SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

Studying STS is important for several reasons as it provides a comprehensive

understanding of the interrelationships between science, technology, and society.
Here are some key reasons why studying STS is significant:

HOLISTIC UNDERTSTANDING

STS offers a holistic perspective by examining the reciprocal influences of

science and technology on society and vice versa. It goes beyond the technical
aspects and considers the social, cultural, economic, and ethical dimensions of
scientific and technological developments.

ETHICAL AWARENESS

The study of STS emphasizes ethical considerations in scientific and

technological advancements. It encourages individuals to critically assess the ethical
implications of innovations, ensuring responsible and morally sound developments.

INFORMED DECISION-MAKING

As citizens in a technologically advanced world, understanding the societal

impacts of scientific and technological choices is crucial. STS equips individuals with
the knowledge to make informed decisions about the adoption and regulation of
technologies in their personal and professional lives.

CULTURAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

STS explores how technology shapes and is shaped by cultural and social
contexts. It helps individuals comprehend how innovations influence social
structures, values, and norms, contributing to a more culturally aware and socially
conscious society.

POLICY DEVELOPMENT

Policymakers benefit from STS insights when formulating regulations related

to science and technology. Understanding the societal consequences of policies
ensures a more effective and responsible approach to governance in areas such as
health, environment, and privacy.
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS

STS acknowledges the economic implications of technological advancements.

It helps individuals understand the role of science and technology in economic
development, job creation, and wealth distribution, fostering economic literacy.

CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS

Studying STS encourages critical thinking and analytical skills. It prompts

individuals to question assumptions, evaluate evidence, and consider multiple
perspectives when assessing the impact of science and technology on society.

INNOVATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

STS education fosters an appreciation for innovation and entrepreneurship.

Understanding the societal needs and implications of technological solutions can
inspire individuals to contribute positively to technological advancements and
business ventures.

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES

In an interconnected world, STS provides a global perspective on scientific

and technological developments. It helps individuals appreciate the diversity of
technological impacts across different cultures and regions, contributing to global
awareness.

PREPARATION FOR FUTURE CHALLENGES

As society faces complex challenges, including environmental crises, ethical

dilemmas, and social inequalities, STS education prepares individuals to navigate
and address these challenges by considering the broader societal implications of
scientific and technological choices.

In summary, studying Science, Technology, and Society is essential for

creating well-informed and responsible citizens, fostering ethical decision-making,
and addressing the complex challenges of our technologically driven world. It
promotes a balanced and interdisciplinary understanding of the relationships
between science, technology, and society.
 Historical antecedents in which

Social considerations changed the course

of Science and Technology

I. Introduction

Historical antecedents are the history of events, characteristics, etc. of

something in earlier life. It is defined as a precursor to the unfolding or existence of
something. When regards to Science, Science is from a Latin word called “Scientia”
which means knowledge. It refers to a systematized body of knowledge based on
careful observation and experimentation. It also deals with the study of people,
culture, society, living things, non-living things etc. In addition, it seeks to solve a
particular problem, to understand the natural world and most importantly is to gain
knowledge. On the other hand, when we say technology, it comes from the two
Greek words “Techne” and “Logos”. Wherein, Techne means art, skill, craft, or the
way, manner, or means by which a thing is gained, while Logos means the
utterances by which inward thought is expressed, it is a saying or an expression of
an individual. Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to the practical
aims of human life, or, it is sometimes phrased, to the change and manipulation of
the human environment.

When these three words are being combined altogether, it will be the
historical antecedents of science and technology wherein social interactions and
considerations are being involved. It means it is the history of science and
technology and how they evolved through the years in the hands of the different
colonizers who once roamed the world. Historical back rounds in science and
technology are therefore influences which paved for advanced and sophisticated
advancements in science and technology that are present today. This will provide
information about the development of science during ancient, middle and moderns
ages that led to the changes and development of science and technology.

Science

 Is the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of

the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through
observation and experiment.
 Science is about the knowledge about or study of the natural world based on
facts earned through experiments and observation.
Technology

 it comes from the two Greek words “Techne” and “Logos”. Wherein,
Techne means art, skill, craft, or the way, manner, or means by which a thing
is gained, while Logos means the utterances by which inward thought is
expressed, it is a saying or an expression of an individual.
  It is a science or knowledge put into practical use to solve problems or to
invent useful tools.
 We create technology to fill a void, need or wants.
Society

 The sum total of our interactions as humans, including the engage in to figure
things out and to make things.
 A group of individuals involved in persistent social interactions or a large
social group sharing the same culture, norms, values etc.

Science and Technology

How is science used in technology?

