Al-Balqa Applied University

Faculty Of Engineering Technology

Mechanical Engineering Department
Second Semester { 2022 - 2023 }
Course Code : { MEE0413 }
Course Title :
{ ENGINEERING MEASUREMENTS LAB }
Class Time : { TUESDAY }{ 08:00 - 11:00 }

Experiment Title : { PRT Calibration }

Experiment Number : { 1 }

Student Name : ‫ إﺑﺮاھﯿﻢ أﺣﻤﺪ ﺧﻤﯿﺲ أﺑﻮ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ‬.

Student ID : 32015321017 .
Submission Date : TU-14-03-2023 .
 { PRT Calibration }

Objective:
To demonstrate how the platinum resistance thermometer (PRT) operates, how to connect it properly,
and to demonstrate the PRT's linearity and the PRT's suitability for use as a reference temperature sensor
for all other investigations.

Materials:
Temperature Measurement and Calibration apparatus (TD400)
The parts of this device are:
I} Heater tank.
II} Ice box.
III} Platinum resistance thermometer.
IV} Reference sensor.
V} Temperature and voltage displays.

Theory:
PRT Calibration is a systematic procedure for determining the accuracy and precision of a PRT
thermometer by comparing its readings with those of a reference thermometer. The experiment involves
careful temperature control, recording of readings, calculation of calibration constants, analysis of results,
and uncertainty analysis.

𝑽𝑽
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 = [ 𝛀𝛀 ]
𝑰𝑰

𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫 = 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 − 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 [ 𝛀𝛀 ]

𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫
𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬% = ∗ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏%
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹

Data:
Current = 1 [ mA ]
Reference Temperature [ ̊C ]
Measured Voltage [ mV ]
Standard Resistance from Specifications [ Ω ]

{ PAGE 1 }
Calculation Sample:
𝑽𝑽 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 = = = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 [ 𝛀𝛀 ]
𝑰𝑰 𝟏𝟏

𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫 = 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 − 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹

= |𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒| = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 [ 𝛀𝛀 ]

𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒
𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬% = ∗ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏% = ∗ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏% = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒%
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

Results:

{ PRT Calibration }
Standard
Reference Measured Calculated Resistance
Deviation
Temperature Voltage Resistance from Error%
[Ω]
[̊ C ] [ mV ] [Ω] Specifications
[Ω]
0 101.4 101.4 100 1.4 1.400%
18 108.4 108.4 107.02 1.38 1.289%
23 110.2 110.2 108.96 1.24 1.138%
28 112.2 112.2 110.9 1.3 1.172%
33 114.1 114.1 112.83 1.27 1.126%
38 116.1 116.1 114.38 1.72 1.504%
43 118 118 116.7 1.3 1.114%
48 120 120 118.6 1.4 1.180%
53 122 122 120.55 1.45 1.203%
58 123.8 123.8 122.47 1.33 1.086%
63 125.8 125.8 124.39 1.41 1.134%
68 127.8 127.8 126.31 1.49 1.180%
73 129.8 129.8 128.22 1.58 1.232%
78 131.7 131.7 130.13 1.57 1.206%
83 133.6 133.6 132.04 1.56 1.181%
88 135.6 135.6 133.95 1.65 1.232%
93 137.6 137.6 135.85 1.75 1.288%
98 139.6 139.6 137.75 1.85 1.343%

{ PAGE 2 }
 { PRT Calibration }
Calculated Resistance Standard Resistance
140

135

130

125
Resistance [ Ω ]

120

115

110

105

100
0 18 23 28 33 38 43 48 53 58 63 68 73 78 83 88 93 98
Temperature [ ̊C ]

Discussion:
In conclusion, conducting a PRT calibration experiment has several benefits, including improved
accuracy, increased reliability, cost savings, compliance with industry standards, and reduced risk of errors.
These benefits make it essential to regularly calibrate PRTs to ensure that they produce accurate and
reliable temperature measurements. And as we noted the results showed that the lowest error rate at 58 ̊C
was 1.086% and the highest error rate was 1.504% at 38 ̊C. As a result of the low error rate, we can
conclude that this instrument has high accuracy and that the readings it generates are reliable.

{ PAGE 3 }
 Al-Balqa Applied University
Faculty Of Engineering Technology
Mechanical Engineering Department
Second Semester { 2022 - 2023 }
Course Code : { MEE0413 }
Course Title :
{ ENGINEERING MEASUREMENTS LAB }
Class Time : { TUESDAY }{ 08:00 - 11:00 }

Experiment Title : { Calibration of Gas Pressure

and BI-Metal Thermometers }
Experiment Number : { 2 }

Student Name : ‫ إﺑﺮاھﯿﻢ أﺣﻤﺪ ﺧﻤﯿﺲ أﺑﻮ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ‬.

Student ID : 32015321017 .
Submission Date : TU-21-03-2023 .
 { Calibration of Gas Pressure and BI-Metal
Thermometers }
Objectives:
To calibrate gas pressure and BI-metal devices against a reference sensor
to demonstrate their accuracy and linearity.

Theory:
The gas Pressure thermometer works on the principle of a known
expansion rate of gas (vapor of a fluid) for a given temperature increase within
a known volume. As the gas (vapor above a small volume of fluid) expands
due to temperature increase, its pressure rises, exerting force on a mechanical
mechanism that rotates a calibrated dial. As for as the bi-metal thermometer
works on the principle of different expansion rates of two different metal strips
fixed (laminated) together to form a thicker strip, which is a composite of the
two metals. When the temperature increases, one of the metals expands more
than the other, causing the composite strip to bend, which then moves a
calibrated mechanical dial.

