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Math’s NCERT Class 11

Chapter 2 – Relations and Functions

Exercise 2.1 Page No: 33

Question1. If , find the values of x and y.

Solution:

Given,

As the ordered pairs are equal, the corresponding elements should also be
equal.

Thus,

x/3 + 1 = 5/3 and y – 2/3 = 1/3

Solving, we get

x + 3 = 5 and 3y – 2 = 1 [Taking L.C.M. and adding]

x = 2 and 3y = 3

Therefore,

x = 2 and y = 1

Question 2. If set A has 3 elements and set B = {3, 4, 5}, then find the
number of elements in (A × B).
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Solution:

Given, set A has 3 elements, and the elements of set B are {3, 4, and 5}.

So, the number of elements in set B = 3

Then, the number of elements in (A × B) = (Number of elements in A) ×

(Number of elements in B)

=3×3=9

Therefore, the number of elements in (A × B) will be 9.

Question 3. If G = {7, 8} and H = {5, 4, 2}, find G × H and H × G.

Solution:

Given, G = {7, 8} and H = {5, 4, 2}

We know that,

The Cartesian product of two non-empty sets P and Q is given as

P × Q = {(p, q): p ∈ P, q ∈ Q}

So,

G × H = {(7, 5), (7, 4), (7, 2), (8, 5), (8, 4), (8, 2)}

H × G = {(5, 7), (5, 8), (4, 7), (4, 8), (2, 7), (2, 8)}

Question 4. State whether each of the following statements is true or false.

If the statement is false, rewrite the given statement correctly.

(i) If P = {m, n} and Q = {n, m}, then P × Q = {(m, n), (n, m)}

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(ii) If A and B are non-empty sets, then A × B is a non-empty set of ordered

pairs (x, y) such that x ∈ A and y ∈ B.

(iii) If A = {1, 2}, B = {3, 4}, then A × (B ∩ Φ) = Φ

Solution:

(i) The statement is false. The correct statement is

If P = {m, n} and Q = {n, m}, then

P × Q = {(m, m), (m, n), (n, m), (n, n)}

(ii) True

(iii) True

Question 5. If A = {–1, 1}, find A × A × A.

Solution:

The A × A × A for a non-empty set A is given by

A × A × A = {(a, b, c): a, b, c ∈ A}

Here, it is given A = {–1, 1}

So,

A × A × A = {(–1, –1, –1), (–1, –1, 1), (–1, 1, –1), (–1, 1, 1), (1, –1, –1), (1, –
1, 1), (1, 1, –1), (1, 1, 1)}

Question 6. If A × B = {(a, x), (a, y), (b, x), (b, y)}. Find A and B.

Solution:

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Given,

A × B = {(a, x), (a, y), (b, x), (b, y)}

We know that the Cartesian product of two non-empty sets, P and Q is given
by:

P × Q = {(p, q): p ∈ P, q ∈ Q}

Hence, A is the set of all first elements, and B is the set of all second
elements.

Therefore, A = {a, b} and B = {x, y}

Question 7. Let A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, C = {5, 6} and D = {5, 6, 7,

8}. Verify that

(i) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)

(ii) A × C is a subset of B × D

Solution:

Given,

A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, C = {5, 6} and D = {5, 6, 7, 8}

(i) To verify: A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)

Now, B ∩ C = {1, 2, 3, 4} ∩ {5, 6} = Φ

Thus,

L.H.S. = A × (B ∩ C) = A × Φ = Φ

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Next,

A × B = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4)}

A × C = {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6)}

Thus,

R.H.S. = (A × B) ∩ (A × C) = Φ

Therefore, L.H.S. = R.H.S.

Hence verified

(ii) To verify: A × C is a subset of B × D

First,

A × C = {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6)}

And,

B × D = {(1, 5), (1, 6), (1, 7), (1, 8), (2, 5), (2, 6), (2, 7), (2, 8), (3, 5), (3, 6),
(3, 7), (3, 8), (4, 5), (4, 6), (4, 7), (4, 8)}

Now, it’s clearly seen that all the elements of set A × C are the elements of
set B × D.

Thus, A × C is a subset of B × D.

Hence verified

Question 8. Let A = {1, 2} and B = {3, 4}. Write A × B. How many subsets
will A × B have? List them.

Solution:

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Given,

A = {1, 2} and B = {3, 4}

So,

A × B = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}

Number of elements in A × B is n(A × B) = 4

We know that,

If C is a set with n(C) = m, then n[P(C)] = 2m.

Thus, the set A × B has 24 = 16 subsets.