 Science is the pursuit of knowledge about the natural world through

systematic observation and experiments. Through science, we develop new
technologies.
 Technology is the application of scientifically gained knowledge for practical
purpose. And scientists use technology in all their experiments. New
knowledge which serves as a direct source of ideas for new technological
possibilities.
 It is the source of techniques for more efficient engineering design and a
knowledge base for evaluation of feasibility of designs.
 Practice of research as a source for development and assimilation of new
human skills and capabilities eventually useful for technology.
The Role of Science and Technology

1. Alter the way people live, connect, communicate and transact, with profound
effects on economic development.
2. Key drivers to development because technological and scientific revolutions
underpin advances, improvements in health systems, education and
infrastructures.
3. The technological revolutions of the 21 st century are emerging from entirely
new sectors, based on micro-processors, tale-communications, bio-
technology and nano-technology. Products are transforming business
practices across the economy, as well as the lives of all who have access to
their effects.
4. Have the power to better the lives of poor people in developing countries.
5. Engine of growth.
What does Science Technology and Society mean?

 It is the study of how politics, society, and culture affect scientific research and
technological innovations, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and
culture.
  Science and technology in the Philippines describes scientific and
technological progress made by the Philippines and analyses related policy
issues. The main agency responsible for managing science and technology
(S&T) is the Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

ANCIENT TIME

 Ancient history that covers the period 3000Bc – AD 500.

MIDDLE AGES

 Began around 476 A.D may span roughly 1,000 years ending between 1400
and 1450.

MODERN AGES

 It is also referred to as the modernity, or it is the post Medieval era, beginning

1500 to present, wide span of time marked in part by technological
innovations, urbanization, scientific discoveries and globalization.

Ancient times

If not for ancient technology, would we ever be where we are right now,
exploring space and making advancements each and every day? No one knows.
One thing remains certain — ancient technology was fascinating. This period of time
was the first period where inventions and innovations of basic science and
technology were made. This was the time where humans began to know and
discover something that is interconnected and related in science and technology.
And this is where it all begins.

One of the great inventions of humans on ancient times are the following:

1. The Wheels
The wheel remains one of humanity’s greatest inventions.
many advancements can be traced back to that first step
inventing the wheel and learning how to use it — that it’s
impossible to imagine the world without the wheel.
Archeologists believe that the wheel was invented around
4000 BC, which is just over 6000 years ago. Of course,
circular and wheel-like objects were in use prior to that,
but it’s only around 4000 BC in Mesopotamia that the
wheel found its true use.
2. Seeds of Poppy
 Egyptian doctors gave a seeds of poppy to relieve
the patient’s pain.


The study showed that poppy seeds contain both
morphine and codeine which are excellent pain-
relieving drugs and it is still being used today.
Because of those matters mentioned, Egyptians
medicine became the most respected form of medicine during ancient period.

3. The Calendar
 The invention of the calendar as a method of
timekeeping is another example of world-
altering ancient technology. Calendars are
likely even older than writing itself. Hunters in
the early days tracked the phases of the
Moon, and the first calendars were lunar and
solar.
 In the Middle East and in Greece, the lunar
calendar was used to track the time of the month, but the solar
calendar helped determine harvest months. Lunar calendars were
utilized by many civilizations, but they were inaccurate, and the system
eventually broke down.
 In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar, which
most of us use to this day.
4. The Compass
 Early compasses were most likely made in
China and often made of lodestone. A
lodestone is a form of magnetite that occurs
naturally. However, those early inventions in
200 BC were more often used for spiritual
purposes. It’s not until 1050 CE that
explorers started to utilize lodestones to help
them navigate.

 The lodestone was cut into a spoon shape and floated in a bowl of
water. The spoon would always align with the Earth's magnetic field,
pointing towards the north pole. That’s how the compass in early time
works.

5. The Papyrus

 An ancient form of paper, made from a plant

of the same name.

 As early as 3,000 B.C, Egyptian formed a

paper named as Papyrus. Papyrus is a thick
type of paper made from the pith of the
 papyrus paint, the Cyperus Papyrus. It can also refer to a document
written on sheets of papyrus joined together side by side and rolled
into a scroll an early book form.
 The invention of the ancient form of paper revolutionized the way
information was transmitted from person to generation easily done
compared to clay tablets or smooth rocks been used by Egyptians,
Sumerians and other races.

6. The Concrete

 If not for the invention of concrete, what would

our great cities be made of today? Made out
of a mixture of cement, water, broken stone,
gravel, and sand, concrete is used in nearly
every building project in modern cities.
 Concrete came to be with the invention of
cement back in 3000 BC in ancient Egypt. Ancient Greeks and
Romans also used a form of concrete made out of aluminum and silica
mixtures. These early inventions lead to the creation of Portland
cement in 1824 by Joseph Aspdin.