Equations:
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷(𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)
= |𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇| [ ℃]

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷(𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸% = ∗ 100%
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇

Materials:
Temperature Measurement and Calibration Apparatus (TD400)
The parts of this device are:
I} Heater tank with drain tap.
II} Icebox.
III} Nine different popular temperature measuring devices.
IV} Platinum resistance thermometer as a reference to calibrate the other
devices.
V} Built-in millivoltmeter.
VI} Built-in pressure sensor (barometer).
VII} Voltage display.
VIII} Reference display to display reference temperature, pressure, and
local water boiling temperature.
{ PAGE 1 }
Procedures:
I} Set up the heater and icebox.
II} Choose the thermometer.
III} Put the reference sensor and the thermometer into the icebox (through
the holes in its lid). Waite a few minutes for the readings to stabilize
and record them (the reference temperature should be between 0 and
1°C).
IV} Now put both devices into the heater tank (through the holes in its lid).
Switch on the heater and note the reference temperature.
V} At intervals of 5°C (shown by the reference temperature), record the
readings of the thermometer.
VI} Stop the experiment and switch off the heater when the reference
temperature reaches 100°C.
VII} Repeat the experiment for the other thermometer. Allow the heater
water to cool down (and change it if necessary for cooler water)
between tests.

Data:
Indicated Temperature [℃]
Reference
Gas Pressure
Temperature [℃] Bi-Metal Thermometer
Thermometer
0 0 -15
15 14 0
20 19 2
25 24 6
30 28 10
35 34 14
40 40 20
45 44 26
50 48 30
55 55 35
60 61 41
65 67 47
70 70 51
75 75 56
80 81 62
85 86 67
90 91 72
95 97 77

{ PAGE 2 }
Calculation Samples:
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷(𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑) = �𝑇𝑇𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅. − 𝑇𝑇𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼. � = |80 − 81| = 1 [℃]
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷(𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑) 1
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸% = ∗ 100% = ∗ 100% = 1.25%
𝑇𝑇𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅. 80

Results:

{ Gas Pressure { Bi-Metal Thermometer

Thermometer Calibration } Calibration }
Deviation [℃] Error% Deviation [℃] Error%
0 0 0 0
1 6.667 0 0
1 5 3 15
1 4 4 16
2 6.667 5 16.667
1 2.857 6 17.143
0 0 5 12.5
1 2.222 4 8.889
2 4 5 10
0 0 5 9.091
1 1.667 4 6.667
2 3.077 3 4.615
0 0 4 5.714
0 0 4 5.333
1 1.25 3 3.75
1 1.176 3 3.529
1 1.111 3 3.333
2 2.105 3 3.158

{ PAGE 3 }
 { Gas Pressure Thermometer Calibration }
Reference Temperature Indicated Temperature
100

90

80

70
Indicated Temperature [℃]

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Reference Temperature [℃]

{ PAGE 4 }
 { Bi-Metal Thermometer Calibration }
Reference Temperature Indicated Temperature
100

90

80

70
Indicated Temperature [℃]

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Reference Temperature [℃]

{ PAGE 5 }
Discussion and Conclusions:
Calibration of temperature measurement devices is essential for accurate
and reliable temperature measurements. The experiment highlighted the
importance of calibrating temperature measurement devices regularly to ensure
their accuracy.
During the experiment, we noticed that the Gas pressure thermometers have a
slow closer to accuracy response to temperature changes. on the other hand, Bi-
metal thermometers exhibit a fast response and less accuracy to temperature
changes, with a calibration factor of 15°C/°C.
By comparison:

Gas Pressure Bi-Metal

Aspect
Thermometers Thermometers

Two strips of
different metals
Pressure of a gas bonded together,
Principle changes with which expand at
temperature different rates as
temperature
changes
Generally, more
Less accurate than
accurate,
Accuracy gas pressure
especially at high
thermometers
temperatures
Less sensitive and
better suited for Can detect even
Sensitivity measuring small changes in
relatively stable temperature
temperatures

There are several factors that can cause errors in the calibration of gas
pressure and bi-metal thermometers. Some possible sources of error include
Ambient temperature fluctuations, Instrument drift, Instrument bias, Human error,
and Inadequate calibration standards. To minimize these potential sources of
error, it's important to follow a rigorous and well-documented calibration
procedure, use high-quality reference standards, and carefully control the test
environment during calibration. It's also a good practice to periodically re-
calibrate thermometers to ensure they remain accurate over time.
Finally, the experiment demonstrated that different types of thermometers
may have different calibration factors and responses to temperature changes,
and therefore, it is crucial to understand the characteristics of each thermometer
type.
{ PAGE 6 }
 Al-Balqa Applied University
Faculty Of Engineering Technology
Mechanical Engineering Department
Second Semester { 2022 - 2023 }
Course Code : { MEE0413 }
Course Title :
{ ENGINEERING MEASUREMENTS LAB }
Class Time : { TUESDAY }{ 08:00 - 11:00 }

Experiment Title : { NTC Thermistor }

Experiment Number : { 3 }

Student Name : ‫إﺑﺮاھﯿﻢ أﺣﻤﺪ ﺧﻤﯿﺲ أﺑﻮ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ‬.

Student ID : 3201532101 7 .
Submission Date : TU-04-04-2023 .
 { NTC Thermistor }

Objectives:
I} To demonstrate the functioning of the NTC Thermistor.
II} To study the temperature-dependent resistance of an NTC (Negative
Temperature Coefficient) thermistor and verify its behavior as a temperature
sensor.
III}To investigate the accuracy and linearity of the NTC thermistor as a
temperature sensor against a reference sensor.