And these subsets are as given below:

Φ, {(1, 3)}, {(1, 4)}, {(2, 3)}, {(2, 4)}, {(1, 3), (1, 4)}, {(1, 3), (2, 3)}, {(1,
3), (2, 4)}, {(1, 4), (2, 3)}, {(1, 4), (2, 4)}, {(2, 3), (2, 4)}, {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2,
3)}, {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 4)}, {(1, 3), (2, 3), (2, 4)}, {(1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}, {(1,
3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}

Question 9. Let A and B be two sets such that n(A) = 3 and n (B) = 2. If (x,
1), (y, 2), (z, 1) are in A × B, find A and B, where x, y and z are distinct
elements.

Solution:

Given,

n(A) = 3 and n(B) = 2; and (x, 1), (y, 2), (z, 1) are in A × B.

We know that,

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A = Set of first elements of the ordered pair elements of A × B

B = Set of second elements of the ordered pair elements of A × B

So, clearly, x, y, and z are the elements of A; and

1 and 2 are the elements of B.

As n(A) = 3 and n(B) = 2, it is clear that set A = {x, y, z} and set B = {1, 2}

Question 10. The Cartesian product A × A has 9 elements among which are
found (–1, 0) and (0, 1). Find the set A and the remaining elements of A × A.

Solution:

We know that,

If n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq.

Also, n(A × A) = n(A) × n(A)

Given,

n(A × A) = 9

So, n(A) × n(A) = 9

Thus, n(A) = 3

Also, given that the ordered pairs (–1, 0) and (0, 1) are two of the nine
elements of A × A.

And, we know in A × A = {(a, a): a ∈ A}

Thus, –1, 0, and 1 have to be the elements of A.

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As n(A) = 3, clearly A = {–1, 0, 1}

Hence, the remaining elements of set A × A are as follows:

(–1, –1), (–1, 1), (0, –1), (0, 0), (1, –1), (1, 0), and (1, 1)

Example 2.2

Question-1
Let A = {1, 2, 3, …………. , 14}. Define a relation R from A to A by R =
{(x, y) : 3x – y = 0, where x, y ∈ A}. Write down its domain, codomain and
range.
Ans.
The relation R from A to A is given as
R = (x, y) : 3x – y = 0, where x, y ∈ A} i.e., R = { y} : 3x = y, where x, y ∈
A}
R = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12)}
The domain of R is the set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in the
relation.
Domain of R = {1, 2, 3, 4}
The whole set A is the codomain of the relation R.
Codomain of R = A = {1, 2, 3, …………., 14}
The range of R is the set of all second elements of the ordered pairs in the
relation.
Range of R = {3, 6, 9, 12}.

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Question-2
Define a relation R on the set N of natural numbers by R= {(x, y): y = x + 5,
x is a natural number less than 4 : x, y ∈ N}. Depict this relationship using
roster form. Write down the domain and the range.
Ans.
R = { (x, y) : y = x+ 5, x is a natural number less than 4 ,x} y ∈ N}
The natural numbers less than 4 are 1, 2, and 3.
∴ R = {(1, 6), (2, 7), (3, 8)}
The domain of R is the set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in the
relation.
∴ Domain of R = {1, 2, 3}
The range of R is the set of all second elements of the ordered pairs in the
relation.
∴ Range of R = {6, 7, 8}

Question-3
A = {1, 2, 3, 5} and B = {4, 6, 9}. Define a relation R from A to B by R =
{(x, y): the difference between x and y is odd; x ∈ A, y ∈ B}. Write R in
roster form.
Ans.
A = {1, 2, 3, 5} and B = {4, 6, 9}
R = { (x, y) the difference between x and y is odd; x ∈ A, y ∈ B}
R = {(1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 9), (3, 4), (3, 6), (5, 4), (5, 6)}.

Question-4
The given figure shows a relationship between the sets P and Question
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Write this relation

(i) in set-builder form
(ii) in roster form. What is its domain and range?

Ans.
According to the given figure, P = {5, 6, 7}, Q = {3, 4, 5}
(i) R = {(x, y) : y = x – 2 x ∈ P} or R = {(x, y) : y = x – 2 for x = 5, 6, 7}
(ii) R = {(5, 3), (6, 4), (7, 5)}
Domain of R = {5, 6, 7}
Range of R = {3, 4, 5}

Question-5
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}. Let R be the relation on A defined by {(a, 6) : a, b ∈
A, 6 is exactly divisible by a}.
(i) Write R in roster form
(ii) Find the domain of R
(iii) Find the range of R.
Ans.
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}, R = {(a, b): a, b ∈ A, b is exactly divisible by a}
(i) R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 3), (3, 6), (4,

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4), (6, 6)}

(ii) Domain of R = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}
(iii) Range of R = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}.