7. The Clock

 Many of us long for a world without a sense of time, but the truth is, the
invention of the mechanical clock was monumental. Devices that could
help tell the time have been in use for thousands of years, but it was
the Sumerians in 2000 BC who invented the 60-minute, 60-second
system we use to this day.
 Early clocks tracked the movement of the sun or water to roughly tell
the time. We also know of hourglasses, time sticks, and candle clocks.
What came next was the mechanical clock. It was powered by water
and had an escapement mechanism that rotated the gears.
8. Eye Make-up
  Ancient Egyptians knew all about the
power of a smoky eye. Way back in
4000 B.C., they started making kohl to
line their eyes by mixing soot with
galena, a mineral with a metallic bluish,
gray or black hue. In some ancient
paintings, Egyptians are depicted
wearing green eye makeup, a shade they achieved by mixing another
mineral, malachite, with the galena. Both women and men wore kohl
eye makeup in ancient Egypt. They believed it had healing properties,
as well as the power to protect the wearer from the evil eye.

Middle Age
During the Middle age period, humans saw a radical change in the rate of new
inventions, innovations in the ways of managing traditional means of
production, and economic growth. The period saw major technological
advances and this period is also the continuation or the evolution of the
innovations that has been created and discovered during the ancient period.

1. Eyeglasses
 Until the late 13th century, there was
virtually no cure for people who suffered
from nearsightedness or
farsightedness. In fact, it was a given
that once a person grew old, he or she
will suffer from a weak eyesight and
since there was no cure, the victim of
the condition had to give up reading and other eye-intensive activities.
 It was only in the last decade of the 13th century that the earliest
eyeglasses were invented. While the early models of the eyeglasses
were more basic and needed to be held by hand in place, subsequent
models towards the end of the medieval period made eyeglasses more
widely available and easier to use.
2. Gunpowder

 Gunpowder was invented in China sometime around the 9th century. It was
only in the 13th century that Europe became aware of the vital importance of
 gunpowder and began to experiment with it. The use of gunpowder probably
reached Europe due to the exposure of European armies to Mongol attackers
in the 13th century who wielded gunpowder weapons.
 Gunpowder is considered the most important military invention of the
medieval period. With the advent of gunpowder in Europe, the nature of
warfare changed radically and this had a deep impact on the social and
political outlook of late medieval Europe.
 In many ways, the arrival of gunpowder also contributed to the transition of
Europe from the medieval to the Renaissance periods.

3. Mechanical Clock

During the early medieval period, many different time-keeping devices were
used. Nearly all of these devices had been adopted from the period of
classical antiquity with little to no innovation happening in time-keeping
devices during the early medieval period.
 Among the traditional time-keeping devices used at the time were water
clocks, candle clocks, the use of astrolabes for determining time, and
sundials.
 It was during the High Middle Ages that new methods of time-keeping were
discovered and new instruments discovered for the purpose.
 It was around this time that the earliest mechanical clocks were created by the
Christian monks who had extensive knowledge of astronomy.
4. Printing Press

 The Printing press was a new mode of printing texts and books
which was invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the first half of the
15th century. Gutenberg’s invention proved critically significant for
the Renaissance that was taking place across Europe.

5. Microscope
  Two Dutch spectacle-makers and
father-and-son team, Hans and
Zacharian Janssen, create the first
microscope.
 As far back as the 11th century,
plano-convex lenses made of
polished beryl were used in Arab
world as reading stones to magnify
manuscripts. The earliest microscopes could magnify an object up
to 20 or 30 times its normal size.
 Microscope also helped in developing the proper medicines for
illnesses.

6. Telescope

 The invention of the telescope played an important role in advancing

our understanding of Earth's place in the cosmos. While there is
evidence that the principles of telescopes were known in the late 16th
century, the first telescopes were created in the Netherlands in 1608.
Spectacle makers Hans Lippershey & Zacharias Janssen and Jacob
Metius independently created telescopes.
 Early telescopes were primarily used for making Earth-bound
observations, such as surveying and military tactics. Telescope helped
in the observation of remote objects that was a great help for the
navigators during that time.