Theory:
The apparatus comprises a thermistor, which is a type of thermal resistor. It
operates in a comparable manner to resistance thermometers, but instead of using a
metal, it employs a semiconductor material as an electrical resistor. This type of
thermistor is known as an NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) thermistor
because its resistance decreases as temperature rises.

Equations:
𝑉𝑉
𝑅𝑅 = [ Ω]
𝐼𝐼
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = |𝑅𝑅𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 − 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 | [ Ω]
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸% = ∗ 100%
𝑅𝑅𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆

Materials:
Temperature Measurement and Calibration Apparatus (TD400)

The parts of this device are:

I} Heater tank with drain tap.

II} Icebox.
III} Nine different popular temperature measuring devices.
IV} Platinum resistance thermometer as a reference to calibrate the other
devices.
V} Built-in millivoltmeter.
VI} Built-in pressure sensor (barometer).
VII} Voltage display.

{ PAGE 1 }
 VIII} Reference display to display reference temperature, pressure, and local
water boiling temperature.

Procedures:
I} Set up the heater and icebox.
II} Choose the thermometer.
III} Put the reference sensor and the thermometer into the icebox (through the
holes in its lid). Waite a few minutes for the readings to stabilize and record
them (the reference temperature should be between 0 and 1°C).
IV} Now put both devices into the heater tank (through the holes in its lid).
Switch on the heater and note the reference temperature.
V} At intervals of 5°C (shown by the reference temperature), record the
readings of the millivoltmeter.
VI} Stop the experiment and switch off the heater when the reference
temperature reaches 100°C.
VII} Repeat the experiment for the other thermometer. Allow the heater water to
cool down (and change it if necessary for cooler water) between tests.

Data:
Current (I) = 1 [𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚]

Reference Temperature [℃]

Measured Voltage [𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ]

Standard Resistance [Ω]

Calculation Samples:
𝑉𝑉 0.25
𝑅𝑅 = = = 250 [ Ω]
𝐼𝐼 0.001
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = |𝑅𝑅𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 − 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 | = |261 − 250| = 11 [ Ω]
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 11
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸% = ∗ 100% = ∗ 100% = 4.215 %
𝑅𝑅𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 261

{ PAGE 2 }
Results:

{ NTC Thermistor Calibration }

Reference Measured Standard Calculated
Deviation
Temperature Voltage Resistance Resistance Error%
[ Ω]
[℃] [𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ] [ Ω] [ Ω]
0 250 261.0 250 11 4.215

20 140.8 119.9 140.8 20.9 17.431

25 137 100.0 137 37 37

30 132.6 84.18 132.6 48.42 57.520

35 128.2 71.08 128.2 57.12 80.360

40 123.6 60.32 123.6 63.28 104.907

45 119.1 51.42 119.1 67.68 131.622

50 112 44.04 112 67.96 154.314

55 97.3 37.82 97.3 59.48 157.271

60 91.3 32.64 91.3 58.66 179.718

65 82.2 28.33 82.2 53.87 190.152

70 73.2 24.70 73.2 48.5 196.356

75 63.5 21.57 63.5 41.93 194.390

80 46.4 18.91 46.4 27.49 145.373

85 29.5 16.65 29.5 12.85 77.177

90 18.4 14.71 18.4 3.69 25.085

95 11.6 13.02 11.6 1.42 10.906

{ PAGE 3 }
 { NTC Thermistor Calibration }
Standard Resistance Calculated Resistance
300

250

200
Resistance [ Ω ]

150

100

50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Reference Temperature [℃]

{ PAGE 4 }
Discussion and Conclusions:
In this experiment, we investigated the temperature-dependent behavior of NTC
thermistors. NTC thermistors are temperature-sensitive resistors that exhibit a decrease
in resistance as temperature increases.

The data obtained from the experiment allowed us to plot a resistance-temperature

curve for the NTC thermistor. We observed that the resistance of the thermistor
decreased as the temperature increased, and this relationship could be accurately
described by the resistance-temperature curve.

And during the experiment, it was found that the device's highest error rate was
196.356%, which is a very high error, indicating that the device has low accuracy.
Several factors could potentially cause errors in an NTC thermistor experiment, and
some of these factors include:

 Calibration error: NTC thermistors can have some degree of manufacturing

variation, which can affect their resistance-temperature relationship. To account
for this, it is essential to calibrate the thermistor before the experiment. If the
calibration is incorrect, the resulting resistance-temperature curve will be
inaccurate.
 Time lag: NTC thermistors can have a slow response time, which means that their
resistance may not change immediately when the temperature changes. This effect
can cause errors in the resistance-temperature curve. To minimize this error, it is
essential to wait for the thermistor to reach thermal equilibrium before taking
readings.

{ PAGE 5 }
 Al-Balqa Applied University
Faculty Of Engineering Technology
Mechanical Engineering Department
Second Semester { 2022 - 2023 }
Course Code : { MEE0413 }
Course Title :
{ ENGINEERING MEASUREMENTS LAB }
Class Time : { TUESDAY }{ 08:00 - 11:00 }

Experiment Title : { J And K Type Thermocouples }

Experiment Number : { 4 }

Student Name : ‫إﺑﺮاھﯿﻢ أﺣﻤﺪ ﺧﻤﯿﺲ أﺑﻮ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ‬.

