.
U.
[ ocd. B*+ crsin:*] + ac,\+
1 1l

+9 Li = Ce6&)c . )t!!1!1(
C.6X t:c,ccA3rc+czsinlx+ +
Y ,l
Y
+ fu" 3# +oy - uco{x Y, c,d\-r crt\ t+ zs"Lx:
lo
hutzx , C(l+ cas"zz )
Els-.3/ Ca.re.f, I P7 ol -the -!or,n f(r) \
+ tD)
.ol"'"-e $(") .is o
pol no""-.o.-0 dn .x
1
He"'e , the pordrc*-tor" a",Iegro!. _Lc o6{ai^<J be -!i-'e
Wce-R^ -{ &vision Ay w^n.lrn{ tbCr"l tn oLex.en&il2
porors<* o{ 'K o..,& *to\ -'n *l" ar^X'.5o-.r.x. o{ *rru D.
- rEe- ,Jq.",pL*."J ucith.o,,t or.1 ',.t^oittJ"t o,.toj'
;rroterA qdr
u
S^e 1*r,ti".rt obtoi^.J i-s i-[^€ p*ch"JL tntep'rol' '

Soi"e -tha- -h[to*r di&f.*&J- ,r.o&on'"


"1

1
-t \t UI *0Y = rOzi.
Sot: l^\€- lrawe [o'* 3o+ r) 1 : l&rtl
2^^
'-rfl+3rn+ol=u
o.e .

-rn':- -\, -L

Y. = c-.d*+ crd'*
')-
6t*) .-.-ra%
YP DL+an+ &
-f to)
a+ 3D+D') t&-x2- (e rcl1q1-t- cl
IL tL-1a6x.+1Jf
strzx)::6r
- 367-- lI "DC6rc')=
&Cev:): toDtt) =)a
- 36ot1f,t1
l{x
l{&
D

He.rt<-' ti 6 rtL- t 8x- + al


I l0
G'npLJt on
""1^'h Y=Y.*Yt
tt -a l9(
(
c^L + c>e + e"tt- tszr -l &l .

----==--
& p tl
-l I 11'-r- | '- )^x , \-z G
tl
5ol': l^le hqre , (U'* aD+ l)? : pr+ rcl
A €. }nz+ &m+I : Cl
(*+))z= o :).rn=-lr-l

Y. = G, + crx) e*.
TJ &x +N2 'tL>+ &-x
IP
D'+&D+ l ,+AD+EF

7L-d +
2
t+aD+ D ax
"<]+
t+ 2
t+11+

-AL- L
-&x-4
{
o

1p=
*-sx+s
-Tfr"l 2 [q + c,)c) g:zaq"c'-oz+2) '
1 .-,--_'

z).k*3+z )1 xh+ ar+ I


.a\": -f tol = D3+B
a€. ,n3qt =o
I
Tn= lLi'fd
Y" = cr€u'+ u^L.rr^ttx- *cz€tn,f€ xl
YP
xr+ax+ t
D3+t
'x\+ ax+ l
Y?
e+o3
8-!D3 ) K'+a?(+t
-lr
Ct/r-Ys * '/, D" (21-_ r otqx3)
)( '+
ti
3?c
= ];[oGxr:]
-)r+ I
-x -o > 3'X-
I
I

o
'x.
I
YP
88
-><
+ I

a
_-L_

(x \ 2L+ t )

-JE-,.-l fid ,o*plJ. sotJto", ix


.d= c,{zx +(c, cesfaxt crsinJ6rle] + f- (rc1x+ r)

|{ d3% +3 d2r.: ttt


d.t_3 dtt d
t+t D -&t
8o\n: Ne hq.re (p'* BDz )"< = "c}..c're
1L
A.E. 'rn-+-a Y'rr o
.162Q6.r-3) = o
Yn=O, O, -3

Ll, * at,
3
-rI
4. c.*crt + cse""
l+ t -t-+ t :lDz+ d ++
-t+'la
I

\, D3+ BDt aDz+D3


alz

h= #* tL eld
1 o
xP t"ct +J) + I
+J+,:(f rr
\B 30' 3 J5 3"-
,6oL'- L'
-TR t^J' 8,'e ClmP L& so[.,&to^ i$ 16