Other inventions during the Middle age:

 War weapons like crossbow, longbow, daggers, spears, swords

etc.
 Hour glass
 Liquor
 Paper money
  Arabic Numerals
 Stirrup

Modern Ages
The world has been transformed by technological
inventions with the help also of scientific means, that changed
the lives of our ancestors and helped us prosper and build the
future we live in today: from the creation of the first stone tools
or the wheel to machines and technologies that we use on
today’s time or generation. This period is more advanced and
more faster and easier to use. The modern era saw the rise of
technologies such as reproductive technology, the television, man-made
satellites, personal computers, and many more. Here are some
inventions that helps people during this time.
1. The telephone

 The Scotsman Alexander Graham Bell worked as a speech and

hearing expert (his mother and wife were both deaf) and, seeking
to improve the telegraph, researched voice transmission until, in
1876, he patented the telephone. This device revolutionised
communication by allowing instant speech even over long
distances. In its early days, to establish a call, a person had to
manually connect the wires, and this continued until the creation of
the telephone network. It is one of the most significant advances of
the Second Industrial Revolution, to the extent that it marks the
beginning of modern society. Without it, the world would not exist
as we know it today: it laid the foundations for mobile telephony.

2. The Aeroplane

 In 1903, the Wright brothers created the first human-piloted motorised

aeroplane, the Wright Flyer. The flight lasted only 12 seconds, but with this
 experiment, which defied gravity, they laid the foundations of aeronautical
engineering. Their designs inspired others to develop commercial aviation.
 In 1927, Charles Lindbergh became a hero for his non-stop crossing of the
Atlantic. This technological ingenuity boosted trade, culture, tourism and,
today, the air transport industry is key to global economic prosperity.

3. The personal computer

Computers have redefined people’s lives and
the way they work, simplifying tasks, storing
information and processing data quickly and
efficiently. The invention of the transistor or
semiconductor in 1947 began the road to
personal computers. This component
replaced the vacuum tube and was the key to
creating smaller, more reliable electronic devices. John Blankenbaker’s
Kenbak-1 is considered the first personal computer. Another key innovation
in the development of the PC (personal computer) was microprocessors
(1971).
 The first personal computer with a microprocessor was the Micral (1973).
Although it was never sold, the Xerox Alto (1973) was the forerunner of
home computing: it introduced for the first time a graphical interface and a
mouse. In 1975, the Altair 8800 was launched, the first computer with the
Microsoft Basic programming language, developed by Bill Gates and Paul
Allen, founders of Microsoft.

4. Internet
 As with most technological inventions that have changed the world, the birth
of the network of networks would not be understood without earlier
experiments and technologies. The connection of four university computers
to ARPAnet in 1969 was the seed for the birth of the Internet. In the late
1970s, Vinton Cerf developed the “transmission control protocol” or TCP for
sending files between computers. This breakthrough was key to Tim
Berners-Lee’s introduction of the World Wide Web in 1991, transforming
society. It continues to evolve today, bringing new forms of interaction and
economic, social and cultural growth. The launch of Telefónica’s Infovía
service in 1995 popularised the Internet in Spain and introduced it into
Spanish homes

5. Artificial intelligence
 The precursor of modern computing, Alan Turing,
is also the father of artificial intelligence.
However, the term was not coined until 1956,
when the first artificial intelligence programme,
Logic Theorist, was presented at a historic
conference. Today, this technological invention
has crept into our lives in the form of chatbots, voice assistants, autonomous
vehicles, real-time translators, artificial vision, ChatGPT, the Internet of
Things… Machines capable of reasoning will further transform the world of
 the future with applications and uses that we cannot even imagine today.
Generative artificial intelligence is becoming increasingly important.

6. Pasteurization: Louis Pasteur—1862

 Louis Pasteur developed the process now known as

"pasteurization," which is a process of heating food to a
specific temperature for a definite length of time and
then cooling it immediately to reduce the number of
viable pathogens that may cause disease. Dairy
products, canned foods, juices, syrups, water, and wines are the primary
products that are pasteurized today.

 This invention helped the society for the dairy products to kill bacteria.

7. Energy (Modern Alternating Current Electrical Supply System: Nikola

Tesla—1891)
 Nikola Tesla filed for seven U.S. patents in the field of polyphase alternating
current motors and power transmission. Tesla's patents comprised a
complete system of generators, transformers, transmission lines, motors, and
lighting.

Tesla is also credited with the invention of the radio. However, a patent dispute
with the Marconi Company resulted, ultimately leading to the U.S. Supreme
Court ruling for Tesla after his death.

8. Transportation (Modern Automobile: Karl Benz—1886)

 Karl Benz patented all of the processes that made the internal combustion
engine feasible for use in cars. Karl Benz and his wife, Bertha Ringer Benz,
were the founders of the Mercedes-Benz automobile manufacturing
company.

Other inventions during the Modern age include :

 Calculator Solar Boyle’s Law

 Kerosene Vaccines Taxonomy
 Printing press Monitors Fermentation
 Light Bulb X-Ray machines Newton’s law of
gravitation
 Electric Motor Portable Water Electromagnetism

Science and Technology in the Philippines

Science and Technology in the Philippines had experienced periods of intense
growth as well as long periods of stagnation.

