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TCL

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Praveen Kumar
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2 views

TCL

Uploaded by

Praveen Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TCL(Transaction Control Language):

***********************************
-->TCL commands will be dealing with transactions only.within the transaction all
the TCL commands are valid.
-->Transaction is nothing but a set of DML operations with COMMIT or ROLLBACK that
means a group of DML operations with a COMMIT or a group of DML operations with a
ROLLBACK.
-->With in the database transaction will start with DML write operations.So DML
read operations can be a part of the transaction but DML read operaions is not the
starting point of the transaction.
SELECT -->READ
INSERT -->WRITE
UPDATE -->WRITE
DELETE -->WRITE
MERGE -->WRITE
-->SELECT IS READ OPERATION.SELECT CAN BE A PART OF THE TRANSACTION BUT SELECT IS
NOT THE STARTING POINT OF THE TRANSACTION.IT CAN BE WITHIN THE TRANSACTION.
-->TRANSACTON CAN START WITH EITHER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE OR MERGE.
-->ENDING POINT OF THE TRANSACTION IS EITHER COMMIT OR ROLLBACK.
-->It is used to save the transactions on table.
-->Transaction is nothing but a logical unit of work(insert,update,delete).

COMMIT
ROLLBACK
SAVE POINT

COMMIT:
*******
-->It is used to save the data permanently in database.

Two types of commits.

Implict Commit:
****************
It is applied by the system

Explicit Commit:
*****************
-->It is applied by the user.

EX:
***
CREATE TABLE STD20
(
SNO NUMBER(5),
SNAME VARCHAR2(20)
);
--IMPLICIT COMMIT (DDL COMMANDS HAVE A AUTO COMMIT).
/
INSERT INTO STD20(100,'MOHAN');
COMMIT;
INSERT INTO STD20(101,'MADAN');
INSERT INTO STD20(102,'VINOD');
COMMIT;
SELECT * FROM STD20;
INSERT INTO STD20(103,'AMAR');
INSERT INTO STD20(104,'AJAY');
INSERT INTO STD20(105,'RAJA');
CREATE TABLE STD30
(
SNO NUMBER(5),
SNAME VARCHAR2(20)
);

SELECT * FROM STD20;

--EXPLICIT COMMIT(DML COMMANDS DOES NOT HAVE A AUTO COMMIT)

/
ROLLBACK:
********
-->It is used to cancel the prevous transactions.
-->Rollback is applicable for DML statements only.
-->ROLLBACK is just opposite to COMMIT.
-->ROLLBACK will undo the DML operation that we perform on database which s not
commited yet.
EX:
***
CREATE TABLE STD40
(
SNO NUMBER(5),
SNAME VARCHAR2(20)
);
/
INSERT INTO STD40 VALUES (10,'MOHAN');
INSERT INTO STD40 VALUES (20,'MADAN');
COMMIT;
SELECT * FROM STD40;
DELETE FROM STD40;
ROLLBACK;
SELECT * FROM STD40;
/
SAVEPOINT:
***********
-->It is used to divide the large transaction into small transaction.
-->A temporary saving point with in the transaction.
-->Savepoints store within the buffer only(not in database).
-->It is used to create a marked in the current transaction.
-->It is used to save the current point.
-->Using savepoint the transaction can be discarded up to the marked by using the
rollback statemnent.
-->If a second savepoint is created with the same name as an earlier savepoint,the
earlier savepoint is deleted.

SYNTAX:
*******
SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINTNAME;
/
EX:
***
CREATE TABLE EMP2 AS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE 1=2;
/
SAVEPOINT S1;
/
INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(100,'SMITH','CLERK',7902,'10-JUN-1980',800,NULL,10);
/
SAVEPOINT S2;
/
INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(200,'JHON','SALEMAN',7900,'10-DEC-1981',1800,200,20);
/
SAVEPOINT S3;
/
INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(300,'MILLER','ANALYST',7946,'10-OCT-1982',3400,0,30);
/
SAVEPOINT S4;
/
INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(400,'JONES','PRESIDENT',7900,'04-AUG-1980',2200,NULL,10);
/
SELECT * FROM EMP2;
/
ROLLBACK TO S3;

--This will rollback last two records.i.e will rollback all the operations occured
after savepoint s3.

/
EX:
****
SAVEPOINT S1;
DELETE FROM EMP1 WHERE DEPTNO=10;
SAVEPOINT S2;
DELETE FROM EMP1 WHERE DEPTNO=20;
SAVEPOINT S3;
DELETE FROM EMP1 WHERE DEPTNO=30;
ROLLBACK TO S2;
/
create table e1(ename varchar2(20));
savepoint s1;
insert into e1 values('aaa');
insert into e1 values('bbb');
insert into e1 values('ccc');
savepoint s2;
insert into e1 values('ddd');
insert into e1 values('eee');
insert into e1 values('fff');
savepoint s3;
insert into e1 values('ggg');
insert into e1 values('hhh');
insert into e1 values('iii');
select * from e1; -- 9 rows
rollback to s3;
select * from e1; -- 6 rows
rollback to s2;
select * from e1; -- 3 rows
commit;
select * from e1; -- 3 rows
/
CREATE TABLE EMP2 AS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE 1=2;
/
INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(100,'SMITH','CLERK',7902,'10-JUN-1980',800,NULL,10);
/
SAVEPOINT S1;
/
INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(200,'JHON','SALEMAN',7900,'10-DEC-1981',1800,200,20);
/
SAVEPOINT S2;
/
INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(300,'MILLER','ANALYST',7946,'10-OCT-1982',3400,0,30);
/
CREATE TABLE EMP3 AS SELECT * FROM EMP;
/
SAVEPOINT S3;
/
INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(400,'JONES','PRESIDENT',7900,'04-AUG-1980',2200,NULL,10);
/
SELECT * FROM EMP2;
/
ROLLBACK TO S3;
/
DROP TABLE EMP3;
/

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