Student ID : 3201532101 7 .
Submission Date : TU-25-04-2023 .
 { J And K Type Thermocouples }

Objectives:
The experiment aims to:

I} Determine the accuracy and reliability of the K-type thermocouple for

measuring temperature in a given environment.
II} Determine the sensitivity of the K-type thermocouple to changes in
temperature and its response time.
III}Study the behavior of the K-type thermocouple.

Overall, the objective of a K-type thermocouple experiment is to provide a

comprehensive understanding of the capabilities and limitations of this type of
temperature sensor in a given application and environment.

Theory:
K-type thermocouples are made up of two dissimilar metal wires, typically made
of chromel (a nickel-chromium alloy) and alumel (a nickel-aluminum alloy), that are
joined at the ends to form a junction. When this junction is exposed to a temperature
gradient, a voltage is generated due to the Seebeck effect, which is the principle behind
thermocouple temperature measurement.

The voltage generated by the K-type thermocouple is proportional to the

temperature difference between the junction and the reference junction, which is
typically at a known temperature. By measuring this voltage, the temperature of the
junction can be calculated using a calibration table or equation.

Equations:
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 /20 [mV]

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = |𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 − 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 | [mV]

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸% = ∗ 100%
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉

Materials:
Temperature Measurement and Calibration Apparatus (TD400)

The parts of this device are:

{ PAGE 1 }
 I} Heater tank with drain tap.
II} Icebox.
III} Nine different popular temperature measuring devices.
IV} Platinum resistance thermometer as a reference to calibrate the other
devices.
V} Built-in millivoltmeter.
VI} Built-in pressure sensor (barometer).
VII} Voltage display.
VIII} Reference display to display reference temperature, pressure, and local
water boiling temperature.

Procedures:
I} Set up the heater and icebox.
II} Choose the thermometer.
III} Put the reference sensor and the thermometer into the icebox (through the
holes in its lid). Waite a few minutes for the readings to stabilize and record
them (the reference temperature should be between 0 and 1°C).
IV} Now put both devices into the heater tank (through the holes in its lid).
V} Switch on the heater and note the reference temperature.
VI} At intervals of 5°C (shown by the reference temperature), record the
readings of the millivoltmeter.
VII} Stop the experiment and switch off the heater when the reference
temperature reaches 100°C.
VIII} Repeat the experiment for the other thermometer. Allow the heater water to
cool down (and change it if necessary for cooler water) between tests.

Data:
Reference Temperature [℃]

Measured Voltage [𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ]

Standard Voltage [𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ]

Calculation Samples:
Reading At { 95 ℃ }:

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 /20

= 60.8⁄20 = 3.04 [mV]

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = |𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 − 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 |

{ PAGE 2 }
 = |3.04 − 3.889| = 0.849 [mV]
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 0.849
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸% = ∗ 100% = ∗ 100% = 21.831%
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 3.889

Results:
Actual
Reference Measured Standard
Measured Deviation
Temperature Voltage Voltage Error%
Voltage [𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ]
[℃] [𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ] [𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ]
[𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ]
0 -14.7 -0.735 0 0.735 DIV/0
20 0.8 0.04 0.798 0.758 94.987
25 4.4 0.22 1 0.78 78
30 8.3 0.415 1.203 0.788 65.503
35 12.2 0.61 1.407 0.797 56.645
40 16.1 0.805 1.612 0.807 50.062
45 20 1 1.817 0.817 44.964
50 24 1.2 2.023 0.823 40.682
55 27.8 1.39 2.23 0.84 37.668
60 31.4 1.57 2.436 0.866 35.550
65 34.5 1.725 2.644 0.919 34.758
70 38.2 1.91 2.851 0.941 33.006
75 43 2.15 3.059 0.909 29.716
80 48.3 2.415 3.267 0.852 26.079
85 51.5 2.575 3.474 0.899 25.878
90 56.9 2.845 3.682 0.837 22.732
95 60.8 3.04 3.889 0.849 21.831

{ PAGE 3 }
 { K-Type Thermocouple Calibration }
Standard Voltage Actual Measured Voltage
5

3
Voltages [𝑚𝑚𝑉𝑉]

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

-1

Reference Temperature [℃]

{ PAGE 4 }
Discussion and Conclusions:
In this experiment, we aimed to calibrate a K-type thermocouple using a standard
reference thermometer and compare the results with the manufacturer's calibration
curve.

The experiment was conducted in a controlled environment, with the

thermocouple and reference thermometer placed in a calibration bath. The calibration
bath was set at various temperatures ranging from 0°C to 100°C, and both the
thermocouple and reference thermometer was immersed in the bath simultaneously to
record their readings. The readings from the thermocouple and reference thermometer
were compared, and the thermocouple's deviation from the reference temperature was
calculated.

The results of the experiment showed that the thermocouple's deviation from the
reference temperature was within an acceptable range of ±2 [mV], indicating that the
thermocouple was accurately calibrated. The readings obtained from the experiment
were then plotted against the manufacturer's calibration curve, and the results showed
that the thermocouple's readings were in line with the manufacturer's curve, indicating
that the thermocouple was within its specified accuracy range.

{ PAGE 5 }
 Al-Balqa Applied University
Faculty Of Engineering Technology
Mechanical Engineering Department
Second Semester { 2022 - 2023 }
Course Code : { MEE0413 }
Course Title :
{ ENGINEERING MEASUREMENTS LAB }
Class Time : { TUESDAY }{ 08:00 - 11:00 }

Experiment Title : { Seebeck Effect }

Experiment Number : { 5 }

Student Name : ‫إﺑﺮاھﯿﻢ أﺣﻤﺪ ﺧﻤﯿﺲ أﺑﻮ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ‬.