PRE-SPANISH ERA

Even before the colonization by the Spaniards in the Philippine Islands, the
natives of the archipelago already had the practices linked to science and
technology.

 Filipinos were already aware of the medicinal and therapeutic properties of

plants and the methods of extracting medicine from herbs.
 They already had an alphabet, number system, a weighing and measuring
system and a calendar. Filipinos were already engaged in farming,
shipbuilding, mining and weaving.
 The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated products of
engineering by pre-spanish era Filipinos.

SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

The colonization of the Philippines contributed to growth of science and

technology in the archipelago.

 The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institution in

the Philippines.
 During the early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines, Parish school
established where religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and music was
taught.
 Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture was taught to the
natives.
 Later, the Spanish established colleges and universities in the archipelago
including the oldest existing university in Asia, which is the University of
Santo Thomas.
 The Galleon Trade have accounted in the Philippine colonial economy.
 Trade was given more focus by the Spaniard colonial authorities due to the
prospects of big profits.
 Agriculture and industrial development on the other hand were relatively
neglected.
 The opening of Suez Canal saw the influx of European visitors to the
Spanish colony and some Filipinos were able to study in Europe who were
probably influenced by the rapid development of scientific ideals brought by
the Age of Enlightenment.
 The study of medicine in the Philippines was given priority in the Spanish
era, especially in the later years. Biology is given focus.
  The Spanish also contributed to the field of engineering in the islands by
constructing government buildings, churches, roads, bridges and forts.
 Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture was taught to the
natives.

AMERICAN PERIOD

The progress of science and technology continued under American rule of the
island.

 On July 1, 1901 the Philippine Commission established the Bureau of

Government Laboratories which was placed under the Department of
Interior. The Bureau replaced the Laboratorio Municipal, which was
established under the Spanish colonial era. The Bureau dealt with the study
of tropical diseases and laboratory projects.

On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was replaced

by the Bureau of Science, and on December 8. 1993, the National Research
Council of the Philippines was established.

 Science during the American period was inclined towards agriculture, food
processing, forestry, medicine and pharmacy.
 Not much focus was given on the development of industrial technology due
to free trade policy with the United States which nurtured an economy
geared towards agriculture and trade.
 In 1946 the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science. In a
report by the US Economic Survey to the Philippines in 1950, there is a lack
of basic information which were necessities to the country’s industries, lack
of support of experimental work and minimal budget for scientific research
and low salaries of scientists employed by the government. In 1958, during
the regime of President Carlos P. Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed
the Science Act of 1958 which established the National Science and
Development.

POST COMMONWEALTH ERA

 In 1986, during the Corazon Aquino’s presidency, the National Science

and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science
and Technology, giving science and technology a representation in the
cabinet.
 Under the Medium Term Philippine Development Plant for the years
1987-1992, science and technology’s role in economic recovery and
sustained economic growth was highlighted.
 During Corazon Aquino’s State of the Nation Address in 1990, she said
that science and technology development shall be one of the top three
priorities of the government towards an economic recovery.
 In August 8, 1988, Corazon Aquino created the Presidential Task Force
for science snd technology which came up with the first Science and
 Technology Master Plan or STMP. The goal of STMP was for the
Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country status by the year
2000.
 The congress did not put much priority in handling bills related to science
and technology. The Senate Committee on Science and Technology was
one of the committees that handles the least amount of bills for
deliberation.
 The former Science and Technology secretary, Ceferin Follosco,
reported that the budget allocation for science and technology was
increased to 1.054 billion pesos in 1989 from the previous years’s 464
million pesos.
 However, due to the Asian financial crisis, budget allocation for the years
1990 and 1991 were trimmed down to 920 and 854 million pesos
respectively. Budget allocations were increased to 1,7 billion pesos in
1992.

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Scientific revolution was the period of enlightenment when the developments in

the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed
the views about nature.

Science define as:

•Science as an idea · It includes ideas, theories and all available systematic

explanations and observations about the natural and physical word.

•Science as an intellectual activity · It encompasses a systematic and practical

study of the natural and physical world. This process of study involves systematic
observation and experimentation.

•Science as a body of knowledge · It is a subject or discipline, a field of study, or a

body of knowledge that deals with the process of learning about the natural and
physical world. This is what we refer to as school of science.

•Science as a personal and social activity. · This explains that science is both
knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop better understanding of
the world around them. It is a means to improve life and to survive in life. It is
interwoven with people’s lives.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION

Intellectual Revolution is the time period when advancements of science &

technology changed peoples perceptions and beliefs. Scientist in all period of time
driven by their curiosity, critical thinking and creativity to explore the physical and
natural world. Their love for science is driven by their deep passion to know and to
discover. It showed how the society was transformed by science and technology.