Question-6
Determine the domain and range of the relation R defined by R = {x, x + 5) :
x ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}}.
Ans.
R = {(x, x + 5) : x ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
R = {(0, 5), (1, 6), (2, 7), (3, 8), (4, 9), (5, 10)}
Domain of R = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Range of R = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

Question-7
Write the relation R = {(x, x3) : x is a prime number less than 10} in roster
form.
Ans.
R = {(x, x3) : x is a prime number less than 10}
The prime numbers less than 10 are 2, 3, 5, and 7.
R = {(2, 8), (3, 27), (5, 125), (7, 343)}

Question-8
Let A = {x, y, z} and B = {1, 2}. Find the number of relations from A to B.
Ans.
It is given that A = {x, y, z} and B = {1, 2}.
∴ A × B = {(x, 1), (x, 2), (y, 1), (y, 2), (z, 1), (z, 2)}

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Since h(A × B) = 6, the number of subsets of A × B is 26.

Therefore, the number of relations from A to B is 26.

Question-9
Let R be the relation on Z defined by R = {(a, b) : a, b ∈ Z, a b is an integer}.
Find the domain and range of R.
Ans.
R = {(a, b) : a, b ∈ Z, a – b is an integer}
It is known that the difference between any two integers is always an integer.
∴ Domain of R = Z
Range of R = Z.

Example 2.3

Question-1
Which of the following relations are functions? Give reasons. If it is a
function, determine its domain and range.
(i) {(2, 1), (5, 1), (8, 1), (11, 1), (14, 1), (17, 1)}
(ii) {(2, 1), (4, 2), (6, 3), (8, 4), (10, 5), (12, 6), (14, 7)}
(iii) (1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 5)}
Ans.

(i) {(2, 1), (5,1), (8, 1), (11, 1), (14, 1), (17,1)}
Since 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, and 17 are the elements of the domain of the given
relation having their unique images, this relation is a function.
Here, domain={2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17} and range={l}

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(ii) {(2, 1), (4, 2), (6, 3), (8, 4), (10, 5), (12, 6), (14, 7)}
Since 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 are the elements of the domain of the given
relation having their unique images, this relation is a function.
Here, domain = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14} and range = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

(iii) {(1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 5)}

Since the same first element i.e., 1 corresponds to two different images i.e.,3
and 5, this relation is not a function.

Question-2
Find the domain and range of the following real functions:
(i) f(x) = – |x|

(ii) f(x) =
Ans.
(i) f(x) = – |x|, f(x) ≤ 0, ∀ x ∈ R
Domain of f = R
Range of f = {y ∈ R, y < 0}

(ii) f(x) =
All, f is not defined for 9 – x2 ≤ 0 or x2 ≤ 9 or when x ≥ 3 or x ≤ – 3.
Also, for each real number x lying between – 3 and 3 or for x = – 3, 3 f(x) is
unique.
∴ Domain (f) = {x : x ∈ R and – 3 < x < 3}

Further, y = or y2 = 9 – x2

or x =
Again, x is not defined for
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9 – y2 < 0 or y2 > 9 or y > 3 or y < – 3.

But y cannot be – ve
∴ Range (f) = {y : y ∈ R and 0 < y < 3}

Question-3
A function fis defined by f(x) = 2x – 5. Write down the values of
(i) f(0)
(ii) f(7)
(iii) f(- 3)
Ans.
The given function is f(x) = 2x – 5. Therefore,
(i) f(0) = 2 × 0 – 5 = 0 – 5 = – 5
(ii) f(7) = 2 × 7 – 5 = 14 – 5 = 9
(iii) f(- 3) = 2 × (- 3) – 5 = – 6 – 5 = -11.

Question-4
The function ‘t’ which maps temperature in degree Celsius into temperature
in degree Fahrenheit is defined by t(C) = 9C5 + 32. Find
(i) f(0)
(ii) t(28)
(iii) t(- 10)
(iv) The value of C, when t(C) = 212.
Ans.

The given function is t (C) = 9C5 + 32. Therefore,

(i) t(0) = 9×05 + 32 = 0 + 32 = 32

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(ii) t(28) = 9×285 + 32 = 252+1605 = \(\frac{412}{5}\)

(iii) t (- 10) = 9×(−10)5 + 32 = 9 × ( – 2) + 32

(iv) It is given that t(C) = 212

∴ 212 = 9C5 + 32 9C5
= 212 – 32 9C5 = 180
9C = 180 × 5 C = 180×59 = 100.
Thus, the value of t, when t(C) = 212, is 100.