Student ID : 3201532101 7 .
Submission Date : TU-02-05-2023 .
 { Seebeck Effect }

Objectives:
The experiment has two main objectives:

I} To demonstrate the Seebeck effect by connecting two identical thermocouples.

II} To establish that if one junction of two directly connected thermocouples is
exposed to a known reference temperature, it is possible to calibrate the pair to
measure temperature directly on the Celsius scale.

Theory:
The Seebeck Effect is a phenomenon where a voltage is generated when two
different metals are joined together at two different temperatures. This voltage is
proportional to the difference in temperature between the two junctions. The Seebeck
Effect is due to the difference in the way that different metals conduct heat. When two
different metals are joined, electrons flow from the hotter metal to the colder metal.
This creates a potential difference, or voltage, between the two metals.

The magnitude of the voltage is dependent on the temperature difference between

the two junctions and the type of metals used. Thermocouples are devices that use the
Seebeck Effect to measure temperature. They consist of two different metals joined
together to form two junctions. By measuring the voltage generated, the temperature
difference between the two junctions can be determined, which allows for the
measurement of temperature.

The Seebeck Effect is an important principle in thermoelectric power generation

and is used in a wide range of applications, from temperature sensors to thermoelectric
generators.

Equations:
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 /20 [mV]

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = |𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 − 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 | [mV]

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸% = ∗ 100%
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉

Materials:
Temperature Measurement and Calibration Apparatus (TD400)

{ PAGE 1 }
 The parts of this device are:

I} Heater tank with drain tap.

II} Icebox.
III} Nine different popular temperature measuring devices.
IV} Platinum resistance thermometer as a reference to calibrate the other
devices.
V} Built-in millivoltmeter.
VI} Built-in pressure sensor (barometer).
VII} Voltage display.
VIII} Reference display to display reference temperature, pressure, and local
water boiling temperature.

Procedures:
I} Set up the heater and icebox.
II} Choose the thermometer.
III} Put the reference sensor and the thermometer into the icebox (through the
holes in its lid). Waite a few minutes for the readings to stabilize and record
them (the reference temperature should be between 0 and 1°C).
IV} Now put both devices into the heater tank (through the holes in its lid).
V} Switch on the heater and note the reference temperature.
VI} At intervals of 5°C (shown by the reference temperature), record the
readings of the millivoltmeter.
VII} Stop the experiment and switch off the heater when the reference
temperature reaches 100°C.
VIII} Repeat the experiment for the other thermometer. Allow the heater water to
cool down (and change it if necessary for cooler water) between tests.

Data:
Reference Temperature [℃]

Measured Voltage [𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ]

Standard Voltage [𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ]

Calculation Samples:
Reading At { 80 ℃ }:

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 /20

= 66.7⁄20 = 3.335 [mV]

{ PAGE 2 }
 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = |𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 − 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 |

= |3.335 − 3.267| = 0.068 [mV]

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑛𝑛 0.068
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸% = ∗ 100% = ∗ 100% = 2.081%
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 3.267

Results:
Actual
Reference Measured Standard
Measured Deviation
Temperature Voltage Voltage Error%
Voltage [𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ]
[℃] [𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ] [𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ]
[𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ]
1.5 3.9 0.195 0 0.195 DIV/0
20 15.5 0.775 0.798 0.023 2.882
25 21 1.05 1 0.05 5
30 24.7 1.235 1.203 0.032 2.660
35 28.8 1.44 1.407 0.033 2.345
40 33.2 1.66 1.612 0.048 2.978
45 37.2 1.86 1.817 0.043 2.367
50 41.3 2.065 2.023 0.042 2.076
55 45.1 2.255 2.23 0.025 1.121
60 49.4 2.47 2.436 0.034 1.396
65 53.4 2.67 2.644 0.026 0.983
70 57.9 2.895 2.851 0.044 1.543
75 62.6 3.13 3.059 0.071 2.321
80 66.7 3.335 3.267 0.068 2.081
85 71.1 3.555 3.474 0.081 2.332
90 74.9 3.745 3.682 0.063 1.711
95 77.1 3.855 3.889 0.034 0.874

{ PAGE 3 }
 { K-Type Thermocouple Calibration }
Standard Voltage Actual Measured Voltage
4.5

3.5

3
Voltages [𝑚𝑚𝑉𝑉]

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Reference Temperature [℃]

{ PAGE 4 }
Discussion and Conclusions:
The Seebeck effect experiment aimed to connect two identical thermocouples to
demonstrate the relationship between temperature and voltage.

The results showed that the measured voltage increased as the reference
temperature increased, with a deviation from the standard voltage.

The error percentage was calculated for each measurement, with most falling
within 2-3%. The experiment successfully demonstrated the Seebeck effect and
provided a way to calibrate the thermocouples to directly measure temperature on the
Celsius scale.

Overall, the experiment was effective in achieving its objectives and provided
valuable insights into the behavior of thermocouples in relation to temperature and
voltage.

{ PAGE 5 }
 Al-Balqa Applied University
Faculty Of Engineering Technology
Mechanical Engineering Department
Second Semester { 2022 - 2023 }
Course Code : { MEE0413 }
Course Title :
{ ENGINEERING MEASUREMENTS LAB }
Class Time : { TUESDAY }{ 08:00 - 11:00 }
Experiment Title : { Thermocouples and Circuit
Resistance }
Experiment Number : { 6 }

Student Name : ‫إﺑﺮاھﯿﻢ أﺣﻤﺪ ﺧﻤﯿﺲ أﺑﻮ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ‬.