}t(+) = C,+ crt + c.€ut+ +9l8 fi-


3D'
E{ J lrJt
q'
L( +JL
?U L
1.
I
o"(# )= ;o?at")
: Suft)- ,

lg - '-J
._+:->

T
-ZGF -t (x11utszr+ xp-.1;ort)
*?=A
Jh+'h -h uoIT^Ts ,1a]dr-g

L9"r? .I x q+l -l
\sl
dh
x2 --

+ao
l- ="1- <-=G c"oN x\s) t e---T--- J*, ,J 0
n

qaqr+cJc-" (r+o)
"a, I I J* JI
fl

b+ac-ta d
& c"ol't h
I +A<- Lfln)
?0
r- x-q-l Sm'l ] ;2
L* gt.rrs"l
n

9) !+ 1 :r'r'(:
O: h+Lu€-zLu-
'3"1J '.utr0.)J

x!,irJ,n=L(t+o,-rr-\
i
: UOPE'on b.rl-o.llor aW ->Nlog
n-,"4"r^r#Ij"
vp,.rr.l-rp 2a1+ 'Tc"Nl
uO
N 1

)o+C, Aq 'i""-}t] da- Lrnq r-r G


r ro+OJJ- (G]P dI
/\?x\c F*F n = I 'clf

)c uo}tr)unt ro w /\ ?,'"1c.
,.,
(ar#
A'xf **r aw f 3d :v2ry I t1
4t
;..-)"-r-- A9*#a ffi 1g
v

D
.<
-)1- t
he +tFF s+ rlLP
H- (s 1r
{ Y"*&y'+ Yy (, StnJ)C
1t

sln; lA€ how (ou+ aD+t) -x


Y = e g\n&)c

Y.= a* | qcrta-z+ crsinaxJ


e sinJD< elx.sin&)c D -> D-l
Yr D++eD+5 (p+ t) "+ r-t
rJorc D'-> -:.t= -!
u
lp- -9f-
D.+ 4
sLnax

1, '- {n 3in&x LD' 0 )


-H+Lt
-,
YP ert Sin)?( y*.e-"'
ND & J sin artJx
*L
Yp
-x- e celz)L
4
GrnpLte soLAon : ti=Y.+Yr
u-
0- e^ [c, ce(,&)c+craina.x] - ry+y
""="==:-
al (o3+ r )
Y= se* x
7
5ol"l I".[e hawe (D3+ r) 2
Y =
sex 'x_.
AC '".3+ t o -> rrr
= =-l r -*-+€
rz- _ .ia
:

Y. = c, .*+ &" Ic,cus$x+gsrnfzl


.n
_ : e-'rt!-
Ll
0? D3-+ I
-<- .*(,fr;, (o-, o+r)
L

,dr= fr*ft _"4-- l


D"+ aolzo+a_t = -{
[ &%- ,
"-ex i+ sp+ zor+aa)
.t

|
I f* G c^nven'rent &vioton uoe hq-.,e -^.^[bp[.e"1, ot& &rl&eJ- h il
Yo= YtO-zx-+py,lJ = #frxlex+zJ
GmpLt Svt^lion: y . y. + ye .

-1R.8
! - q €"+ &'[aup;rlxrc"sr6 lptSrJ+
S Ca:.*+;)
r
-- tsinh'I' @
H i( [l) -r-rxtt)
u"h"'" D'#
$r: k\. l.q.,e tO.-q) 'tCt) -- tsi"'ht '
l-l e 'rn L- \ =O :) rrr= t&
%. -- C, L' "+ cz e-L+

ur t a;nhL +
I& DL-\ Le+- eL)
o"-ll
-1

)-
J- D,-LI D,-\ l
l+ ; ll +
)-\
--21 e\ p.\5trr-, (o-t1'-L{ I
t
)-
a Le+
t.
aD-3
+.
o'- aD-s I
-L
f-r er"o-L-***l
L s -TJ"
e
) )

r t-
e?+ e-
t
+- & -eL j q
I
LJ ------
)
5 t
xr = -* stnht - 2-
I
c.",sht

1 = 1.+{f
:
Gt',PIx-te Sr:t"*ion '***
--I[,,r.g '71= crert + c' ,; -+sin\"ut

5> if,[t* -y-CrrvlI

..nu.,t d+ -*v = rc[l+ r)


,2t
ctrt- L
I+ t
"* T/ ?L"Ct) -lc'Lt) .-c,rcLt):
t) y"+ h y'o3Y = €3'tt
o) (o'* D'+uD-!)'tr = 6Ey'5in&'L