SOME INTELLECTUAL AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS

COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

•The Copernican Revolution refers to the 16th-century paradigm shift named after
the Polish mathematician and astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus. ·

•Copernicus formulated the heliocentric model of the universe. At the time, the
belief was that the Earth was the center of the Solar System based on the geocentric
model of Ptolemy.

·•Copernicus introduced the heliocentric model in a 40 page outline entitled

“Commentariolus”.

·•He formalized his model in the publication of his treatise “De Revolutionibus
Orbium Coelestrium” (The Revolution of Celestial Spheres) in 1543. ·

•In his model, Copernicus repositioned the earth from the center of the solar system
and introduced the idea that the earth rotates on its own axis.

•The contribution of the Copernican Revolution is far-reaching. It served as a catalyst

to sway scientific thinking away from the age-long views about the position of earth
relative to an enlightened understanding of the universe. This marked the beginning
of modern astronomy.

·•The Copernican Revolution marked a turning point in the study of cosmology and
astronomy making it a truly important intellectual revolution.

DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

•The English naturalist, geologist and biologist, Charles Darwin is credited for stirring
anotherto important intellectual revolution in the mid-19th century.

•His treatise on the science of evolution, “On The Origin of Species” was published
in 1859 and began a revolution that brought humanity to a new era of intellectual
discovery.
•The Darwinian Revolution benefitted from earlier intellectual revolutions especially
those in the 16th and 17th centuries, such that it was guided by confidence in human
reason’s ability to explain phenomena in the universe.

•Darwin gathered evidence pointing to what is now known as natural selection, an

evolutionary process by which organisms, including humans, inherit, develop, and
adapt traits that favored survival and reproduction.

•Darwin’s theory of evolution was, of course, met with resistance and considered to
be controversial. Critics accused the theory of being either short in accounting for the
broad and complex evolutionary process or dismissive of the idea that the functional
design of organisms was a manifestation of an omniscient God.

•The Darwinian Revolution can be likened to the Copernican Revolution in its

demonstration of the power of the laws of nature in explaining biological phenomena
of survival and reproduction.

•Through the Darwinian Revolution, the development of organisms and the origin
of unique forms of life and humanity could be rationalized by a lawful system or an
orderly process of change underpinned by laws of nature.

FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

•Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud is credited for stirring a 20th century

intellectual revolution named after him the Freudian Revolution.

•Psychoanalysis as a school of thought in psychology in at the center of this

revolution.

•Freud developed psychoanalysis a scientific method of understanding inner and

unconscious conflicts embedded within one's personality springing from free
associations, dreams and fantasies of the individual.

•Psychoanalysis immediately shot into controversy for it emphasized the existence

of the unconscious wherein feelings, thoughts, urges, and emotions and memories
are contained outside of one's conscious mind.

•Freud suggest that humans are inherently pleasure-seeking individuals.

INFORMATION

•This period is characterized by the increasing use of technology, especially

computers and the internet, as humans integrate it with several aspects of society.
This rapid change over the last 40 years has led to many of the innovations people
have come to rely on every day.
•The time period beginning in the late 20th century that's been centered around the
creation and proliferation of the Internet and has made it easier than ever for
businesses around the world to share knowledge, leading to a significant global
economic impact.

The Philippine government Science and technology agenda

Introduction:

• The need to develop a country's science and technology has generally

been recognized as one of the imperatives of socioeconomic progress in
the contemporary world. This has become a widespread concern of
governments especially since the post World War II years. Among Third
World countries, an important dimension of this concern is the problem of
dependence in science and technology as this is closely tied up with the
integrity of their political sovereignty and economic self-reliance.
Science and Technology in the Philippines

• The Department of Science and Technology in the Philippines is a

government agency tasked with overseeing and managing national
technology development and acquisition, undertaking technological and
scientific research and promoting public consciousness of science and
technology.
• DOST is responsible for formulating and adopting a comprehensive National
Science and Technology Plan for the Philippines, and to subsequently monitor
and coordinate its funding and implementation.
• The DOST undertakes policy research, technology assessment, feasibility
and technical studies and maintains a national information system and
databank on science and technology.
History

1. Pre-Spanish Period

• Before the colonization by the Spaniards in the Philippine islands, the

natives of the archipelago already had practices linked to science and
technology. Filipinos were already aware of the medicinal and therapeutic
properties of plants and the methods of extracting medicine from herbs.
The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated products of
engineering by pre-Spanish era Filipinos
2. Spanish Colonial Period
• The colonization of the Philippines contributed to growth of science and
technology in the archipelago. The Spanish introduced formal education
and founded scientific institution. During the early years of Spanish rule in
the Philippines.
• Parish schools were established where religion, reading, writing, arithmetic
and music was taught. Sanitation and more advanced methods of
agriculture was taught to the natives.