Student ID : 32015321017 .
Submission Date : TU-23-05-2023 .
 { Thermocouples and Circuit Resistance }

Objectives:
The objective of the thermocouples and circuit resistance experiment is to study the
principles of temperature measurement using thermocouples and to investigate the
effects of circuit resistance on thermocouple measurements.

The experiment aims to explore the relationship between the generated voltage and
the temperature being measured. By understanding this relationship, researchers can
calibrate and use thermocouples for accurate temperature measurements in various
applications. The experiment also investigates the impact of circuit resistance on
thermocouple measurements. The electrical resistance of the circuit through which the
thermocouple signal passes can affect the accuracy and reliability of the temperature
measurement.

Overall, the objective of the thermocouples and circuit resistance experiment is to

provide a practical understanding of temperature measurement using thermocouples
and to explore the factors that can influence the accuracy and reliability of such
measurements in different experimental setups or applications.

Theory:
Thermocouples are temperature sensors based on the Seebeck effect, which
generates a voltage when two dissimilar metals are joined at two points. The voltage is
proportional to the temperature difference between the junctions. In this experiment,
the objective is to study temperature measurement using thermocouples and
investigate the effects of circuit resistance.

A thermocouple consists of two metal wires joined at one end to form the
measurement junction, exposed to the temperature being measured. The voltage
generated depends on the metals used and the temperature difference. By comparing
the voltage at the measurement junction to a reference junction (cold junction)
maintained at a known temperature, the temperature can be determined.

The experiment focuses on the impact of circuit resistance on thermocouple

measurements. Circuit resistance affects the current and voltage drop, introducing
potential errors if significant compared to the thermocouple resistance. By varying the
circuit resistance, researchers can analyze changes in the thermocouple output voltage,
understand the influence on temperature measurement accuracy, and optimize the
circuit design for precise measurements.

{ PAGE 1 }
Equations:
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = |𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 − 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅| [mV]

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸% = ∗ 100%
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
Materials:
Temperature Measurement and Calibration Apparatus (TD400)

The parts of this device are:

I} Heater tank with drain tap.

II} Icebox.
III} Nine different popular temperature measuring devices.
IV} Platinum resistance thermometer as a reference to calibrate the other devices.
V} Built-in millivoltmeter.
VI} Built-in pressure sensor (barometer).
VII} Voltage display.
VIII} Reference display to display reference temperature, pressure, and local
water boiling temperature.

Procedures:
I} Set up the heater and icebox.
II} Choose the thermometer.
III} Connect the K-type thermocouple directly to the amplifier input, but use the
socket at the end of the resistors as a connection point.
IV} Put the reference sensor and the thermometer into the icebox (through the holes
in its lid). Waite a few minutes for the readings to stabilize and record them
(the reference temperature should be between 0 and 1°C).
V} Now put both devices into the heater tank (through the holes in its lid).
VI} Switch on the heater. When the heater water reaches approximately 25°C,
measure and record the actual reference temperature and the millivolt meter
reading.
VII} move the connecting wire to the next socket along the resistors, to add 10 Ohm
resistance (series) to the cable. Note the millivolt meter reading.
VIII} Now move the connecting wire to the next sockets to add 110 Ohm (10+100)
and 1110 Ohm (10+100+1000) series resistances take a reading each time.
IX} move the connecting wire 2 only to the next socket along the resistors, to
add 10 Ohm resistance (parallel) to the amplifier input. Note the millivolt
meter reading.

{ PAGE 2 }
 X} Now move the connecting wire 2 only to the next sockets one after the other
to add 110 Ohm (10+100) and 1110 Ohm (10+100+1000) parallel
resistances take a reading each time.

Data:
Reference Temperature [℃]

Measured Voltage [𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ]

Resistances [Ω]

Calculation Samples:
Reading At { 110 [Ω] Series Resistance }:

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = |𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 − 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅|

= |18 − 18.5| = 0.5 [mV]
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 0.5
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸% = ∗ 100% = ∗ 100% = 2.778 %
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 18
Results:
Series Circuit Resistance Reference Temperature: 25 [℃]
Series Resistance Millivolt Meter
Difference [𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ] Error %
[ Ω] Reading [𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ]
None 18 - -
10 18.6 0.6 3.333
110 18.5 0.5 2.778
1110 17.9 0.1 0.556

Parallel Circuit Resistance Reference Temperature: 25 [℃]

Parallel Resistance Millivolt Meter
Difference [𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ] Error %
[ Ω] Reading [𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ]
None 18 - -
10 10.9 7.1 39.444
110 17.3 0.7 3.889
1110 18.2 0.2 1.111

{ PAGE 3 }
Discussion and Conclusions:
In the thermocouples and circuit resistance experiment, we investigated
temperature measurement using thermocouples and the effects of circuit resistance on
their accuracy. By varying the circuit resistance, we aimed to understand the impact on
the thermocouple output voltage and assess any limitations or sources of error.

During the experiment, we observed that the thermocouple generated a voltage

signal that was proportional to the temperature difference between the measurement
junction and the reference (cold) junction. This confirmed the fundamental principle of
the Seebeck effect. We also noticed that different thermocouple types exhibited
distinct voltage-temperature relationships, as specified in reference tables.

Regarding the circuit resistance, we found that it had a significant influence on the
accuracy of temperature measurements. When the circuit resistance was high relative
to the thermocouple resistance, additional voltage drops occurred across the circuit,
leading to errors in the temperature measurement. Therefore, it is crucial to consider
and minimize circuit resistance in order to obtain precise and reliable temperature
readings.

