 Week 1: 22-26/9/2024

✓Add/Drop
 Week 2– Week 6: 29/9-31/10/2024
✓Course Withdrawal with Grade “W” (LTS)
 Week 6: 27-31/10/2024
✓MT Exams of GE courses
 Week 7: 2-7/11/2024
✓1st MT Exam
 Week 7 - Week 15: 3/11-2/1/2025
✓Course Withdrawal with Grade “WP” or “WF”

2
 Week 15: 29/12/2024-2/1/2025
✓Final Lab Exams, GE Exams
 Week 16,17: 4-16/1/2025
✓Final Exams
 4-19/1/2025
✓Incomplete Petition Deadline (LTS)
 20/2/2025
✓Incomplete Final Exams must be finalized within
a maximum of one month after the end of the
Final Exams

3
 Academic Calendar
https://www.zewailcity.edu.eg/academics/academic-
calender

Undergraduate Handbook
https://www.zewailcity.edu.eg/academics/undergrad
uate-studies/undergraduate-handbooks

4
Ability to
1. Solve linear systems of equations using Gauss elimination methods
2. Perform the basic operations on matrices (addition, multiplication,
inverse)
3. Identify linearly independent and find a basis for a vector space
4. Apply matrix transformation in computer graphics
5. Determine the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix and perform
matrix diagonalization
6. Solve systems of linear differential equations
7. Develop linear regression models
8. Perform Matrix Factorization (LU,QR)

5
 Textbook
❑ Lay, David C, Lay, Steven R, McDonald, Judi J, “Linear Algebra
and Its Applications” 6th ed., Global Edition, Pearson, 2022

 References
❑ Kolman, B, Hill, D, “Elementary Linear Algebra with
Applications” 9th ed, Pearson, 2007.
❑ Larson, R “Elementary Linear Algebra” 7th ed, Brooks Cole,
2012

7
 MATLAB
 Mathematica

8
Assessment Type Number Percentage

Midterm 1 20%

Assignments Best 4 out of 5 10%

Quizzes Best 3 out of 4 15%

Project 1 15%

Final 1 40%

9
Balancing Chemical Equations
Ex. Balance the equation of combustion of Ethanol
? 𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑂 + ? 𝑂2 → ? 𝐶𝑂2 + ? 𝐻2 𝑂

10
Balancing Chemical Equations
Ex. Balance the equation of combustion of Ethanol
𝑥1 𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑂 + 𝑥2 𝑂2 → 𝑥3 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝑥4 𝐻2 𝑂

2𝑥1 = 𝑥3 Carbon Atoms

6𝑥1 = 2𝑥4 Hydrogen Atoms

𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 = 2𝑥3 + 𝑥4 Oxygen Atoms

1𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑂 + 3𝑂2 → 2𝐶𝑂2 + 3𝐻2 𝑂

11
Network Flow
Ex. Determine the amount of traffic between intersections

𝑥4 + 610 = 𝑥1 + 450
𝑥1 + 400 = 𝑥2 + 640
𝑥2 + 600 = 𝑥3
𝑥3 = 𝑥4 + 520

12
Electrical Circuit
Ex. Find loop currents

11𝐼1 − 3𝐼2 = 30
−3𝐼1 + 6𝐼2 − 𝐼3 = 5
−𝐼2 + 3𝐼3 = −25

13
Electrical Circuit
Ex. Find the current (𝐼) through the inductor and the
voltage (𝑉) across the capacitor

d𝐼 𝑅1 1
=− 𝐼+ 𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝐿

d𝑉 1 1
=− 𝐼− 𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝐶 𝑅2 𝐶

14
Least Squares Regression
Ex. The net profits (in billions of dollars) for Microsoft from
2000 to 2005 are shown in the table,

𝑥 (Year 𝒚 (Profit)
20−)
00 9.4
01 10.0
02 10.3
03 10.5
04 11.3
05 12.7

15
Least Squares Regression
Find the least squares regression line that best fits the data
𝑦 = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1 𝑥
𝛽0 = 9.23
𝛽1 = 0.59