,.> j* n \,1 = ad' si*v .


llpr.5 / Cq,re- 5 I Pr # -e.'€- -{o..' rcV
)
.>d
+ tr) -f Ca)
*heve V .?-s q -(."..".tto., J .x
-TIre p."Jl*rlq^ ir,t, Cr) "x. \
"x' "I Yp=
{ Col +[D)
-t

Yr=[*- JJD)
-f[o) {Col
Nore .
cor'' -ft"{ g"'
1> 8Y o.apeat"J opptrc,Jron ./ {^i:' 'rex..lt 6@
+f''" +"^str'o^l "r'' V rr3 V
e*c '
por.+t*,!or" .^U?X; ' '
I-n J ri cce ox , 'xlstno:r specr-*$I, "t:hrn n>1'
td".e cs*e-x
.,se V<-\e* t9''e- 4otto.o"1 *IL"'r.'n&i* ooEtho&'
h,lc L.no.: -tL&t , d** = cr(cL)L+i eirrqrc
.-) cosc)c = Re.f pcot* [e.e1 ,4 {crc
"{ d"*
6trtq)c = I...o,1rno..,-\ pq,n,[ tf. p ) i

+ten.-e r^lcc,tqr-= R-p Cdoro_. )


rl stnor- = f--P. Cdo* *^)
Cornp.,*r*ro.,
"-f ig J.one b./ +ir,1t shi{ti"g D to
".[ to d.iri..l.- i by -3he- -L-t^t'^'[o''-tJ
D + io- en& -{fien h)e ho.,e

+rt'".
"{ -tto). ts i {Li: q.nto -to!- *^& in't{na'rttr
^eFcsto$.t^t
par$r \^s<- ot'bo.i.l -tke P. t .t rC crror f s\nqx
ot o.l.
{Cot +co)
.reAPe*rvq
@
Yleruoo 0r Vnernrorv 0r PaPnnerzrsi

l^Io"kt,.,, -. te -{-, o. non- ltomo?<nr-ou^ D.E.

tC., Y., e1,*cr.lr.


o)
,{ D,r,<umz u = A1 t B ,1, ^h.'e A ono[ 'B cL're -tL'L
-f,^r..ho* +" b" d.eLer"ni.,<J
(-,
I Yz
B> f6mp,t{e y\ or.t
"[
,1, or.J- L".lmnxtt,", N U
d Y;

). ?., frrJ : \,y', -,-t"rl: .

\> CJc,.l-o#" A: J \Polz+k,


B
Y, b[") dx 4[-
I N

t+ A an Jain
5> S.jtaLiluL" 4hr uoLut'
? = A'l'
+9't'

?nobLern,s ' ?
cf4
0n 0-1
P
S,I,e, b {ihQ- ,,.fru"L 'l
Y Y
ti'" d,i = 5€-C a"tL
seca'tt'
ho.re , (D"**) I =
So)"'. 1,".\"

A" g. "L
-*+* =o
o
cM = *-&1
4 Cz Sinoet '
: qfo(OX
Y(
-Ab
-krft). \aF; *tz*y o
L"L
V=
A caaax 'l f3 glna'L' be l),2 e^y'"le sJ**"^
"f
-{18 <1u&ton, atht* A ane/ B ctve to,.be JrL--i',<
f'*n
hk hove tl, -: CoLA.X- ,[z-- atna>'t

Y]
-- - a6tnax ,lr, oroesox
l/'.1
= Y ,r1'r- ,/rYl = q. Al*o 0(*) , .s<cc."c

- l,$c,) dz* k, g, ('x ) t.) dx 4 Lz_


A
I //.l
8= 5 N
- r6,ffo.% s€ca)(
A
I a
dr- * k, E. J c60,9r s<cax
6L
& +kr

R
I - -Lanax otx -l [,
(
B
J -tolzt ke
A
to (secax)
-1 k,
qz r-3, _

-T6.rrt" -L (aecax)
'l= . Cnlax+ k, c-e6a"r- + }. srnax+Lre\ncrr
a-
+ LCL t,.,or.
Czecax.',
'il = !,*lat * kstnorx- - Cr.,SOr( -[-"
a2-

a) 5olr" & + v = S€Cx-to.,X- bY


dx, t
-thz- .'' <9fioJ.
"(
Vos<-,.cafuon &o*r',
"{ Pcltqrn
3rl"', lr.\e hql,c 1pz+ r)f = sc cr-Lonor-
oe "r-qz+ \ = o
rq= *i
\J
dC
q c-ot?( + C>S\^* '
@
c,,mpb/e sol,-rhon o'f 4"L
Lot 9. A cos)t+ G,a\.nu bz el'\z-
-ohl-"re A ano[ a og.e Or, -[,e'- Jde---'t.-'J
0

t\vcn q*"$r.n '