Question-5
Find the range of each of the following functions :
(i) f(x) = 2 – 3x, x ∈ R, x > 0.
(ii) f(x) = x2 + 2, x is a real number.
(iii) f(x) = x, x is a real number.
Ans.

(i) Let f(x) = y = 2 – 3x is x = 2−y3

Now x > 0 is 2 – y > 0 or y < 2
Range (f) = {y : y ∈ R and y < 2}

(ii) Let f(x) = y = x2 + 2 is x2 = y – 2 or x = ⇒y>2

Range (f) = {y : y ∈ R and y > 2}

(iii) f(x) = x, x is a real number

x = f(x) = y = a real number
Range (f) = {y : y ∈ R}

Miscellaneous Exercise Page No: 46

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Question 1. The relation f is defined by

The relation g is defined by

Show that f is a function and g is not a function.
Solution:
The given relation f is defined as:

It is seen that for 0 ≤ x < 3,

f(x) = x2 and for 3 < x ≤ 10,
f(x) = 3x
Also, at x = 3
f(x) = 32 = 9 or f(x) = 3 × 3 = 9
i.e., at x = 3, f(x) = 9 [Single image]
Hence, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 10, the images of f(x) are unique.
Therefore, the given relation is a function.
Now,
In the given relation, g is defined as

It is seen that, for x = 2

g(x) = 22 = 4 and g(x) = 3 × 2 = 6
Thus, element 2 of the domain of the relation g corresponds to two different
images, i.e., 4 and 6.

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Therefore, this relation is not a function.

Question 2. If f(x) = x2, find

Solution:
Given,
f(x) = x2
Hence,

Question 3. Find the domain of the function

Solution:
Given function,

It’s clearly seen that the function f is defined for all real numbers except
at x = 6 and x = 2, as the denominator becomes zero otherwise.
Therefore, the domain of f is R – {2, 6}.
Question 4. Find the domain and the range of the real function f defined
by f(x) = √(x – 1).
Solution:
Given real function,

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f(x) = √(x – 1)
Clearly, √(x – 1) is defined for (x – 1) ≥ 0
So, the function f(x) = √(x – 1) is defined for x ≥ 1
Thus, the domain of f is the set of all real numbers greater than or equal to 1.
Domain of f = [1, ∞)
Now,
As x ≥ 1 ⇒ (x – 1) ≥ 0 ⇒ √(x – 1) ≥ 0
Thus, the range of f is the set of all real numbers greater than or equal to 0.
Range of f = [0, ∞)
Question 5. Find the domain and the range of the real function f defined
by f (x) = |x – 1|.
Solution:
Given a real function,
f (x) = |x – 1|
Clearly, the function |x – 1| is defined for all real numbers.
Hence,
Domain of f = R
Also, for x ∈ R, |x – 1| assumes all real numbers.
Therefore, the range of f is the set of all non-negative real numbers.

Question 6. Let be a function from R into R.

Determine the range of f.
Solution:
Given function,

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Substituting values and determining the images, we have

The range of f is the set of all second elements. It can be observed that all
these elements are greater than or equal to 0 but less than 1.
[As the denominator is greater than the numerator.]
Or,
We know that, for x ∈ R,
x2 ≥ 0
Then,
x2 + 1 ≥ x2
1 ≥ x2 / (x2 + 1)
Therefore, the range of f = [0, 1)
Question 7. Let f, g: R → R be defined, respectively by f(x) = x + 1, g(x) =
2x – 3. Find f + g, f – g and f/g.
Solution:
Given the functions f, g: R → R is defined as
f(x) = x + 1, g(x) = 2x – 3
Now,
(f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x) = (x + 1) + (2x – 3) = 3x – 2
Thus, (f + g) (x) = 3x – 2
(f – g) (x) = f(x) – g(x) = (x + 1) – (2x – 3) = x + 1 – 2x + 3 = – x + 4
Thus, (f – g) (x) = –x + 4