Predict the profit in 2006

𝑦 6 = 9.23 + 0.59 6
= $12.77 Billion
Actual was $12.60 Billion

16
Other Applications
• Image/Audio Processing/Compression
• Mechanical Systems
• Control Systems
• Information Theory Ideas
for
Other Mathematical Applications
Projects
• Probability Models (e.g. Markov Chains)
• Optimization (Linear Programming)
• Solution of ODE, PDE

17
1. Solving Simultaneous Equations
2. Graph a straight line

18
1. Identify linear and non-linear equations
2. Write down the augmented matrix of a linear system
3. Solve a linear system of equations using Gauss elimination
with back substitution
4. Determine whether a matrix is in an echelon form or not
5. Determine the solution set of a linear system
6. Identify the possible cases for the solution of a linear
system
7. Represent the solution of a linear system graphically

19
Definition:

Linear Equation in variables 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , …, 𝑥𝑛 is an equation that can

be written in general as:

𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏

where:
𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … , 𝑎𝑛 : are coefficients of the equation
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛 : are variables (unknowns) of the equation
𝑏: is constant of the equation

20
Why is it called a Linear Equation?
Such an equation in two variables represents a straight line
Ex.
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 + + =1
6 4 3

21
Definition:
A System of Linear Equations is a collection of one or more
linear equations that sharing the same variables

𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏1

𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏2

𝑎𝑛1 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑛2 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏𝑛

22
 Ex. Find the solution of the following linear system,
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5
~
𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 8 𝑦=3
Row equivalent
y y
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-1 -1

23
Ex. Find the solution of the following linear system,
2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
−𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −4
−4𝑧 = −4

24
Gauss Elimination with Back Substitution
Ex. Find the solution of the following linear system,
2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
6𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = −1
−2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7
Apply Elementary Row Operations
2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
−𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −4 Carl Friedrich Gauss
−4𝑧 = −4 1777-1855
German
25
Gauss Elimination with Back Substitution
ELEMENTARY ROW OPERATIONS
1. Interchange : Interchange two rows

2. Scaling : Multiply one row by a non-zero constant

3. Replacement : Replace one row by the sum of itself and the

multiple of another row.

2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 −2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = −10 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 ~ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 ~ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 ~ −3𝑦 = −6
R2-2R1→R2
R2: Row to be replaced
26
Replacement : Replace one row by the sum of itself and the

multiple of another row

𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5
~
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 −3𝑦 = −6
Multiplier Pivot Row

R2+(-2)R1→R2

In general

𝑅𝑖 + 𝑚𝑅𝑝 →𝑅𝑖 Row to be replaced

27
Matrix can be used to represent Linear system:
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥𝑛

𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏1

Eqn. 1
𝑎11 𝑎12 . . . 𝑎1𝑛 𝑏1
Eqn. 2 𝑎21 𝑎22 . . . 𝑎2𝑛 𝑏2
𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏2 . . . . .
. . . . .
.
Eqn. m .
. 𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 . . 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑏𝑚
𝑎𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑚2 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏𝑚

Coefficient Matrix

Augmented Matrix

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 Gauss Elimination with Back Substitution
mutilpier Pivot
2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 -3 
+ 2 1 1 1
6𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = −1 
+
6 2 1 −1
−2 2 1 7
−2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7

2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
~ 3 0 -1 -2 -4 R2-3R1→R2
+
~ 0 −1 −2 −4
0 3 2 8 R3+R1→R3 0 0 -4 -4 R3+3R2→R3

Row echelon form

29
Gauss Elimination with Back Substitution
Ex. Find the solution of the following linear system,
2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
2 1 1 1
6𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = −1 ~ 0 −1 −2 −4
−2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7 0 0 −4 −4

2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
− 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −4
−4𝑧 = −4
 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 1 pivot (nonzero value)
How to check?
any value (including zero)

30
Do we always have a solution?

Is it unique?