L".le hc^ve Y
Cc6 x Y, : 's\n'(
v
d
-- - 6lY1r( ,-t Ce<

. L an& t! tz) = secx tq.,".


lnJ 1,1;'\?\,
_ t,r2- Lx) 0[x) d.x -f k, <2- '1,t,.1 Qtz) o,. -rL,
/) J LJ
: /,{
crlr( ec1- -tc.n x
's o,[rc -t k-
S\ntc-Sf cx ton?(
A-J - dx * k, B'- J L
L
+ )<-.?-
-tcun'r &e(
+",'^''- Jrc + k' b= J
J- ,rb-- 0rX @ecr<)
.l. l"
- dx -r k'
J0 "t""')
(x - to'''c )+k .+
A cn17+B Stnrc ' *- n
s.*br,I*'-,le D o"d fb an Y
+k) 5in7-
cosrt + ( !^t
(seclf;
(rc-tonrc+Lr) ]a' st '.,,>t
? [.s1(aecx)+
u ')cc-6X Srn"rc { k.cx<rc + 5\n^l-
sr'' ){
+ lo1 Cnecx)
€\t't'rL X 'X--C'{i'(
d

srn,C
U
\ccrlx+ k, s\ n9(
+ )Lc6L + tC6'c'r)
Lp
0
51ne'L
). co1r. +f'tt'-l) (scc>'-) etnx
.l-clr\x +
U
(
\ lnV
sinx -lr
ufrrc + l.-
)..
't
4
..x -&,L Y\ ,Hr"J
zt sot" (
I -L\ +
r-d
(-
T
ff1 ele*
b l)
I

nsoalq+ton "I P*- )1


e_
,(

sD+ I ,L
Sol
n' Ne l,rqvA [eL
Ae yn\ Bm* | o
lY\
= It I .
to e-
vchcte A o."./- B ct''c 'bo
r.rnp[.]e soL''4ron '

i(
'Y,-e-
-- en 1r=
lilc hc.ve , Y,
LI
I
t
I
-- ex Y
'-. "rt+t [x+r)d

lrJ= Y,Y; - YoY, = d*


hl,so bt*> = + u
Ir Ix ) lr )X". +).1
1, t-*> {,
(r) J.x+ k, $': J h.l
n
J /^
x t c* dr,- + k
t s-.
AJ - 1l('AeL* '
olx k, e
2x
5

J- Jr+ k,
@= 5 *

fa'- -S 1 or*
't kr k
fb= o"x rtt
A x +L
<1+ 84{ WL T).
U,<tn1 *Vue 4n tt A
.)t

x+ Vr) tt-L
+tr) e* t [{"t 11

Y
3re \ )lt e,- ,)
[L' + [,r) J + Ll"tr* _.)te-
'1
e
4(
+'14- uI rri" Ir.r.1["t'"7
kr'')
Lo1) l Ik'+
&\p- -.reS"o&
J
o\' e* lnXn bX

+ sdue 1
"
- r\'
\Joodshon "{ F** *cvr
g
So\n: l,',le haV€ (o'- ao + r) L,I
I
e-" -oonx
A. e. .i$ *z- &..l -l I = o
rn__\,t
t{. = (c, + crct) e-t

,t'tt 'l = Aex+ $*t J,e ehc @ttP lr* rl.-.&o'n o4

B [7€ 5 Jct'-ft-.[ '

-+t,e q i r-rc-f) t..r&0.,, ,,'ohzqe A c'nd'


0
"1
u-- a. e 1,(

Llert Y,
{ lz
*
(d)'trt* D e
Y)' "'
'TRto r,.,!= y,V)_ yryl : eJx o-1.,<o $t,) = e' b?-
(x) L*)
J-qiq)
A = dxr r, f2
J
,
I^l
Jrr -i- ).-

A, f - lgJ.er J.t +-k, Q:


L^1 L-'{ bJ* d.x- *l-
U e'* J ( )-'x-

ct
-( dx- +
J\ >t -toqx L'-\ s=5"1^t .x-.!"r + k-
n=-[uy {"tt _LJ+ e ?<-
k B= &r .7{- 't< i a"]+1,

g=. *!oX N *zt *Lz


A - r<2 "[,oq rt
.----t-
d
n
f nr., ,t
5."trxI+r^'{t^t &,r-',e in . A€x+ Bt'<n N( 7
'l ,(
x2 lacx
- +* o) e" + (z h*-x)v)'x-e
Y,I 0l

t, e*+ B.* r (rY:" I (x)'o1x-x)o'^


? +) "n
(t,t k,rt) e' + La!,qx'3)
Y Y
__-:==-:=---
L
.xF
f-
&-
+f rT
-)f xlo x" ? ?
)r,
+'nd

I +xa
1t+*l)r>
! t xp --1- I
qJ
'l + -*p= I U

.\ qr+x2J ,.2(( fC
'1 +*F
N6'
)b
2 _)
K
q\
'4+xP x x,eo I U

xq.7

-1 -r }f
n€ )
xa f
-% 11 -t- xf
cl *pr i U

( -t _*r)€ ',l"th - fA 'A 't-l


'r"? ?l -- (rr)q o4' x,o = n?
l1 --, A
11,-L
ae \h *)
.)")j1
) "h *2 t'A
x-l

M
n4 Qr
c) '11 t*F (xJ ,i (" )%- l' V
'1-i- *lo x) (xl ,h
4,
(
25f q d16v 0') f4''o A ",c"1C.'
J- *n,3
f"*
-a.n- at.'1du'q-r -"fu -{Y x? Q -+-*a Y = l..,
741.
5-. .r.qf)sY
)t.,
n?b * y) b --
T ' \ --l^.
' O A -?''r-\e--J^r-
= w 1'V

€+ -- A("+ce 1a,l )y1 . utog

%-)+ \
A** h c>- ll h
,V tro.r5rir-.rs-o^. )" T"fFt- a1T
1.1 {.g (s
t,
(
Q=-
fr;,** * t,
J B
i *-A;O
r* t kz
o= -Jb - *#lan*r,
#{r+k, "= Jt+* f
A
[e?t - LTtt+ r)J +k, A= -{o?t-f + h7t++r)+L_
A
\(?)+t, rZ h,e#)-i-1k-
A el
[.#)*u., B L /S+
7 [-e^
r

) 1 a \.,_
e_
S*b^+i+,-"d An
^3 'i--A 6x +'Be 2Y tO< &
?

?=
k, e] + kne'n + .lo1[ar+ r) ex -r .h1 L,-ce.l t\- <-*
N<11.c-+t^1 - <-\ . hsc T*
<^ + 1., e" [r+ e ') | e\+ erf,]
td=
k, + -toX

6> Solve 1uL oo *r) y -- c,s (e') b1 *hc t'r.&r'"[ ol


on nyie/rz'ft,,
"4
.t 5"tw l'+ a1t+ 1
Pfrb
e* Y,
+t^o '*de.-oX 6{
vostlttho'n

o{ tfc.ntqrn4<-,1
t 6f t'c'vicJzon
(o1+ao+a) 7 , e C --&f-.c-
* 6o1."" b
Y
-"4[.oo[
gI oe,tr."r..[orr .
'x
F e

Solri N" horu [tf*3D+[.)Y'e


Yr'tL+3r'1+A = O
'
AC
m2 -1, -&
= Q Y*+ c, {'n
Y,
--Aex+b{'* la 4hr tle- ,.til.ohon ol +AL
t"l u
0 g alt 'to lcc dilexmt"eol'
ctsrr-rP

q iven D- e dhs"r A and"


a

Lle \'.cr"vC Y
-- -7e' u --e-2-X
l7
tl',= - 4r-'-te"
""
-&'i'*+{-'*= -d'o
tr.l t
Y,1) - Y,Yl =
c
I
A(;o Qt,.l= e
tx) t')
A - Yr[ ,)0 t*) dx* L, a j J,
/^
0
"Lx
* k,
J lr.l
9(

fr
- i'" G**) &tt)< e
-'{ e-
o.l.rc + k,
I e
-3)(
rb
J €?*

A
I e'
x otc.+L B. J
{** }',

IA
(
(,, J x-rk rr )-) ( (r* eu* J>t * Lz-
J
?,i t* = -t eaJ ?L= J+
* + )<,-
A=Jtu + k 11 J "ta-t
ft d.rL, v=+*-&)+v'
A (, e
.<