Based on our observations, we concluded that thermocouples are effective

temperature sensors, relying on the voltage generated by the Seebeck effect. However,
accurate temperature measurements require careful consideration of circuit resistance.
Minimizing circuit resistance through proper circuit design and the selection of
suitable wire gauges can help mitigate errors and improve the overall accuracy of
thermocouple-based temperature measurements.

Furthermore, this experiment emphasized the importance of understanding the

characteristics and limitations of thermocouples, as well as the factors that can affect
their performance. By gaining insights into the relationship between thermocouple
voltage, temperature, and circuit resistance, we can optimize the measurement setup
and ensure more precise temperature measurements in practical applications.

{ PAGE 4 }
 Al-Balqa Applied University
Faculty Of Engineering Technology
Mechanical Engineering Department
Second Semester { 2022 - 2023 }
Course Code : { MEE0413 }
Course Title :
{ ENGINEERING MEASUREMENTS LAB }
Class Time : { TUESDAY }{ 08:00 - 11:00 }
Experiment Title : { Variation of output voltage in
a potentiometer used as a position transducer }
Experiment Number : { 7 }

Student Name : ‫إﺑﺮاھﯿﻢ أﺣﻤﺪ ﺧﻤﯿﺲ أﺑﻮ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ‬.

Student ID : 3201532101 7 .
Submission Date : TU-30-05-2023 .
 { Variation of output voltage in a potentiometer used as a

position transducer }

Objectives:
The experiment aims to achieve several objectives. Firstly, it seeks to investigate
the relationship between the position of the potentiometer's slider and the
corresponding output voltage. By systematically varying the position and measuring
the voltage, the experiment aims to establish a quantitative relationship or function
between position and voltage.

Additionally, the experiment aims to determine the linearity of the potentiometer's

output by examining whether the change in voltage is directly proportional to the
change in position or if there are any non-linearities present. By plotting the position
against the output voltage, the experiment can analyze the linearity and identify any
deviations from a straight line.

In addition, the experiment aims to explore potential sources of error and

limitations in the potentiometer's performance as a position transducer. By
investigating factors such as mechanical friction, electrical noise, temperature effects,
or limitations in the potentiometer's construction, the experiment can identify any
sources of error or limitations that might impact its accuracy or reliability.

Theory:
The variation of output voltage in a potentiometer used as a position transducer is
based on the principles of potentiometry and electrical circuits. A potentiometer acts as
a voltage divider, with the voltage output at the slider terminal determined by the
position of the slider along the resistive element. In an ideal potentiometer, the voltage
output varies linearly with the position of the slider.

However, practical potentiometers may exhibit deviations from perfect linearity

due to manufacturing tolerances or uneven resistive elements. Sensitivity, determined
by the resistance gradient along the resistive element, represents the change in output
voltage for a given change in position. Resolution refers to the smallest detectable
change in position that leads to a measurable change in voltage output. Sources of
error, such as mechanical friction, electrical noise, and temperature effects, should be
considered.

{ PAGE 1 }
Materials:
DE LORENZO (DL2312HG ):

The DE LORENZO (DL2312HG ) is a versatile and comprehensive training

system that enables students to study various aspects of control systems, transducers,
and signal conditioning components. The system offers a wide range of experiments
and features for learning purposes. It allows students to explore the characteristics and
applications of position control systems, speed control systems, and timer/counters
used as time meters or tachometers/frequency meters. Additionally, the system
facilitates the study of visualization units with graphic LED bars, meters with mobile
coils, and the use of buffers to compensate for load effects in potentiometers.

In summary, the DE LORENZO (DL2312HG ) training system offers an

extensive range of experiments and components that allow students to explore and
understand the principles and applications of control systems, transducers, and signal
conditioning. It provides a comprehensive platform for hands-on learning and
experimentation in areas such as position control, sensor technology, signal
processing, and measurement techniques.

Procedures:
I} Connect the circuit using the 100KΩ potentiometer and only use the digital
meter in the output B.
II} Connect the potentiometer control to zero.
III} Observe the output voltage.
IV} Use only the digital meter.
V} Use only the moving coil meter.
VI} Put the potentiometer control to ¼ of trip and repeat the lectures for this
position.
VII} writing the obtained values in the table.
VIII} Repeat the procedure for control positions of ½, ¾ , and to full trip, recording
the lectures in the respective column.

{ PAGE 2 }
Results:

Resistance = 100 𝐾𝐾Ω

Galvanometer Readings
Potentiometer Voltmeter Readings [𝑉𝑉 ]
[𝑉𝑉 ]
0% 0.01 0
25 % 0.98 0.5
50 % 2.57 1
75 % 4.01 2
100 % 5.04 5

Resistance = 1 𝐾𝐾Ω
Potentiometer Voltmeter Readings
0% 0
25 % 0.77
50 % 2.47
75 % 3.97
100 % 4.34

Resistance = 10 𝐾𝐾Ω
Potentiometer Voltmeter Readings
10 0
4 2.08
2 3.73
1 5.05

{ PAGE 3 }
 { Resistance =100 𝐾𝐾Ω }
6

4
Voltmeter Readings [𝑉𝑉]

0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Potentiometer [𝑉𝑉]
{ PAGE 4 }
 { Resistance =1 𝐾𝐾Ω }
5

4.5

3.5
Voltmeter Readings [𝑉𝑉]

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Potentiometer [𝑉𝑉]
{ PAGE 5 }
 { Resistance =10 𝐾𝐾Ω }
6

4
Voltmeter Readings [𝑉𝑉]

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Potentiometer [𝑉𝑉]
{ PAGE 6 }
Discussion and Conclusions:
The experiment aimed to investigate the variation of output voltage in a
potentiometer used as a position transducer. The objectives included establishing the
position-voltage relationship, analyzing linearity, and exploring potential error sources
and limitations. The DE LORENZO (DL2312HG) training system was used for the
experiment, providing a comprehensive platform for learning about control systems,
transducers, and signal conditioning.