3. American Period and Post-Commonwealth era

• The progress of science and technology in the Philippines continued
under American rule of the islands. On July 1, 1901 the Philippine
Commission established the Bureau of Government Laboratories which
was placed under the Department of Interior. The Bureau replaced the
Laboratorio Municipal, which was established under the Spanish
colonial era.
• The Bureau dealt with the study of tropical diseases and laboratory
projects. On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of Government Laboratories
was replaced by the Bureau of Science and on December 8, 1933, the
National Research Council of the Philippines was established. The
Bureau of Science became the primary research center of the
Philippines until World War II.

4. Marcos Era and Martial Law

• During Ferdinand Marcos' presidency, the importance given to science
grew. In the amended 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 9, he
declared that the "advancement of science and technology shall have
priority in the national development." In his two terms of presidency and
during Martial Law, he enacted many laws promoting science and
technology.

SCIENTIST AS ADVOCATES

• Scientists and technologists are essential in a developing world. They are one
of the key players in a country's quest for industrialization. They are the
lifeblood of research, innovation and have important roles in the industry and
the manufacturing sector. Together with their roles in nation-building,
scientists, too, have a responsibility to advocate for the betterment of S&T in
their countries.
• For the Philippines, in order to halt the vicious cycle of technological
backwardness and poverty, it is important that scientists and technologists
themselves be aware of the sad plight of S&T in the country and to advocate
for its improvement.
• In recent success we have with the saltwater lamp, the salamander tricycle
and the Diwata 1 microsatellite is a good start but only indicates that we
have a long way to go before we create an innovation culture. Innovation can
 only happen with enough scientists and technologists to develop an
“innovation ecosystem.”

Asean Integration requires competitive technology

• Science and technology help us understand nature and the world, and
enables us to lead full lives through new and innovative means. It therefore
requires that we as Filipinos, expand our science and technology base to
enable us to compete in an integrated ASEAN.

 Two major approaches

1. Stronger Research and Development in the regions, not just Manila

• Expand research and development initiatives by providing more grant
support for R and D through the DOSTs sectoral planning councils such as
PCIERD, PCAARD and ASTI in cooperation with universities in the regions.
The science initiative must be distributed to the regions especially those
where food production needs to be improved, industry needs to grow and
where innovation needs to be developed. This is critical in light of climate
change and expensive electricity and the need to disperse industry and
economic activities.

2. Strategic projects in five areas:

• Renewable energy- we need new technologies to enable high electricity
yields in limited space with less dependence on natural resources to enable
us to meet our COP 21 commitments, while lowering the price of electricity.
• S and T for industry development- we need stronger participation of our
scientists and engineers if we want to revitalize our basic industries such as
the steel industry.
• Faster and cheaper internet – we have Asias slowest internet, yet our
archipelago needs it bridge gaps and build networks.
• Increased food production- given limited lands, technology is needed to
expand yields while increasing quality of output and being less dependent
on foreign inputs like fertilizers.
• Climate change adaptation- We need cutting edge technology to enable our
farmers to adapt to changing climates and the need to do away with
technologies that destroy the capacity for good healthful yields.

• Enabling mechanisms and specifics

• 1. More Research grants through the DOST and its sectoral planning
councils and institutes
• 2. Strengthen the Balik Scientist Program and retention program for current
young scientists- our young scientists must be engaged through actual
research projects. Many of our scientists and
• engineers are OFWs who support our candidacy. We need their help to
uplift our country’s technology and we hope they come back.
 • 3. S and T cooperation within ASEAN- especially on the space program and
climate change adaptation.
• Cooperation between industry and the science community by involving them
in the sectoral planning councils. DOSTs programs for SMEs (Such as SET-
UP) needs to be replicated further.

HUMAN FLOURISHING

WHAT IS HAPPINESS ?

 In psychology, happiness is a mental or emotional state of well-being which

can be defined by, among others, positive or pleasant emotions ranging from
contentment to intense joy.
 To behaviorists, happiness is a cocktail of emotions we experience when we
do something good or positive.
 To neurologists, happiness is the experience of a flood of hormones
released in the brain as a reward for behavior that prolongs survival.

WHAT IS Is HUMAN FLOURISHING ?

Eudaimonia, literary “ a good spirits ” is a

term coined by renowned Greek philosopher
Aristotle ( 385 - 323 BC ) to describe the
pinnacle of happiness that is attainable by
Humans.