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f/g(x) = f(x)/g(x), g(x) ≠ 0, x ∈ R

f/g(x) = x + 1/ 2x – 3, 2x – 3 ≠ 0
Thus, f/g(x) = x + 1/ 2x – 3, x ≠ 3/2
Question 8. Let f = {(1, 1), (2, 3), (0, –1), (–1, –3)} be a function
from Z to Z defined by f(x) = ax + b, for some integers a, b. Determine a, b.
Solution:
Given, f = {(1, 1), (2, 3), (0, –1), (–1, –3)}
And the function defined as, f(x) = ax + b
For (1, 1) ∈ f
We have, f(1) = 1
So, a × 1 + b = 1
a + b = 1 …. (i)
And for (0, –1) ∈ f
We have f(0) = –1
a × 0 + b = –1
b = –1
On substituting b = –1 in (i), we get
a + (–1) = 1 ⇒ a = 1 + 1 = 2.
Therefore, the values of a and b are 2 and –1, respectively.
Question 9. Let R be a relation from N to N defined by R =
{(a, b): a, b ∈ N and a = b2}. Are the following true?
(i) (a, a) ∈ R, for all a ∈ N
(ii) (a, b) ∈ R, implies (b, a) ∈ R
(iii) (a, b) ∈ R, (b, c) ∈ R implies (a, c) ∈ R
Justify your answer in each case.

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Solution:
Given relation R = {(a, b): a, b ∈ N and a = b2}
(i) It can be seen that 2 ∈ N; however, 2 ≠ 22 = 4.
Thus, the statement “(a, a) ∈ R, for all a ∈ N” is not true.
(ii) Its clearly seen that (9, 3) ∈ N because 9, 3 ∈ N and 9 = 32.
Now, 3 ≠ 92 = 81; therefore, (3, 9) ∉ N
Thus, the statement “(a, b) ∈ R, implies (b, a) ∈ R” is not true.
(iii) It’s clearly seen that (16, 4) ∈ R, (4, 2) ∈ R because 16, 4, 2 ∈ N and 16
= 42 and 4 = 22.
Now, 16 ≠ 22 = 4; therefore, (16, 2) ∉ N
Thus, the statement “(a, b) ∈ R, (b, c) ∈ R implies (a, c) ∈ R” is not true.
Question 10. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {1, 5, 9, 11, 15, 16} and f = {(1, 5),
(2, 9), (3, 1), (4, 5), (2, 11)}. Are the following true?
(i) f is a relation from A to B (ii) f is a function from A to B
Justify your answer in each case.
Solution:
Given,
A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {1, 5, 9, 11, 15, 16}
So,
A × B = {(1, 1), (1, 5), (1, 9), (1, 11), (1, 15), (1, 16), (2, 1), (2, 5), (2, 9), (2,
11), (2, 15), (2, 16), (3, 1), (3, 5), (3, 9), (3, 11), (3, 15), (3, 16), (4, 1), (4, 5),
(4, 9), (4, 11), (4, 15), (4, 16)}
Also, given that,
f = {(1, 5), (2, 9), (3, 1), (4, 5), (2, 11)}

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(i) A relation from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B is a subset of the

Cartesian product A × B.
It’s clearly seen that f is a subset of A × B.
Therefore, f is a relation from A to B.
(ii) As the same first element, i.e., 2 corresponds to two different images (9
and 11), relation f is not a function.
Question 11. Let f be the subset of Z × Z defined by f =
{(ab, a + b): a, b ∈ Z}. Is f a function from Z to Z: justify your answer.
Solution:
Given relation, f is defined as
f = {(ab, a + b): a, b ∈ Z}
We know that a relation f from a set A to a set B is said to be a function if
every element of set A has unique images in set B.
As 2, 6, –2, –6 ∈ Z, (2 × 6, 2 + 6), (–2 × –6, –2 + (–6)) ∈ f
i.e., (12, 8), (12, –8) ∈ f
It’s clearly seen that the same first element, 12, corresponds to two different
images (8 and –8).
Therefore, the relation f is not a function.
Question 12. Let A = {9, 10, 11, 12, 13} and let f: A → N be defined
by f(n) = the highest prime factor of n. Find the range of f.
Solution:
Given,
A = {9, 10, 11, 12, 13}
Now, f: A → N is defined as
f(n) = The highest prime factor of n
So,

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Prime factor of 9 = 3
Prime factors of 10 = 2, 5
Prime factor of 11 = 11
Prime factors of 12 = 2, 3
Prime factor of 13 = 13
Thus, it can be expressed as
f(9) = The highest prime factor of 9 = 3
f(10) = The highest prime factor of 10 = 5
f(11) = The highest prime factor of 11 = 11
f(12) = The highest prime factor of 12 = 3
f(13) = The highest prime factor of 13 = 13
The range of f is the set of all f(n), where n ∈ A.
Therefore,

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