The theory was based on potentiometry and electrical circuits, with the
potentiometer acting as a voltage divider. The ideal expectation was a linear
relationship between position and voltage, but deviations were anticipated due to
manufacturing tolerances. Factors such as mechanical friction, electrical noise, and
temperature effects were examined as potential error sources.

In conclusion, the experiment successfully investigated the potentiometer's

behavior as a position transducer. The results provided insights into the position-
voltage relationship, linearity, and potential error sources. The findings contribute to
understanding potentiometry and optimizing the potentiometer's performance in
similar applications.

{ PAGE 7 }
 Al-Balqa Applied University
Faculty Of Engineering Technology
Mechanical Engineering Department
Second Semester { 2022 - 2023 }
Course Code : { MEE0413 }
Course Title :
{ ENGINEERING MEASUREMENTS LAB }
Class Time : { TUESDAY }{ 08:00 - 11:00 }

Experiment Title : { Strain Gauge }

Experiment Number : { 8 }

Student Name : ‫إﺑﺮاھﯿﻢ أﺣﻤﺪ ﺧﻤﯿﺲ أﺑﻮ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ‬.

Student ID : 3201532101 7 .
Submission Date : TU-30-05-2023 .
 { Strain Gauge }

Objectives:
The objective of a strain gauge experiment is to measure and analyze the strain or
deformation in a material caused by external forces or loads.

Strain gauges are devices that change their electrical resistance when subjected to
mechanical strain, making them suitable for measuring and quantifying the strain in
various applications.

Theory:
The theory behind a strain gauge experiment is based on the piezoresistive effect.

Strain gauges are devices that change their electrical resistance in response to
mechanical strain or deformation applied to a material. This change in resistance is
proportional to the strain experienced by the material.

By using a Wheatstone bridge circuit, the strain gauge's resistance change can be
measured and related to the applied strain.

Strain gauge experiments provide valuable data for stress analysis, structural
integrity assessment, material characterization, and validation of analytical models,
contributing to improved designs and optimized performance in various applications.

Materials:
DE LORENZO (DL2312HG ):

The DE LORENZO (DL2312HG ) is a versatile and comprehensive training

system that enables students to study various aspects of control systems, transducers,
and signal conditioning components. The system offers a wide range of experiments
and features for learning purposes. It allows students to explore the characteristics and
applications of position control systems, speed control systems, and timer/counters
used as time meters or tachometers/frequency meters. Additionally, the system
facilitates the study of visualization units with graphic LED bars, meters with mobile
coils, and the use of buffers to compensate for load effects in potentiometers.

In summary, the DE LORENZO (DL2312HG ) training system offers an

extensive range of experiments and components that allow students to explore and
understand the principles and applications of control systems, transducers, and signal
conditioning. It provides a comprehensive platform for hands-on learning and

{ PAGE 1 }
 experimentation in areas such as position control, sensor technology, signal
processing, and measurement techniques.

Procedures:
I} Start by connecting the electrical circuit as illustrated in the manual. Make sure to
follow the provided schematic diagram or wiring instructions carefully to ensure
correct connections.
II} Once the circuit is properly set up, turn on the device using the appropriate key.
Ensure that all necessary power sources are connected and functioning correctly.
III} Begin the experiment by adjusting the screw above the sensor. Increase the number
of turns gradually to apply force to the strain gauge. Take note of the number of
turns made for future reference.
IV} As the force is applied to the strain gauge, it will experience deformation, resulting
in changes in its electrical resistance. These changes will generate corresponding
voltage variations.
V} Observe the galvanometer connected to the circuit. The galvanometer measures and
indicates the generated voltages. Monitor the galvanometer's needle for any
changes in voltage.
VI} Repeat the process of adjusting the screw and recording the voltages for different
levels of applied force. This will allow you to gather data across a range of strain
values.
VII} Once you have collected sufficient data, analyze the relationship between the
applied force and the corresponding voltage generated by the strain gauge. You can
plot a graph or perform calculations to understand the strain gauge's behavior and
determine its sensitivity.

Data:
Number of Turns Voltages [𝑉𝑉 ]
0 0
1 0.5
2 1.5
3 2
4 3
5 4
6 5
7 6
8 6.5
9 7

{ PAGE 2 }
Results:
{ Strain Gauge }
7

4
Voltages [𝑉𝑉]

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Number of Turns

{ PAGE 3 }
Discussion and Conclusions:
In the Strain Gauge Experiment, the main focus is on the analysis of the obtained
data and the determination of the strain factor from the generated graph. Based on the
graph, the strain factor is calculated to be 0.8333.

The graph obtained from the experiment represents the relationship between the
applied force and the corresponding voltage generated by the strain gauge. By
analyzing the data points on the graph, it is possible to draw conclusions about the
behavior and sensitivity of the strain gauge.

The calculated strain factor of 0.8333 indicates the ratio between the applied force
and the resulting strain experienced by the strain gauge. This value provides valuable
information about the sensitivity and responsiveness of the strain gauge to external
forces. A higher strain factor suggests that the strain gauge is more sensitive to applied
forces, while a lower value indicates lower sensitivity.

{ PAGE 4 }