 This was translated to “ Human Flourishing ” in literature arguably likening

humans to flowers achieving their full bloom.
 As it discussed to Nicomachean Ethic, Aristotle concept of human flourishing
arises result :
 Phronesis
  Friendship
 Wealth
 And Power
 In Ancient Greek society, they believe that acquiring those qualities will surely
bring the seekers happiness and the effect of it was the greater notion of , “
Good ”.

OTHER CONCEPT OF HUMAN FLOURISHING

Socrates thought all human beings wanted eudaimonia more than anything else
and that virtue was both the seed and the fruit. Virtues such as self-control,
courage, justice, piety and wisdom guaranteed a good and happy life. He
contrasted eudaimonia with the life that seeks after honor (modern fame) and
pleasure (modern hedonism) because that does nothing for the state of ones soul
and thus can never lead to the 'incomparably more important' eudaimonia.

HUMAN FLOURISHING IN in BUDDHISM

These views are also present in Buddhism where wisdom and compassion are the
two highest virtues, both of which are achieved by walking the eightfold path. Right
view and right intention will lead to wisdom, or, in other words, seeing reality as it is
and act accordingly. Right speech, right action and right livelihood leads to
compassion where self and other overlap of happiness and fulfillment in life.

EIGHT FOLD PATH

 Rightness of belief
 Resolved
 Speech
 Action
 Livelihood
 Effort
 Thought
 Meditation

A Principles of Human Flourishing

Restoring the culture to the glory of God , It's the reason we are working to inspire
Christian to live out a theology that integrates faith , works and economic. If Christian
do this we can bring about human flourishing.
As Time Goes by Human Flourishing was changed:

 which are the dynamic social history as written by humans.

 people found to live comfortably, explore more places, developed more
products and make moneys.
 Development that allowed them to make grander and more sophisticated
machines to bring innovations, explorations and ventures life after death.
 Humans today are expected to become the "Man of the world "
 Competitions as means of Survival has become pass and coordination is a
new trend.

EXAMPLE

 The discrepancy between eastern and western conception regarding the

society and human flourishing. It has been observed that the western
civilizations tends to be more focused on the individuals, while those from the
eastern are more community-centric.
 More concerned for western civilization over eastern ones. But for them
community is the highest regards that the individuals should sacrifice himself
for the sake of the society.

Eastern Western
Respect for the hierarchy is inherent. Respect it's earned
Open debate and confrontation are Open debate is encouraged
avoided.
Collectivistic. Duty towards others is Individualistic. Following personal
highly regarded. Success is measured desires and dreams is valued. Success is
collectively. measured individually.
Success is conquering yourself. Success is conquering your goals.
Success is spiritual Success is material.
Silent leadership. Walk behind people. Vocal leadership. Walk in front of people

Science, Technology and Human Flourishing

 Science and technology contributes a pool of human knowledge and the

uncovering the secrets of the universe that gives us answers to the questions
and what we look forward to.
  One of the most prevalent theme of Human's perpetual need is to locate
himself in the world by finding proof to trace evolutions.
 Every discoveries, innovations and success will provide us something new to
look forward that having a particular role, which is uniquely ours, elicits our
idea of self importance.
 Suffice to say that the end goals of both science and technology and human
flourishing are related, in that the good life is inherently related to the truth.

According to Heidegger's statement “

“ Technology is a human activity

that we excel in as a result of
achieving science ” and a goal of
both science and technology and
human technology.

SCIENCE AS METHOD AND RESULT

It presents a general idea of how to do science:

1. Observe and determine if there are unexplained occurrences and unfolding.

2. Determine the problem and identify factors involved.

3. Formulate hypothesis that could explained the said phenomenon. The goal is to
reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis for the study.

4. Conduct Experiments by setting up the dependent and independent variables

5. Gather and analyze results

6. Formulate conclusion and provide recommendations

THE TWO DISTINCT FEATURES OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD

VERIFICATION THEORY FALSIFICATION THEORY

 Earliest criterion that distinguished  Asserts that as long as an
 philosophy and science. ideology is not proven to be false
 It gives premium to empiricism and can be best explained a
and only takes into account of phenomenon over alternative
results which measurable and theories. The ideology is
experiments which repeatable. accepted.
EXAMPLE

Verification Theory Falsification Theory

Astrology, whose followers are able to It does not promote ultimate adoption of
employ the verification method in one theory but instead encourages
ascertaining its reliability. They will research in order to determine which the
interpret events in line with the said theories can stand the test of falsification.
expectations. (the story of lan and Lea)
American philosopher Thomas Kuhn There is no known rule as to the number
warned us against the gap between the of instance that theory is rejected or
evidence and theory. (Example, suppose falsified in order for it to be set aside And
to the instance that this girl, Lea has a falsification method is more accepted.
theory that her classmate lan likes her,
she thought, I like him too but do I know
that he.