31
Ex.
1 −2 −1
𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 = −1 −1 3 3
−𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 = 3 1 −2 −1
~
0 1 2
(3, 2)
1 −2 −1
−1 2 1
𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 = −1 1 −2 −1
~
−𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 = 1 0 0 0

(0,1/2), (1,1), …
1 −2 −1
General Solution: (2𝑥2 − 1, 𝑥2 )
−1 2 3
𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 = −1 1 −2 −1
~
−𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 = 3 0 0 2

Contradiction : 0 = 2 !!
32
Ex. Find the general solution of the linear system whose augmented matrix is

1 1 2 2
0 2 2 4
0 0 0 0
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 are basic (pivot) variables

𝑥3 is a free variable

𝑥1 =?

𝑥2 =?

33
 pivot (nonzero value)
Row echelon form
any value (including zero)

1. All nonzero rows are above zeros rows

2. Leading entry (pivot) of a row is in a column to the right of that of the
row above
3. All entries in a column below a leading entry (pivot) are zeros

34
How do we know the possible cases for the solutions?

Augmented Row echelon

Matrix form

From the row echelon form, the system has,

➢ No solution if there is a contradiction

3
➢ Otherwise, it has,
➢ Unique solution if there is no contradiction and

number of pivots = number of variables

➢ Infinite number of solutions if there is no contradiction and

number of pivots < number of variables

35
A linear system is said to be consistent if it has either one
solution or infinitely many solutions; however it is called
inconsistent if it has no solution.

Ex. Determine whether the following linear system is consistent

or not.
𝑥2 − 4𝑥3 = 8
2𝑥1 − 3𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 1
4𝑥1 − 8𝑥2 + 12𝑥3 = 1

36
 𝑥2 − 4𝑥3 = 8
2𝑥1 − 3𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 1
4𝑥1 − 8𝑥2 + 12𝑥3 = 1

~ ~

Inconsistent

37
Ex. For the linear system whose augmented matrix is given below, determine
whether it is consistent or not. If it is consistent, find the unique solution or the
general solution as appropriate

1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
a) 0 2 1 4 b) 0 2 1 4
0 0 0 3 0 0 5 0

1 1 2 2 4
1 1 2 2 4
0 2 1 4 4
c) d) 0 2 1 4 4
0 0 0 3 0
0 0 0 0 4
0 0 0 0 0

38
Ex. For the linear system whose augmented matrix is given below, determine
whether it is consistent or not. If it is consistent, find the unique solution or the
general solution as appropriate

1 1 2 2 4 1 1 2 2 4
a)
0 2 1 4 4 b)
0 2 1 4 4
0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 0 2
0 0 1 0 4 0 0 2 0 4

1 1 2 1 1 2
c) 0 2 1 d) 0 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 4

39
Gauss-Jordan Method (Reduced Echelon form)

If the matrix is in echelon form and additionally,

4. The leading entry (pivot) in each nonzero row is 1

5. Each leading entry (pivot) is the only nonzero entry in the column

40
Ex. Apply elementary row operations to transform the following matrix into
reduced row echelon form,

41
 R2+(-4)R1→R2
R3+(-6)R1→R3

R1+(-2)R2→R1
R2/(-3) →R2
R3+(5)R2→R3

In Matlab,
>> rref(A)

42
True or False?
➢ Every nonzero matrix A has a unique echelon form
➢ Every nonzero matrix A has a unique reduced echelon
form

Theorem 1: Uniqueness of Reduced Echelon form

Each matrix is row equivalent to only one reduced echelon
form, but row equivalent to many echelon forms

44
Theorem 2: Existence and Uniqueness Theorem

A linear system is consistent iff an echelon form of the augmented

matrix has no row of the form
0 …0 𝑏 , with b nonzero

If a linear system is consistent, then the solution set contains either

i. A unique solution, when there is no free variables
ii. Infinitely many solution, when there is at least one free variable

45
Ex.

Choose ℎ and 𝑘 such that the system has:

a. No solution.
b. A unique solution
c. Many Solutions
𝑥1 − 3𝑥2 = 1

2𝑥1 + ℎ𝑥2 = 𝑘

1 −3 1 ~ 1 −3 1
2 ℎ 𝑘 0 ℎ+6 𝑘−2

46
Carl Friedrich Gauss Wilhelm Jordan
1777-1855 1842-1899
German German

47