+k B - <""L:-*J * k,-
5qb#i/"*r 1n ^ -r( +
Ae B
-2x N( .i
"7 V.
C-

*
7

e.x4 vzd'n + e'* ('


V=o
ulena
rb
t
,

sot',e +Y Vcry'trcL+1 oo
"( Pqr*m
'1 l-lS\nx '1

r") ,airu *e at b '1 -r cuoCr .^& ( \Y1 *1


Pr,:*,Lo^
I '1
-_
@,
l^hrH VaBrRtLr COEfFICI €NTs
D TFFERgN'NAL [, FTilON

rt e ENDPT5 LtNeAz ,.lR'i-toN'.

o-( {}* Jct"'


An Q-1 .^oJro.'
L,)
+ a'\ = h Ir) t-
-+ ou fa*+r'l"i
tux+bf ,j ne'onl w oLe"{
,
0o Yl
n&'rc"s llneavt elt]'!^ho"
l8 co-\re& wle
o-r d=ox+b'
?*i t-h1Cur"-r-u)

- (2-\
r
'
ax+ b) ** =^ds
de( d+
h.auc
f.+ $ =o to 4kq4 ,-A(

aD1
[ax+b) 1' =
a\1 tzl ''c'.,-'t ot a-f". , -r ltt
(a*+r)1*+o'1'= *i; t#) , of;L#) #
--"# fr*,,
* o [un + r') 1\
*4J"L

clt'
gx+ uDz t1" =

,..t' -l- ot D ..'l


= doi
x+ b)"
G)
.... (a*+ o)' Y"
* sto-r)'1
'
tl) onJ is) nn (t) voe T+
Urtt
l rct) _ Ch)
+ q,-qD+Q'l Y:
fao o"o [o-r)
, f el-b'
f^s flrrne {r,r, +(-+)=rr(+)
LVr-ilX L4 ) J3 oL 0t'.eoy. D. € ..^r.,*h Lon^tont co.4ft,oe-ttx
o{ +1,* 40,"r'. Jto)1 = FLt) ,*lz*e D,i[
/"le crm Sa{.re +t.rA *f Ct-S J.r-eoJ,{ "Qis cr-.r.(<d Co ob4o:.n
-t1"{ xetri:. o..,
'1
.16 -fq--..n.t
"+
{ *L.."d't cctn }ae f-Onuec,,Le&
).c.& to a(

lAe Corn Juj..the. sV,o.o -ti,"'q}

[ax+u)3 Y"'-- ot uCp-D Co-r)1


(ox+u)h
{"' = oto [p-D (o- z) to-:) y +.
P,
^r*be, g+ , al"lb
l^b tqLe + lt I (ar+ b) af

oDY .tcn
.,h"t D=*
[artb ]1" ' a' o [o-r) 'J , (o.x+b) ' til'

?.rubLertl|'"

$,J* I r+x)z #
- [r+ x) *- * I : s'rt'r& ll't ['+*il
.-7-V-n wr€ hav-
Soln: PuL 1-- -0rtn [r+ z) oY & t -toC

D ..1
-cl*'< D-#
= Dt D-r).d ) lr+x)
[r+nc)' #,
9l*" 9
-TF.e V bec'o*<u
]"? [r*-D] - 5\nZt
rl Y -- s\(\, I
LoCo-r) | D-+-
[o"+ r ) 'X = Etnlt
L+ 1--O
D. € m
rn 1,1

U Cl cdf + crs\n *
d
c
U s\n&+ @
IP
D'+t
L
.{( to.ce
P
D' by -& ---11

U
-sinut
I? .'

