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The document provides notes on chemical bonding, detailing the lattice structure of sodium chloride, metallic bonding, and the differences between intra and intermolecular forces. It also covers chemical formulas, including examples of ionic compounds and their formulas, as well as chemical equations and balancing them. Key concepts include the types of bonds, their strengths, and the representation of compounds through chemical symbols and formulas.

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9 views

bonding-lsd

The document provides notes on chemical bonding, detailing the lattice structure of sodium chloride, metallic bonding, and the differences between intra and intermolecular forces. It also covers chemical formulas, including examples of ionic compounds and their formulas, as well as chemical equations and balancing them. Key concepts include the types of bonds, their strengths, and the representation of compounds through chemical symbols and formulas.

Uploaded by

mboromapriscillah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chemistry Notes

CHEMICAL BONDING
THE LATTICE STRUCTURE OF SODIUM CHLORIDE

Crystal Lattice- these are giant structures in which aggregates of ions (of different types)
are held together in a 3 dimensional regular arrangement. In sodium chloride the bonding
in such that one Na+1 is surrounded by six Cl-1ions, and one Cl-1 is surrounded by Na+1
ions. The arrangement of the ions gives the structure a high stability. Thus sodium
chloride requires a lot of energy to melt and its melting point is 801oC.

METALLIC BONDING

Another way in which atoms attain more stable electron structure is found in metals.
Metallic bonding is a regular arrangement of positively ions in a sea of electrons. This
happens because in metals, atoms are packed in a regular pattern and very close to each
other and therefore electrons are free to move through out the structure. The outer shell
electrons then get separated from the atom into the surroundings resulting in positive ions
in a sea of electrons.

INTER AND INTRA MOLECOULAR FORCES

Intra molecular forces are bonds that are within a molecule of a compound.
Eg –ionic bonds
-covalent bonds
-metallic bonding
Inter molecular forces are forces that act between molecules of a compound.
Eg-dipolar bonds
-van der waals forces
- hydrogen bonds
Inter molecular forces in ionic compounds are very strong due to the attraction between
aggregates of ions (molecules), whereas in covalent compounds the inter molecular
forces are very weak.
In covalent compounds it’s the intra molecular forces ( ie covalent bond) that are very
strong. These intra molecular forces (ie ionic bond) are weaker in ionic compounds.

Type of bond Strength of bond Bond energy(kJ/mol)


strong 80-580
Metallic
strong 120-550
Covalent
strong 120-450
Ionic
Fairly weak 13-30
Hydrogen bonds
weak <13
Dipolar bonds
weak <4
Van der waals

CHEMICAL FORMULAR AND EQUATIONS

CHEMICAL FORMULAE

For every element in the periodic table there is a symbol. the symbol of an element can be
a letter or two letters which represent an atom of the element.
Examples
Element Chemical symbol
Chlorine Cl
Sulphur S
Potassium K
Magnesium Mg

Atoms of elements in a compound are represented by a formula. A formula is a set of


symbols of elements and numbers. The symbols show the elements present in a
compound while the numbers give the ratio those elements.
Example 1
Compound carbon dioxide consists of one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen
therefore its formula is CO2. Carbon dioxide gas is made up of CO2 molecules. Three
molecules of carbon dioxide are written as 3 CO2.
Example 2
The formula for aluminium oxide is Al2O3. This shows that in this compound 2 atoms of
aluminum are combined with 3 atoms of oxygen.
FORMULAE OF IONIC COMPOUNDS

Simple ions: Cl-, Na+1, Mg+2, Fe+2, Cu+2, Br-1, O-2, Al+3

Complex ions: are ions formed from two or more elements chemically combined.

Complex ions Formulae


Hydroxide OH-
Sulphate SO4-2
Nitrate NO3-
Carbonate CO3-2
Phosphate PO4-3
Ammonium NH4+
Hydrogen Carbonate HCO3-

EXAMPLES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS

Magnesium Bromide

EXAMPLES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS WITH RADICALS

EXAMPLES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS OF TRANSITION METALS


CHEMICAL FORMULA

Complete the table below by


i. showing the positive and negative ion present in each of the given compounds
ii. Indicating how many of each type of ions are there
iii. Writing down the formula of each compound

Name of compound + ion - ion Formula

Sodium chloride

Lithium fluoride

Magnesium oxide

Calcium chloride

Beryllium hydroxide

Copper II sulphate

Iron III carbonate

Sodium nitrate

Ammonium sulpate

Lead II bromide

Lead VI oxide

Carbon dioxide

Zinc oxide

Copper I chloride

Iron II nitrate
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

1. When solid calcium carbonate is heated strongly, it decomposes into solid calcium
oxide and carbon dioxide

REACTANTS PRODUCTS

FORMULA STATE FORMULA STATE


SYMBOL SYMBOL

Chemical equation …………………………………………………………………

2. Iron reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to give aqueous iron II sulphate and hydrogen
gas.

REACTANTS PRODUCTS

FORMULA STATE FORMULA STATE


SYMBOL SYMBOL

Chemical equation ……………………………………………………………….


3. When solid ammonium chloride is heated, it decomposes into gaseous ammonia NH3
and hydrogen chloride gas

REACTANTS PRODUCTS

FORMULA STATE FORMULA STATE


SYMBOL SYMBOL

Chemical equation ………………………………………………………………………

4. When water is added to solid calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide ( slaked lime ) is
formed.

REACTANTS PRODUCTS

FORMULA STATE FORMULA STATE


SYMBOL SYMBOL

Chemical equation …………………………………………………………………….

5. When zinc hydroxide is heated, it decomposes into solid zinc oxide and steam

REACTANTS PRODUCTS

FORMULA STATE FORMULA STATE


SYMBOL SYMBOL
Balance the following equations

6. i. Mg (s) + HNO3 Mg(NO3) 2 (aq) + H2

ii. Na2CO3(aq) + HNO3(aq) NaNO3(aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O

iii. Pb(NO3) 2 (aq) + KI (aq) PbI2 + KNO3 (aq)

iv. NaOH (aq) + FeSO4 Fe(OH) 2 + NaSO4

v. Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + NaSO4(aq) Fe(OH) 2(aq) + NaSO4 (aq)

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