Co^p Lrle ,Solo,hon " 'l' '!r+'1,


. - st n 0.'[
Lr6\n* -6- [,*-fl
) C,@\?t+ 5ln J u,
\,
{ c23\nf l'on[r+r)l - 3
U- C{ h(U'Pt Lr+*)J
U

So\"e [lr+ r)',1"-6Cr.* r)1' + 167 =t [ax +')'


*
So[i gul 'L = -0r
n
fax + r) o7 et, &.r+ l-
J
D= dt
ti" -- \o1o-r) [ar+ t)1 = 4D./
I^le hdb tarc+')t
1

bea'ae*
'T6< Q.,e 9' €
1611 - a L^:t
-6'&D,6 +
\uoco-r)
'
(iro'- 16o +lO ' r ed 1
(.o'-Ho+h)."tr = r{"
AE l^t* + A -' o
"n2-

#d;!,*,'e tt
o ,!h
.6rL
d-
+\ [or
--o )
ll
1r
-
- -------
f-,10+4 Le)L
t{ tz)

q L1,.._ tt dL' ,tt


\-
I? &D-AI
'' Y = Y'+ Yr
Co.P L+ solnhn

V, (G+ c,t) e't + fr


.i *Aert + !.onbx+t ).

<"-"=:-
o! sol"e [zrta)] ,1" * ,Lar+il y -36 vI :- TxL+ ttY+ I

5!I 7"1 t = laXGx+ a) oY &= Att+ &

Ne how faz+r)Z,tr" = i D[ D-,)Y ,Q""rf*';\ 6-


,'.1Gt D. E taecPneA
?\ve.n
t't+ hz+ *. t k+-e)
prC"-)) + D.3D - ael 1 =
|

s +Ld-s)-+ a 2le]- z) +

[9o'-qD +9o - =s] Y'


+
(9 ,"- es) 1 = ?L"*-&-f + +et-') r

+ \(d-'21 + t

q tP--u) 1' * l,:t*t]-ue+)


8 eu+ &0 e t l+
+ -q
1[D'-*) Y 1 1

Io' u) Y = +tr""t-Pod+r+)
rn-- d&

= C,e 'L+ crcet


Y.
tl-
I

8 f t-.'t- el e+ + r-r)
lP' D 4
t
\s, I
8
st
0L L1
L0
---
D'- 4
!
e'
+ L
D \
d 1

)
.l !
6 t
Yr 8l I LD
C,
Y &0 e'
2 -t \a
.\ l
Yp
_)_
8t
ttt *
J.
+ &u
3 {+ 7
-Ll l
rT
l../
le
_)_
8t I ot e"|+ Ed
- 4 l
G^p l"Je Solwhon . @
'/' 'tra ''le

u- q g'E+ crL*+ h l*te't4 E d - 'q


1
t- 1

=, 1= + cz (sx+tf* rL, i [sr+ z) . Latzf + ff (at-+,5


' (ax+e)' *rL ta1
--n )
-=:

al 3J"< (Orc+,yy" - a-(sx+,)'J'- tf,1 = x.lc1[ex+t).

57 501". gc+r)'y" - tr,+r) 1' r-1 = 3l/"*1 '

*c o.uc h
.--i-Iat-^
,4 Lner^rt E ^Aon
d Llrnd'rc'x Lt^zo*t- eS
i-t, A cs^e
P "A"r[^tt
,s[n-en o- = 1 at r[ lo -- O.

lce t"; Q' 1= $b"l


cqx+b)'1"+ Q,[ax+ b) 7'+
o et
Pnl Q= I )
b o vce
- lr )
+ a,xY +
d

,x -:- [c*)
a"* Y
o.

b*^r'- 4 '*
NLOI'A
how\e
trt (') il cdttJ- Ca*cl'J'r
vgL 1 d
( L
,r'*'J or&"r o"f 4--
*lzve r^le r..^b
xh.l..+t + l"c
?
D d* L
o? r,.rhlqt< I
x
,." .1" , e go-r) ! 1
*nA""4 Jh';'^1n
rlh CO

a -lr.te-ott-
2te h9

-[o obtc'in
' n et-b\"
,
.che-c ,ptn) 1\<l
q'| D +q'J \ -- htt)' , FU)
i t,, to. D[P-')+
F c-r)
i'(', fa'oto-'>+
q'D+uJ 1'
P.robLe.rr,,s :

)oBol* x^' H
"P,- 3x+
clX'
J.,
ctx
+ALJ = t t+y
!

EL: l,Je hqu< ,, - zxrl'+ aX = (t*)L)


r1"

T"l * = LoXx oY 'x..= eL


lnle have * )L t-l O,tr ve P :
fr
.^9Lte
Y o Io-r)1

D(o-r)y-3DY+LtY = Q-re r) L

(o'-uo+H).1 = 1r+et)'
o'E mL- Hm+H = o
rn:&r&.
,'" ,t" = (c, * .rrL1 et*
( r+ et)L t+ e It+ Jet
\, D'-trD+4 yL- uD* Lt

q-. ol-
e" €--
^rt
-l-p7-ag+4 +
J
0Y DlxO+ \ DLqD+ lr

1.1
tt LaL +
+ "-' &e-"
+

TP h &

Gmpfclu soLuh'n : fl='lc +'/f


= (c,+ + *o o'"1
c,L)e't -+ i +
Y

u (c-rc, o,1x) *+ h*
q5'' t+ a-v
=
I

e> 5J"^. *1"+'x-y *


= 3t?+rrnCs"t'onz) .l
Soln: l^5e hqve l4 + %Y'rq1 . gtt+ am taQrl ",1 )
L,I
0

i"r- Q1) *--


+ !-" et
d
I^\e- hqve *.1'. o Lo.).( x I

Y=
D D =ffi
U
anurl aC4

[.-r
, hq,- olo
--,$au
*Lnn =? f 4,
lf G
(
f.., L! otv
T f'*^" Zno.{ -aY\
Tt ** ,. hc-'hr
(

Tn+--
n fr
0
#rx
LidwP',
r' -t'A- qeq
q s4T1
1( N..,
)L ,,LP Ua"\19
, loQ

+ +tG, {6x w
XJ
)(r

#" *ps 1q
t+*= I
-re dr
}L

? r.rts z? ++esol 'l =h


;--r1av
-r- ,v(v'*J
Jh +'A - A : "'fltr's
9 ?( -dl
.,? "- -n
12e)+ t\ \.
e
n +$2-{=
^ol
<l;>e.rn-lA
tl
-{9 +
1T te ul -)+ *
de b +h+
ft + '>Q,
leure fi
b btrd
+
t?u j> +*?t
btG 6,
n
leule + rpe
+"uls{? ++Q,91tr --'N,
1?F =rr.r. 4-- o= bt r'rr a'V

+Qule +1c?? -- f-, tO +.G)

leuts nr?e = l''qu*?* C-ola)


',h, hlrL
<OuLtO-tq x"',i--r^r51rt ''-r^.lL "14
(tu
[oco-D-a-J'7 =
d'* b
rI
to'- o-a) 1
e- + -1_
e+ = Blt+"t
Ae w .r.,,r2-
rn:-lri
t-n- & = O

= c^€*+
'd. "rrt t
U etL+ {t (^&E
+ e
d ? D"--D-9- D,- D-7 D,-D-L
4e tt -r +€t + etL -t *.*
Y?
JD_I &0- |
5 3

YP + )e'L- oL)
--[tre Co^p[r.le subrhonl Y= l.+'le
.il= ae
+
+ c>e-
o-t
+ !Cu't-e})
X= a
)-
?L
+ ,"f + byL;"+)
-:

r{> SJw.. .rt 4* zxfr+ *


2^
)"1*
L.r '}t
Srf : U*I+tPl'1 hf^L ?tven 4
'x , h?o
.{
&"
dxs
2
+ D? clt' fl+"#- 3
ln x
;.C t ,,'Y ,,, + ,*.(" + *rl' %
t
L
?*t t: -[rq! 1t oY )t=e"
l"Je hrtve )t- l "' -- D [o -r) t"-D
3
Y

* rl
lr

I
o [o-,) y
x 1
DY
@
(rCr-,'r(o-z) + 3 Dtp-r) + D) 1' e-st t
.a

l,(., DY o
trt.8. rn3=o a"l he nce fYl --O/O.O
\.J
tc
C,+ cr* -+ cs*-

U
(P
eaL,
------;-
t es+ +
'D' (D+3)"
at I ltt' '/rl
e a-l+a]o+"LDr+r* +.
Y? 03+q D)a++a+o t+r
st o,tl
,l
P
e + -l
o
J++L+D+ 1D'+D3
a
:t
f+- - -t-r -t--
a+ L+
-t)
Yr '8 kv cY)

Gmplele sJ"rhon'Y =1 .+ Y Ps,


* czt. + 4'L,L -r
, E
24
L+ -t)
Cr
Y, bXx- r)
,, + cyLnltt 1 cstl"?'t l'* *(
Y,
* *)
t+ + = to[r
+ Solu. : lc3
dx'
s:,i
*r'l
IL st., L!"tr't)
6> Solue x ,-
d.\-
d;,
-=r1+u
dx x=
"

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